Document that multiple windows are not supported on Android

Co-authored-by: Kirill Chibisov <contact@kchibisov.com>

.github/CODEOWNERS

@@ -1,12 +1,6 @@
-# Core maintainers:
-# - @msiglreith
-# - @kchibisov
-# - @madsmtm
-# - @maroider
-
 # Android
-/src/platform/android.rs            @msiglreith
+/src/platform/android.rs            @msiglreith @MarijnS95
-/src/platform_impl/android          @msiglreith
+/src/platform_impl/android          @msiglreith @MarijnS95
 
 # iOS
 /src/platform/ios.rs                @madsmtm
@@ -20,16 +14,16 @@
 /src/platform_impl/linux/wayland    @kchibisov
 
 # X11
-/src/platform/x11.rs                @kchibisov
+/src/platform/x11.rs                @kchibisov @notgull
-/src/platform_impl/linux/x11        @kchibisov
+/src/platform_impl/linux/x11        @kchibisov @notgull
 
 # macOS
 /src/platform/macos.rs              @madsmtm
 /src/platform_impl/macos            @madsmtm
 
-# Web (no maintainer)
+# Web
-/src/platform/web.rs
+/src/platform/web.rs                @daxpedda
-/src/platform_impl/web
+/src/platform_impl/web              @daxpedda
 
 # Windows
 /src/platform/windows.rs            @msiglreith

.github/workflows/ci.yml

@@ -6,116 +6,198 @@ on:
     branches: [master]
 
 jobs:
-  Check_Formatting:
+  fmt:
+    name: Check formatting
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v2
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v3
-    - uses: hecrj/setup-rust-action@v1
+    - uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@stable
       with:
-        rust-version: stable
         components: rustfmt
     - name: Check Formatting
-      run: cargo +stable fmt --all -- --check
+      run: cargo fmt -- --check
 
   tests:
-    name: Tests
+    name: Test ${{ matrix.toolchain }} ${{ matrix.platform.name }}
+    runs-on: ${{ matrix.platform.os }}
+
     strategy:
       fail-fast: false
       matrix:
-        rust_version: ['1.60.0', stable, nightly]
+        toolchain: [stable, nightly, '1.70.0']
         platform:
           # Note: Make sure that we test all the `docs.rs` targets defined in Cargo.toml!
-          - { target: x86_64-pc-windows-msvc,   os: windows-latest,  }
+          - { name: 'Windows 64bit MSVC', target: x86_64-pc-windows-msvc,   os: windows-latest,  }
-          - { target: i686-pc-windows-msvc,     os: windows-latest,  }
+          - { name: 'Windows 32bit MSVC', target: i686-pc-windows-msvc,     os: windows-latest,  }
-          - { target: x86_64-pc-windows-gnu,    os: windows-latest, host: -x86_64-pc-windows-gnu }
+          - { name: 'Windows 64bit GNU',  target: x86_64-pc-windows-gnu,    os: windows-latest, host: -x86_64-pc-windows-gnu }
-          - { target: i686-pc-windows-gnu,      os: windows-latest, host: -i686-pc-windows-gnu }
+          - { name: 'Windows 32bit GNU',  target: i686-pc-windows-gnu,      os: windows-latest, host: -i686-pc-windows-gnu }
-          - { target: i686-unknown-linux-gnu,   os: ubuntu-latest,   }
+          - { name: 'Linux 32bit',        target: i686-unknown-linux-gnu,   os: ubuntu-latest,   }
-          - { target: x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu, os: ubuntu-latest,   }
+          - { name: 'Linux 64bit',        target: x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu, os: ubuntu-latest,   }
-          - { target: x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu, os: ubuntu-latest, options: --no-default-features, features: x11 }
+          - { name: 'X11',                target: x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu, os: ubuntu-latest, options: '--no-default-features --features=x11' }
-          - { target: x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu, os: ubuntu-latest, options: --no-default-features, features: "wayland,wayland-dlopen" }
+          - { name: 'Wayland',            target: x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu, os: ubuntu-latest, options: '--no-default-features --features=wayland,wayland-dlopen' }
-          - { target: aarch64-linux-android,    os: ubuntu-latest, options: -p winit, cmd: 'apk --', features: "android-native-activity" }
+          - { name: 'Android',            target: aarch64-linux-android,    os: ubuntu-latest, options: '--package=winit --features=android-native-activity', cmd: 'apk --' }
-          - { target: x86_64-unknown-redox,     os: ubuntu-latest,   }
+          - { name: 'Redox OS',           target: x86_64-unknown-redox,     os: ubuntu-latest,   }
-          - { target: x86_64-apple-darwin,      os: macos-latest,    }
+          - { name: 'macOS',              target: x86_64-apple-darwin,      os: macos-latest,    }
-          - { target: x86_64-apple-ios,         os: macos-latest,    }
+          - { name: 'iOS x86_64',         target: x86_64-apple-ios,         os: macos-latest,    }
-          - { target: aarch64-apple-ios,        os: macos-latest,    }
+          - { name: 'iOS Aarch64',        target: aarch64-apple-ios,        os: macos-latest,    }
-          # We're using Windows rather than Ubuntu to run the wasm tests because caching cargo-web
+          - { name: 'web',                target: wasm32-unknown-unknown,   os: ubuntu-latest,   }
-          # doesn't currently work on Linux.
+        exclude:
-          - { target: wasm32-unknown-unknown,   os: windows-latest,  }
+          # Android is tested on stable-3
+          - toolchain: '1.70.0'
+            platform: { name: 'Android', target: aarch64-linux-android, os: ubuntu-latest, options: '--package=winit --features=android-native-activity', cmd: 'apk --' }
+        include:
+          - toolchain: '1.70.0'
+            platform: { name: 'Android', target: aarch64-linux-android, os: ubuntu-latest, options: '--package=winit --features=android-native-activity', cmd: 'apk --' }
+          - toolchain: 'nightly'
+            platform: {
+              name:       'web Atomic',
+              target:     wasm32-unknown-unknown,
+              os:         ubuntu-latest,
+              options:    '-Zbuild-std=panic_abort,std',
+              rustflags:  '-Ctarget-feature=+atomics,+bulk-memory',
+              components: rust-src,
+            }
 
     env:
+      # Set more verbose terminal output
+      CARGO_TERM_VERBOSE: true
       RUST_BACKTRACE: 1
-      CARGO_INCREMENTAL: 0
+
-      RUSTFLAGS: "-C debuginfo=0 --deny warnings"
+      # Faster compilation and error on warnings
-      OPTIONS: ${{ matrix.platform.options }}
+      RUSTFLAGS: '--codegen=debuginfo=0 --deny=warnings ${{ matrix.platform.rustflags }}'
-      FEATURES: ${{ format(',{0}', matrix.platform.features ) }}
+
+      OPTIONS: --target=${{ matrix.platform.target }} ${{ matrix.platform.options }}
       CMD: ${{ matrix.platform.cmd }}
-      RUSTDOCFLAGS: -Dwarnings
 
-    runs-on: ${{ matrix.platform.os }}
     steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v2
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v3
-    # Used to cache cargo-web
-    - name: Cache cargo folder
-      uses: actions/cache@v1
-      with:
-        path: ~/.cargo
-        key: ${{ matrix.platform.target }}-cargo-${{ matrix.rust_version }}
 
-    - uses: hecrj/setup-rust-action@v1
+    - name: Restore cache of cargo folder
+      # We use `restore` and later `save`, so that we can create the key after
+      # the cache has been downloaded.
+      #
+      # This could be avoided if we added Cargo.lock to the repository.
+      uses: actions/cache/restore@v3
       with:
-        rust-version: ${{ matrix.rust_version }}${{ matrix.platform.host }}
+        # https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/guide/cargo-home.html#caching-the-cargo-home-in-ci
-        targets: ${{ matrix.platform.target }}
+        path: |
-        components: clippy
+          ~/.cargo/registry/index/
+          ~/.cargo/registry/cache/
+          ~/.cargo/git/db/
+        key: cargo-${{ matrix.toolchain }}-${{ matrix.platform.name }}-never-intended-to-be-found
+        restore-keys: cargo-${{ matrix.toolchain }}-${{ matrix.platform.name }}
+
+    - name: Generate lockfile
+      # Also updates the crates.io index
+      run: cargo generate-lockfile && cargo update -p ahash --precise 0.8.7
 
     - name: Install GCC Multilib
       if: (matrix.platform.os == 'ubuntu-latest') && contains(matrix.platform.target, 'i686')
       run: sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get install gcc-multilib
-    - name: Install cargo-apk
+
+    - name: Cache cargo-apk
       if: contains(matrix.platform.target, 'android')
-      run: cargo install cargo-apk
+      id: cargo-apk-cache
+      uses: actions/cache@v3
+      with:
+        path: ~/.cargo/bin/cargo-apk
+        # Change this key if we update the required cargo-apk version
+        key: cargo-apk-v0-9-7
+
+    - uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@master
+      if: contains(matrix.platform.target, 'android') && (steps.cargo-apk-cache.outputs.cache-hit != 'true')
+      with:
+        toolchain: stable
+
+    - name: Install cargo-apk
+      if: contains(matrix.platform.target, 'android') && (steps.cargo-apk-cache.outputs.cache-hit != 'true')
+      run: cargo install cargo-apk --version=^0.9.7 --locked
+
+    - uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@master
+      with:
+        toolchain: ${{ matrix.toolchain }}${{ matrix.platform.host }}
+        targets: ${{ matrix.platform.target }}
+        components: clippy, ${{ matrix.platform.components }}
 
     - name: Check documentation
-      shell: bash
+      run: cargo doc --no-deps $OPTIONS --document-private-items
-      run: cargo doc --no-deps --target ${{ matrix.platform.target }} $OPTIONS --features $FEATURES --document-private-items
+      env:
+        RUSTDOCFLAGS: '--deny=warnings ${{ matrix.platform.rustflags }}'
 
     - name: Build crate
-      shell: bash
+      run: cargo $CMD build $OPTIONS
-      run: cargo $CMD build --verbose --target ${{ matrix.platform.target }} $OPTIONS --features $FEATURES
 
     - name: Build tests
-      shell: bash
       if: >
         !contains(matrix.platform.target, 'redox') &&
-        matrix.rust_version != '1.60.0'
+        matrix.toolchain != '1.70.0'
-      run: cargo $CMD test --no-run --verbose --target ${{ matrix.platform.target }} $OPTIONS --features $FEATURES
+      run: cargo $CMD test --no-run $OPTIONS
 
     - name: Run tests
-      shell: bash
       if: >
         !contains(matrix.platform.target, 'android') &&
         !contains(matrix.platform.target, 'ios') &&
         !contains(matrix.platform.target, 'wasm32') &&
         !contains(matrix.platform.target, 'redox') &&
-        matrix.rust_version != '1.60.0'
+        matrix.toolchain != '1.70.0'
-      run: cargo $CMD test --verbose --target ${{ matrix.platform.target }} $OPTIONS --features $FEATURES
+      run: cargo $CMD test $OPTIONS
 
     - name: Lint with clippy
-      shell: bash
+      if: (matrix.toolchain == 'stable') && !contains(matrix.platform.options, '--no-default-features')
-      if: (matrix.rust_version == 'stable') && !contains(matrix.platform.options, '--no-default-features')
+      run: cargo clippy --all-targets $OPTIONS -- -Dwarnings
-      run: cargo clippy --all-targets --target ${{ matrix.platform.target }} $OPTIONS --features $FEATURES -- -Dwarnings
 
     - name: Build tests with serde enabled
-      shell: bash
       if: >
         !contains(matrix.platform.target, 'redox') &&
-        matrix.rust_version != '1.60.0'
+        matrix.toolchain != '1.70.0'
-      run: cargo $CMD test --no-run --verbose --target ${{ matrix.platform.target }} $OPTIONS --features serde,$FEATURES
+      run: cargo $CMD test --no-run $OPTIONS --features serde
+
     - name: Run tests with serde enabled
-      shell: bash
       if: >
         !contains(matrix.platform.target, 'android') &&
         !contains(matrix.platform.target, 'ios') &&
         !contains(matrix.platform.target, 'wasm32') &&
         !contains(matrix.platform.target, 'redox') &&
-        matrix.rust_version != '1.60.0'
+        matrix.toolchain != '1.70.0'
-      run: cargo $CMD test --verbose --target ${{ matrix.platform.target }} $OPTIONS --features serde,$FEATURES
+      run: cargo $CMD test $OPTIONS --features serde
+
+    - name: Check docs.rs documentation
+      if: matrix.toolchain == 'nightly'
+      run: cargo doc --no-deps $OPTIONS --features=rwh_04,rwh_05,rwh_06,serde,mint,android-native-activity
+      env:
+        RUSTDOCFLAGS: '--deny=warnings ${{ matrix.platform.rustflags }} --cfg=docsrs'
+
+    # See restore step above
+    - name: Save cache of cargo folder
+      uses: actions/cache/save@v3
+      with:
+        path: |
+          ~/.cargo/registry/index/
+          ~/.cargo/registry/cache/
+          ~/.cargo/git/db/
+        key: cargo-${{ matrix.toolchain }}-${{ matrix.platform.name }}-${{ hashFiles('Cargo.lock') }}
+
+  cargo-deny:
+    name: Run cargo-deny on ${{ matrix.platform.name }}
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+
+    # TODO: remove this matrix when https://github.com/EmbarkStudios/cargo-deny/issues/324 is resolved
+    strategy:
+      fail-fast: false
+      matrix:
+        platform:
+          - { name: 'Android', target: aarch64-linux-android }
+          - { name: 'iOS', target: aarch64-apple-ios }
+          - { name: 'Linux', target: x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu }
+          - { name: 'macOS', target: x86_64-apple-darwin }
+          - { name: 'Redox OS', target: x86_64-unknown-redox }
+          - { name: 'web', target: wasm32-unknown-unknown }
+          - { name: 'Windows', target: x86_64-pc-windows-gnu }
+
+    steps:
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v3
+    - uses: EmbarkStudios/cargo-deny-action@v1
+      with:
+        command: check
+        log-level: error
+        arguments: --all-features --target ${{ matrix.platform.target }}

.github/workflows/docs.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+name: Docs
+
+on:
+  push:
+    branches: [master]
+
+jobs:
+  docs:
+    name: Documentation
+    environment:
+      name: github-pages
+      url: ${{ steps.deployment.outputs.page_url }}winit
+
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+
+    permissions:
+      contents: read
+      pages: write
+      id-token: write
+    
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
+
+      - uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@master
+        with:
+          toolchain: nightly
+
+      - name: Run Rustdoc
+        env:
+          RUSTDOCFLAGS: --crate-version master --cfg=docsrs
+        run: |
+          cargo doc --no-deps -Z rustdoc-map -Z rustdoc-scrape-examples --features=rwh_04,rwh_05,rwh_06,serde,mint,android-native-activity
+
+      - name: Setup Pages
+        uses: actions/configure-pages@v4
+
+      - name: Fix permissions
+        run: |
+          chmod -c -R +rX "target/doc" | while read line; do
+            echo "::warning title=Invalid file permissions automatically fixed::$line"
+          done
+
+      - name: Upload artifact
+        uses: actions/upload-pages-artifact@v3
+        with:
+          path: target/doc
+
+      - name: Deploy to GitHub Pages
+        id: deployment
+        uses: actions/deploy-pages@v4

.gitmodules

@@ -1,3 +0,0 @@
-[submodule "deps/apk-builder"]
-	path = deps/apk-builder
-	url = https://github.com/rust-windowing/android-rs-glue

CHANGELOG.md

@@ -2,12 +2,350 @@
 
 All notable changes to this project will be documented in this file.
 
-Please keep one empty line before and after all headers. (This is required for `git` to produce a conflict when a release is made while a PR is open and the PR's changelog entry would go into the wrong section).
+Please keep one empty line before and after all headers. (This is required for
+`git` to produce a conflict when a release is made while a PR is open and the
+PR's changelog entry would go into the wrong section).
 
-And please only add new entries to the top of this list, right below the `# Unreleased` header.
+And please only add new entries to the top of this list, right below the `#
+Unreleased` header.
 
 # Unreleased
 
+- On X11, don't require XIM to run.
+- Fix compatibility with 32-bit platforms without 64-bit atomics.
+- On X11, fix swapped instance and general class names.
+- **Breaking:** Removed unnecessary generic parameter `T` from `EventLoopWindowTarget`.
+- On Windows, macOS, X11, Wayland and Web, implement setting images as cursors. See the `custom_cursors.rs` example.
+  - **Breaking:** Remove `Window::set_cursor_icon`
+  - Add `WindowBuilder::with_cursor` and `Window::set_cursor` which takes a `CursorIcon` or `CustomCursor`
+  - Add `CustomCursor`
+  - Add `CustomCursor::from_rgba` to allow creating cursor images from RGBA data.
+  - Add `CustomCursorExtWebSys::from_url` to allow loading cursor images from URLs.
+  - Add `CustomCursorExtWebSys::from_animation` to allow creating animated cursors from other `CustomCursor`s.
+- On macOS, add services menu.
+- **Breaking:** On Web, remove queuing fullscreen request in absence of transient activation.
+- On Web, fix setting cursor icon overriding cursor visibility.
+- **Breaking:** On Web, return `RawWindowHandle::WebCanvas` instead of `RawWindowHandle::Web`.
+- **Breaking:** On Web, macOS and iOS, return `HandleError::Unavailable` when a window handle is not available.
+- **Breaking:** Bump MSRV from `1.65` to `1.70`.
+- On Web, add the ability to toggle calling `Event.preventDefault()` on `Window`.
+- **Breaking:** Remove `WindowAttributes::fullscreen()` and expose as field directly.
+- **Breaking:** Rename `VideoMode` to `VideoModeHandle` to represent that it doesn't hold static data.
+- **Breaking:** No longer export `platform::x11::XNotSupported`.
+- **Breaking:** Renamed `platform::x11::XWindowType` to `platform::x11::WindowType`.
+- Add the `OwnedDisplayHandle` type for allowing safe display handle usage outside of trivial cases.
+- **Breaking:** Rename `TouchpadMagnify` to `PinchGesture`, `SmartMagnify` to `DoubleTapGesture` and `TouchpadRotate` to `RotationGesture` to represent the action rather than the intent.
+- on iOS, add detection support for `PinchGesture`, `DoubleTapGesture` and `RotationGesture`.
+- on Windows: add `with_system_backdrop`, `with_border_color`, `with_title_background_color`, `with_title_text_color` and `with_corner_preference`
+- On Windows, Remove `WS_CAPTION`, `WS_BORDER` and `WS_EX_WINDOWEDGE` styles for child windows without decorations.
+- On Windows, fixed a race condition when sending an event through the loop proxy.
+- **Breaking:** Removed `EventLoopError::AlreadyRunning`, which can't happen as it is already prevented by the type system.
+- On Wayland, disable `Occluded` event handling.
+- Added `EventLoop::builder`, which is intended to replace the (now deprecated) `EventLoopBuilder::new`.
+- **Breaking:** Changed the signature of `EventLoop::with_user_event` to return a builder.
+- **Breaking:** Removed `EventLoopBuilder::with_user_event`, the functionality is now available in `EventLoop::with_user_event`.
+- Add `Window::builder`, which is intended to replace the (now deprecated) `WindowBuilder::new`.
+- On X11, reload dpi on `_XSETTINGS_SETTINGS` update.
+- On X11, fix deadlock when adjusting DPI and resizing at the same time.
+- On Wayland, fix `Focused(false)` being send when other seats still have window focused.
+- On Wayland, fix `Window::set_{min,max}_inner_size` not always applied.
+- On Windows, fix inconsistent resizing behavior with multi-monitor setups when repositioning outside the event loop.
+- On Wayland, fix `WAYLAND_SOCKET` not used when detecting platform.
+- On Orbital, fix `logical_key` and `text` not reported in `KeyEvent`.
+- On Orbital, implement `KeyEventExtModifierSupplement`.
+- On Orbital, map keys to `NamedKey` when possible.
+- On Orbital, implement `set_cursor_grab`.
+- On Orbital, implement `set_cursor_visible`.
+- On Orbital, implement `drag_window`.
+- On Orbital, implement `drag_resize_window`.
+- On Orbital, implement `set_transparent`.
+- On Orbital, implement `set_visible`.
+- On Orbital, implement `is_visible`.
+- On Orbital, implement `set_resizable`.
+- On Orbital, implement `is_resizable`.
+- On Orbital, implement `set_maximized`.
+- On Orbital, implement `is_maximized`.
+- On Orbital, implement `set_decorations`.
+- On Orbital, implement `is_decorated`.
+- On Orbital, implement `set_window_level`.
+- On Orbital, emit `DeviceEvent::MouseMotion`.
+- On Wayland, fix title in CSD not updated from `AboutToWait`.
+
+# 0.29.10
+
+- On Web, account for canvas being focused already before event loop starts.
+- On Web, increase cursor position accuracy.
+
+# 0.29.9
+
+- On X11, fix `NotSupported` error not propagated when creating event loop.
+- On Wayland, fix resize not issued when scale changes
+- On X11 and Wayland, fix arrow up on keypad reported as `ArrowLeft`.
+- On macOS, report correct logical key when Ctrl or Cmd is pressed.
+
+# 0.29.8
+
+- On X11, fix IME input lagging behind.
+- On X11, fix `ModifiersChanged` not sent from xdotool-like input
+- On X11, fix keymap not updated from xmodmap.
+- On X11, reduce the amount of time spent fetching screen resources.
+- On Wayland, fix `Window::request_inner_size` being overwritten by resize.
+- On Wayland, fix `Window::inner_size` not using the correct rounding.
+
+# 0.29.7
+
+- On X11, fix `Xft.dpi` reload during runtime.
+- On X11, fix window minimize.
+
+# 0.29.6
+
+- On Web, fix context menu not being disabled by `with_prevent_default(true)`.
+- On Wayland, fix `WindowEvent::Destroyed` not being delivered after destroying window.
+- Fix `EventLoopExtRunOnDemand::run_on_demand` not working for consequent invocation
+
+# 0.29.5
+
+- On macOS, remove spurious error logging when handling `Fn`.
+- On X11, fix an issue where floating point data from the server is
+  misinterpreted during a drag and drop operation.
+- On X11, fix a bug where focusing the window would panic.
+- On macOS, fix `refresh_rate_millihertz`.
+- On Wayland, disable Client Side Decorations when `wl_subcompositor` is not supported.
+- On X11, fix `Xft.dpi` detection from Xresources.
+- On Windows, fix consecutive calls to `window.set_fullscreen(Some(Fullscreen::Borderless(None)))` resulting in losing previous window state when eventually exiting fullscreen using `window.set_fullscreen(None)`.
+- On Wayland, fix resize being sent on focus change.
+- On Windows, fix `set_ime_cursor_area`.
+
+# 0.29.4
+
+- Fix crash when running iOS app on macOS.
+- On X11, check common alternative cursor names when loading cursor.
+- On X11, reload the DPI after a property change event.
+- On Windows, fix so `drag_window` and `drag_resize_window` can be called from another thread.
+- On Windows, fix `set_control_flow` in `AboutToWait` not being taken in account.
+- On macOS, send a `Resized` event after each `ScaleFactorChanged` event.
+- On Wayland, fix `wl_surface` being destroyed before associated objects.
+- On macOS, fix assertion when pressing `Fn` key.
+- On Windows, add `WindowBuilderExtWindows::with_clip_children` to control `WS_CLIPCHILDREN` style.
+
+# 0.29.3
+
+- On Wayland, apply correct scale to `PhysicalSize` passed in `WindowBuilder::with_inner_size` when possible.
+- On Wayland, fix `RedrawRequsted` being always sent without decorations and `sctk-adwaita` feature.
+- On Wayland, ignore resize requests when the window is fully tiled.
+- On Wayland, use `configure_bounds` to constrain `with_inner_size` when compositor wants users to pick size.
+- On Windows, fix deadlock when accessing the state during `Cursor{Enter,Leave}`.
+- On Windows, add support for `Window::set_transparent`.
+- On macOS, fix deadlock when entering a nested event loop from an event handler.
+- On macOS, add support for `Window::set_blur`.
+
+# 0.29.2
+
+- **Breaking:** Bump MSRV from `1.60` to `1.65`.
+- **Breaking:** Add `Event::MemoryWarning`; implemented on iOS/Android.
+- **Breaking:** Bump `ndk` version to `0.8.0`, ndk-sys to `0.5.0`, `android-activity` to `0.5.0`.
+- **Breaking:** Change default `ControlFlow` from `Poll` to `Wait`.
+- **Breaking:** Move `Event::RedrawRequested` to `WindowEvent::RedrawRequested`.
+- **Breaking:** Moved `ControlFlow::Exit` to `EventLoopWindowTarget::exit()` and `EventLoopWindowTarget::exiting()` and removed `ControlFlow::ExitWithCode(_)` entirely.
+- **Breaking:** Moved `ControlFlow` to `EventLoopWindowTarget::set_control_flow()` and `EventLoopWindowTarget::control_flow()`.
+- **Breaking:** `EventLoop::new` and `EventLoopBuilder::build` now return `Result<Self, EventLoopError>`
+- **Breaking:** `WINIT_UNIX_BACKEND` was removed in favor of standard `WAYLAND_DISPLAY` and `DISPLAY` variables.
+- **Breaking:** on Wayland, dispatching user created Wayland queue won't wake up the loop unless winit has event to send back.
+- **Breaking:** remove `DeviceEvent::Text`.
+- **Breaking:** Remove lifetime parameter from `Event` and `WindowEvent`.
+- **Breaking:** Rename `Window::set_inner_size` to `Window::request_inner_size` and indicate if the size was applied immediately.
+- **Breaking:** `ActivationTokenDone` event which could be requested with the new `startup_notify` module, see its docs for more.
+- **Breaking:** `ScaleFactorChanged` now contains a writer instead of a reference to update inner size.
+- **Breaking** `run() -> !` has been replaced by `run() -> Result<(), EventLoopError>` for returning errors without calling `std::process::exit()` ([#2767](https://github.com/rust-windowing/winit/pull/2767))
+- **Breaking** Removed `EventLoopExtRunReturn` / `run_return` in favor of `EventLoopExtPumpEvents` / `pump_events` and `EventLoopExtRunOnDemand` / `run_on_demand` ([#2767](https://github.com/rust-windowing/winit/pull/2767))
+- `RedrawRequested` is no longer guaranteed to be emitted after `MainEventsCleared`, it is now platform-specific when the event is emitted after being requested via `redraw_request()`.
+  - On Windows, `RedrawRequested` is now driven by `WM_PAINT` messages which are requested via `redraw_request()`
+- **Breaking** `LoopDestroyed` renamed to `LoopExiting` ([#2900](https://github.com/rust-windowing/winit/issues/2900))
+- **Breaking** `RedrawEventsCleared` removed ([#2900](https://github.com/rust-windowing/winit/issues/2900))
+- **Breaking** `MainEventsCleared` removed ([#2900](https://github.com/rust-windowing/winit/issues/2900))
+- **Breaking:** Remove all deprecated `modifiers` fields.
+- **Breaking:** Rename `DeviceEventFilter` to `DeviceEvents` reversing the behavior of variants.
+- **Breaking** Add `AboutToWait` event which is emitted when the event loop is about to block and wait for new events ([#2900](https://github.com/rust-windowing/winit/issues/2900))
+- **Breaking:** Rename `EventLoopWindowTarget::set_device_event_filter` to `listen_device_events`.
+- **Breaking:** Rename `Window::set_ime_position` to `Window::set_ime_cursor_area` adding a way to set exclusive zone.
+- **Breaking:** `with_x11_visual` now takes the visual ID instead of the bare pointer.
+- **Breaking** `MouseButton` now supports `Back` and `Forward` variants, emitted from mouse events on Wayland, X11, Windows, macOS and Web.
+- **Breaking:** On Web, `instant` is now replaced by `web_time`.
+- **Breaking:** On Web, dropped support for Safari versions below 13.1.
+- **Breaking:** On Web, the canvas output bitmap size is no longer adjusted.
+- **Breaking:** On Web, the canvas size is not controlled by Winit anymore and external changes to the canvas size will be reported through `WindowEvent::Resized`.
+- **Breaking:** Updated `bitflags` crate version to `2`, which changes the API on exposed types.
+- **Breaking:** `CursorIcon::Arrow` was removed.
+- **Breaking:** `CursorIcon::Hand` is now named `CursorIcon::Pointer`.
+- **Breaking:** `CursorIcon` is now used from the `cursor-icon` crate.
+- **Breaking:** `WindowExtWebSys::canvas()` now returns an `Option`.
+- **Breaking:** Overhaul keyboard input handling.
+  - Replace `KeyboardInput` with `KeyEvent` and `RawKeyEvent`.
+    - Change `WindowEvent::KeyboardInput` to contain a `KeyEvent`.
+    - Change `Event::Key` to contain a `RawKeyEvent`.
+  - Remove `Event::ReceivedCharacter`. In its place, you should use
+    `KeyEvent.text` in combination with `WindowEvent::Ime`.
+  - Replace `VirtualKeyCode` with the `Key` enum.
+  - Replace `ScanCode` with the `KeyCode` enum.
+  - Rename `ModifiersState::LOGO` to `SUPER` and `ModifiersState::CTRL` to `CONTROL`.
+  - Add `PhysicalKey` wrapping `KeyCode` and `NativeKeyCode`.
+  - Add `KeyCode` to refer to keys (roughly) by their physical location.
+  - Add `NativeKeyCode` to represent raw `KeyCode`s which Winit doesn't
+    understand.
+  - Add `Key` to represent the keys after they've been interpreted by the
+    active (software) keyboard layout.
+  - Add `NamedKey` to represent the categorized keys.
+  - Add `NativeKey` to represent raw `Key`s which Winit doesn't understand.
+  - Add `KeyLocation` to tell apart `Key`s which usually "mean" the same thing,
+    but can appear simultaneously in different spots on the same keyboard
+    layout.
+  - Add `Window::reset_dead_keys` to enable application-controlled cancellation
+    of dead key sequences.
+  - Add `KeyEventExtModifierSupplement` to expose additional (and less
+    portable) interpretations of a given key-press.
+  - Add `PhysicalKeyExtScancode`, which lets you convert between scancodes and
+    `PhysicalKey`.
+  - `ModifiersChanged` now uses dedicated `Modifiers` struct.
+- Removed platform-specific extensions that should be retrieved through `raw-window-handle` trait implementations instead:
+  - `platform::windows::HINSTANCE`.
+  - `WindowExtWindows::hinstance`.
+  - `WindowExtWindows::hwnd`.
+  - `WindowExtIOS::ui_window`.
+  - `WindowExtIOS::ui_view_controller`.
+  - `WindowExtIOS::ui_view`.
+  - `WindowExtMacOS::ns_window`.
+  - `WindowExtMacOS::ns_view`.
+  - `EventLoopWindowTargetExtWayland::wayland_display`.
+  - `WindowExtWayland::wayland_surface`.
+  - `WindowExtWayland::wayland_display`.
+  - `WindowExtX11::xlib_window`.
+  - `WindowExtX11::xlib_display`.
+  - `WindowExtX11::xlib_screen_id`.
+  - `WindowExtX11::xcb_connection`.
+- Reexport `raw-window-handle` in `window` module.
+- Add `ElementState::is_pressed`.
+- Add `Window::pre_present_notify` to notify winit before presenting to the windowing system.
+- Add `Window::set_blur` to request a blur behind the window; implemented on Wayland for now.
+- Add `Window::show_window_menu` to request a titlebar/system menu; implemented on Wayland/Windows for now.
+- Implement `AsFd`/`AsRawFd` for `EventLoop<T>` on X11 and Wayland.
+- Implement `PartialOrd` and `Ord` for `MouseButton`.
+- Implement `PartialOrd` and `Ord` on types in the `dpi` module.
+- Make `WindowBuilder` `Send + Sync`.
+- Make iOS `MonitorHandle` and `VideoMode` usable from other threads.
+- Make iOS windows usable from other threads.
+- On Android, add force data to touch events.
+- On Android, added `EventLoopBuilderExtAndroid::handle_volume_keys` to indicate that the application will handle the volume keys manually.
+- On Android, fix `DeviceId` to contain device id's.
+- On Orbital, fix `ModifiersChanged` not being sent.
+- On Wayland, `Window::outer_size` now accounts for **client side** decorations.
+- On Wayland, add `Window::drag_resize_window` method.
+- On Wayland, remove `WINIT_WAYLAND_CSD_THEME` variable.
+- On Wayland, fix `TouchPhase::Canceled` being sent for moved events.
+- On Wayland, fix forward compatibility issues.
+- On Wayland, fix initial window size not restored for maximized/fullscreened on startup window.
+- On Wayland, fix maximized startup not taking full size on GNOME.
+- On Wayland, fix maximized window creation and window geometry handling.
+- On Wayland, fix window not checking that it actually got initial configure event.
+- On Wayland, make double clicking and moving the CSD frame more reliable.
+- On Wayland, support `Occluded` event with xdg-shell v6
+- On Wayland, use frame callbacks to throttle `RedrawRequested` events so redraws will align with compositor.
+- On Web, `ControlFlow::WaitUntil` now uses the Prioritized Task Scheduling API. `setTimeout()`, with a trick to circumvent throttling to 4ms, is used as a fallback.
+- On Web, `EventLoopProxy` now implements `Send`.
+- On Web, `Window` now implements `Send` and `Sync`.
+- On Web, account for CSS `padding`, `border`, and `margin` when getting or setting the canvas position.
+- On Web, add Fullscreen API compatibility for Safari.
+- On Web, add `DeviceEvent::Motion`, `DeviceEvent::MouseWheel`, `DeviceEvent::Button` and `DeviceEvent::Key` support.
+- On Web, add `EventLoopWindowTargetExtWebSys` and `PollStrategy`, which allows to set different strategies for `ControlFlow::Poll`. By default the Prioritized Task Scheduling API is used, but an option to use `Window.requestIdleCallback` is available as well. Both use `setTimeout()`, with a trick to circumvent throttling to 4ms, as a fallback.
+- On Web, add `WindowBuilderExtWebSys::with_append()` to append the canvas element to the web page on creation.
+- On Web, allow event loops to be recreated with `spawn`.
+- On Web, enable event propagation.
+- On Web, fix `ControlFlow::WaitUntil` to never wake up **before** the given time.
+- On Web, fix `DeviceEvent::MouseMotion` only being emitted for each canvas instead of the whole window.
+- On Web, fix `Window:::set_fullscreen` doing nothing when called outside the event loop but during transient activation.
+- On Web, fix pen treated as mouse input.
+- On Web, fix pointer button events not being processed when a buttons is already pressed.
+- On Web, fix scale factor resize suggestion always overwriting the canvas size.
+- On Web, fix some `WindowBuilder` methods doing nothing.
+- On Web, fix some `Window` methods using incorrect HTML attributes instead of CSS properties.
+- On Web, fix the bfcache by not using the `beforeunload` event and map bfcache loading/unloading to `Suspended`/`Resumed` events.
+- On Web, fix touch input not gaining or loosing focus.
+- On Web, fix touch location to be as accurate as mouse position.
+- On Web, handle coalesced pointer events, which increases the resolution of pointer inputs.
+- On Web, implement `Window::focus_window()`.
+- On Web, implement `Window::set_(min|max)_inner_size()`.
+- On Web, implement `WindowEvent::Occluded`.
+- On Web, never return a `MonitorHandle`.
+- On Web, prevent clicks on the canvas to select text.
+- On Web, remove any fullscreen requests from the queue when an external fullscreen activation was detected.
+- On Web, remove unnecessary `Window::is_dark_mode()`, which was replaced with `Window::theme()`.
+- On Web, respect `EventLoopWindowTarget::listen_device_events()` settings.
+- On Web, scale factor and dark mode detection are now more robust.
+- On Web, send mouse position on button release as well.
+- On Web, take all transient activations on the canvas and window into account to queue a fullscreen request.
+- On Web, use `Window.requestAnimationFrame()` to throttle `RedrawRequested` events.
+- On Web, use the correct canvas size when calculating the new size during scale factor change, instead of using the output bitmap size.
+- On Web: fix `Window::request_redraw` not waking the event loop when called from outside the loop.
+- On Web: fix position of touch events to be relative to the canvas.
+- On Windows, add `drag_resize_window` method support.
+- On Windows, add horizontal MouseWheel `DeviceEvent`.
+- On Windows, added `WindowBuilderExtWindows::with_class_name` to customize the internal class name.
+- On Windows, fix IME APIs not working when from non event loop thread.
+- On Windows, fix `CursorEnter/Left` not being sent when grabbing the mouse.
+- On Windows, fix `RedrawRequested` not being delivered when calling `Window::request_redraw` from `RedrawRequested`.
+- On Windows, port to `windows-sys` version 0.48.0.
+- On X11, add a `with_embedded_parent_window` function to the window builder to allow embedding a window into another window.
+- On X11, fix event loop not waking up on `ControlFlow::Poll` and `ControlFlow::WaitUntil`.
+- On X11, fix false positive flagging of key repeats when pressing different keys with no release between presses.
+- On X11, set `visual_id` in returned `raw-window-handle`.
+- On iOS, add ability to change the status bar style.
+- On iOS, add force data to touch events when using the Apple Pencil.
+- On iOS, always wake the event loop when transitioning from `ControlFlow::Poll` to `ControlFlow::Poll`.
+- On iOS, send events `WindowEvent::Occluded(false)`, `WindowEvent::Occluded(true)` when application enters/leaves foreground.
+- On macOS, add tabbing APIs on `WindowExtMacOS` and `EventLoopWindowTargetExtMacOS`.
+- On macOS, fix assertion when pressing `Globe` key.
+- On macOS, fix crash in `window.set_minimized(false)`.
+- On macOS, fix crash when dropping `Window`.
+
+# 0.28.7
+
+- Fix window size sometimes being invalid when resizing on macOS 14 Sonoma.
+
+# 0.28.6
+
+- On macOS, fixed memory leak when getting monitor handle.
+- On macOS, fix `Backspace` being emitted when clearing preedit with it.
+
+# 0.28.5
+
+- On macOS, fix `key_up` being ignored when `Ime` is disabled.
+
+# 0.28.4
+
+- On macOS, fix empty marked text blocking regular input.
+- On macOS, fix potential panic when getting refresh rate.
+- On macOS, fix crash when calling `Window::set_ime_position` from another thread.
+
+# 0.28.3
+
+- Fix macOS memory leaks.
+
+# 0.28.2
+
+- Implement `HasRawDisplayHandle` for `EventLoop`.
+- On macOS, set resize increments only for live resizes.
+- On Wayland, fix rare crash on DPI change
+- Web: Added support for `Window::theme`.
+- On Wayland, fix rounding issues when doing resize.
+- On macOS, fix wrong focused state on startup.
+- On Windows, fix crash on setting taskbar when using Visual Studio debugger.
+- On macOS, resize simple fullscreen windows on windowDidChangeScreen events.
+
+# 0.28.1
+
+- On Wayland, fix crash when dropping a window in multi-window setup.
+
+# 0.28.0
+
 - On macOS, fixed `Ime::Commit` persisting for all input after interacting with `Ime`.
 - On macOS, added `WindowExtMacOS::option_as_alt` and `WindowExtMacOS::set_option_as_alt`.
 - On Windows, fix window size for maximized, undecorated windows.
@@ -277,7 +615,7 @@ And please only add new entries to the top of this list, right below the `# Unre
 
 # 0.23.0 (2020-10-02)
 
-- On iOS, fixed support for the "Debug View Heirarchy" feature in Xcode.
+- On iOS, fixed support for the "Debug View Hierarchy" feature in Xcode.
 - On all platforms, `available_monitors` and `primary_monitor` are now on `EventLoopWindowTarget` rather than `EventLoop` to list monitors event in the event loop.
 - On Unix, X11 and Wayland are now optional features (enabled by default)
 - On X11, fix deadlock when calling `set_fullscreen_inner`.

CONTRIBUTING.md

@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ may be worth creating a separate crate that extends Winit's API to add that func
 When reporting an issue, in order to help the maintainers understand what the problem is, please make
 your description of the issue as detailed as possible:
 
-- if it is a bug, please provide clear explanation of what happens, what should happen, and how to
+- if it is a bug, please provide a clear explanation of what happens, what should happen, and how to
   reproduce the issue, ideally by providing a minimal program exhibiting the problem
 - if it is a feature request, please provide a clear argumentation about why you believe this feature
   should be supported by winit
@@ -20,8 +20,8 @@ your description of the issue as detailed as possible:
 
 When making a code contribution to winit, before opening your pull request, please make sure that:
 
-- your patch builds with Winit's minimal supported rust version - Rust 1.60.
+- your patch builds with Winit's minimal supported rust version - Rust 1.70.
-- you tested your modifications on all the platforms impacted, or if not possible detail which platforms
+- you tested your modifications on all the platforms impacted, or if not possible, detail which platforms
   were not tested, and what should be tested, so that a maintainer or another contributor can test them
 - you updated any relevant documentation in winit
 - you left comments in your code explaining any part that is not straightforward, so that the
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ When making a code contribution to winit, before opening your pull request, plea
   relevant sections in [`FEATURES.md`](https://github.com/rust-windowing/winit/blob/master/FEATURES.md#features)
   should be updated.
 
-Once your PR is open, you can ask for review by a maintainer of your platform. Winit's merging policy
+Once your PR is open, you can ask for a review by a maintainer of your platform. Winit's merging policy
 is that a PR must be approved by at least two maintainers of winit before being merged, including
 at least a maintainer of the platform (a maintainer making a PR themselves counts as approving it).
 
@@ -46,27 +46,26 @@ Once your PR is deemed ready, the merging maintainer will take care of resolving
 
 The current maintainers are listed in the [CODEOWNERS](.github/CODEOWNERS) file.
 
-If you are interested in being pinged when testing is needed for a certain platform, please add yourself to the [Testers and Contributors](https://github.com/rust-windowing/winit/wiki/Testers-and-Contributors) table!
+If you are interested in being pinged when testing is needed for a specific platform, please add yourself to the [Testers and Contributors](https://github.com/rust-windowing/winit/wiki/Testers-and-Contributors) table!
 
 ## Release process
 
-Given that winit is a widely used library we should be able to make a patch
+Given that winit is a widely used library, we should be able to make a patch
 releases at any time we want without blocking the development of new features.
 
-To achieve these goals, a new branch is created for every new release. Releases
+To achieve these goals, a new branch is created for every new release. Releases and later patch releases are committed and tagged in this branch.
-and later patch releases are committed and tagged in this branch.
 
 The exact steps for an exemplary `0.2.0` release might look like this:
-  1. Initially the version on the latest master is `0.1.0`
+  1. Initially, the version on the latest master is `0.1.0`
   2. A new `v0.2.x` branch is created for the release
   3. In the branch, the version is bumped to `v0.2.0`
   4. The new commit in the branch is tagged `v0.2.0`
   5. The version is pushed to crates.io
   6. A GitHub release is created for the `v0.2.0` tag
-  7. On master, the version is bumped to `0.2.0` and the CHANGELOG is updated
+  7. On master, the version is bumped to `0.2.0`, and the CHANGELOG is updated
   
-When doing a patch release the process is similar:
+When doing a patch release, the process is similar:
-  1. Initially the version of the latest release is `0.2.0`
+  1. Initially, the version of the latest release is `0.2.0`
   2. Checkout the `v0.2.x` branch
   3. Cherry-pick the required non-breaking changes into the `v0.2.x`
   4. Follow steps 3-7 of the regular release example

Cargo.toml

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "winit"
-version = "0.27.5"
+version = "0.29.10"
 authors = ["The winit contributors", "Pierre Krieger <pierre.krieger1708@gmail.com>"]
 description = "Cross-platform window creation library."
 edition = "2021"
@@ -10,10 +10,18 @@ readme = "README.md"
 repository = "https://github.com/rust-windowing/winit"
 documentation = "https://docs.rs/winit"
 categories = ["gui"]
-rust-version = "1.60.0"
+rust-version = "1.70.0"
 
 [package.metadata.docs.rs]
-features = ["serde"]
+features = [
+    "rwh_04",
+    "rwh_05",
+    "rwh_06",
+    "serde",
+    "mint",
+    # Enabled to get docs to compile
+    "android-native-activity",
+]
 default-target = "x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu"
 # These are all tested in CI
 targets = [
@@ -29,53 +37,115 @@ targets = [
     "x86_64-apple-ios",
     # Android
     "aarch64-linux-android",
-    # WebAssembly
+    # Web
     "wasm32-unknown-unknown",
 ]
 rustdoc-args = ["--cfg", "docsrs"]
 
 [features]
-default = ["x11", "wayland", "wayland-dlopen", "wayland-csd-adwaita"]
+default = ["rwh_06", "x11", "wayland", "wayland-dlopen", "wayland-csd-adwaita"]
-x11 = ["x11-dl", "mio", "percent-encoding"]
+x11 = ["x11-dl", "bytemuck", "percent-encoding", "xkbcommon-dl/x11", "x11rb"]
-wayland = ["wayland-client", "wayland-protocols", "sctk", "wayland-commons"]
+wayland = ["wayland-client", "wayland-backend", "wayland-protocols", "wayland-protocols-plasma", "sctk", "ahash", "memmap2"]
-wayland-dlopen = ["sctk/dlopen", "wayland-client/dlopen"]
+wayland-dlopen = ["wayland-backend/dlopen"]
 wayland-csd-adwaita = ["sctk-adwaita", "sctk-adwaita/ab_glyph"]
 wayland-csd-adwaita-crossfont = ["sctk-adwaita", "sctk-adwaita/crossfont"]
 wayland-csd-adwaita-notitle = ["sctk-adwaita"]
-android-native-activity = [ "android-activity/native-activity" ]
+android-native-activity = ["android-activity/native-activity"]
-android-game-activity = [ "android-activity/game-activity" ]
+android-game-activity = ["android-activity/game-activity"]
+serde = ["dep:serde", "cursor-icon/serde", "smol_str/serde"]
+rwh_04 = ["dep:rwh_04", "ndk/rwh_04"]
+rwh_05 = ["dep:rwh_05", "ndk/rwh_05"]
+rwh_06 = ["dep:rwh_06", "ndk/rwh_06"]
 
 [build-dependencies]
-cfg_aliases = "0.1.1"
+cfg_aliases = "0.2.0"
 
 [dependencies]
-bitflags = "1"
+bitflags = "2"
-instant = { version = "0.1", features = ["wasm-bindgen"] }
+cursor-icon = "1.1.0"
 log = "0.4"
 mint = { version = "0.5.6", optional = true }
 once_cell = "1.12"
-raw_window_handle = { package = "raw-window-handle", version = "0.5" }
+rwh_04 = { package = "raw-window-handle", version = "0.4", optional = true }
+rwh_05 = { package = "raw-window-handle", version = "0.5.2", features = ["std"], optional = true }
+rwh_06 = { package = "raw-window-handle", version = "0.6", features = ["std"], optional = true }
 serde = { version = "1", optional = true, features = ["serde_derive"] }
+smol_str = "0.2.0"
 
 [dev-dependencies]
 image = { version = "0.24.0", default-features = false, features = ["png"] }
-simple_logger = { version = "2.1.0", default_features = false }
+simple_logger = { version = "4.2.0", default_features = false }
+winit = { path = ".", features = ["rwh_05"] }
+
+[target.'cfg(not(any(target_os = "android", target_os = "ios")))'.dev-dependencies]
+softbuffer = { version = "0.3.0", default-features = false, features = ["x11", "x11-dlopen", "wayland", "wayland-dlopen"] }
 
 [target.'cfg(target_os = "android")'.dependencies]
-# Coordinate the next winit release with android-ndk-rs: https://github.com/rust-windowing/winit/issues/1995
+android-activity = "0.5.0"
-android-activity = "0.4.0"
+ndk = { version = "0.8.0", default-features = false }
-ndk = "0.7.0"
+ndk-sys = "0.5.0"
 
 [target.'cfg(any(target_os = "ios", target_os = "macos"))'.dependencies]
 core-foundation = "0.9.3"
-objc2 = "=0.3.0-beta.3"
+objc2 = "0.5.0"
 
 [target.'cfg(target_os = "macos")'.dependencies]
-core-graphics = "0.22.3"
+core-graphics = "0.23.1"
-dispatch = "0.2.0"
+
+[target.'cfg(target_os = "macos")'.dependencies.icrate]
+version = "0.1.0"
+features = [
+    "dispatch",
+    "Foundation",
+    "Foundation_NSArray",
+    "Foundation_NSAttributedString",
+    "Foundation_NSMutableAttributedString",
+    "Foundation_NSData",
+    "Foundation_NSDictionary",
+    "Foundation_NSString",
+    "Foundation_NSProcessInfo",
+    "Foundation_NSThread",
+    "Foundation_NSNumber",
+    "AppKit",
+    "AppKit_NSAppearance",
+    "AppKit_NSApplication",
+    "AppKit_NSBitmapImageRep",
+    "AppKit_NSButton",
+    "AppKit_NSColor",
+    "AppKit_NSControl",
+    "AppKit_NSCursor",
+    "AppKit_NSEvent",
+    "AppKit_NSGraphicsContext",
+    "AppKit_NSImage",
+    "AppKit_NSImageRep",
+    "AppKit_NSMenu",
+    "AppKit_NSMenuItem",
+    "AppKit_NSPasteboard",
+    "AppKit_NSResponder",
+    "AppKit_NSScreen",
+    "AppKit_NSTextInputContext",
+    "AppKit_NSView",
+    "AppKit_NSWindow",
+    "AppKit_NSWindowTabGroup",
+]
+
+[target.'cfg(target_os = "ios")'.dependencies.icrate]
+version = "0.1.0"
+features = [
+    "dispatch",
+    "Foundation",
+    "Foundation_NSArray",
+    "Foundation_NSString",
+    "Foundation_NSProcessInfo",
+    "Foundation_NSThread",
+    "Foundation_NSSet",
+]
+
+[target.'cfg(target_os = "windows")'.dependencies]
+unicode-segmentation = "1.7.1"
 
 [target.'cfg(target_os = "windows")'.dependencies.windows-sys]
-version = "0.45"
+version = "0.48"
 features = [
     "Win32_Devices_HumanInterfaceDevice",
     "Win32_Foundation",
@@ -103,59 +173,93 @@ features = [
     "Win32_UI_WindowsAndMessaging",
 ]
 
-[target.'cfg(all(unix, not(any(target_os = "redox", target_arch = "wasm32", target_os = "android", target_os = "ios", target_os = "macos"))))'.dependencies]
+[target.'cfg(all(unix, not(any(target_os = "redox", target_family = "wasm", target_os = "android", target_os = "ios", target_os = "macos"))))'.dependencies]
+ahash = { version = "0.8.7", features = ["no-rng"], optional = true }
+bytemuck = { version = "1.13.1", default-features = false, optional = true }
+calloop = "0.12.3"
 libc = "0.2.64"
-mio = { version = "0.8", features = ["os-ext"], optional = true }
+memmap2 = { version = "0.9.0", optional = true }
 percent-encoding = { version = "2.0", optional = true }
-sctk = { package = "smithay-client-toolkit", version = "0.16.0", default_features = false, features = ["calloop"],  optional = true }
+rustix = { version = "0.38.4", default-features = false, features = ["std", "system", "thread", "process"] }
-sctk-adwaita = { version = "0.5.1", default_features = false, optional = true }
+sctk = { package = "smithay-client-toolkit", version = "0.18.0", default-features = false, features = ["calloop"], optional = true }
-wayland-client = { version = "0.29.5", default_features = false,  features = ["use_system_lib"], optional = true }
+sctk-adwaita = { version = "0.8.0", default_features = false, optional = true }
-wayland-protocols = { version = "0.29.5", features = [ "staging_protocols"], optional = true }
+wayland-backend = { version = "0.3.0", default_features = false, features = ["client_system"], optional = true }
-wayland-commons = { version = "0.29.5", optional = true }
+wayland-client = { version = "0.31.1", optional = true }
+wayland-protocols = { version = "0.31.0", features = [ "staging"], optional = true }
+wayland-protocols-plasma = { version = "0.2.0", features = [ "client" ], optional = true }
 x11-dl = { version = "2.18.5", optional = true }
+x11rb = { version = "0.13.0", default-features = false, features = ["allow-unsafe-code", "dl-libxcb", "randr", "resource_manager", "xinput", "xkb"], optional = true }
+xkbcommon-dl = "0.4.0"
 
 [target.'cfg(target_os = "redox")'.dependencies]
-orbclient = { version = "0.3.42", default-features = false }
+orbclient = { version = "0.3.47", default-features = false }
-redox_syscall = "0.3"
+redox_syscall = "0.4.1"
 
-[target.'cfg(any(target_os = "linux", target_os = "dragonfly", target_os = "freebsd", target_os = "openbsd", target_os = "netbsd"))'.build-dependencies]
+[target.'cfg(target_family = "wasm")'.dependencies.web_sys]
-wayland-scanner = "0.29.5"
-
-[target.'cfg(target_arch = "wasm32")'.dependencies.web_sys]
 package = "web-sys"
-version = "0.3.22"
+version = "0.3.64"
 features = [
+    'AbortController',
+    'AbortSignal',
+    'Blob',
     'console',
-    "AddEventListenerOptions",
     'CssStyleDeclaration',
-    'BeforeUnloadEvent',
     'Document',
+    'DomException',
     'DomRect',
+    'DomRectReadOnly',
     'Element',
     'Event',
-    "EventListenerOptions",
     'EventTarget',
     'FocusEvent',
     'HtmlCanvasElement',
     'HtmlElement',
+    'HtmlImageElement',
+    'ImageBitmap',
+    'ImageBitmapOptions',
+    'ImageBitmapRenderingContext',
+    'ImageData',
+    'IntersectionObserver',
+    'IntersectionObserverEntry',
     'KeyboardEvent',
     'MediaQueryList',
-    'MediaQueryListEvent',
+    'MessageChannel',
-    'MouseEvent',
+    'MessagePort',
     'Node',
+    'PageTransitionEvent',
     'PointerEvent',
+    'PremultiplyAlpha',
+    'ResizeObserver',
+    'ResizeObserverBoxOptions',
+    'ResizeObserverEntry',
+    'ResizeObserverOptions',
+    'ResizeObserverSize',
+    'VisibilityState',
     'Window',
-    'WheelEvent'
+    'WheelEvent',
+    'Url',
 ]
 
-[target.'cfg(target_arch = "wasm32")'.dependencies.wasm-bindgen]
+[target.'cfg(target_family = "wasm")'.dependencies]
-version = "0.2.45"
+js-sys = "0.3.64"
+pin-project = "1"
+wasm-bindgen = "0.2"
+wasm-bindgen-futures = "0.4"
+web-time = "1"
 
-[target.'cfg(target_arch = "wasm32")'.dev-dependencies]
+[target.'cfg(all(target_family = "wasm", target_feature = "atomics"))'.dependencies]
-console_log = "0.2"
+atomic-waker = "1"
+concurrent-queue = { version = "2", default-features = false }
+
+[target.'cfg(target_family = "wasm")'.dev-dependencies]
+console_log = "1"
 web-sys = { version = "0.3.22", features = ['CanvasRenderingContext2d'] }
 
 [workspace]
 members = [
     "run-wasm",
 ]
+
+[[example]]
+doc-scrape-examples = true
+name = "window"

FEATURES.md

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 # Winit Scope
 
-Winit aims to expose an interface that abstracts over window creation and input handling, and can
+Winit aims to expose an interface that abstracts over window creation and input handling and can
 be used to create both games and applications. It supports the following main graphical platforms:
 - Desktop
   - Windows 7+ (10+ is tested regularly)
@@ -13,7 +13,9 @@ be used to create both games and applications. It supports the following main gr
   - iOS
   - Android
 - Web
-  - via WASM
+  - Chrome
+  - Firefox
+  - Safari 13.1+
 
 Most platforms expose capabilities that cannot be meaningfully transposed onto others. Winit does not
 aim to support every single feature of every platform, but rather to abstract over the common features
@@ -43,10 +45,10 @@ be released and the library will enter maintenance mode. For the most part, new
 be added past this point. New platform features may be accepted and exposed through point releases.
 
 ### Tier upgrades
-Some platform features could in theory be exposed across multiple platforms, but have not gone
+Some platform features could, in theory, be exposed across multiple platforms, but have not gone
 through the implementation work necessary to function on all platforms. When one of these features
 gets implemented across all platforms, a PR can be opened to upgrade the feature to a core feature.
-If that gets accepted, the platform-specific functions gets deprecated and become permanently
+If that gets accepted, the platform-specific functions get deprecated and become permanently
 exposed through the core, cross-platform API.
 
 # Features
@@ -86,7 +88,7 @@ If your PR makes notable changes to Winit's features, please update this section
 - **Fullscreen toggle**: The windows created by winit can be switched to and from fullscreen after
   creation.
 - **Exclusive fullscreen**: Winit allows changing the video mode of the monitor
-  for fullscreen windows, and if applicable, captures the monitor for exclusive
+  for fullscreen windows and, if applicable, captures the monitor for exclusive
   use by this application.
 - **HiDPI support**: Winit assists developers in appropriately scaling HiDPI content.
 - **Popup / modal windows**: Windows can be created relative to the client area of other windows, and parent
@@ -103,7 +105,8 @@ If your PR makes notable changes to Winit's features, please update this section
 - **Mouse set location**: Forcibly changing the location of the pointer.
 - **Cursor locking**: Locking the cursor inside the window so it cannot move.
 - **Cursor confining**: Confining the cursor to the window bounds so it cannot leave them.
-- **Cursor icon**: Changing the cursor icon, or hiding the cursor.
+- **Cursor icon**: Changing the cursor icon or hiding the cursor.
+- **Cursor image**: Changing the cursor to your own image.
 - **Cursor hittest**: Handle or ignore mouse events for a window.
 - **Touch events**: Single-touch events.
 - **Touch pressure**: Touch events contain information about the amount of force being applied.
@@ -117,11 +120,17 @@ If your PR makes notable changes to Winit's features, please update this section
 
 ## Platform
 ### Windows
+* Setting the name of the internal window class
 * Setting the taskbar icon
 * Setting the parent window
 * Setting a menu bar
 * `WS_EX_NOREDIRECTIONBITMAP` support
 * Theme the title bar according to Windows 10 Dark Mode setting or set a preferred theme
+* Changing a system-drawn backdrop
+* Setting the window border color
+* Setting the title bar background color
+* Setting the title color
+* Setting the corner rounding preference
 
 ### macOS
 * Window activation policy
@@ -143,20 +152,17 @@ If your PR makes notable changes to Winit's features, please update this section
 
 ### iOS
 * `winit` has a minimum OS requirement of iOS 8
-* Get the `UIWindow` object pointer
-* Get the `UIViewController` object pointer
-* Get the `UIView` object pointer
 * Get the `UIScreen` object pointer
 * Setting the `UIView` hidpi factor
 * Valid orientations
 * Home indicator visibility
-* Status bar visibility
+* Status bar visibility and style
-* Deferrring system gestures
+* Deferring system gestures
 * Getting the device idiom
 * Getting the preferred video mode
 
 ### Web
-* Get if systems preferred color scheme is "dark"
+* Get if the systems preferred color scheme is "dark"
 
 ## Usability
 * `serde`: Enables serialization/deserialization of certain types with Serde. (Maintainer: @Osspial)
@@ -166,22 +172,23 @@ If your PR makes notable changes to Winit's features, please update this section
 Legend:
 
 - ✔️: Works as intended
-- ▢: Mostly works but some bugs are known
+- ▢: Mostly works, but some bugs are known
 - ❌: Missing feature or large bugs making it unusable
 - **N/A**: Not applicable for this platform
 - ❓: Unknown status
 
 ### Windowing
-|Feature                          |Windows|MacOS   |Linux x11   |Linux Wayland  |Android|iOS    |WASM      |Redox OS|
+|Feature                          |Windows|MacOS   |Linux x11   |Linux Wayland  |Android|iOS    |Web      |Redox OS|
 |-------------------------------- | ----- | ----   | -------    | -----------   | ----- | ----- | -------- | ------ |
 |Window initialization            |✔️     |✔️     |▢[#5]      |✔️             |▢[#33]|▢[#33] |✔️        |✔️      |
 |Providing pointer to init OpenGL |✔️     |✔️     |✔️         |✔️             |✔️     |✔️    |**N/A**|✔️      |
 |Providing pointer to init Vulkan |✔️     |✔️     |✔️         |✔️             |✔️     |❓     |**N/A**|**N/A** |
 |Window decorations               |✔️     |✔️     |✔️         |✔️             |**N/A**|**N/A**|**N/A**|✔️      |
 |Window decorations toggle        |✔️     |✔️     |✔️         |✔️             |**N/A**|**N/A**|**N/A**|**N/A** |
-|Window resizing                  |✔️     |▢[#219]|✔️         |▢[#306]        |**N/A**|**N/A**|✔️        |✔️      |
+|Window resizing                  |✔️     |✔️     |✔️         |✔️        |**N/A**|**N/A**|✔️        |✔️      |
 |Window resize increments         |❌     |✔️     |✔️         |❌             |**N/A**|**N/A**|**N/A**|**N/A** |
 |Window transparency              |✔️     |✔️     |✔️         |✔️             |**N/A**|**N/A**|N/A        |✔️      |
+|Window blur                      |❌    |❌    |❌        |✔️             |**N/A**|**N/A**|N/A        |❌     |
 |Window maximization              |✔️     |✔️     |✔️         |✔️             |**N/A**|**N/A**|**N/A**|**N/A** |
 |Window maximization toggle       |✔️     |✔️     |✔️         |✔️             |**N/A**|**N/A**|**N/A**|**N/A** |
 |Window minimization              |✔️     |✔️     |✔️         |✔️             |**N/A**|**N/A**|**N/A**|**N/A** |
@@ -192,42 +199,43 @@ Legend:
 |Popup windows                    |❌     |❌     |❌         |❌             |❌    |❌     |**N/A**|**N/A** |
 
 ### System information
-|Feature          |Windows|MacOS |Linux x11|Linux Wayland|Android|iOS      |WASM      |Redox OS|
+|Feature          |Windows|MacOS |Linux x11|Linux Wayland|Android|iOS      |Web      |Redox OS|
 |---------------- | ----- | ---- | ------- | ----------- | ----- | ------- | -------- | ------ |
 |Monitor list     |✔️    |✔️    |✔️       |✔️          |✔️     |✔️      |**N/A**|❌      |
 |Video mode query |✔️    |✔️    |✔️       |✔️          |✔️     |✔️      |**N/A**|❌      |
 
 ### Input handling
-|Feature                 |Windows   |MacOS   |Linux x11|Linux Wayland|Android|iOS    |WASM      |Redox OS|
+|Feature                 |Windows   |MacOS   |Linux x11|Linux Wayland|Android|iOS    |Web      |Redox OS|
 |----------------------- | -----    | ----   | ------- | ----------- | ----- | ----- | -------- | ------ |
 |Mouse events            |✔️       |▢[#63]  |✔️       |✔️          |**N/A**|**N/A**|✔️        |✔️      |
 |Mouse set location      |✔️       |✔️      |✔️       |✔️(when locked)  |**N/A**|**N/A**|**N/A**|**N/A** |
 |Cursor locking          |❌       |✔️      |❌       |✔️          |**N/A**|**N/A**|✔️        |❌      |
 |Cursor confining        |✔️       |❌      |✔️       |✔️          |**N/A**|**N/A**|❌       |❌      |
 |Cursor icon             |✔️       |✔️      |✔️       |✔️          |**N/A**|**N/A**|✔️        |**N/A** |
-|Cursor hittest          |✔️       |✔️      |❌       |✔️          |**N/A**|**N/A**|❌        |❌      |
+|Cursor image            |✔️       |✔️      |✔️       |✔️          |**N/A**|**N/A**|✔️        |**N/A** |
+|Cursor hittest          |✔️       |✔️      |✔️       |✔️          |**N/A**|**N/A**|❌        |❌      |
 |Touch events            |✔️       |❌      |✔️       |✔️          |✔️    |✔️     |✔️        |**N/A** |
 |Touch pressure          |✔️       |❌      |❌       |❌          |❌    |✔️     |✔️        |**N/A** |
 |Multitouch              |✔️       |❌      |✔️       |✔️          |✔️    |✔️     |❌        |**N/A** |
 |Keyboard events         |✔️       |✔️      |✔️       |✔️          |✔️    |❌     |✔️        |✔️      |
-|Drag & Drop             |▢[#720]  |▢[#720] |▢[#720]  |❌[#306]    |**N/A**|**N/A**|❓        |**N/A** |
+|Drag & Drop             |▢[#720]  |▢[#720] |▢[#720]  |▢[#720]   |**N/A**|**N/A**|❓        |**N/A** |
 |Raw Device Events       |▢[#750]  |▢[#750] |▢[#750]  |❌          |❌    |❌     |❓        |**N/A** |
 |Gamepad/Joystick events |❌[#804] |❌      |❌       |❌          |❌    |❌     |❓        |**N/A** |
 |Device movement events  |❓        |❓       |❓       |❓           |❌    |❌     |❓        |**N/A** |
 |Drag window with cursor |✔️       |✔️      |✔️       |✔️          |**N/A**|**N/A**|**N/A**   |**N/A** |
-|Resize with cursor      |❌         |❌       |✔️       |❌       |**N/A**|**N/A**|**N/A**   |**N/A** |
+|Resize with cursor      |✔️       |❌       |✔️       |✔️       |**N/A**|**N/A**|**N/A**   |**N/A** |
 
 ### Pending API Reworks
 Changes in the API that have been agreed upon but aren't implemented across all platforms.
 
-|Feature                             |Windows|MacOS |Linux x11|Linux Wayland|Android|iOS    |WASM      |Redox OS|
+|Feature                             |Windows|MacOS |Linux x11|Linux Wayland|Android|iOS    |Web      |Redox OS|
 |------------------------------      | ----- | ---- | ------- | ----------- | ----- | ----- | -------- | ------ |
-|New API for HiDPI ([#315] [#319])   |✔️    |✔️    |✔️       |✔️          |✔️     |✔️    |❓        |❓      |
+|New API for HiDPI ([#315] [#319])   |✔️      |✔️     |✔️        |✔️            |✔️      |✔️      |❓        |❓      |
-|Event Loop 2.0 ([#459])             |✔️    |✔️    |❌       |✔️          |✔️     |✔️    |❓        |❓      |
+|Event Loop 2.0 ([#459])             |✔️      |✔️     |✔️        |✔️            |✔️      |✔️      |❓        |✔️       |
-|Keyboard Input ([#812])             |❌    |❌    |❌       |❌          |❌     |❌    |❓        |❓      |
+|Keyboard Input 2.0 ([#753])         |✔️      |✔️     |✔️        |✔️            |✔️      |❌     |✔️         |✔️       |
 
 ### Completed API Reworks
-|Feature                             |Windows|MacOS |Linux x11|Linux Wayland|Android|iOS    |WASM      |Redox OS|
+|Feature                             |Windows|MacOS |Linux x11|Linux Wayland|Android|iOS    |Web      |Redox OS|
 |------------------------------      | ----- | ---- | ------- | ----------- | ----- | ----- | -------- | ------ |
 
 [#165]: https://github.com/rust-windowing/winit/issues/165
@@ -243,5 +251,5 @@ Changes in the API that have been agreed upon but aren't implemented across all
 [#720]: https://github.com/rust-windowing/winit/issues/720
 [#721]: https://github.com/rust-windowing/winit/issues/721
 [#750]: https://github.com/rust-windowing/winit/issues/750
+[#753]: https://github.com/rust-windowing/winit/issues/753
 [#804]: https://github.com/rust-windowing/winit/issues/804
-[#812]: https://github.com/rust-windowing/winit/issues/812

HALL_OF_CHAMPIONS.md

@@ -2,21 +2,20 @@
 
 The winit maintainers would like to recognize the following former winit
 contributors, without whom winit would not exist in its current form. We thank
-them deeply for their time and efforts, and wish them best of luck in their
+them deeply for their time and efforts and wish them the best of luck in their
 future endeavors:
 
 * [@tomaka]: For creating the winit project and guiding it through its early
   years of existence.
-* [@vberger]: For diligently creating the Wayland backend, and being its
+* [@vberger]: For diligently creating the Wayland backend and being its
   extremely helpful and benevolent maintainer for years.
 * [@francesca64]: For taking over the responsibility of maintaining almost every
-  winit backend, and standardizing HiDPI support across all of them.
+  winit backend and standardizing HiDPI support across all of them.
-* [@Osspial]: For heroically landing EventLoop 2.0, and valiantly ushering in a
+* [@Osspial]: For heroically landing EventLoop 2.0 and valiantly ushering in a
   vastly more sustainable era of winit.
-* [@goddessfreya]: For selflessly taking over maintainership of glutin, and her
+* [@goddessfreya]: For selflessly taking over maintainership of glutin and her
   stellar dedication to improving both winit and glutin.
-* [@ArturKovacs]: For consistently maintaining the macOS backend, and his
+* [@ArturKovacs]: For consistently maintaining the macOS backend and for his immense involvement in designing and implementing the new keyboard API.
-  immense involvement in designing and implementing the new keyboard API.
 
 [@tomaka]: https://github.com/tomaka
 [@vberger]: https://github.com/vberger

README.md

@@ -2,63 +2,37 @@
 
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/v/winit.svg)](https://crates.io/crates/winit)
 [![Docs.rs](https://docs.rs/winit/badge.svg)](https://docs.rs/winit)
+[![Master Docs](https://img.shields.io/github/actions/workflow/status/rust-windowing/winit/docs.yml?branch=master&label=master%20docs
+)](https://rust-windowing.github.io/winit/winit/index.html)
 [![CI Status](https://github.com/rust-windowing/winit/workflows/CI/badge.svg)](https://github.com/rust-windowing/winit/actions)
 
 ```toml
 [dependencies]
-winit = "0.27.5"
+winit = "0.29.10"
 ```
 
 ## [Documentation](https://docs.rs/winit)
 
 For features _within_ the scope of winit, see [FEATURES.md](FEATURES.md).
 
-For features _outside_ the scope of winit, see [Missing features provided by other crates](https://github.com/rust-windowing/winit/wiki/Missing-features-provided-by-other-crates) in the wiki.
+For features _outside_ the scope of winit, see [Are we GUI Yet?](https://areweguiyet.com/) and [Are we game yet?](https://arewegameyet.rs/), depending on what kind of project you're looking to do.
 
 ## Contact Us
 
-Join us in any of these:
+Join us in our [![Matrix](https://img.shields.io/badge/Matrix-%23rust--windowing%3Amatrix.org-blueviolet.svg)](https://matrix.to/#/#rust-windowing:matrix.org) room. If you don't get an answer there, try [![Libera.Chat](https://img.shields.io/badge/libera.chat-%23winit-red.svg)](https://web.libera.chat/#winit).
 
-[![Matrix](https://img.shields.io/badge/Matrix-%23rust--windowing%3Amatrix.org-blueviolet.svg)](https://matrix.to/#/#rust-windowing:matrix.org)
+The maintainers have a meeting every friday at UTC 15. The meeting notes can be found [here](https://hackmd.io/@winit-meetings).
-[![Libera.Chat](https://img.shields.io/badge/libera.chat-%23winit-red.svg)](https://web.libera.chat/#winit)
 
 ## Usage
 
 Winit is a window creation and management library. It can create windows and lets you handle
 events (for example: the window being resized, a key being pressed, a mouse movement, etc.)
-produced by window.
+produced by the window.
 
 Winit is designed to be a low-level brick in a hierarchy of libraries. Consequently, in order to
 show something on the window you need to use the platform-specific getters provided by winit, or
 another library.
 
-```rust
-use winit::{
-    event::{Event, WindowEvent},
-    event_loop::{ControlFlow, EventLoop},
-    window::WindowBuilder,
-};
-
-fn main() {
-    let event_loop = EventLoop::new();
-    let window = WindowBuilder::new().build(&event_loop).unwrap();
-
-    event_loop.run(move |event, _, control_flow| {
-        *control_flow = ControlFlow::Wait;
-
-        match event {
-            Event::WindowEvent {
-                event: WindowEvent::CloseRequested,
-                window_id,
-            } if window_id == window.id() => *control_flow = ControlFlow::Exit,
-            _ => (),
-        }
-    });
-}
-```
-
-Winit is only officially supported on the latest stable version of the Rust compiler.
-
 ### Cargo Features
 
 Winit provides the following features, which can be enabled in your `Cargo.toml` file:
@@ -67,17 +41,41 @@ Winit provides the following features, which can be enabled in your `Cargo.toml`
 * `wayland` (enabled by default): On Unix platform, compiles with the Wayland backend
 * `mint`: Enables mint (math interoperability standard types) conversions.
 
+## MSRV Policy
+
+This crate's Minimum Supported Rust Version (MSRV) is **1.70**. Changes to
+the MSRV will be accompanied by a minor version bump.
+
+As a **tentative** policy, the upper bound of the MSRV is given by the following
+formula:
+
+```
+min(sid, stable - 3)
+```
+
+Where `sid` is the current version of `rustc` provided by [Debian Sid], and
+`stable` is the latest stable version of Rust. This bound may be broken in case of a major ecosystem shift or a security vulnerability.
+
+[Debian Sid]: https://packages.debian.org/sid/rustc
+
+The exception is for the Android platform, where a higher Rust version
+must be used for certain Android features. In this case, the MSRV will be
+capped at the latest stable version of Rust minus three. This inconsistency is
+not reflected in Cargo metadata, as it is not powerful enough to expose this
+restriction.
+
+All crates in the [`rust-windowing`] organizations have the
+same MSRV policy.
+
+[`rust-windowing`]: https://github.com/rust-windowing
+
 ### Platform-specific usage
 
 #### Wayland
 
 Note that windows don't appear on Wayland until you draw/present to them.
 
-`winit` doesn't do drawing, try the examples in [`glutin`] instead.
+#### Web
-
-[`glutin`]: https://github.com/rust-windowing/glutin
-
-#### WebAssembly
 
 To run the web example: `cargo run-wasm --example web`
 
@@ -88,7 +86,7 @@ either [provide Winit with a `<canvas>` element][web with_canvas], or [let Winit
 create a `<canvas>` element which you can then retrieve][web canvas getter] and
 insert it into the DOM yourself.
 
-For example code using Winit with WebAssembly, check out the [web example]. For
+For the example code using Winit on Web, check out the [web example]. For
 information on using Rust on WebAssembly, check out the [Rust and WebAssembly
 book].
 
@@ -99,7 +97,7 @@ book].
 
 #### Android
 
-The Android backend builds on (and exposes types from) the [`ndk`](https://docs.rs/ndk/0.7.0/ndk/) crate.
+The Android backend builds on (and exposes types from) the [`ndk`](https://docs.rs/ndk/latest/ndk/) crate.
 
 Native Android applications need some form of "glue" crate that is responsible
 for defining the main entry point for your Rust application as well as tracking
@@ -111,13 +109,14 @@ glue crate (prior to `0.28` it used
 
 The version of the glue crate that your application depends on _must_ match the
 version that Winit depends on because the glue crate is responsible for your
-application's main entrypoint. If Cargo resolves multiple versions they will
+application's main entry point. If Cargo resolves multiple versions, they will
 clash.
 
 `winit` glue compatibility table:
 
 | winit |       ndk-glue               |
 | :---: | :--------------------------: |
+| 0.29  | `android-activity = "0.5"`   |
 | 0.28  | `android-activity = "0.4"`   |
 | 0.27  | `ndk-glue = "0.7"`           |
 | 0.26  | `ndk-glue = "0.5"`           |
@@ -128,7 +127,7 @@ The recommended way to avoid a conflict with the glue version is to avoid explic
 depending on the `android-activity` crate, and instead consume the API that
 is re-exported by Winit under `winit::platform::android::activity::*`
 
-Running on an Android device needs a dynamic system library, add this to Cargo.toml:
+Running on an Android device needs a dynamic system library. Add this to Cargo.toml:
 
 ```toml
 [lib]
@@ -136,14 +135,14 @@ name = "main"
 crate-type = ["cdylib"]
 ```
 
-All Android applications are based on an `Activity` subclass and the
+All Android applications are based on an `Activity` subclass, and the
 `android-activity` crate is designed to support different choices for this base
 class. Your application _must_ specify the base class it needs via a feature flag:
 
 | Base Class       | Feature Flag      |  Notes  |
 | :--------------: | :---------------: | :-----: |
 | `NativeActivity` | `android-native-activity` | Built-in to Android - it is possible to use without compiling any Java or Kotlin code. Java or Kotlin code may be needed to subclass `NativeActivity` to access some platform features. It does not derive from the [`AndroidAppCompat`] base class.|
-| [`GameActivity`] | `android-game-activity`   | Derives from [`AndroidAppCompat`] which is a defacto standard `Activity` base class that helps support a wider range of Android versions. Requires a build system that can compile Java or Kotlin and fetch Android dependencies from a [Maven repository][agdk_jetpack] (or link with an embedded [release][agdk_releases] of [`GameActivity`]) |
+| [`GameActivity`] | `android-game-activity`   | Derives from [`AndroidAppCompat`], a defacto standard `Activity` base class that helps support a wider range of Android versions. Requires a build system that can compile Java or Kotlin and fetch Android dependencies from a [Maven repository][agdk_jetpack] (or link with an embedded [release][agdk_releases] of [`GameActivity`]) |
 
 [`GameActivity`]: https://developer.android.com/games/agdk/game-activity
 [`GameTextInput`]: https://developer.android.com/games/agdk/add-support-for-text-input
@@ -152,40 +151,13 @@ class. Your application _must_ specify the base class it needs via a feature fla
 [agdk_releases]: https://developer.android.com/games/agdk/download#agdk-libraries
 [Gradle]: https://developer.android.com/studio/build
 
-For example, add this to Cargo.toml:
+For more details, refer to these `android-activity` [example applications](https://github.com/rust-mobile/android-activity/tree/main/examples).
-```toml
-winit = { version = "0.28", features = [ "android-native-activity" ] }
-
-[target.'cfg(target_os = "android")'.dependencies]
-android_logger = "0.11.0"
-```
-
-And, for example, define an entry point for your library like this:
-```rust
-#[cfg(target_os = "android")]
-use winit::platform::android::activity::AndroidApp;
-
-#[cfg(target_os = "android")]
-#[no_mangle]
-fn android_main(app: AndroidApp) {
-    use winit::platform::android::EventLoopBuilderExtAndroid;
-
-    android_logger::init_once(android_logger::Config::default().with_min_level(log::Level::Trace));
-
-    let event_loop = EventLoopBuilder::with_user_event()
-        .with_android_app(app)
-        .build();
-    _main(event_loop);
-}
-```
-
-For more details, refer to these `android-activity` [example applications](https://github.com/rib/android-activity/tree/main/examples).
 
 ##### Converting from `ndk-glue` to `android-activity`
 
-If your application is currently based on `NativeActivity` via the `ndk-glue` crate and building with `cargo apk` then the minimal changes would be:
+If your application is currently based on `NativeActivity` via the `ndk-glue` crate and building with `cargo apk`, then the minimal changes would be:
 1. Remove `ndk-glue` from your `Cargo.toml`
-2. Enable the `"android-native-activity"` feature for Winit: `winit = { version = "0.28", features = [ "android-native-activity" ] }`
+2. Enable the `"android-native-activity"` feature for Winit: `winit = { version = "0.29.10", features = [ "android-native-activity" ] }`
 3. Add an `android_main` entrypoint (as above), instead of using the '`[ndk_glue::main]` proc macro from `ndk-macros` (optionally add a dependency on `android_logger` and initialize logging as above).
 4. Pass a clone of the `AndroidApp` that your application receives to Winit when building your event loop (as shown above).
 
@@ -196,13 +168,13 @@ doing anything; this includes creating windows, fetching monitors, drawing,
 and so on, see issues [#2238], [#2051] and [#2087].
 
 If you encounter problems, you should try doing your initialization inside
-`Event::NewEvents(StartCause::Init)`.
+`Event::Resumed`.
 
 #### iOS
 
 Similar to macOS, iOS's main `UIApplicationMain` does some init work that's required
-by all UI related code, see issue [#1705]. You should consider creating your windows
+by all UI-related code (see issue [#1705]). It would be best to consider creating your windows
-inside `Event::NewEvents(StartCause::Init)`.
+inside `Event::Resumed`.
 
 
 [#2238]: https://github.com/rust-windowing/winit/issues/2238
@@ -212,5 +184,5 @@ inside `Event::NewEvents(StartCause::Init)`.
 
 #### Redox OS
 
-Redox OS has some functionality not present yet, that will be implemented when
+Redox OS has some functionality not yet present that will be implemented when
 its orbital display server provides it.

build.rs

@@ -1,64 +1,24 @@
 use cfg_aliases::cfg_aliases;
 
-#[cfg(all(
-    any(
-        target_os = "linux",
-        target_os = "dragonfly",
-        target_os = "freebsd",
-        target_os = "openbsd",
-        target_os = "netbsd",
-    ),
-    feature = "wayland",
-))]
-mod wayland {
-    use std::env;
-    use std::path::PathBuf;
-    use wayland_scanner::Side;
-
-    pub fn main() {
-        let mut path = PathBuf::from(env::var("OUT_DIR").unwrap());
-        path.push("fractional_scale_v1.rs");
-        wayland_scanner::generate_code(
-            "wayland_protocols/fractional-scale-v1.xml",
-            &path,
-            Side::Client,
-        );
-    }
-}
-
 fn main() {
     // The script doesn't depend on our code
     println!("cargo:rerun-if-changed=build.rs");
-    println!("cargo:rerun-if-changed=wayland_protocols");
 
     // Setup cfg aliases
     cfg_aliases! {
         // Systems.
         android_platform: { target_os = "android" },
-        wasm_platform: { target_arch = "wasm32" },
+        web_platform: { all(target_family = "wasm", target_os = "unknown") },
         macos_platform: { target_os = "macos" },
         ios_platform: { target_os = "ios" },
         windows_platform: { target_os = "windows" },
         apple: { any(target_os = "ios", target_os = "macos") },
-        free_unix: { all(unix, not(apple), not(android_platform)) },
+        free_unix: { all(unix, not(apple), not(android_platform), not(target_os = "emscripten")) },
         redox: { target_os = "redox" },
 
         // Native displays.
-        x11_platform: { all(feature = "x11", free_unix, not(wasm), not(redox)) },
+        x11_platform: { all(feature = "x11", free_unix, not(redox)) },
-        wayland_platform: { all(feature = "wayland", free_unix, not(wasm), not(redox)) },
+        wayland_platform: { all(feature = "wayland", free_unix, not(redox)) },
         orbital_platform: { redox },
     }
-
-    // XXX aliases are not available for the build script itself.
-    #[cfg(all(
-        any(
-            target_os = "linux",
-            target_os = "dragonfly",
-            target_os = "freebsd",
-            target_os = "openbsd",
-            target_os = "netbsd",
-        ),
-        feature = "wayland",
-    ))]
-    wayland::main();
 }

clippy.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+disallowed-methods = [
+    { path = "web_sys::window", reason = "is not available in every context" },
+    { path = "web_sys::HtmlCanvasElement::width", reason = "Winit shouldn't touch the internal canvas size" },
+    { path = "web_sys::HtmlCanvasElement::height", reason = "Winit shouldn't touch the internal canvas size" },
+    { path = "web_sys::HtmlCanvasElement::set_width", reason = "Winit shouldn't touch the internal canvas size" },
+    { path = "web_sys::HtmlCanvasElement::set_height", reason = "Winit shouldn't touch the internal canvas size" },
+    { path = "web_sys::Window::document", reason = "cache this to reduce calls to JS" },
+    { path = "web_sys::Window::get_computed_style", reason = "cache this to reduce calls to JS" },
+    { path = "web_sys::HtmlElement::style", reason = "cache this to reduce calls to JS" },
+    { path = "web_sys::Element::request_fullscreen", reason = "Doesn't account for compatibility with Safari" },
+    { path = "web_sys::Document::exit_fullscreen", reason = "Doesn't account for compatibility with Safari" },
+    { path = "web_sys::Document::fullscreen_element", reason = "Doesn't account for compatibility with Safari" },
+    { path = "icrate::AppKit::NSView::visibleRect", reason = "We expose a render target to the user, and visibility is not really relevant to that (and can break if you don't use the rectangle position as well). Use `frame` instead." },
+    { path = "icrate::AppKit::NSWindow::setFrameTopLeftPoint", reason = "Not sufficient when working with Winit's coordinate system, use `flip_window_screen_coordinates` instead" },
+]

deny.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+# https://embarkstudios.github.io/cargo-deny/
+# cargo install cargo-deny
+# cargo update && cargo deny --all-features --log-level error --target aarch64-apple-ios check
+# Note: running just `cargo deny check` without a `--target` will result in
+# false positives due to https://github.com/EmbarkStudios/cargo-deny/issues/324
+targets = [
+    { triple = "aarch64-apple-ios" },
+    { triple = "aarch64-linux-android" },
+    { triple = "i686-pc-windows-gnu" },
+    { triple = "i686-pc-windows-msvc" },
+    { triple = "i686-unknown-linux-gnu" },
+    { triple = "wasm32-unknown-unknown" },
+    { triple = "x86_64-apple-darwin" },
+    { triple = "x86_64-apple-ios" },
+    { triple = "x86_64-pc-windows-gnu" },
+    { triple = "x86_64-pc-windows-msvc" },
+    { triple = "x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu" },
+    { triple = "x86_64-unknown-redox" },
+]
+
+
+[advisories]
+vulnerability = "deny"
+unmaintained = "warn"
+yanked = "deny"
+ignore = []
+
+
+[bans]
+multiple-versions = "deny"
+wildcards = "allow" # at least until https://github.com/EmbarkStudios/cargo-deny/issues/241 is fixed
+deny = []
+skip = [
+    { name = "raw-window-handle" },    # we intentionally have multiple versions of this
+    { name = "bitflags" },             # the ecosystem is in the process of migrating.
+    { name = "libloading" },           # x11rb uses a different version until the next update
+]
+skip-tree = []
+
+
+[licenses]
+private = { ignore = true }
+unlicensed = "deny"
+allow-osi-fsf-free = "neither"
+confidence-threshold = 0.92 # We want really high confidence when inferring licenses from text
+copyleft = "deny"
+allow = [
+    "Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception", # https://spdx.org/licenses/LLVM-exception.html
+    "Apache-2.0",                     # https://tldrlegal.com/license/apache-license-2.0-(apache-2.0)
+    "BSD-2-Clause",                   # https://tldrlegal.com/license/bsd-2-clause-license-(freebsd)
+    "BSD-3-Clause",                   # https://tldrlegal.com/license/bsd-3-clause-license-(revised)
+    "BSL-1.0",                        # https://tldrlegal.com/license/boost-software-license-1.0-explained
+    "CC0-1.0",                        # https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
+    "ISC",                            # https://tldrlegal.com/license/-isc-license
+    "LicenseRef-UFL-1.0",             # https://tldrlegal.com/license/ubuntu-font-license,-1.0 - no official SPDX, see https://github.com/emilk/egui/issues/2321
+    "MIT-0",                          # https://choosealicense.com/licenses/mit-0/
+    "MIT",                            # https://tldrlegal.com/license/mit-license
+    "MPL-2.0",                        # https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/FAQ/ - see Q11. Used by webpki-roots on Linux.
+    "OFL-1.1",                        # https://spdx.org/licenses/OFL-1.1.html
+    "OpenSSL",                        # https://www.openssl.org/source/license.html - used on Linux
+    "Unicode-DFS-2016",               # https://spdx.org/licenses/Unicode-DFS-2016.html
+    "Zlib",                           # https://tldrlegal.com/license/zlib-libpng-license-(zlib)
+]

docs/res/ATTRIBUTION.md

@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+# Image Attribution
+
+These images are used in the documentation of `winit`.
+
+## keyboard_*.svg
+
+These files are a modified version of "[ANSI US QWERTY (Windows)](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:ANSI_US_QWERTY_(Windows).svg)"
+by [Tomiĉo] (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Tomi%C4%89o). It was
+originally released under the [CC-BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en)
+License. Minor modifications have been made by [John Nunley](https://github.com/notgull),
+which have been released under the same license as a derivative work.

examples/child_window.rs

@@ -1,22 +1,33 @@
-#[cfg(any(x11_platform, macos_platform, windows_platform))]
+#[cfg(all(
-fn main() {
+    feature = "rwh_06",
+    any(x11_platform, macos_platform, windows_platform)
+))]
+#[path = "util/fill.rs"]
+mod fill;
+
+#[cfg(all(
+    feature = "rwh_06",
+    any(x11_platform, macos_platform, windows_platform)
+))]
+#[allow(deprecated)]
+fn main() -> Result<(), impl std::error::Error> {
     use std::collections::HashMap;
 
-    use raw_window_handle::HasRawWindowHandle;
     use winit::{
         dpi::{LogicalPosition, LogicalSize, Position},
-        event::{ElementState, Event, KeyboardInput, WindowEvent},
+        event::{ElementState, Event, KeyEvent, WindowEvent},
-        event_loop::{ControlFlow, EventLoop, EventLoopWindowTarget},
+        event_loop::{EventLoop, EventLoopWindowTarget},
-        window::{Window, WindowBuilder, WindowId},
+        raw_window_handle::HasRawWindowHandle,
+        window::{Window, WindowId},
     };
 
     fn spawn_child_window(
         parent: &Window,
-        event_loop: &EventLoopWindowTarget<()>,
+        event_loop: &EventLoopWindowTarget,
         windows: &mut HashMap<WindowId, Window>,
     ) {
-        let parent = parent.raw_window_handle();
+        let parent = parent.raw_window_handle().unwrap();
-        let mut builder = WindowBuilder::new()
+        let mut builder = Window::builder()
             .with_title("child window")
             .with_inner_size(LogicalSize::new(200.0f32, 200.0f32))
             .with_position(Position::Logical(LogicalPosition::new(0.0, 0.0)))
@@ -32,8 +43,8 @@ fn main() {
 
     let mut windows = HashMap::new();
 
-    let event_loop: EventLoop<()> = EventLoop::new();
+    let event_loop: EventLoop<()> = EventLoop::new().unwrap();
-    let parent_window = WindowBuilder::new()
+    let parent_window = Window::builder()
         .with_title("parent window")
         .with_position(Position::Logical(LogicalPosition::new(0.0, 0.0)))
         .with_inner_size(LogicalSize::new(640.0f32, 480.0f32))
@@ -42,14 +53,12 @@ fn main() {
 
     println!("parent window: {parent_window:?})");
 
-    event_loop.run(move |event: Event<'_, ()>, event_loop, control_flow| {
+    event_loop.run(move |event: Event<()>, elwt| {
-        *control_flow = ControlFlow::Wait;
-
         if let Event::WindowEvent { event, window_id } = event {
             match event {
                 WindowEvent::CloseRequested => {
                     windows.clear();
-                    *control_flow = ControlFlow::Exit;
+                    elwt.exit();
                 }
                 WindowEvent::CursorEntered { device_id: _ } => {
                     // On x11, println when the cursor entered in a window even if the child window is created
@@ -59,14 +68,19 @@ fn main() {
                     println!("cursor entered in the window {window_id:?}");
                 }
                 WindowEvent::KeyboardInput {
-                    input:
+                    event:
-                        KeyboardInput {
+                        KeyEvent {
                             state: ElementState::Pressed,
                             ..
                         },
                     ..
                 } => {
-                    spawn_child_window(&parent_window, event_loop, &mut windows);
+                    spawn_child_window(&parent_window, elwt, &mut windows);
+                }
+                WindowEvent::RedrawRequested => {
+                    if let Some(window) = windows.get(&window_id) {
+                        fill::fill_window(window);
+                    }
                 }
                 _ => (),
             }
@@ -74,7 +88,10 @@ fn main() {
     })
 }
 
-#[cfg(not(any(x11_platform, macos_platform, windows_platform)))]
+#[cfg(not(all(
+    feature = "rwh_06",
+    any(x11_platform, macos_platform, windows_platform)
+)))]
 fn main() {
-    panic!("This example is supported only on x11, macOS, and Windows.");
+    panic!("This example is supported only on x11, macOS, and Windows, with the `rwh_06` feature enabled.");
 }

examples/control_flow.rs

@@ -1,14 +1,22 @@
 #![allow(clippy::single_match)]
 
-use std::{thread, time};
+use std::thread;
+#[cfg(not(web_platform))]
+use std::time;
+#[cfg(web_platform)]
+use web_time as time;
 
 use simple_logger::SimpleLogger;
 use winit::{
-    event::{Event, KeyboardInput, WindowEvent},
+    event::{ElementState, Event, KeyEvent, WindowEvent},
-    event_loop::EventLoop,
+    event_loop::{ControlFlow, EventLoop},
-    window::WindowBuilder,
+    keyboard::{Key, NamedKey},
+    window::Window,
 };
 
+#[path = "util/fill.rs"]
+mod fill;
+
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
 enum Mode {
     Wait,
@@ -19,7 +27,7 @@ enum Mode {
 const WAIT_TIME: time::Duration = time::Duration::from_millis(100);
 const POLL_SLEEP_TIME: time::Duration = time::Duration::from_millis(100);
 
-fn main() {
+fn main() -> Result<(), impl std::error::Error> {
     SimpleLogger::new().init().unwrap();
 
     println!("Press '1' to switch to Wait mode.");
@@ -28,8 +36,8 @@ fn main() {
     println!("Press 'R' to toggle request_redraw() calls.");
     println!("Press 'Esc' to close the window.");
 
-    let event_loop = EventLoop::new();
+    let event_loop = EventLoop::new().unwrap();
-    let window = WindowBuilder::new()
+    let window = Window::builder()
         .with_title("Press 1, 2, 3 to change control flow mode. Press R to toggle redraw requests.")
         .build(&event_loop)
         .unwrap();
@@ -39,8 +47,8 @@ fn main() {
     let mut wait_cancelled = false;
     let mut close_requested = false;
 
-    event_loop.run(move |event, _, control_flow| {
+    event_loop.run(move |event, elwt| {
-        use winit::event::{ElementState, StartCause, VirtualKeyCode};
+        use winit::event::StartCause;
         println!("{event:?}");
         match event {
             Event::NewEvents(start_cause) => {
@@ -54,61 +62,67 @@ fn main() {
                     close_requested = true;
                 }
                 WindowEvent::KeyboardInput {
-                    input:
+                    event:
-                        KeyboardInput {
+                        KeyEvent {
-                            virtual_keycode: Some(virtual_code),
+                            logical_key: key,
                             state: ElementState::Pressed,
                             ..
                         },
                     ..
-                } => match virtual_code {
+                } => match key.as_ref() {
-                    VirtualKeyCode::Key1 => {
+                    // WARNING: Consider using `key_without_modifers()` if available on your platform.
+                    // See the `key_binding` example
+                    Key::Character("1") => {
                         mode = Mode::Wait;
                         println!("\nmode: {mode:?}\n");
                     }
-                    VirtualKeyCode::Key2 => {
+                    Key::Character("2") => {
                         mode = Mode::WaitUntil;
                         println!("\nmode: {mode:?}\n");
                     }
-                    VirtualKeyCode::Key3 => {
+                    Key::Character("3") => {
                         mode = Mode::Poll;
                         println!("\nmode: {mode:?}\n");
                     }
-                    VirtualKeyCode::R => {
+                    Key::Character("r") => {
                         request_redraw = !request_redraw;
                         println!("\nrequest_redraw: {request_redraw}\n");
                     }
-                    VirtualKeyCode::Escape => {
+                    Key::Named(NamedKey::Escape) => {
                         close_requested = true;
                     }
                     _ => (),
                 },
+                WindowEvent::RedrawRequested => {
+                    fill::fill_window(&window);
+                }
                 _ => (),
             },
-            Event::MainEventsCleared => {
+            Event::AboutToWait => {
                 if request_redraw && !wait_cancelled && !close_requested {
                     window.request_redraw();
                 }
-                if close_requested {
+
-                    control_flow.set_exit();
-                }
-            }
-            Event::RedrawRequested(_window_id) => {}
-            Event::RedrawEventsCleared => {
                 match mode {
-                    Mode::Wait => control_flow.set_wait(),
+                    Mode::Wait => elwt.set_control_flow(ControlFlow::Wait),
                     Mode::WaitUntil => {
                         if !wait_cancelled {
-                            control_flow.set_wait_until(instant::Instant::now() + WAIT_TIME);
+                            elwt.set_control_flow(ControlFlow::WaitUntil(
+                                time::Instant::now() + WAIT_TIME,
+                            ));
                         }
                     }
                     Mode::Poll => {
                         thread::sleep(POLL_SLEEP_TIME);
-                        control_flow.set_poll();
+                        elwt.set_control_flow(ControlFlow::Poll);
                     }
                 };
+
+                if close_requested {
+                    elwt.exit();
+                }
             }
             _ => (),
         }
-    });
+    })
 }

examples/cursor.rs

@@ -2,60 +2,58 @@
 
 use simple_logger::SimpleLogger;
 use winit::{
-    event::{ElementState, Event, KeyboardInput, WindowEvent},
+    event::{ElementState, Event, KeyEvent, WindowEvent},
     event_loop::EventLoop,
-    window::{CursorIcon, WindowBuilder},
+    window::{CursorIcon, Window},
 };
 
-fn main() {
+#[path = "util/fill.rs"]
-    SimpleLogger::new().init().unwrap();
+mod fill;
-    let event_loop = EventLoop::new();
 
-    let window = WindowBuilder::new().build(&event_loop).unwrap();
+fn main() -> Result<(), impl std::error::Error> {
+    SimpleLogger::new().init().unwrap();
+    let event_loop = EventLoop::new().unwrap();
+
+    let window = Window::builder().build(&event_loop).unwrap();
     window.set_title("A fantastic window!");
 
     let mut cursor_idx = 0;
 
-    event_loop.run(move |event, _, control_flow| {
+    event_loop.run(move |event, elwt| {
-        control_flow.set_wait();
+        if let Event::WindowEvent { event, .. } = event {
-
+            match event {
-        match event {
+                WindowEvent::KeyboardInput {
-            Event::WindowEvent {
+                    event:
-                event:
+                        KeyEvent {
-                    WindowEvent::KeyboardInput {
+                            state: ElementState::Pressed,
-                        input:
+                            ..
-                            KeyboardInput {
+                        },
-                                state: ElementState::Pressed,
+                    ..
-                                ..
+                } => {
-                            },
+                    println!("Setting cursor to \"{:?}\"", CURSORS[cursor_idx]);
-                        ..
+                    window.set_cursor(CURSORS[cursor_idx]);
-                    },
+                    if cursor_idx < CURSORS.len() - 1 {
-                ..
+                        cursor_idx += 1;
-            } => {
+                    } else {
-                println!("Setting cursor to \"{:?}\"", CURSORS[cursor_idx]);
+                        cursor_idx = 0;
-                window.set_cursor_icon(CURSORS[cursor_idx]);
+                    }
-                if cursor_idx < CURSORS.len() - 1 {
-                    cursor_idx += 1;
-                } else {
-                    cursor_idx = 0;
                 }
+                WindowEvent::RedrawRequested => {
+                    fill::fill_window(&window);
+                }
+                WindowEvent::CloseRequested => {
+                    elwt.exit();
+                }
+                _ => (),
             }
-            Event::WindowEvent {
-                event: WindowEvent::CloseRequested,
-                ..
-            } => {
-                control_flow.set_exit();
-            }
-            _ => (),
         }
-    });
+    })
 }
 
 const CURSORS: &[CursorIcon] = &[
     CursorIcon::Default,
     CursorIcon::Crosshair,
-    CursorIcon::Hand,
+    CursorIcon::Pointer,
-    CursorIcon::Arrow,
     CursorIcon::Move,
     CursorIcon::Text,
     CursorIcon::Wait,

examples/cursor_grab.rs

@@ -2,69 +2,72 @@
 
 use simple_logger::SimpleLogger;
 use winit::{
-    event::{DeviceEvent, ElementState, Event, KeyboardInput, ModifiersState, WindowEvent},
+    event::{DeviceEvent, ElementState, Event, KeyEvent, WindowEvent},
     event_loop::EventLoop,
-    window::{CursorGrabMode, WindowBuilder},
+    keyboard::{Key, ModifiersState, NamedKey},
+    window::{CursorGrabMode, Window},
 };
 
-fn main() {
+#[path = "util/fill.rs"]
-    SimpleLogger::new().init().unwrap();
+mod fill;
-    let event_loop = EventLoop::new();
 
-    let window = WindowBuilder::new()
+fn main() -> Result<(), impl std::error::Error> {
+    SimpleLogger::new().init().unwrap();
+    let event_loop = EventLoop::new().unwrap();
+
+    let window = Window::builder()
         .with_title("Super Cursor Grab'n'Hide Simulator 9000")
         .build(&event_loop)
         .unwrap();
 
     let mut modifiers = ModifiersState::default();
 
-    event_loop.run(move |event, _, control_flow| {
+    event_loop.run(move |event, elwt| match event {
-        control_flow.set_wait();
+        Event::WindowEvent { event, .. } => match event {
-
+            WindowEvent::CloseRequested => elwt.exit(),
-        match event {
+            WindowEvent::KeyboardInput {
-            Event::WindowEvent { event, .. } => match event {
+                event:
-                WindowEvent::CloseRequested => control_flow.set_exit(),
+                    KeyEvent {
-                WindowEvent::KeyboardInput {
+                        logical_key: key,
-                    input:
+                        state: ElementState::Released,
-                        KeyboardInput {
+                        ..
-                            state: ElementState::Released,
+                    },
-                            virtual_keycode: Some(key),
+                ..
-                            ..
+            } => {
-                        },
+                let result = match key {
-                    ..
+                    Key::Named(NamedKey::Escape) => {
-                } => {
+                        elwt.exit();
-                    use winit::event::VirtualKeyCode::*;
+                        Ok(())
-                    let result = match key {
+                    }
-                        Escape => {
+                    Key::Character(ch) => match ch.to_lowercase().as_str() {
-                            control_flow.set_exit();
+                        "g" => window.set_cursor_grab(CursorGrabMode::Confined),
-                            Ok(())
+                        "l" => window.set_cursor_grab(CursorGrabMode::Locked),
-                        }
+                        "a" => window.set_cursor_grab(CursorGrabMode::None),
-                        G => window.set_cursor_grab(CursorGrabMode::Confined),
+                        "h" => {
-                        L => window.set_cursor_grab(CursorGrabMode::Locked),
+                            window.set_cursor_visible(modifiers.shift_key());
-                        A => window.set_cursor_grab(CursorGrabMode::None),
-                        H => {
-                            window.set_cursor_visible(modifiers.shift());
                             Ok(())
                         }
                         _ => Ok(()),
-                    };
+                    },
+                    _ => Ok(()),
+                };
 
-                    if let Err(err) = result {
+                if let Err(err) = result {
-                        println!("error: {err}");
+                    println!("error: {err}");
-                    }
                 }
-                WindowEvent::ModifiersChanged(m) => modifiers = m,
+            }
-                _ => (),
+            WindowEvent::ModifiersChanged(new) => modifiers = new.state(),
-            },
+            WindowEvent::RedrawRequested => fill::fill_window(&window),
-            Event::DeviceEvent { event, .. } => match event {
+            _ => (),
-                DeviceEvent::MouseMotion { delta } => println!("mouse moved: {delta:?}"),
+        },
-                DeviceEvent::Button { button, state } => match state {
+        Event::DeviceEvent { event, .. } => match event {
-                    ElementState::Pressed => println!("mouse button {button} pressed"),
+            DeviceEvent::MouseMotion { delta } => println!("mouse moved: {delta:?}"),
-                    ElementState::Released => println!("mouse button {button} released"),
+            DeviceEvent::Button { button, state } => match state {
-                },
+                ElementState::Pressed => println!("mouse button {button} pressed"),
-                _ => (),
+                ElementState::Released => println!("mouse button {button} released"),
             },
             _ => (),
-        }
+        },
-    });
+        _ => (),
+    })
 }

examples/custom_cursors.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,143 @@
+#![allow(clippy::single_match, clippy::disallowed_methods)]
+
+#[cfg(not(web_platform))]
+use simple_logger::SimpleLogger;
+use winit::{
+    event::{ElementState, Event, KeyEvent, WindowEvent},
+    event_loop::{EventLoop, EventLoopWindowTarget},
+    keyboard::Key,
+    window::{CursorIcon, CustomCursor, Window},
+};
+#[cfg(web_platform)]
+use {
+    std::sync::atomic::{AtomicU64, Ordering},
+    std::time::Duration,
+    winit::platform::web::CustomCursorExtWebSys,
+};
+
+#[cfg(web_platform)]
+static COUNTER: AtomicU64 = AtomicU64::new(0);
+
+fn decode_cursor(bytes: &[u8], window_target: &EventLoopWindowTarget) -> CustomCursor {
+    let img = image::load_from_memory(bytes).unwrap().to_rgba8();
+    let samples = img.into_flat_samples();
+    let (_, w, h) = samples.extents();
+    let (w, h) = (w as u16, h as u16);
+    let builder = CustomCursor::from_rgba(samples.samples, w, h, w / 2, h / 2).unwrap();
+
+    builder.build(window_target)
+}
+
+#[cfg(not(web_platform))]
+#[path = "util/fill.rs"]
+mod fill;
+
+fn main() -> Result<(), impl std::error::Error> {
+    #[cfg(not(web_platform))]
+    SimpleLogger::new()
+        .with_level(log::LevelFilter::Info)
+        .init()
+        .unwrap();
+    #[cfg(web_platform)]
+    console_log::init_with_level(log::Level::Debug).unwrap();
+
+    let event_loop = EventLoop::new().unwrap();
+    let builder = Window::builder().with_title("A fantastic window!");
+    #[cfg(web_platform)]
+    let builder = {
+        use winit::platform::web::WindowBuilderExtWebSys;
+        builder.with_append(true)
+    };
+    let window = builder.build(&event_loop).unwrap();
+
+    let mut cursor_idx = 0;
+    let mut cursor_visible = true;
+
+    let custom_cursors = [
+        decode_cursor(include_bytes!("data/cross.png"), &event_loop),
+        decode_cursor(include_bytes!("data/cross2.png"), &event_loop),
+        decode_cursor(include_bytes!("data/gradient.png"), &event_loop),
+    ];
+
+    event_loop.run(move |event, _elwt| match event {
+        Event::WindowEvent { event, .. } => match event {
+            WindowEvent::KeyboardInput {
+                event:
+                    KeyEvent {
+                        state: ElementState::Pressed,
+                        logical_key: key,
+                        ..
+                    },
+                ..
+            } => match key.as_ref() {
+                Key::Character("1") => {
+                    log::debug!("Setting cursor to {:?}", cursor_idx);
+                    window.set_cursor(custom_cursors[cursor_idx].clone());
+                    cursor_idx = (cursor_idx + 1) % 3;
+                }
+                Key::Character("2") => {
+                    log::debug!("Setting cursor icon to default");
+                    window.set_cursor(CursorIcon::default());
+                }
+                Key::Character("3") => {
+                    cursor_visible = !cursor_visible;
+                    log::debug!("Setting cursor visibility to {:?}", cursor_visible);
+                    window.set_cursor_visible(cursor_visible);
+                }
+                #[cfg(web_platform)]
+                Key::Character("4") => {
+                    log::debug!("Setting cursor to a random image from an URL");
+                    window.set_cursor(
+                        CustomCursor::from_url(
+                            format!(
+                                "https://picsum.photos/128?random={}",
+                                COUNTER.fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed)
+                            ),
+                            64,
+                            64,
+                        )
+                        .build(_elwt),
+                    );
+                }
+                #[cfg(web_platform)]
+                Key::Character("5") => {
+                    log::debug!("Setting cursor to an animation");
+                    window.set_cursor(
+                        CustomCursor::from_animation(
+                            Duration::from_secs(3),
+                            vec![
+                                custom_cursors[0].clone(),
+                                custom_cursors[1].clone(),
+                                CustomCursor::from_url(
+                                    format!(
+                                        "https://picsum.photos/128?random={}",
+                                        COUNTER.fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed)
+                                    ),
+                                    64,
+                                    64,
+                                )
+                                .build(_elwt),
+                            ],
+                        )
+                        .unwrap()
+                        .build(_elwt),
+                    );
+                }
+                _ => {}
+            },
+            WindowEvent::RedrawRequested => {
+                #[cfg(not(web_platform))]
+                fill::fill_window(&window);
+            }
+            WindowEvent::CloseRequested => {
+                #[cfg(not(web_platform))]
+                _elwt.exit();
+            }
+            _ => (),
+        },
+        Event::AboutToWait => {
+            window.request_redraw();
+        }
+        _ => {}
+    })
+}

examples/custom_events.rs

@@ -1,23 +1,26 @@
 #![allow(clippy::single_match)]
 
-#[cfg(not(wasm_platform))]
+#[cfg(not(web_platform))]
-fn main() {
+fn main() -> Result<(), impl std::error::Error> {
     use simple_logger::SimpleLogger;
     use winit::{
         event::{Event, WindowEvent},
-        event_loop::EventLoopBuilder,
+        event_loop::EventLoop,
-        window::WindowBuilder,
+        window::Window,
     };
 
+    #[path = "util/fill.rs"]
+    mod fill;
+
     #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
     enum CustomEvent {
         Timer,
     }
 
     SimpleLogger::new().init().unwrap();
-    let event_loop = EventLoopBuilder::<CustomEvent>::with_user_event().build();
+    let event_loop = EventLoop::<CustomEvent>::with_user_event().build().unwrap();
 
-    let _window = WindowBuilder::new()
+    let window = Window::builder()
         .with_title("A fantastic window!")
         .build(&event_loop)
         .unwrap();
@@ -35,21 +38,23 @@ fn main() {
         }
     });
 
-    event_loop.run(move |event, _, control_flow| {
+    event_loop.run(move |event, elwt| match event {
-        control_flow.set_wait();
+        Event::UserEvent(event) => println!("user event: {event:?}"),
-
+        Event::WindowEvent {
-        match event {
+            event: WindowEvent::CloseRequested,
-            Event::UserEvent(event) => println!("user event: {event:?}"),
+            ..
-            Event::WindowEvent {
+        } => elwt.exit(),
-                event: WindowEvent::CloseRequested,
+        Event::WindowEvent {
-                ..
+            event: WindowEvent::RedrawRequested,
-            } => control_flow.set_exit(),
+            ..
-            _ => (),
+        } => {
+            fill::fill_window(&window);
         }
-    });
+        _ => (),
+    })
 }
 
-#[cfg(wasm_platform)]
+#[cfg(web_platform)]
 fn main() {
     panic!("This example is not supported on web.");
 }

examples/drag_window.rs

@@ -2,34 +2,34 @@
 
 use simple_logger::SimpleLogger;
 use winit::{
-    event::{
+    event::{ElementState, Event, KeyEvent, MouseButton, StartCause, WindowEvent},
-        ElementState, Event, KeyboardInput, MouseButton, StartCause, VirtualKeyCode, WindowEvent,
-    },
     event_loop::EventLoop,
-    window::{Window, WindowBuilder, WindowId},
+    keyboard::Key,
+    window::{Window, WindowId},
 };
 
-fn main() {
+#[path = "util/fill.rs"]
-    SimpleLogger::new().init().unwrap();
+mod fill;
-    let event_loop = EventLoop::new();
 
-    let window_1 = WindowBuilder::new().build(&event_loop).unwrap();
+fn main() -> Result<(), impl std::error::Error> {
-    let window_2 = WindowBuilder::new().build(&event_loop).unwrap();
+    SimpleLogger::new().init().unwrap();
+    let event_loop = EventLoop::new().unwrap();
+
+    let window_1 = Window::builder().build(&event_loop).unwrap();
+    let window_2 = Window::builder().build(&event_loop).unwrap();
 
     let mut switched = false;
     let mut entered_id = window_2.id();
+    let mut cursor_location = None;
 
-    event_loop.run(move |event, _, control_flow| match event {
+    event_loop.run(move |event, elwt| match event {
         Event::NewEvents(StartCause::Init) => {
             eprintln!("Switch which window is to be dragged by pressing \"x\".")
         }
         Event::WindowEvent { event, window_id } => match event {
-            WindowEvent::CloseRequested => control_flow.set_exit(),
+            WindowEvent::CloseRequested => elwt.exit(),
-            WindowEvent::MouseInput {
+            WindowEvent::CursorMoved { position, .. } => cursor_location = Some(position),
-                state: ElementState::Pressed,
+            WindowEvent::MouseInput { state, button, .. } => {
-                button: MouseButton::Left,
-                ..
-            } => {
                 let window = if (window_id == window_1.id() && switched)
                     || (window_id == window_2.id() && !switched)
                 {
@@ -38,29 +38,59 @@ fn main() {
                     &window_1
                 };
 
-                window.drag_window().unwrap()
+                match (button, state) {
+                    (MouseButton::Left, ElementState::Pressed) => window.drag_window().unwrap(),
+                    (MouseButton::Right, ElementState::Released) => {
+                        if let Some(position) = cursor_location {
+                            window.show_window_menu(position);
+                        }
+                    }
+                    _ => (),
+                }
             }
             WindowEvent::CursorEntered { .. } => {
                 entered_id = window_id;
                 name_windows(entered_id, switched, &window_1, &window_2)
             }
             WindowEvent::KeyboardInput {
-                input:
+                event:
-                    KeyboardInput {
+                    KeyEvent {
                         state: ElementState::Released,
-                        virtual_keycode: Some(VirtualKeyCode::X),
+                        logical_key: Key::Character(c),
                         ..
                     },
                 ..
-            } => {
+            } => match c.as_str() {
-                switched = !switched;
+                "x" => {
-                name_windows(entered_id, switched, &window_1, &window_2);
+                    switched = !switched;
-                println!("Switched!")
+                    name_windows(entered_id, switched, &window_1, &window_2);
+                    println!("Switched!")
+                }
+                "d" => {
+                    let window = if (window_id == window_1.id() && switched)
+                        || (window_id == window_2.id() && !switched)
+                    {
+                        &window_2
+                    } else {
+                        &window_1
+                    };
+
+                    window.set_decorations(!window.is_decorated());
+                }
+                _ => (),
+            },
+            WindowEvent::RedrawRequested => {
+                if window_id == window_1.id() {
+                    fill::fill_window(&window_1);
+                } else if window_id == window_2.id() {
+                    fill::fill_window(&window_2);
+                }
             }
             _ => (),
         },
+
         _ => (),
-    });
+    })
 }
 
 fn name_windows(window_id: WindowId, switched: bool, window_1: &Window, window_2: &Window) {

examples/focus.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+#![allow(clippy::single_match)]
+
+//! Example for focusing a window.
+
+use simple_logger::SimpleLogger;
+#[cfg(not(web_platform))]
+use std::time;
+#[cfg(web_platform)]
+use web_time as time;
+use winit::{
+    event::{Event, StartCause, WindowEvent},
+    event_loop::EventLoop,
+    window::Window,
+};
+
+#[path = "util/fill.rs"]
+mod fill;
+
+fn main() -> Result<(), impl std::error::Error> {
+    SimpleLogger::new().init().unwrap();
+    let event_loop = EventLoop::new().unwrap();
+
+    let window = Window::builder()
+        .with_title("A fantastic window!")
+        .with_inner_size(winit::dpi::LogicalSize::new(128.0, 128.0))
+        .build(&event_loop)
+        .unwrap();
+
+    let mut deadline = time::Instant::now() + time::Duration::from_secs(3);
+    event_loop.run(move |event, elwt| {
+        match event {
+            Event::NewEvents(StartCause::ResumeTimeReached { .. }) => {
+                // Timeout reached; focus the window.
+                println!("Re-focusing the window.");
+                deadline += time::Duration::from_secs(3);
+                window.focus_window();
+            }
+            Event::WindowEvent { event, window_id } if window_id == window.id() => match event {
+                WindowEvent::CloseRequested => elwt.exit(),
+                WindowEvent::RedrawRequested => {
+                    // Notify the windowing system that we'll be presenting to the window.
+                    window.pre_present_notify();
+                    fill::fill_window(&window);
+                }
+                _ => (),
+            },
+            Event::AboutToWait => {
+                window.request_redraw();
+            }
+
+            _ => (),
+        }
+
+        elwt.set_control_flow(winit::event_loop::ControlFlow::WaitUntil(deadline));
+    })
+}

examples/fullscreen.rs

@@ -1,18 +1,28 @@
 #![allow(clippy::single_match)]
 
 use simple_logger::SimpleLogger;
-use winit::event::{ElementState, Event, KeyboardInput, VirtualKeyCode, WindowEvent};
+use winit::dpi::LogicalSize;
+use winit::event::{ElementState, Event, KeyEvent, WindowEvent};
 use winit::event_loop::EventLoop;
-use winit::window::{Fullscreen, WindowBuilder};
+use winit::keyboard::{Key, NamedKey};
+use winit::window::{Fullscreen, Window};
 
-fn main() {
+#[cfg(target_os = "macos")]
+use winit::platform::macos::WindowExtMacOS;
+
+#[path = "util/fill.rs"]
+mod fill;
+
+fn main() -> Result<(), impl std::error::Error> {
     SimpleLogger::new().init().unwrap();
-    let event_loop = EventLoop::new();
+    let event_loop = EventLoop::new().unwrap();
 
     let mut decorations = true;
     let mut minimized = false;
+    let mut with_min_size = false;
+    let mut with_max_size = false;
 
-    let window = WindowBuilder::new()
+    let window = Window::builder()
         .with_title("Hello world!")
         .build(&event_loop)
         .unwrap();
@@ -32,82 +42,122 @@ fn main() {
     println!("- Esc\tExit");
     println!("- F\tToggle exclusive fullscreen mode");
     println!("- B\tToggle borderless mode");
+    #[cfg(target_os = "macos")]
+    println!("- C\tToggle simple fullscreen mode");
     println!("- S\tNext screen");
     println!("- M\tNext mode for this screen");
     println!("- D\tToggle window decorations");
     println!("- X\tMaximize window");
     println!("- Z\tMinimize window");
+    println!("- I\tToggle mIn size limit");
+    println!("- A\tToggle mAx size limit");
 
-    event_loop.run(move |event, elwt, control_flow| {
+    event_loop.run(move |event, elwt| {
-        control_flow.set_wait();
+        if let Event::WindowEvent { event, .. } = event {
-
+            match event {
-        match event {
+                WindowEvent::CloseRequested => elwt.exit(),
-            Event::WindowEvent { event, .. } => match event {
-                WindowEvent::CloseRequested => control_flow.set_exit(),
                 WindowEvent::KeyboardInput {
-                    input:
+                    event:
-                        KeyboardInput {
+                        KeyEvent {
-                            virtual_keycode: Some(virtual_code),
+                            logical_key: key,
                             state: ElementState::Pressed,
                             ..
                         },
                     ..
-                } => match virtual_code {
+                } => match key {
-                    VirtualKeyCode::Escape => control_flow.set_exit(),
+                    Key::Named(NamedKey::Escape) => elwt.exit(),
-                    VirtualKeyCode::F | VirtualKeyCode::B if window.fullscreen().is_some() => {
+                    // WARNING: Consider using `key_without_modifers()` if available on your platform.
-                        window.set_fullscreen(None);
+                    // See the `key_binding` example
-                    }
+                    Key::Character(ch) => match ch.to_lowercase().as_str() {
-                    VirtualKeyCode::F => {
+                        "f" | "b" if window.fullscreen().is_some() => {
-                        let fullscreen = Some(Fullscreen::Exclusive(mode.clone()));
+                            window.set_fullscreen(None);
-                        println!("Setting mode: {fullscreen:?}");
-                        window.set_fullscreen(fullscreen);
-                    }
-                    VirtualKeyCode::B => {
-                        let fullscreen = Some(Fullscreen::Borderless(Some(monitor.clone())));
-                        println!("Setting mode: {fullscreen:?}");
-                        window.set_fullscreen(fullscreen);
-                    }
-                    VirtualKeyCode::S => {
-                        monitor_index += 1;
-                        if let Some(mon) = elwt.available_monitors().nth(monitor_index) {
-                            monitor = mon;
-                        } else {
-                            monitor_index = 0;
-                            monitor = elwt.available_monitors().next().expect("no monitor found!");
                         }
-                        println!("Monitor: {:?}", monitor.name());
+                        "f" => {
+                            let fullscreen = Some(Fullscreen::Exclusive(mode.clone()));
+                            println!("Setting mode: {fullscreen:?}");
+                            window.set_fullscreen(fullscreen);
+                        }
+                        "b" => {
+                            let fullscreen = Some(Fullscreen::Borderless(Some(monitor.clone())));
+                            println!("Setting mode: {fullscreen:?}");
+                            window.set_fullscreen(fullscreen);
+                        }
+                        #[cfg(target_os = "macos")]
+                        "c" => {
+                            window.set_simple_fullscreen(!window.simple_fullscreen());
+                        }
+                        "s" => {
+                            monitor_index += 1;
+                            if let Some(mon) = elwt.available_monitors().nth(monitor_index) {
+                                monitor = mon;
+                            } else {
+                                monitor_index = 0;
+                                monitor =
+                                    elwt.available_monitors().next().expect("no monitor found!");
+                            }
+                            println!("Monitor: {:?}", monitor.name());
 
-                        mode_index = 0;
-                        mode = monitor.video_modes().next().expect("no mode found");
-                        println!("Mode: {mode}");
-                    }
-                    VirtualKeyCode::M => {
-                        mode_index += 1;
-                        if let Some(m) = monitor.video_modes().nth(mode_index) {
-                            mode = m;
-                        } else {
                             mode_index = 0;
                             mode = monitor.video_modes().next().expect("no mode found");
+                            println!("Mode: {mode}");
                         }
-                        println!("Mode: {mode}");
+                        "m" => {
-                    }
+                            mode_index += 1;
-                    VirtualKeyCode::D => {
+                            if let Some(m) = monitor.video_modes().nth(mode_index) {
-                        decorations = !decorations;
+                                mode = m;
-                        window.set_decorations(decorations);
+                            } else {
-                    }
+                                mode_index = 0;
-                    VirtualKeyCode::X => {
+                                mode = monitor.video_modes().next().expect("no mode found");
-                        let is_maximized = window.is_maximized();
+                            }
-                        window.set_maximized(!is_maximized);
+                            println!("Mode: {mode}");
-                    }
+                        }
-                    VirtualKeyCode::Z => {
+                        "d" => {
-                        minimized = !minimized;
+                            decorations = !decorations;
-                        window.set_minimized(minimized);
+                            window.set_decorations(decorations);
-                    }
+                        }
+                        "x" => {
+                            let is_maximized = window.is_maximized();
+                            window.set_maximized(!is_maximized);
+                        }
+                        "z" => {
+                            minimized = !minimized;
+                            window.set_minimized(minimized);
+                        }
+                        "i" => {
+                            with_min_size = !with_min_size;
+                            let min_size = if with_min_size {
+                                Some(LogicalSize::new(100, 100))
+                            } else {
+                                None
+                            };
+                            window.set_min_inner_size(min_size);
+                            eprintln!(
+                                "Min: {with_min_size}: {min_size:?} => {:?}",
+                                window.inner_size()
+                            );
+                        }
+                        "a" => {
+                            with_max_size = !with_max_size;
+                            let max_size = if with_max_size {
+                                Some(LogicalSize::new(200, 200))
+                            } else {
+                                None
+                            };
+                            window.set_max_inner_size(max_size);
+                            eprintln!(
+                                "Max: {with_max_size}: {max_size:?} => {:?}",
+                                window.inner_size()
+                            );
+                        }
+                        _ => (),
+                    },
                     _ => (),
                 },
+                WindowEvent::RedrawRequested => {
+                    fill::fill_window(&window);
+                }
                 _ => (),
-            },
+            }
-            _ => {}
         }
-    });
+    })
 }

examples/handling_close.rs

@@ -2,85 +2,85 @@
 
 use simple_logger::SimpleLogger;
 use winit::{
-    event::{Event, KeyboardInput, WindowEvent},
+    event::{ElementState, Event, KeyEvent, WindowEvent},
     event_loop::EventLoop,
-    window::WindowBuilder,
+    keyboard::Key,
+    window::Window,
 };
 
-fn main() {
+#[path = "util/fill.rs"]
-    SimpleLogger::new().init().unwrap();
+mod fill;
-    let event_loop = EventLoop::new();
 
-    let _window = WindowBuilder::new()
+fn main() -> Result<(), impl std::error::Error> {
+    SimpleLogger::new().init().unwrap();
+    let event_loop = EventLoop::new().unwrap();
+
+    let window = Window::builder()
         .with_title("Your faithful window")
         .build(&event_loop)
         .unwrap();
 
     let mut close_requested = false;
 
-    event_loop.run(move |event, _, control_flow| {
+    event_loop.run(move |event, elwt| {
-        use winit::event::{
+        if let Event::WindowEvent { event, .. } = event {
-            ElementState::Released,
+            match event {
-            VirtualKeyCode::{N, Y},
+                WindowEvent::CloseRequested => {
-        };
+                    // `CloseRequested` is sent when the close button on the window is pressed (or
-        control_flow.set_wait();
+                    // through whatever other mechanisms the window manager provides for closing a
+                    // window). If you don't handle this event, the close button won't actually do
+                    // anything.
 
-        match event {
+                    // A common thing to do here is prompt the user if they have unsaved work.
-            Event::WindowEvent { event, .. } => {
+                    // Creating a proper dialog box for that is far beyond the scope of this
-                match event {
+                    // example, so here we'll just respond to the Y and N keys.
-                    WindowEvent::CloseRequested => {
+                    println!("Are you ready to bid your window farewell? [Y/N]");
-                        // `CloseRequested` is sent when the close button on the window is pressed (or
+                    close_requested = true;
-                        // through whatever other mechanisms the window manager provides for closing a
-                        // window). If you don't handle this event, the close button won't actually do
-                        // anything.
 
-                        // A common thing to do here is prompt the user if they have unsaved work.
+                    // In applications where you can safely close the window without further
-                        // Creating a proper dialog box for that is far beyond the scope of this
+                    // action from the user, this is generally where you'd handle cleanup before
-                        // example, so here we'll just respond to the Y and N keys.
+                    // closing the window. How to close the window is detailed in the handler for
-                        println!("Are you ready to bid your window farewell? [Y/N]");
+                    // the Y key.
-                        close_requested = true;
-
-                        // In applications where you can safely close the window without further
-                        // action from the user, this is generally where you'd handle cleanup before
-                        // closing the window. How to close the window is detailed in the handler for
-                        // the Y key.
-                    }
-                    WindowEvent::KeyboardInput {
-                        input:
-                            KeyboardInput {
-                                virtual_keycode: Some(virtual_code),
-                                state: Released,
-                                ..
-                            },
-                        ..
-                    } => {
-                        match virtual_code {
-                            Y => {
-                                if close_requested {
-                                    // This is where you'll want to do any cleanup you need.
-                                    println!("Buh-bye!");
-
-                                    // For a single-window application like this, you'd normally just
-                                    // break out of the event loop here. If you wanted to keep running the
-                                    // event loop (i.e. if it's a multi-window application), you need to
-                                    // drop the window. That closes it, and results in `Destroyed` being
-                                    // sent.
-                                    control_flow.set_exit();
-                                }
-                            }
-                            N => {
-                                if close_requested {
-                                    println!("Your window will continue to stay by your side.");
-                                    close_requested = false;
-                                }
-                            }
-                            _ => (),
-                        }
-                    }
-                    _ => (),
                 }
+                WindowEvent::KeyboardInput {
+                    event:
+                        KeyEvent {
+                            logical_key: key,
+                            state: ElementState::Released,
+                            ..
+                        },
+                    ..
+                } => {
+                    // WARNING: Consider using `key_without_modifers()` if available on your platform.
+                    // See the `key_binding` example
+                    match key.as_ref() {
+                        Key::Character("y") => {
+                            if close_requested {
+                                // This is where you'll want to do any cleanup you need.
+                                println!("Buh-bye!");
+
+                                // For a single-window application like this, you'd normally just
+                                // break out of the event loop here. If you wanted to keep running the
+                                // event loop (i.e. if it's a multi-window application), you need to
+                                // drop the window. That closes it, and results in `Destroyed` being
+                                // sent.
+                                elwt.exit();
+                            }
+                        }
+                        Key::Character("n") => {
+                            if close_requested {
+                                println!("Your window will continue to stay by your side.");
+                                close_requested = false;
+                            }
+                        }
+                        _ => (),
+                    }
+                }
+                WindowEvent::RedrawRequested => {
+                    fill::fill_window(&window);
+                }
+                _ => (),
             }
-            _ => (),
         }
-    });
+    })
 }

examples/ime.rs

@@ -3,13 +3,17 @@
 use log::LevelFilter;
 use simple_logger::SimpleLogger;
 use winit::{
-    dpi::PhysicalPosition,
+    dpi::{PhysicalPosition, PhysicalSize},
-    event::{ElementState, Event, Ime, VirtualKeyCode, WindowEvent},
+    event::{ElementState, Event, Ime, WindowEvent},
-    event_loop::{ControlFlow, EventLoop},
+    event_loop::EventLoop,
-    window::{ImePurpose, WindowBuilder},
+    keyboard::NamedKey,
+    window::{ImePurpose, Window},
 };
 
-fn main() {
+#[path = "util/fill.rs"]
+mod fill;
+
+fn main() -> Result<(), impl std::error::Error> {
     SimpleLogger::new()
         .with_level(LevelFilter::Trace)
         .init()
@@ -20,9 +24,9 @@ fn main() {
     println!("Press F2 to toggle IME. See the documentation of `set_ime_allowed` for more info");
     println!("Press F3 to cycle through IME purposes.");
 
-    let event_loop = EventLoop::new();
+    let event_loop = EventLoop::new().unwrap();
 
-    let window = WindowBuilder::new()
+    let window = Window::builder()
         .with_inner_size(winit::dpi::LogicalSize::new(256f64, 128f64))
         .build(&event_loop)
         .unwrap();
@@ -35,78 +39,56 @@ fn main() {
     let mut cursor_position = PhysicalPosition::new(0.0, 0.0);
     let mut ime_pos = PhysicalPosition::new(0.0, 0.0);
 
-    event_loop.run(move |event, _, control_flow| {
+    event_loop.run(move |event, elwt| {
-        *control_flow = ControlFlow::Wait;
+        if let Event::WindowEvent { event, .. } = event {
-        match event {
+            match event {
-            Event::WindowEvent {
+                WindowEvent::CloseRequested => elwt.exit(),
-                event: WindowEvent::CloseRequested,
+                WindowEvent::CursorMoved { position, .. } => {
-                ..
+                    cursor_position = position;
-            } => *control_flow = ControlFlow::Exit,
-            Event::WindowEvent {
-                event: WindowEvent::CursorMoved { position, .. },
-                ..
-            } => {
-                cursor_position = position;
-            }
-            Event::WindowEvent {
-                event:
-                    WindowEvent::MouseInput {
-                        state: ElementState::Released,
-                        ..
-                    },
-                ..
-            } => {
-                println!(
-                    "Setting ime position to {}, {}",
-                    cursor_position.x, cursor_position.y
-                );
-                ime_pos = cursor_position;
-                if may_show_ime {
-                    window.set_ime_position(ime_pos);
                 }
-            }
+                WindowEvent::MouseInput {
-            Event::WindowEvent {
+                    state: ElementState::Released,
-                event: WindowEvent::Ime(event),
+                    ..
-                ..
+                } => {
-            } => {
+                    println!(
-                println!("{event:?}");
+                        "Setting ime position to {}, {}",
-                may_show_ime = event != Ime::Disabled;
+                        cursor_position.x, cursor_position.y
-                if may_show_ime {
+                    );
-                    window.set_ime_position(ime_pos);
+                    ime_pos = cursor_position;
+                    if may_show_ime {
+                        window.set_ime_cursor_area(ime_pos, PhysicalSize::new(10, 10));
+                    }
                 }
-            }
+                WindowEvent::Ime(event) => {
-            Event::WindowEvent {
+                    println!("{event:?}");
-                event: WindowEvent::ReceivedCharacter(ch),
+                    may_show_ime = event != Ime::Disabled;
-                ..
+                    if may_show_ime {
-            } => {
+                        window.set_ime_cursor_area(ime_pos, PhysicalSize::new(10, 10));
-                println!("ch: {ch:?}");
+                    }
-            }
+                }
-            Event::WindowEvent {
+                WindowEvent::KeyboardInput { event, .. } => {
-                event: WindowEvent::KeyboardInput { input, .. },
+                    println!("key: {event:?}");
-                ..
-            } => {
-                println!("key: {input:?}");
 
-                if input.state == ElementState::Pressed
+                    if event.state == ElementState::Pressed && event.logical_key == NamedKey::F2 {
-                    && input.virtual_keycode == Some(VirtualKeyCode::F2)
+                        ime_allowed = !ime_allowed;
-                {
+                        window.set_ime_allowed(ime_allowed);
-                    ime_allowed = !ime_allowed;
+                        println!("\nIME allowed: {ime_allowed}\n");
-                    window.set_ime_allowed(ime_allowed);
+                    }
-                    println!("\nIME allowed: {ime_allowed}\n");
+                    if event.state == ElementState::Pressed && event.logical_key == NamedKey::F3 {
+                        ime_purpose = match ime_purpose {
+                            ImePurpose::Normal => ImePurpose::Password,
+                            ImePurpose::Password => ImePurpose::Terminal,
+                            _ => ImePurpose::Normal,
+                        };
+                        window.set_ime_purpose(ime_purpose);
+                        println!("\nIME purpose: {ime_purpose:?}\n");
+                    }
                 }
-                if input.state == ElementState::Pressed
+                WindowEvent::RedrawRequested => {
-                    && input.virtual_keycode == Some(VirtualKeyCode::F3)
+                    fill::fill_window(&window);
-                {
-                    ime_purpose = match ime_purpose {
-                        ImePurpose::Normal => ImePurpose::Password,
-                        ImePurpose::Password => ImePurpose::Terminal,
-                        _ => ImePurpose::Normal,
-                    };
-                    window.set_ime_purpose(ime_purpose);
-                    println!("\nIME purpose: {ime_purpose:?}\n");
                 }
+                _ => (),
             }
-            _ => (),
         }
-    });
+    })
 }

examples/key_binding.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+#![allow(clippy::single_match)]
+
+#[cfg(any(target_os = "macos", target_os = "windows", target_os = "linux"))]
+use winit::{
+    dpi::LogicalSize,
+    event::{ElementState, Event, WindowEvent},
+    event_loop::EventLoop,
+    keyboard::{Key, ModifiersState},
+    // WARNING: This is not available on all platforms (for example on the web).
+    platform::modifier_supplement::KeyEventExtModifierSupplement,
+    window::Window,
+};
+
+#[cfg(not(any(target_os = "macos", target_os = "windows", target_os = "linux")))]
+fn main() {
+    println!("This example is not supported on this platform");
+}
+
+#[cfg(any(target_os = "macos", target_os = "windows", target_os = "linux"))]
+fn main() -> Result<(), impl std::error::Error> {
+    #[path = "util/fill.rs"]
+    mod fill;
+
+    simple_logger::SimpleLogger::new().init().unwrap();
+    let event_loop = EventLoop::new().unwrap();
+
+    let window = Window::builder()
+        .with_inner_size(LogicalSize::new(400.0, 200.0))
+        .build(&event_loop)
+        .unwrap();
+
+    let mut modifiers = ModifiersState::default();
+
+    event_loop.run(move |event, elwt| {
+        if let Event::WindowEvent { event, .. } = event {
+            match event {
+                WindowEvent::CloseRequested => elwt.exit(),
+                WindowEvent::ModifiersChanged(new) => {
+                    modifiers = new.state();
+                }
+                WindowEvent::KeyboardInput { event, .. } => {
+                    if event.state == ElementState::Pressed && !event.repeat {
+                        match event.key_without_modifiers().as_ref() {
+                            Key::Character("1") => {
+                                if modifiers.shift_key() {
+                                    println!("Shift + 1 | logical_key: {:?}", event.logical_key);
+                                } else {
+                                    println!("1");
+                                }
+                            }
+                            _ => (),
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+                WindowEvent::RedrawRequested => {
+                    fill::fill_window(&window);
+                }
+                _ => (),
+            }
+        };
+    })
+}

examples/monitor_list.rs

@@ -3,12 +3,12 @@
 use simple_logger::SimpleLogger;
 use winit::dpi::{PhysicalPosition, PhysicalSize};
 use winit::monitor::MonitorHandle;
-use winit::{event_loop::EventLoop, window::WindowBuilder};
+use winit::{event_loop::EventLoop, window::Window};
 
 fn main() {
     SimpleLogger::new().init().unwrap();
-    let event_loop = EventLoop::new();
+    let event_loop = EventLoop::new().unwrap();
-    let window = WindowBuilder::new().build(&event_loop).unwrap();
+    let window = Window::builder().build(&event_loop).unwrap();
 
     if let Some(mon) = window.primary_monitor() {
         print_info("Primary output", mon);

examples/mouse_wheel.rs

@@ -4,14 +4,17 @@ use simple_logger::SimpleLogger;
 use winit::{
     event::{Event, WindowEvent},
     event_loop::EventLoop,
-    window::WindowBuilder,
+    window::Window,
 };
 
-fn main() {
+#[path = "util/fill.rs"]
-    SimpleLogger::new().init().unwrap();
+mod fill;
-    let event_loop = EventLoop::new();
 
-    let window = WindowBuilder::new()
+fn main() -> Result<(), impl std::error::Error> {
+    SimpleLogger::new().init().unwrap();
+    let event_loop = EventLoop::new().unwrap();
+
+    let window = Window::builder()
         .with_title("Mouse Wheel events")
         .build(&event_loop)
         .unwrap();
@@ -31,12 +34,10 @@ In both cases the example window should move like the content of a scroll area i
 In other words, the deltas indicate the direction in which to move the content (in this case the window)."
     );
 
-    event_loop.run(move |event, _, control_flow| {
+    event_loop.run(move |event, elwt| {
-        control_flow.set_wait();
+        if let Event::WindowEvent { event, .. } = event {
-
+            match event {
-        match event {
+                WindowEvent::CloseRequested => elwt.exit(),
-            Event::WindowEvent { event, .. } => match event {
-                WindowEvent::CloseRequested => control_flow.set_exit(),
                 WindowEvent::MouseWheel { delta, .. } => match delta {
                     winit::event::MouseScrollDelta::LineDelta(x, y) => {
                         println!("mouse wheel Line Delta: ({x},{y})");
@@ -54,9 +55,11 @@ In other words, the deltas indicate the direction in which to move the content (
                         window.set_outer_position(pos)
                     }
                 },
+                WindowEvent::RedrawRequested => {
+                    fill::fill_window(&window);
+                }
                 _ => (),
-            },
+            }
-            _ => (),
         }
-    });
+    })
 }

examples/multithreaded.rs

@@ -1,25 +1,26 @@
 #![allow(clippy::single_match)]
 
-#[cfg(not(wasm_platform))]
+#[cfg(not(web_platform))]
-fn main() {
+fn main() -> Result<(), impl std::error::Error> {
     use std::{collections::HashMap, sync::mpsc, thread, time::Duration};
 
     use simple_logger::SimpleLogger;
     use winit::{
         dpi::{PhysicalPosition, PhysicalSize, Position, Size},
-        event::{ElementState, Event, KeyboardInput, VirtualKeyCode, WindowEvent},
+        event::{ElementState, Event, KeyEvent, WindowEvent},
         event_loop::EventLoop,
-        window::{CursorGrabMode, CursorIcon, Fullscreen, WindowBuilder, WindowLevel},
+        keyboard::{Key, ModifiersState, NamedKey},
+        window::{CursorGrabMode, CursorIcon, Fullscreen, Window, WindowLevel},
     };
 
     const WINDOW_COUNT: usize = 3;
     const WINDOW_SIZE: PhysicalSize<u32> = PhysicalSize::new(600, 400);
 
     SimpleLogger::new().init().unwrap();
-    let event_loop = EventLoop::new();
+    let event_loop = EventLoop::new().unwrap();
     let mut window_senders = HashMap::with_capacity(WINDOW_COUNT);
     for _ in 0..WINDOW_COUNT {
-        let window = WindowBuilder::new()
+        let window = Window::builder()
             .with_inner_size(WINDOW_SIZE)
             .build(&event_loop)
             .unwrap();
@@ -29,6 +30,7 @@ fn main() {
 
         let (tx, rx) = mpsc::channel();
         window_senders.insert(window.id(), tx);
+        let mut modifiers = ModifiersState::default();
         thread::spawn(move || {
             while let Ok(event) = rx.recv() {
                 match event {
@@ -51,107 +53,120 @@ fn main() {
                             );
                         }
                     }
-                    #[allow(deprecated)]
+                    WindowEvent::ModifiersChanged(new) => {
+                        modifiers = new.state();
+                    }
                     WindowEvent::KeyboardInput {
-                        input:
+                        event:
-                            KeyboardInput {
+                            KeyEvent {
                                 state: ElementState::Released,
-                                virtual_keycode: Some(key),
+                                logical_key: key,
-                                modifiers,
                                 ..
                             },
                         ..
                     } => {
+                        use NamedKey::{ArrowLeft, ArrowRight};
                         window.set_title(&format!("{key:?}"));
-                        let state = !modifiers.shift();
+                        let state = !modifiers.shift_key();
-                        use VirtualKeyCode::*;
                         match key {
-                            Key1 => window.set_window_level(WindowLevel::AlwaysOnTop),
-                            Key2 => window.set_window_level(WindowLevel::AlwaysOnBottom),
-                            Key3 => window.set_window_level(WindowLevel::Normal),
-                            C => window.set_cursor_icon(match state {
-                                true => CursorIcon::Progress,
-                                false => CursorIcon::Default,
-                            }),
-                            D => window.set_decorations(!state),
                             // Cycle through video modes
-                            Right | Left => {
+                            Key::Named(ArrowRight) | Key::Named(ArrowLeft) => {
-                                video_mode_id = match key {
+                                if key == ArrowLeft {
-                                    Left => video_mode_id.saturating_sub(1),
+                                    video_mode_id = video_mode_id.saturating_sub(1);
-                                    Right => (video_modes.len() - 1).min(video_mode_id + 1),
+                                } else if key == ArrowRight {
-                                    _ => unreachable!(),
+                                    video_mode_id = (video_modes.len() - 1).min(video_mode_id + 1);
-                                };
+                                }
                                 println!("Picking video mode: {}", video_modes[video_mode_id]);
                             }
-                            F => window.set_fullscreen(match (state, modifiers.alt()) {
+                            // WARNING: Consider using `key_without_modifers()` if available on your platform.
-                                (true, false) => Some(Fullscreen::Borderless(None)),
+                            // See the `key_binding` example
-                                (true, true) => {
+                            Key::Character(ch) => match ch.to_lowercase().as_str() {
-                                    Some(Fullscreen::Exclusive(video_modes[video_mode_id].clone()))
+                                "1" => window.set_window_level(WindowLevel::AlwaysOnTop),
+                                "2" => window.set_window_level(WindowLevel::AlwaysOnBottom),
+                                "3" => window.set_window_level(WindowLevel::Normal),
+                                "c" => window.set_cursor(match state {
+                                    true => CursorIcon::Progress,
+                                    false => CursorIcon::Default,
+                                }),
+                                "d" => window.set_decorations(!state),
+                                "f" => window.set_fullscreen(match (state, modifiers.alt_key()) {
+                                    (true, false) => Some(Fullscreen::Borderless(None)),
+                                    (true, true) => Some(Fullscreen::Exclusive(
+                                        video_modes[video_mode_id].clone(),
+                                    )),
+                                    (false, _) => None,
+                                }),
+                                ch @ ("g" | "l") => {
+                                    let mode = match (ch, state) {
+                                        ("l", true) => CursorGrabMode::Locked,
+                                        ("g", true) => CursorGrabMode::Confined,
+                                        (_, _) => CursorGrabMode::None,
+                                    };
+                                    if let Err(err) = window.set_cursor_grab(mode) {
+                                        println!("error: {err}");
+                                    }
                                 }
-                                (false, _) => None,
+                                "h" => window.set_cursor_visible(!state),
-                            }),
+                                "i" => {
-                            L if state => {
+                                    println!("Info:");
-                                if let Err(err) = window.set_cursor_grab(CursorGrabMode::Locked) {
+                                    println!("-> outer_position : {:?}", window.outer_position());
-                                    println!("error: {err}");
+                                    println!("-> inner_position : {:?}", window.inner_position());
+                                    println!("-> outer_size     : {:?}", window.outer_size());
+                                    println!("-> inner_size     : {:?}", window.inner_size());
+                                    println!("-> fullscreen     : {:?}", window.fullscreen());
                                 }
-                            }
+                                "m" => window.set_maximized(state),
-                            G if state => {
+                                "p" => window.set_outer_position({
-                                if let Err(err) = window.set_cursor_grab(CursorGrabMode::Confined) {
+                                    let mut position = window.outer_position().unwrap();
-                                    println!("error: {err}");
+                                    let sign = if state { 1 } else { -1 };
+                                    position.x += 10 * sign;
+                                    position.y += 10 * sign;
+                                    position
+                                }),
+                                "q" => window.request_redraw(),
+                                "r" => window.set_resizable(state),
+                                "s" => {
+                                    let _ = window.request_inner_size(match state {
+                                        true => PhysicalSize::new(
+                                            WINDOW_SIZE.width + 50,
+                                            WINDOW_SIZE.height + 50,
+                                        ),
+                                        false => WINDOW_SIZE,
+                                    });
                                 }
-                            }
+                                "k" => window.set_min_inner_size(match state {
-                            G | L if !state => {
+                                    true => Some(PhysicalSize::new(
-                                if let Err(err) = window.set_cursor_grab(CursorGrabMode::None) {
+                                        WINDOW_SIZE.width - 100,
-                                    println!("error: {err}");
+                                        WINDOW_SIZE.height - 100,
+                                    )),
+                                    false => None,
+                                }),
+                                "o" => window.set_max_inner_size(match state {
+                                    true => Some(PhysicalSize::new(
+                                        WINDOW_SIZE.width + 100,
+                                        WINDOW_SIZE.height + 100,
+                                    )),
+                                    false => None,
+                                }),
+                                "w" => {
+                                    if let Size::Physical(size) = WINDOW_SIZE.into() {
+                                        window
+                                            .set_cursor_position(Position::Physical(
+                                                PhysicalPosition::new(
+                                                    size.width as i32 / 2,
+                                                    size.height as i32 / 2,
+                                                ),
+                                            ))
+                                            .unwrap()
+                                    }
                                 }
-                            }
+                                "z" => {
-                            H => window.set_cursor_visible(!state),
+                                    window.set_visible(false);
-                            I => {
+                                    thread::sleep(Duration::from_secs(1));
-                                println!("Info:");
+                                    window.set_visible(true);
-                                println!("-> outer_position : {:?}", window.outer_position());
-                                println!("-> inner_position : {:?}", window.inner_position());
-                                println!("-> outer_size     : {:?}", window.outer_size());
-                                println!("-> inner_size     : {:?}", window.inner_size());
-                                println!("-> fullscreen     : {:?}", window.fullscreen());
-                            }
-                            L => window.set_min_inner_size(match state {
-                                true => Some(WINDOW_SIZE),
-                                false => None,
-                            }),
-                            M => window.set_maximized(state),
-                            P => window.set_outer_position({
-                                let mut position = window.outer_position().unwrap();
-                                let sign = if state { 1 } else { -1 };
-                                position.x += 10 * sign;
-                                position.y += 10 * sign;
-                                position
-                            }),
-                            Q => window.request_redraw(),
-                            R => window.set_resizable(state),
-                            S => window.set_inner_size(match state {
-                                true => PhysicalSize::new(
-                                    WINDOW_SIZE.width + 100,
-                                    WINDOW_SIZE.height + 100,
-                                ),
-                                false => WINDOW_SIZE,
-                            }),
-                            W => {
-                                if let Size::Physical(size) = WINDOW_SIZE.into() {
-                                    window
-                                        .set_cursor_position(Position::Physical(
-                                            PhysicalPosition::new(
-                                                size.width as i32 / 2,
-                                                size.height as i32 / 2,
-                                            ),
-                                        ))
-                                        .unwrap()
                                 }
-                            }
+                                _ => (),
-                            Z => {
+                            },
-                                window.set_visible(false);
-                                thread::sleep(Duration::from_secs(1));
-                                window.set_visible(true);
-                            }
                             _ => (),
                         }
                     }
@@ -160,20 +175,19 @@ fn main() {
             }
         });
     }
-    event_loop.run(move |event, _event_loop, control_flow| {
+    event_loop.run(move |event, elwt| {
-        match !window_senders.is_empty() {
+        if window_senders.is_empty() {
-            true => control_flow.set_wait(),
+            elwt.exit()
-            false => control_flow.set_exit(),
+        }
-        };
         match event {
             Event::WindowEvent { event, window_id } => match event {
                 WindowEvent::CloseRequested
                 | WindowEvent::Destroyed
                 | WindowEvent::KeyboardInput {
-                    input:
+                    event:
-                        KeyboardInput {
+                        KeyEvent {
                             state: ElementState::Released,
-                            virtual_keycode: Some(VirtualKeyCode::Escape),
+                            logical_key: Key::Named(NamedKey::Escape),
                             ..
                         },
                     ..
@@ -182,9 +196,7 @@ fn main() {
                 }
                 _ => {
                     if let Some(tx) = window_senders.get(&window_id) {
-                        if let Some(event) = event.to_static() {
+                        tx.send(event).unwrap();
-                            tx.send(event).unwrap();
-                        }
                     }
                 }
             },
@@ -193,7 +205,7 @@ fn main() {
     })
 }
 
-#[cfg(wasm_platform)]
+#[cfg(web_platform)]
 fn main() {
-    panic!("Example not supported on Wasm");
+    panic!("Example not supported on Web");
 }

examples/multiwindow.rs

@@ -4,14 +4,18 @@ use std::collections::HashMap;
 
 use simple_logger::SimpleLogger;
 use winit::{
-    event::{ElementState, Event, KeyboardInput, VirtualKeyCode, WindowEvent},
+    event::{ElementState, Event, WindowEvent},
     event_loop::EventLoop,
+    keyboard::{Key, NamedKey},
     window::Window,
 };
 
-fn main() {
+#[path = "util/fill.rs"]
+mod fill;
+
+fn main() -> Result<(), impl std::error::Error> {
     SimpleLogger::new().init().unwrap();
-    let event_loop = EventLoop::new();
+    let event_loop = EventLoop::new().unwrap();
 
     let mut windows = HashMap::new();
     for _ in 0..3 {
@@ -22,40 +26,39 @@ fn main() {
 
     println!("Press N to open a new window.");
 
-    event_loop.run(move |event, event_loop, control_flow| {
+    event_loop.run(move |event, elwt| {
-        control_flow.set_wait();
+        if let Event::WindowEvent { event, window_id } = event {
+            match event {
+                WindowEvent::CloseRequested => {
+                    println!("Window {window_id:?} has received the signal to close");
 
-        match event {
+                    // This drops the window, causing it to close.
-            Event::WindowEvent { event, window_id } => {
+                    windows.remove(&window_id);
-                match event {
-                    WindowEvent::CloseRequested => {
-                        println!("Window {window_id:?} has received the signal to close");
 
-                        // This drops the window, causing it to close.
+                    if windows.is_empty() {
-                        windows.remove(&window_id);
+                        elwt.exit();
-
-                        if windows.is_empty() {
-                            control_flow.set_exit();
-                        }
                     }
-                    WindowEvent::KeyboardInput {
+                }
-                        input:
+                WindowEvent::KeyboardInput {
-                            KeyboardInput {
+                    event,
-                                state: ElementState::Pressed,
+                    is_synthetic: false,
-                                virtual_keycode: Some(VirtualKeyCode::N),
+                    ..
-                                ..
+                } if event.state == ElementState::Pressed => match event.logical_key {
-                            },
+                    Key::Named(NamedKey::Escape) => elwt.exit(),
-                        is_synthetic: false,
+                    Key::Character(c) if c == "n" || c == "N" => {
-                        ..
+                        let window = Window::new(elwt).unwrap();
-                    } => {
-                        let window = Window::new(event_loop).unwrap();
                         println!("Opened a new window: {:?}", window.id());
                         windows.insert(window.id(), window);
                     }
                     _ => (),
+                },
+                WindowEvent::RedrawRequested => {
+                    if let Some(window) = windows.get(&window_id) {
+                        fill::fill_window(window);
+                    }
                 }
+                _ => (),
             }
-            _ => (),
         }
     })
 }

examples/request_redraw.rs

@@ -4,38 +4,39 @@ use simple_logger::SimpleLogger;
 use winit::{
     event::{ElementState, Event, WindowEvent},
     event_loop::EventLoop,
-    window::WindowBuilder,
+    window::Window,
 };
 
-fn main() {
+#[path = "util/fill.rs"]
-    SimpleLogger::new().init().unwrap();
+mod fill;
-    let event_loop = EventLoop::new();
 
-    let window = WindowBuilder::new()
+fn main() -> Result<(), impl std::error::Error> {
+    SimpleLogger::new().init().unwrap();
+    let event_loop = EventLoop::new().unwrap();
+
+    let window = Window::builder()
         .with_title("A fantastic window!")
         .build(&event_loop)
         .unwrap();
 
-    event_loop.run(move |event, _, control_flow| {
+    event_loop.run(move |event, elwt| {
         println!("{event:?}");
 
-        control_flow.set_wait();
+        if let Event::WindowEvent { event, .. } = event {
-
+            match event {
-        match event {
+                WindowEvent::CloseRequested => elwt.exit(),
-            Event::WindowEvent { event, .. } => match event {
-                WindowEvent::CloseRequested => control_flow.set_exit(),
                 WindowEvent::MouseInput {
                     state: ElementState::Released,
                     ..
                 } => {
                     window.request_redraw();
                 }
+                WindowEvent::RedrawRequested => {
+                    println!("\nredrawing!\n");
+                    fill::fill_window(&window);
+                }
                 _ => (),
-            },
-            Event::RedrawRequested(_) => {
-                println!("\nredrawing!\n");
             }
-            _ => (),
         }
-    });
+    })
 }

examples/request_redraw_threaded.rs

@@ -1,48 +1,59 @@
 #![allow(clippy::single_match)]
 
-#[cfg(not(wasm_platform))]
+#[cfg(not(web_platform))]
-fn main() {
+fn main() -> Result<(), impl std::error::Error> {
-    use std::{thread, time};
+    use std::{sync::Arc, thread, time};
 
     use simple_logger::SimpleLogger;
     use winit::{
         event::{Event, WindowEvent},
         event_loop::EventLoop,
-        window::WindowBuilder,
+        window::Window,
     };
 
+    #[path = "util/fill.rs"]
+    mod fill;
+
     SimpleLogger::new().init().unwrap();
-    let event_loop = EventLoop::new();
+    let event_loop = EventLoop::new().unwrap();
 
-    let window = WindowBuilder::new()
+    let window = {
-        .with_title("A fantastic window!")
+        let window = Window::builder()
-        .build(&event_loop)
+            .with_title("A fantastic window!")
-        .unwrap();
+            .build(&event_loop)
+            .unwrap();
+        Arc::new(window)
+    };
 
-    thread::spawn(move || loop {
+    thread::spawn({
-        thread::sleep(time::Duration::from_secs(1));
+        let window = window.clone();
-        window.request_redraw();
+        move || loop {
+            thread::sleep(time::Duration::from_secs(1));
+            window.request_redraw();
+        }
     });
 
-    event_loop.run(move |event, _, control_flow| {
+    event_loop.run(move |event, elwt| {
         println!("{event:?}");
 
-        control_flow.set_wait();
-
         match event {
             Event::WindowEvent {
                 event: WindowEvent::CloseRequested,
                 ..
-            } => control_flow.set_exit(),
+            } => elwt.exit(),
-            Event::RedrawRequested(_) => {
+            Event::WindowEvent {
+                event: WindowEvent::RedrawRequested,
+                ..
+            } => {
                 println!("\nredrawing!\n");
+                fill::fill_window(&window);
             }
             _ => (),
         }
-    });
+    })
 }
 
-#[cfg(wasm_platform)]
+#[cfg(web_platform)]
 fn main() {
     unimplemented!() // `Window` can't be sent between threads
 }

examples/resizable.rs

@@ -3,18 +3,22 @@
 use simple_logger::SimpleLogger;
 use winit::{
     dpi::LogicalSize,
-    event::{ElementState, Event, KeyboardInput, VirtualKeyCode, WindowEvent},
+    event::{ElementState, Event, KeyEvent, WindowEvent},
     event_loop::EventLoop,
-    window::WindowBuilder,
+    keyboard::{KeyCode, PhysicalKey},
+    window::Window,
 };
 
-fn main() {
+#[path = "util/fill.rs"]
+mod fill;
+
+fn main() -> Result<(), impl std::error::Error> {
     SimpleLogger::new().init().unwrap();
-    let event_loop = EventLoop::new();
+    let event_loop = EventLoop::new().unwrap();
 
     let mut resizable = false;
 
-    let window = WindowBuilder::new()
+    let window = Window::builder()
         .with_title("Hit space to toggle resizability.")
         .with_inner_size(LogicalSize::new(600.0, 300.0))
         .with_min_inner_size(LogicalSize::new(400.0, 200.0))
@@ -23,16 +27,14 @@ fn main() {
         .build(&event_loop)
         .unwrap();
 
-    event_loop.run(move |event, _, control_flow| {
+    event_loop.run(move |event, elwt| {
-        control_flow.set_wait();
+        if let Event::WindowEvent { event, .. } = event {
-
+            match event {
-        match event {
+                WindowEvent::CloseRequested => elwt.exit(),
-            Event::WindowEvent { event, .. } => match event {
-                WindowEvent::CloseRequested => control_flow.set_exit(),
                 WindowEvent::KeyboardInput {
-                    input:
+                    event:
-                        KeyboardInput {
+                        KeyEvent {
-                            virtual_keycode: Some(VirtualKeyCode::Space),
+                            physical_key: PhysicalKey::Code(KeyCode::Space),
                             state: ElementState::Released,
                             ..
                         },
@@ -42,9 +44,11 @@ fn main() {
                     println!("Resizable: {resizable}");
                     window.set_resizable(resizable);
                 }
+                WindowEvent::RedrawRequested => {
+                    fill::fill_window(&window);
+                }
                 _ => (),
-            },
+            }
-            _ => (),
         };
-    });
+    })
 }

examples/startup_notification.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,115 @@
+//! Demonstrates the use of startup notifications on Linux.
+
+#[cfg(any(x11_platform, wayland_platform))]
+#[path = "./util/fill.rs"]
+mod fill;
+
+#[cfg(any(x11_platform, wayland_platform))]
+mod example {
+    use std::collections::HashMap;
+    use std::rc::Rc;
+
+    use winit::event::{ElementState, Event, KeyEvent, WindowEvent};
+    use winit::event_loop::EventLoop;
+    use winit::platform::startup_notify::{
+        EventLoopExtStartupNotify, WindowBuilderExtStartupNotify, WindowExtStartupNotify,
+    };
+    use winit::window::{Window, WindowId};
+
+    pub(super) fn main() -> Result<(), impl std::error::Error> {
+        // Create the event loop and get the activation token.
+        let event_loop = EventLoop::new().unwrap();
+        let mut current_token = match event_loop.read_token_from_env() {
+            Some(token) => Some(token),
+            None => {
+                println!("No startup notification token found in environment.");
+                None
+            }
+        };
+
+        let mut windows: HashMap<WindowId, Rc<Window>> = HashMap::new();
+        let mut counter = 0;
+        let mut create_first_window = false;
+
+        event_loop.run(move |event, elwt| {
+            match event {
+                Event::Resumed => create_first_window = true,
+
+                Event::WindowEvent { window_id, event } => match event {
+                    WindowEvent::KeyboardInput {
+                        event:
+                            KeyEvent {
+                                logical_key,
+                                state: ElementState::Pressed,
+                                ..
+                            },
+                        ..
+                    } => {
+                        if logical_key == "n" {
+                            if let Some(window) = windows.get(&window_id) {
+                                // Request a new activation token on this window.
+                                // Once we get it we will use it to create a window.
+                                window
+                                    .request_activation_token()
+                                    .expect("Failed to request activation token.");
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    WindowEvent::CloseRequested => {
+                        // Remove the window from the map.
+                        windows.remove(&window_id);
+                        if windows.is_empty() {
+                            elwt.exit();
+                            return;
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    WindowEvent::ActivationTokenDone { token, .. } => {
+                        current_token = Some(token);
+                    }
+
+                    WindowEvent::RedrawRequested => {
+                        if let Some(window) = windows.get(&window_id) {
+                            super::fill::fill_window(window);
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    _ => {}
+                },
+                _ => (),
+            }
+
+            // See if we've passed the deadline.
+            if current_token.is_some() || create_first_window {
+                // Create the initial window.
+                let window = {
+                    let mut builder = Window::builder().with_title(format!("Window {}", counter));
+
+                    if let Some(token) = current_token.take() {
+                        println!("Creating a window with token {token:?}");
+                        builder = builder.with_activation_token(token);
+                    }
+
+                    Rc::new(builder.build(elwt).unwrap())
+                };
+
+                // Add the window to the map.
+                windows.insert(window.id(), window.clone());
+
+                counter += 1;
+                create_first_window = false;
+            }
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(any(x11_platform, wayland_platform))]
+fn main() -> Result<(), impl std::error::Error> {
+    example::main()
+}
+
+#[cfg(not(any(x11_platform, wayland_platform)))]
+fn main() {
+    println!("This example is only supported on X11 and Wayland platforms.");
+}

examples/theme.rs

@@ -2,16 +2,20 @@
 
 use simple_logger::SimpleLogger;
 use winit::{
-    event::{ElementState, Event, KeyboardInput, VirtualKeyCode, WindowEvent},
+    event::{ElementState, Event, KeyEvent, WindowEvent},
-    event_loop::{ControlFlow, EventLoop},
+    event_loop::EventLoop,
-    window::{Theme, WindowBuilder},
+    keyboard::Key,
+    window::{Theme, Window},
 };
 
-fn main() {
+#[path = "util/fill.rs"]
-    SimpleLogger::new().init().unwrap();
+mod fill;
-    let event_loop = EventLoop::new();
 
-    let window = WindowBuilder::new()
+fn main() -> Result<(), impl std::error::Error> {
+    SimpleLogger::new().init().unwrap();
+    let event_loop = EventLoop::new().unwrap();
+
+    let window = Window::builder()
         .with_title("A fantastic window!")
         .with_theme(Some(Theme::Dark))
         .build(&event_loop)
@@ -23,49 +27,42 @@ fn main() {
     println!("  (L) Light theme");
     println!("  (D) Dark theme");
 
-    event_loop.run(move |event, _, control_flow| {
+    event_loop.run(move |event, elwt| {
-        *control_flow = ControlFlow::Wait;
+        if let Event::WindowEvent { window_id, event } = event {
-
+            match event {
-        match event {
+                WindowEvent::CloseRequested => elwt.exit(),
-            Event::WindowEvent {
+                WindowEvent::ThemeChanged(theme) if window_id == window.id() => {
-                event: WindowEvent::CloseRequested,
+                    println!("Theme is changed: {theme:?}")
-                ..
-            } => *control_flow = ControlFlow::Exit,
-            Event::WindowEvent {
-                event: WindowEvent::ThemeChanged(theme),
-                window_id,
-                ..
-            } if window_id == window.id() => {
-                println!("Theme is changed: {theme:?}")
-            }
-            Event::WindowEvent {
-                event:
-                    WindowEvent::KeyboardInput {
-                        input:
-                            KeyboardInput {
-                                virtual_keycode: Some(key),
-                                state: ElementState::Pressed,
-                                ..
-                            },
-                        ..
-                    },
-                ..
-            } => match key {
-                VirtualKeyCode::A => {
-                    println!("Theme was: {:?}", window.theme());
-                    window.set_theme(None);
                 }
-                VirtualKeyCode::L => {
+                WindowEvent::KeyboardInput {
-                    println!("Theme was: {:?}", window.theme());
+                    event:
-                    window.set_theme(Some(Theme::Light));
+                        KeyEvent {
-                }
+                            logical_key: key,
-                VirtualKeyCode::D => {
+                            state: ElementState::Pressed,
-                    println!("Theme was: {:?}", window.theme());
+                            ..
-                    window.set_theme(Some(Theme::Dark));
+                        },
+                    ..
+                } => match key.as_ref() {
+                    Key::Character("A" | "a") => {
+                        println!("Theme was: {:?}", window.theme());
+                        window.set_theme(None);
+                    }
+                    Key::Character("L" | "l") => {
+                        println!("Theme was: {:?}", window.theme());
+                        window.set_theme(Some(Theme::Light));
+                    }
+                    Key::Character("D" | "d") => {
+                        println!("Theme was: {:?}", window.theme());
+                        window.set_theme(Some(Theme::Dark));
+                    }
+                    _ => (),
+                },
+                WindowEvent::RedrawRequested => {
+                    println!("\nredrawing!\n");
+                    fill::fill_window(&window);
                 }
                 _ => (),
-            },
+            }
-            _ => (),
         }
-    });
+    })
 }

examples/timer.rs

@@ -1,42 +1,54 @@
 #![allow(clippy::single_match)]
 
-use instant::Instant;
 use std::time::Duration;
+#[cfg(not(web_platform))]
+use std::time::Instant;
+#[cfg(web_platform)]
+use web_time::Instant;
 
 use simple_logger::SimpleLogger;
 use winit::{
     event::{Event, StartCause, WindowEvent},
-    event_loop::EventLoop,
+    event_loop::{ControlFlow, EventLoop},
-    window::WindowBuilder,
+    window::Window,
 };
 
-fn main() {
+#[path = "util/fill.rs"]
-    SimpleLogger::new().init().unwrap();
+mod fill;
-    let event_loop = EventLoop::new();
 
-    let _window = WindowBuilder::new()
+fn main() -> Result<(), impl std::error::Error> {
+    SimpleLogger::new().init().unwrap();
+    let event_loop = EventLoop::new().unwrap();
+
+    let window = Window::builder()
         .with_title("A fantastic window!")
         .build(&event_loop)
         .unwrap();
 
     let timer_length = Duration::new(1, 0);
 
-    event_loop.run(move |event, _, control_flow| {
+    event_loop.run(move |event, elwt| {
         println!("{event:?}");
 
         match event {
             Event::NewEvents(StartCause::Init) => {
-                control_flow.set_wait_until(Instant::now() + timer_length);
+                elwt.set_control_flow(ControlFlow::WaitUntil(Instant::now() + timer_length));
             }
             Event::NewEvents(StartCause::ResumeTimeReached { .. }) => {
-                control_flow.set_wait_until(Instant::now() + timer_length);
+                elwt.set_control_flow(ControlFlow::WaitUntil(Instant::now() + timer_length));
                 println!("\nTimer\n");
             }
             Event::WindowEvent {
                 event: WindowEvent::CloseRequested,
                 ..
-            } => control_flow.set_exit(),
+            } => elwt.exit(),
+            Event::WindowEvent {
+                event: WindowEvent::RedrawRequested,
+                ..
+            } => {
+                fill::fill_window(&window);
+            }
             _ => (),
         }
-    });
+    })
 }

examples/touch_gestures.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+use simple_logger::SimpleLogger;
+use winit::{
+    event::{Event, WindowEvent},
+    event_loop::EventLoop,
+    window::Window,
+};
+
+#[path = "util/fill.rs"]
+mod fill;
+
+fn main() -> Result<(), impl std::error::Error> {
+    SimpleLogger::new().init().unwrap();
+    let event_loop = EventLoop::new().unwrap();
+
+    let window = Window::builder()
+        .with_title("Touchpad gestures")
+        .build(&event_loop)
+        .unwrap();
+    #[cfg(target_os = "ios")]
+    {
+        use winit::platform::ios::WindowExtIOS;
+        window.recognize_doubletap_gesture(true);
+        window.recognize_pinch_gesture(true);
+        window.recognize_rotation_gesture(true);
+    }
+
+    println!("Only supported on macOS/iOS at the moment.");
+
+    let mut zoom = 0.0;
+    let mut rotated = 0.0;
+
+    event_loop.run(move |event, elwt| {
+        if let Event::WindowEvent { event, .. } = event {
+            match event {
+                WindowEvent::CloseRequested => elwt.exit(),
+                WindowEvent::PinchGesture { delta, .. } => {
+                    zoom += delta;
+                    if delta > 0.0 {
+                        println!("Zoomed in {delta:.5} (now: {zoom:.5})");
+                    } else {
+                        println!("Zoomed out {delta:.5} (now: {zoom:.5})");
+                    }
+                }
+                WindowEvent::DoubleTapGesture { .. } => {
+                    println!("Smart zoom");
+                }
+                WindowEvent::RotationGesture { delta, .. } => {
+                    rotated += delta;
+                    if delta > 0.0 {
+                        println!("Rotated counterclockwise {delta:.5} (now: {rotated:.5})");
+                    } else {
+                        println!("Rotated clockwise {delta:.5} (now: {rotated:.5})");
+                    }
+                }
+                WindowEvent::RedrawRequested => {
+                    fill::fill_window(&window);
+                }
+                _ => (),
+            }
+        }
+    })
+}

examples/touchpad_gestures.rs

@@ -1,46 +0,0 @@
-use simple_logger::SimpleLogger;
-use winit::{
-    event::{Event, WindowEvent},
-    event_loop::{ControlFlow, EventLoop},
-    window::WindowBuilder,
-};
-
-fn main() {
-    SimpleLogger::new().init().unwrap();
-    let event_loop = EventLoop::new();
-
-    let _window = WindowBuilder::new()
-        .with_title("Touchpad gestures")
-        .build(&event_loop)
-        .unwrap();
-
-    println!("Only supported on macOS at the moment.");
-
-    event_loop.run(move |event, _, control_flow| {
-        *control_flow = ControlFlow::Wait;
-
-        if let Event::WindowEvent { event, .. } = event {
-            match event {
-                WindowEvent::CloseRequested => *control_flow = ControlFlow::Exit,
-                WindowEvent::TouchpadMagnify { delta, .. } => {
-                    if delta > 0.0 {
-                        println!("Zoomed in {delta}");
-                    } else {
-                        println!("Zoomed out {delta}");
-                    }
-                }
-                WindowEvent::SmartMagnify { .. } => {
-                    println!("Smart zoom");
-                }
-                WindowEvent::TouchpadRotate { delta, .. } => {
-                    if delta > 0.0 {
-                        println!("Rotated counterclockwise {delta}");
-                    } else {
-                        println!("Rotated clockwise {delta}");
-                    }
-                }
-                _ => (),
-            }
-        }
-    });
-}

examples/transparent.rs

@@ -4,14 +4,17 @@ use simple_logger::SimpleLogger;
 use winit::{
     event::{Event, WindowEvent},
     event_loop::EventLoop,
-    window::WindowBuilder,
+    window::Window,
 };
 
-fn main() {
+#[path = "util/fill.rs"]
-    SimpleLogger::new().init().unwrap();
+mod fill;
-    let event_loop = EventLoop::new();
 
-    let window = WindowBuilder::new()
+fn main() -> Result<(), impl std::error::Error> {
+    SimpleLogger::new().init().unwrap();
+    let event_loop = EventLoop::new().unwrap();
+
+    let window = Window::builder()
         .with_decorations(false)
         .with_transparent(true)
         .build(&event_loop)
@@ -19,16 +22,17 @@ fn main() {
 
     window.set_title("A fantastic window!");
 
-    event_loop.run(move |event, _, control_flow| {
+    event_loop.run(move |event, elwt| {
-        control_flow.set_wait();
         println!("{event:?}");
 
-        match event {
+        if let Event::WindowEvent { event, .. } = event {
-            Event::WindowEvent {
+            match event {
-                event: WindowEvent::CloseRequested,
+                WindowEvent::CloseRequested => elwt.exit(),
-                ..
+                WindowEvent::RedrawRequested => {
-            } => control_flow.set_exit(),
+                    fill::fill_window(&window);
-            _ => (),
+                }
+                _ => (),
+            }
         }
-    });
+    })
 }

examples/util/fill.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,116 @@
+//! Fill the window buffer with a solid color.
+//!
+//! Launching a window without drawing to it has unpredictable results varying from platform to
+//! platform. In order to have well-defined examples, this module provides an easy way to
+//! fill the window buffer with a solid color.
+//!
+//! The `softbuffer` crate is used, largely because of its ease of use. `glutin` or `wgpu` could
+//! also be used to fill the window buffer, but they are more complicated to use.
+
+#[allow(unused_imports)]
+pub use platform::cleanup_window;
+pub use platform::fill_window;
+
+#[cfg(all(feature = "rwh_05", not(any(target_os = "android", target_os = "ios"))))]
+mod platform {
+    use std::cell::RefCell;
+    use std::collections::HashMap;
+    use std::mem::ManuallyDrop;
+    use std::num::NonZeroU32;
+
+    use softbuffer::{Context, Surface};
+    use winit::window::Window;
+    use winit::window::WindowId;
+
+    thread_local! {
+        // NOTE: You should never do things like that, create context and drop it before
+        // you drop the event loop. We do this for brevity to not blow up examples. We use
+        // ManuallyDrop to prevent destructors from running.
+        //
+        // A static, thread-local map of graphics contexts to open windows.
+        static GC: ManuallyDrop<RefCell<Option<GraphicsContext>>> = ManuallyDrop::new(RefCell::new(None));
+    }
+
+    /// The graphics context used to draw to a window.
+    struct GraphicsContext {
+        /// The global softbuffer context.
+        context: Context,
+
+        /// The hash map of window IDs to surfaces.
+        surfaces: HashMap<WindowId, Surface>,
+    }
+
+    impl GraphicsContext {
+        fn new(w: &Window) -> Self {
+            Self {
+                context: unsafe { Context::new(w) }.expect("Failed to create a softbuffer context"),
+                surfaces: HashMap::new(),
+            }
+        }
+
+        fn create_surface(&mut self, window: &Window) -> &mut Surface {
+            self.surfaces.entry(window.id()).or_insert_with(|| {
+                unsafe { Surface::new(&self.context, window) }
+                    .expect("Failed to create a softbuffer surface")
+            })
+        }
+
+        fn destroy_surface(&mut self, window: &Window) {
+            self.surfaces.remove(&window.id());
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn fill_window(window: &Window) {
+        GC.with(|gc| {
+            let size = window.inner_size();
+            let (Some(width), Some(height)) =
+                (NonZeroU32::new(size.width), NonZeroU32::new(size.height))
+            else {
+                return;
+            };
+
+            // Either get the last context used or create a new one.
+            let mut gc = gc.borrow_mut();
+            let surface = gc
+                .get_or_insert_with(|| GraphicsContext::new(window))
+                .create_surface(window);
+
+            // Fill a buffer with a solid color.
+            const DARK_GRAY: u32 = 0xFF181818;
+
+            surface
+                .resize(width, height)
+                .expect("Failed to resize the softbuffer surface");
+
+            let mut buffer = surface
+                .buffer_mut()
+                .expect("Failed to get the softbuffer buffer");
+            buffer.fill(DARK_GRAY);
+            buffer
+                .present()
+                .expect("Failed to present the softbuffer buffer");
+        })
+    }
+
+    #[allow(dead_code)]
+    pub fn cleanup_window(window: &Window) {
+        GC.with(|gc| {
+            let mut gc = gc.borrow_mut();
+            if let Some(context) = gc.as_mut() {
+                context.destroy_surface(window);
+            }
+        });
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(not(all(feature = "rwh_05", not(any(target_os = "android", target_os = "ios")))))]
+mod platform {
+    pub fn fill_window(_window: &winit::window::Window) {
+        // No-op on mobile platforms.
+    }
+
+    #[allow(dead_code)]
+    pub fn cleanup_window(_window: &winit::window::Window) {
+        // No-op on mobile platforms.
+    }
+}

examples/video_modes.rs

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ use winit::event_loop::EventLoop;
 
 fn main() {
     SimpleLogger::new().init().unwrap();
-    let event_loop = EventLoop::new();
+    let event_loop = EventLoop::new().unwrap();
     let monitor = match event_loop.primary_monitor() {
         Some(monitor) => monitor,
         None => {

examples/web.rs

@@ -1,66 +1,105 @@
-#![allow(clippy::single_match)]
+#![allow(clippy::disallowed_methods, clippy::single_match)]
 
 use winit::{
-    event::{Event, WindowEvent},
+    event::{ElementState, Event, KeyEvent, WindowEvent},
     event_loop::EventLoop,
-    window::WindowBuilder,
+    keyboard::Key,
+    window::{Fullscreen, Window},
 };
 
-pub fn main() {
+pub fn main() -> Result<(), impl std::error::Error> {
-    let event_loop = EventLoop::new();
+    let event_loop = EventLoop::new().unwrap();
-
-    let window = WindowBuilder::new()
-        .with_title("A fantastic window!")
-        .build(&event_loop)
-        .unwrap();
 
+    let builder = Window::builder().with_title("A fantastic window!");
     #[cfg(wasm_platform)]
+    let builder = {
+        use winit::platform::web::WindowBuilderExtWebSys;
+        builder.with_append(true)
+    };
+    let window = builder.build(&event_loop).unwrap();
+
+    #[cfg(web_platform)]
     let log_list = wasm::insert_canvas_and_create_log_list(&window);
 
-    event_loop.run(move |event, _, control_flow| {
+    event_loop.run(move |event, elwt| {
-        control_flow.set_wait();
+        #[cfg(web_platform)]
-
-        #[cfg(wasm_platform)]
         wasm::log_event(&log_list, &event);
 
         match event {
             Event::WindowEvent {
                 event: WindowEvent::CloseRequested,
                 window_id,
-            } if window_id == window.id() => control_flow.set_exit(),
+            } if window_id == window.id() => elwt.exit(),
-            Event::MainEventsCleared => {
+            Event::AboutToWait => {
                 window.request_redraw();
             }
+            Event::WindowEvent {
+                window_id,
+                event:
+                    WindowEvent::KeyboardInput {
+                        event:
+                            KeyEvent {
+                                logical_key: Key::Character(c),
+                                state: ElementState::Released,
+                                ..
+                            },
+                        ..
+                    },
+            } if window_id == window.id() && c == "f" => {
+                if window.fullscreen().is_some() {
+                    window.set_fullscreen(None);
+                } else {
+                    window.set_fullscreen(Some(Fullscreen::Borderless(None)));
+                }
+            }
             _ => (),
         }
-    });
+    })
 }
 
-#[cfg(wasm_platform)]
+#[cfg(web_platform)]
 mod wasm {
+    use std::num::NonZeroU32;
+
+    use softbuffer::{Surface, SurfaceExtWeb};
     use wasm_bindgen::prelude::*;
-    use winit::{event::Event, window::Window};
+    use winit::{
+        event::{Event, WindowEvent},
+        window::Window,
+    };
 
     #[wasm_bindgen(start)]
     pub fn run() {
         console_log::init_with_level(log::Level::Debug).expect("error initializing logger");
 
         #[allow(clippy::main_recursion)]
-        super::main();
+        let _ = super::main();
     }
 
     pub fn insert_canvas_and_create_log_list(window: &Window) -> web_sys::Element {
         use winit::platform::web::WindowExtWebSys;
 
-        let canvas = window.canvas();
+        let canvas = window.canvas().unwrap();
+        let mut surface = Surface::from_canvas(canvas.clone()).unwrap();
+        surface
+            .resize(
+                NonZeroU32::new(canvas.width()).unwrap(),
+                NonZeroU32::new(canvas.height()).unwrap(),
+            )
+            .unwrap();
+        let mut buffer = surface.buffer_mut().unwrap();
+        buffer.fill(0xFFF0000);
+        buffer.present().unwrap();
 
         let window = web_sys::window().unwrap();
         let document = window.document().unwrap();
         let body = document.body().unwrap();
 
-        // Set a background color for the canvas to make it easier to tell where the canvas is for debugging purposes.
+        let style = &canvas.style();
-        canvas.style().set_css_text("background-color: crimson;");
+        style.set_property("margin", "50px").unwrap();
-        body.append_child(&canvas).unwrap();
+        // Use to test interactions with border and padding.
+        //style.set_property("border", "50px solid black").unwrap();
+        //style.set_property("padding", "50px").unwrap();
 
         let log_header = document.create_element("h2").unwrap();
         log_header.set_text_content(Some("Event Log"));
@@ -77,11 +116,29 @@ mod wasm {
         // Getting access to browser logs requires a lot of setup on mobile devices.
         // So we implement this basic logging system into the page to give developers an easy alternative.
         // As a bonus its also kind of handy on desktop.
-        if let Event::WindowEvent { event, .. } = &event {
+        let event = match event {
+            Event::WindowEvent {
+                event: WindowEvent::RedrawRequested,
+                ..
+            } => None,
+            Event::WindowEvent { event, .. } => Some(format!("{event:?}")),
+            Event::Resumed | Event::Suspended => Some(format!("{event:?}")),
+            _ => None,
+        };
+        if let Some(event) = event {
             let window = web_sys::window().unwrap();
             let document = window.document().unwrap();
             let log = document.create_element("li").unwrap();
-            log.set_text_content(Some(&format!("{event:?}")));
+
+            let date = js_sys::Date::new_0();
+            log.set_text_content(Some(&format!(
+                "{:02}:{:02}:{:02}.{:03}: {event}",
+                date.get_hours(),
+                date.get_minutes(),
+                date.get_seconds(),
+                date.get_milliseconds(),
+            )));
+
             log_list
                 .insert_before(&log, log_list.first_child().as_ref())
                 .unwrap();

examples/web_aspect_ratio.rs

@@ -1,8 +1,10 @@
+#![allow(clippy::disallowed_methods)]
+
 pub fn main() {
     println!("This example must be run with cargo run-wasm --example web_aspect_ratio")
 }
 
-#[cfg(wasm_platform)]
+#[cfg(web_platform)]
 mod wasm {
     use wasm_bindgen::prelude::*;
     use wasm_bindgen::JsCast;
@@ -10,8 +12,9 @@ mod wasm {
     use winit::{
         dpi::PhysicalSize,
         event::{Event, WindowEvent},
-        event_loop::{ControlFlow, EventLoop},
+        event_loop::EventLoop,
-        window::{Window, WindowBuilder},
+        platform::web::WindowBuilderExtWebSys,
+        window::Window,
     };
 
     const EXPLANATION: &str = "
@@ -28,13 +31,14 @@ This example demonstrates the desired future functionality which will possibly b
     #[wasm_bindgen(start)]
     pub fn run() {
         console_log::init_with_level(log::Level::Debug).expect("error initializing logger");
-        let event_loop = EventLoop::new();
+        let event_loop = EventLoop::new().unwrap();
 
-        let window = WindowBuilder::new()
+        let window = Window::builder()
             .with_title("A fantastic window!")
             // When running in a non-wasm environment this would set the window size to 100x100.
             // However in this example it just sets a default initial size of 100x100 that is immediately overwritten due to the layout + styling of the page.
             .with_inner_size(PhysicalSize::new(100, 100))
+            .with_append(true)
             .build(&event_loop)
             .unwrap();
 
@@ -43,18 +47,14 @@ This example demonstrates the desired future functionality which will possibly b
         // Render once with the size info we currently have
         render_circle(&canvas, window.inner_size());
 
-        event_loop.run(move |event, _, control_flow| {
+        let _ = event_loop.run(move |event, _| match event {
-            *control_flow = ControlFlow::Wait;
+            Event::WindowEvent {
-
+                event: WindowEvent::Resized(resize),
-            match event {
+                window_id,
-                Event::WindowEvent {
+            } if window_id == window.id() => {
-                    event: WindowEvent::Resized(resize),
+                render_circle(&canvas, resize);
-                    window_id,
-                } if window_id == window.id() => {
-                    render_circle(&canvas, resize);
-                }
-                _ => (),
             }
+            _ => (),
         });
     }
 
@@ -66,11 +66,10 @@ This example demonstrates the desired future functionality which will possibly b
         let body = document.body().unwrap();
 
         // Set a background color for the canvas to make it easier to tell the where the canvas is for debugging purposes.
-        let canvas = window.canvas();
+        let canvas = window.canvas().unwrap();
         canvas
             .style()
             .set_css_text("display: block; background-color: crimson; margin: auto; width: 50%; aspect-ratio: 4 / 1;");
-        body.append_child(&canvas).unwrap();
 
         let explanation = document.create_element("pre").unwrap();
         explanation.set_text_content(Some(EXPLANATION));

examples/window.rs

@@ -4,32 +4,40 @@ use simple_logger::SimpleLogger;
 use winit::{
     event::{Event, WindowEvent},
     event_loop::EventLoop,
-    window::WindowBuilder,
+    window::Window,
 };
 
-fn main() {
+#[path = "util/fill.rs"]
-    SimpleLogger::new().init().unwrap();
+mod fill;
-    let event_loop = EventLoop::new();
 
-    let window = WindowBuilder::new()
+fn main() -> Result<(), impl std::error::Error> {
+    SimpleLogger::new().init().unwrap();
+    let event_loop = EventLoop::new().unwrap();
+
+    let window = Window::builder()
         .with_title("A fantastic window!")
         .with_inner_size(winit::dpi::LogicalSize::new(128.0, 128.0))
         .build(&event_loop)
         .unwrap();
 
-    event_loop.run(move |event, _, control_flow| {
+    event_loop.run(move |event, elwt| {
-        control_flow.set_wait();
         println!("{event:?}");
 
         match event {
-            Event::WindowEvent {
+            Event::WindowEvent { event, window_id } if window_id == window.id() => match event {
-                event: WindowEvent::CloseRequested,
+                WindowEvent::CloseRequested => elwt.exit(),
-                window_id,
+                WindowEvent::RedrawRequested => {
-            } if window_id == window.id() => control_flow.set_exit(),
+                    // Notify the windowing system that we'll be presenting to the window.
-            Event::MainEventsCleared => {
+                    window.pre_present_notify();
+                    fill::fill_window(&window);
+                }
+                _ => (),
+            },
+            Event::AboutToWait => {
                 window.request_redraw();
             }
+
             _ => (),
         }
-    });
+    })
 }

examples/window_buttons.rs

@@ -5,16 +5,20 @@
 use simple_logger::SimpleLogger;
 use winit::{
     dpi::LogicalSize,
-    event::{ElementState, Event, KeyboardInput, VirtualKeyCode, WindowEvent},
+    event::{ElementState, Event, KeyEvent, WindowEvent},
-    event_loop::{DeviceEventFilter, EventLoop},
+    event_loop::{DeviceEvents, EventLoop},
-    window::{WindowBuilder, WindowButtons},
+    keyboard::Key,
+    window::{Window, WindowButtons},
 };
 
-fn main() {
+#[path = "util/fill.rs"]
-    SimpleLogger::new().init().unwrap();
+mod fill;
-    let event_loop = EventLoop::new();
 
-    let window = WindowBuilder::new()
+fn main() -> Result<(), impl std::error::Error> {
+    SimpleLogger::new().init().unwrap();
+    let event_loop = EventLoop::new().unwrap();
+
+    let window = Window::builder()
         .with_title("A fantastic window!")
         .with_inner_size(LogicalSize::new(300.0, 300.0))
         .build(&event_loop)
@@ -25,44 +29,40 @@ fn main() {
     eprintln!("  (G) Toggle maximize button");
     eprintln!("  (H) Toggle minimize button");
 
-    event_loop.set_device_event_filter(DeviceEventFilter::Never);
+    event_loop.listen_device_events(DeviceEvents::Always);
 
-    event_loop.run(move |event, _, control_flow| {
+    event_loop.run(move |event, elwt| {
-        control_flow.set_wait();
+        if let Event::WindowEvent { window_id, event } = event {
-
+            match event {
-        match event {
+                WindowEvent::KeyboardInput {
-            Event::WindowEvent {
+                    event:
-                event:
+                        KeyEvent {
-                    WindowEvent::KeyboardInput {
+                            logical_key: key,
-                        input:
+                            state: ElementState::Pressed,
-                            KeyboardInput {
+                            ..
-                                virtual_keycode: Some(key),
+                        },
-                                state: ElementState::Pressed,
+                    ..
-                                ..
+                } => match key.as_ref() {
-                            },
+                    Key::Character("F" | "f") => {
-                        ..
+                        let buttons = window.enabled_buttons();
-                    },
+                        window.set_enabled_buttons(buttons ^ WindowButtons::CLOSE);
-                ..
+                    }
-            } => match key {
+                    Key::Character("G" | "g") => {
-                VirtualKeyCode::F => {
+                        let buttons = window.enabled_buttons();
-                    let buttons = window.enabled_buttons();
+                        window.set_enabled_buttons(buttons ^ WindowButtons::MAXIMIZE);
-                    window.set_enabled_buttons(buttons ^ WindowButtons::CLOSE);
+                    }
-                }
+                    Key::Character("H" | "h") => {
-                VirtualKeyCode::G => {
+                        let buttons = window.enabled_buttons();
-                    let buttons = window.enabled_buttons();
+                        window.set_enabled_buttons(buttons ^ WindowButtons::MINIMIZE);
-                    window.set_enabled_buttons(buttons ^ WindowButtons::MAXIMIZE);
+                    }
-                }
+                    _ => (),
-                VirtualKeyCode::H => {
+                },
-                    let buttons = window.enabled_buttons();
+                WindowEvent::CloseRequested if window_id == window.id() => elwt.exit(),
-                    window.set_enabled_buttons(buttons ^ WindowButtons::MINIMIZE);
+                WindowEvent::RedrawRequested => {
+                    fill::fill_window(&window);
                 }
                 _ => (),
-            },
+            }
-            Event::WindowEvent {
-                event: WindowEvent::CloseRequested,
-                window_id,
-            } if window_id == window.id() => control_flow.set_exit(),
-            _ => (),
         }
-    });
+    })
 }

examples/window_debug.rs

@@ -5,16 +5,20 @@
 use simple_logger::SimpleLogger;
 use winit::{
     dpi::{LogicalSize, PhysicalSize},
-    event::{DeviceEvent, ElementState, Event, KeyboardInput, VirtualKeyCode, WindowEvent},
+    event::{DeviceEvent, ElementState, Event, KeyEvent, RawKeyEvent, WindowEvent},
-    event_loop::{DeviceEventFilter, EventLoop},
+    event_loop::{DeviceEvents, EventLoop},
-    window::{Fullscreen, WindowBuilder},
+    keyboard::{Key, KeyCode, PhysicalKey},
+    window::{Fullscreen, Window},
 };
 
-fn main() {
+#[path = "util/fill.rs"]
-    SimpleLogger::new().init().unwrap();
+mod fill;
-    let event_loop = EventLoop::new();
 
-    let window = WindowBuilder::new()
+fn main() -> Result<(), impl std::error::Error> {
+    SimpleLogger::new().init().unwrap();
+    let event_loop = EventLoop::new().unwrap();
+
+    let window = Window::builder()
         .with_title("A fantastic window!")
         .with_inner_size(LogicalSize::new(100.0, 100.0))
         .build(&event_loop)
@@ -32,29 +36,29 @@ fn main() {
     let mut minimized = false;
     let mut visible = true;
 
-    event_loop.set_device_event_filter(DeviceEventFilter::Never);
+    event_loop.listen_device_events(DeviceEvents::Always);
-
-    event_loop.run(move |event, _, control_flow| {
-        control_flow.set_wait();
 
+    event_loop.run(move |event, elwt| {
         match event {
+            // This used to use the virtual key, but the new API
+            // only provides the `physical_key` (`Code`).
             Event::DeviceEvent {
                 event:
-                    DeviceEvent::Key(KeyboardInput {
+                    DeviceEvent::Key(RawKeyEvent {
-                        virtual_keycode: Some(key),
+                        physical_key,
-                        state: ElementState::Pressed,
+                        state: ElementState::Released,
                         ..
                     }),
                 ..
-            } => match key {
+            } => match physical_key {
-                VirtualKeyCode::M => {
+                PhysicalKey::Code(KeyCode::KeyM) => {
                     if minimized {
                         minimized = !minimized;
                         window.set_minimized(minimized);
                         window.focus_window();
                     }
                 }
-                VirtualKeyCode::V => {
+                PhysicalKey::Code(KeyCode::KeyV) => {
                     if !visible {
                         visible = !visible;
                         window.set_visible(visible);
@@ -62,71 +66,72 @@ fn main() {
                 }
                 _ => (),
             },
-            Event::WindowEvent {
+            Event::WindowEvent { window_id, event } => match event {
-                event:
+                WindowEvent::KeyboardInput {
-                    WindowEvent::KeyboardInput {
+                    event:
-                        input:
+                        KeyEvent {
-                            KeyboardInput {
+                            logical_key: Key::Character(key_str),
-                                virtual_keycode: Some(key),
+                            state: ElementState::Pressed,
-                                state: ElementState::Pressed,
+                            ..
-                                ..
+                        },
-                            },
+                    ..
-                        ..
+                } => match key_str.as_ref() {
-                    },
+                    // WARNING: Consider using `key_without_modifers()` if available on your platform.
-                ..
+                    // See the `key_binding` example
-            } => match key {
+                    "e" => {
-                VirtualKeyCode::E => {
+                        fn area(size: PhysicalSize<u32>) -> u32 {
-                    fn area(size: PhysicalSize<u32>) -> u32 {
+                            size.width * size.height
-                        size.width * size.height
+                        }
-                    }
 
-                    let monitor = window.current_monitor().unwrap();
+                        let monitor = window.current_monitor().unwrap();
-                    if let Some(mode) = monitor
+                        if let Some(mode) = monitor
-                        .video_modes()
+                            .video_modes()
-                        .max_by(|a, b| area(a.size()).cmp(&area(b.size())))
+                            .max_by(|a, b| area(a.size()).cmp(&area(b.size())))
-                    {
+                        {
-                        window.set_fullscreen(Some(Fullscreen::Exclusive(mode)));
+                            window.set_fullscreen(Some(Fullscreen::Exclusive(mode)));
-                    } else {
+                        } else {
-                        eprintln!("no video modes available");
+                            eprintln!("no video modes available");
+                        }
                     }
-                }
+                    "f" => {
-                VirtualKeyCode::F => {
+                        if window.fullscreen().is_some() {
-                    if window.fullscreen().is_some() {
+                            window.set_fullscreen(None);
-                        window.set_fullscreen(None);
+                        } else {
-                    } else {
+                            let monitor = window.current_monitor();
-                        let monitor = window.current_monitor();
+                            window.set_fullscreen(Some(Fullscreen::Borderless(monitor)));
-                        window.set_fullscreen(Some(Fullscreen::Borderless(monitor)));
+                        }
                     }
-                }
+                    "p" => {
-                VirtualKeyCode::P => {
+                        if window.fullscreen().is_some() {
-                    if window.fullscreen().is_some() {
+                            window.set_fullscreen(None);
-                        window.set_fullscreen(None);
+                        } else {
-                    } else {
+                            window.set_fullscreen(Some(Fullscreen::Borderless(None)));
-                        window.set_fullscreen(Some(Fullscreen::Borderless(None)));
+                        }
                     }
-                }
+                    "m" => {
-                VirtualKeyCode::M => {
+                        minimized = !minimized;
-                    minimized = !minimized;
+                        window.set_minimized(minimized);
-                    window.set_minimized(minimized);
+                    }
-                }
+                    "q" => {
-                VirtualKeyCode::Q => {
+                        elwt.exit();
-                    control_flow.set_exit();
+                    }
-                }
+                    "v" => {
-                VirtualKeyCode::V => {
+                        visible = !visible;
-                    visible = !visible;
+                        window.set_visible(visible);
-                    window.set_visible(visible);
+                    }
-                }
+                    "x" => {
-                VirtualKeyCode::X => {
+                        let is_maximized = window.is_maximized();
-                    let is_maximized = window.is_maximized();
+                        window.set_maximized(!is_maximized);
-                    window.set_maximized(!is_maximized);
+                    }
+                    _ => (),
+                },
+                WindowEvent::CloseRequested if window_id == window.id() => elwt.exit(),
+                WindowEvent::RedrawRequested => {
+                    fill::fill_window(&window);
                 }
                 _ => (),
             },
-            Event::WindowEvent {
-                event: WindowEvent::CloseRequested,
-                window_id,
-            } if window_id == window.id() => control_flow.set_exit(),
             _ => (),
         }
-    });
+    })
 }

examples/window_drag_resize.rs

@@ -2,20 +2,22 @@
 
 use simple_logger::SimpleLogger;
 use winit::{
-    event::{
+    event::{ElementState, Event, KeyEvent, MouseButton, StartCause, WindowEvent},
-        ElementState, Event, KeyboardInput, MouseButton, StartCause, VirtualKeyCode, WindowEvent,
+    event_loop::EventLoop,
-    },
+    keyboard::Key,
-    event_loop::{ControlFlow, EventLoop},
+    window::{CursorIcon, ResizeDirection, Window},
-    window::{CursorIcon, ResizeDirection, WindowBuilder},
 };
 
 const BORDER: f64 = 8.0;
 
-fn main() {
+#[path = "util/fill.rs"]
-    SimpleLogger::new().init().unwrap();
+mod fill;
-    let event_loop = EventLoop::new();
 
-    let window = WindowBuilder::new()
+fn main() -> Result<(), impl std::error::Error> {
+    SimpleLogger::new().init().unwrap();
+    let event_loop = EventLoop::new().unwrap();
+
+    let window = Window::builder()
         .with_inner_size(winit::dpi::LogicalSize::new(600.0, 400.0))
         .with_min_inner_size(winit::dpi::LogicalSize::new(400.0, 200.0))
         .with_decorations(false)
@@ -25,12 +27,12 @@ fn main() {
     let mut border = false;
     let mut cursor_location = None;
 
-    event_loop.run(move |event, _, control_flow| match event {
+    event_loop.run(move |event, elwt| match event {
         Event::NewEvents(StartCause::Init) => {
             eprintln!("Press 'B' to toggle borderless")
         }
         Event::WindowEvent { event, .. } => match event {
-            WindowEvent::CloseRequested => *control_flow = ControlFlow::Exit,
+            WindowEvent::CloseRequested => elwt.exit(),
             WindowEvent::CursorMoved { position, .. } => {
                 if !window.is_decorated() {
                     let new_location =
@@ -38,7 +40,7 @@ fn main() {
 
                     if new_location != cursor_location {
                         cursor_location = new_location;
-                        window.set_cursor_icon(cursor_direction_icon(cursor_location))
+                        window.set_cursor(cursor_direction_icon(cursor_location))
                     }
                 }
             }
@@ -50,24 +52,30 @@ fn main() {
             } => {
                 if let Some(dir) = cursor_location {
                     let _res = window.drag_resize_window(dir);
+                } else if !window.is_decorated() {
+                    let _res = window.drag_window();
                 }
             }
             WindowEvent::KeyboardInput {
-                input:
+                event:
-                    KeyboardInput {
+                    KeyEvent {
                         state: ElementState::Released,
-                        virtual_keycode: Some(VirtualKeyCode::B),
+                        logical_key: Key::Character(c),
                         ..
                     },
                 ..
-            } => {
+            } if matches!(c.as_ref(), "B" | "b") => {
                 border = !border;
                 window.set_decorations(border);
             }
+            WindowEvent::RedrawRequested => {
+                fill::fill_window(&window);
+            }
             _ => (),
         },
+
         _ => (),
-    });
+    })
 }
 
 fn cursor_direction_icon(resize_direction: Option<ResizeDirection>) -> CursorIcon {

examples/window_icon.rs

@@ -4,12 +4,15 @@ use std::path::Path;
 
 use simple_logger::SimpleLogger;
 use winit::{
-    event::Event,
+    event::{Event, WindowEvent},
     event_loop::EventLoop,
-    window::{Icon, WindowBuilder},
+    window::{Icon, Window},
 };
 
-fn main() {
+#[path = "util/fill.rs"]
+mod fill;
+
+fn main() -> Result<(), impl std::error::Error> {
     SimpleLogger::new().init().unwrap();
 
     // You'll have to choose an icon size at your own discretion. On X11, the desired size varies
@@ -20,9 +23,9 @@ fn main() {
 
     let icon = load_icon(Path::new(path));
 
-    let event_loop = EventLoop::new();
+    let event_loop = EventLoop::new().unwrap();
 
-    let window = WindowBuilder::new()
+    let window = Window::builder()
         .with_title("An iconic window!")
         // At present, this only does anything on Windows and X11, so if you want to save load
         // time, you can put icon loading behind a function that returns `None` on other platforms.
@@ -30,20 +33,18 @@ fn main() {
         .build(&event_loop)
         .unwrap();
 
-    event_loop.run(move |event, _, control_flow| {
+    event_loop.run(move |event, elwt| {
-        control_flow.set_wait();
-
         if let Event::WindowEvent { event, .. } = event {
-            use winit::event::WindowEvent::*;
             match event {
-                CloseRequested => control_flow.set_exit(),
+                WindowEvent::CloseRequested => elwt.exit(),
-                DroppedFile(path) => {
+                WindowEvent::DroppedFile(path) => {
                     window.set_window_icon(Some(load_icon(&path)));
                 }
+                WindowEvent::RedrawRequested => fill::fill_window(&window),
                 _ => (),
             }
         }
-    });
+    })
 }
 
 fn load_icon(path: &Path) -> Icon {

examples/window_on_demand.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,93 @@
+#![allow(clippy::single_match)]
+
+// Limit this example to only compatible platforms.
+#[cfg(any(windows_platform, macos_platform, x11_platform, wayland_platform,))]
+fn main() -> Result<(), impl std::error::Error> {
+    use std::time::Duration;
+
+    use simple_logger::SimpleLogger;
+
+    use winit::{
+        error::EventLoopError,
+        event::{Event, WindowEvent},
+        event_loop::EventLoop,
+        platform::run_on_demand::EventLoopExtRunOnDemand,
+        window::{Window, WindowId},
+    };
+
+    #[path = "util/fill.rs"]
+    mod fill;
+
+    #[derive(Default)]
+    struct App {
+        window_id: Option<WindowId>,
+        window: Option<Window>,
+    }
+
+    SimpleLogger::new().init().unwrap();
+    let mut event_loop = EventLoop::new().unwrap();
+
+    fn run_app(event_loop: &mut EventLoop<()>, idx: usize) -> Result<(), EventLoopError> {
+        let mut app = App::default();
+
+        event_loop.run_on_demand(move |event, elwt| {
+            println!("Run {idx}: {:?}", event);
+
+            if let Some(window) = &app.window {
+                match event {
+                    Event::WindowEvent {
+                        event: WindowEvent::CloseRequested,
+                        window_id,
+                    } if window.id() == window_id => {
+                        println!("--------------------------------------------------------- Window {idx} CloseRequested");
+                        fill::cleanup_window(window);
+                        app.window = None;
+                    }
+                    Event::AboutToWait => window.request_redraw(),
+                    Event::WindowEvent {
+                        event: WindowEvent::RedrawRequested,
+                        ..
+                    }  => {
+                        fill::fill_window(window);
+                    }
+                    _ => (),
+                }
+            } else if let Some(id) = app.window_id {
+                match event {
+                    Event::WindowEvent {
+                        event: WindowEvent::Destroyed,
+                        window_id,
+                    } if id == window_id => {
+                        println!("--------------------------------------------------------- Window {idx} Destroyed");
+                        app.window_id = None;
+                        elwt.exit();
+                    }
+                    _ => (),
+                }
+            } else if let Event::Resumed = event {
+                let window = Window::builder()
+                        .with_title("Fantastic window number one!")
+                        .with_inner_size(winit::dpi::LogicalSize::new(128.0, 128.0))
+                        .build(elwt)
+                        .unwrap();
+                app.window_id = Some(window.id());
+                app.window = Some(window);
+            }
+        })
+    }
+
+    run_app(&mut event_loop, 1)?;
+
+    println!("--------------------------------------------------------- Finished first loop");
+    println!("--------------------------------------------------------- Waiting 5 seconds");
+    std::thread::sleep(Duration::from_secs(5));
+
+    let ret = run_app(&mut event_loop, 2);
+    println!("--------------------------------------------------------- Finished second loop");
+    ret
+}
+
+#[cfg(not(any(windows_platform, macos_platform, x11_platform, wayland_platform,)))]
+fn main() {
+    println!("This example is not supported on this platform");
+}

examples/window_option_as_alt.rs

@@ -8,57 +8,62 @@ use winit::{
     event::ElementState,
     event::{Event, MouseButton, WindowEvent},
     event_loop::EventLoop,
-    window::WindowBuilder,
+    window::Window,
 };
 
+#[cfg(target_os = "macos")]
+#[path = "util/fill.rs"]
+mod fill;
+
 /// Prints the keyboard events characters received when option_is_alt is true versus false.
 /// A left mouse click will toggle option_is_alt.
 #[cfg(target_os = "macos")]
-fn main() {
+fn main() -> Result<(), impl std::error::Error> {
-    let event_loop = EventLoop::new();
+    let event_loop = EventLoop::new().unwrap();
 
-    let window = WindowBuilder::new()
+    let window = Window::builder()
         .with_title("A fantastic window!")
         .with_inner_size(winit::dpi::LogicalSize::new(128.0, 128.0))
         .build(&event_loop)
         .unwrap();
 
+    window.set_ime_allowed(true);
+
     let mut option_as_alt = window.option_as_alt();
 
-    event_loop.run(move |event, _, control_flow| {
+    event_loop.run(move |event, elwt| match event {
-        control_flow.set_wait();
+        Event::WindowEvent {
+            event: WindowEvent::CloseRequested,
+            window_id,
+        } if window_id == window.id() => elwt.exit(),
+        Event::WindowEvent { event, .. } => match event {
+            WindowEvent::MouseInput {
+                state: ElementState::Pressed,
+                button: MouseButton::Left,
+                ..
+            } => {
+                option_as_alt = match option_as_alt {
+                    OptionAsAlt::None => OptionAsAlt::OnlyLeft,
+                    OptionAsAlt::OnlyLeft => OptionAsAlt::OnlyRight,
+                    OptionAsAlt::OnlyRight => OptionAsAlt::Both,
+                    OptionAsAlt::Both => OptionAsAlt::None,
+                };
 
-        match event {
+                println!("Received Mouse click, toggling option_as_alt to: {option_as_alt:?}");
-            Event::WindowEvent {
+                window.set_option_as_alt(option_as_alt);
-                event: WindowEvent::CloseRequested,
+            }
-                window_id,
+            WindowEvent::KeyboardInput { .. } => println!("KeyboardInput: {event:?}"),
-            } if window_id == window.id() => control_flow.set_exit(),
+            WindowEvent::RedrawRequested => {
-            Event::WindowEvent { event, .. } => match event {
+                fill::fill_window(&window);
-                WindowEvent::MouseInput {
-                    state: ElementState::Pressed,
-                    button: MouseButton::Left,
-                    ..
-                } => {
-                    option_as_alt = match option_as_alt {
-                        OptionAsAlt::None => OptionAsAlt::OnlyLeft,
-                        OptionAsAlt::OnlyLeft => OptionAsAlt::OnlyRight,
-                        OptionAsAlt::OnlyRight => OptionAsAlt::Both,
-                        OptionAsAlt::Both => OptionAsAlt::None,
-                    };
-
-                    println!("Received Mouse click, toggling option_as_alt to: {option_as_alt:?}");
-                    window.set_option_as_alt(option_as_alt);
-                }
-                WindowEvent::ReceivedCharacter(c) => println!("ReceivedCharacter: {c:?}"),
-                WindowEvent::KeyboardInput { .. } => println!("KeyboardInput: {event:?}"),
-                _ => (),
-            },
-            Event::MainEventsCleared => {
-                window.request_redraw();
             }
             _ => (),
+        },
+        Event::AboutToWait => {
+            window.request_redraw();
         }
-    });
+
+        _ => (),
+    })
 }
 
 #[cfg(not(target_os = "macos"))]

examples/window_pump_events.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+#![allow(clippy::single_match)]
+
+// Limit this example to only compatible platforms.
+#[cfg(any(
+    windows_platform,
+    macos_platform,
+    x11_platform,
+    wayland_platform,
+    android_platform,
+))]
+fn main() -> std::process::ExitCode {
+    use std::{process::ExitCode, thread::sleep, time::Duration};
+
+    use simple_logger::SimpleLogger;
+    use winit::{
+        event::{Event, WindowEvent},
+        event_loop::EventLoop,
+        platform::pump_events::{EventLoopExtPumpEvents, PumpStatus},
+        window::Window,
+    };
+
+    #[path = "util/fill.rs"]
+    mod fill;
+
+    let mut event_loop = EventLoop::new().unwrap();
+
+    SimpleLogger::new().init().unwrap();
+    let window = Window::builder()
+        .with_title("A fantastic window!")
+        .build(&event_loop)
+        .unwrap();
+
+    'main: loop {
+        let timeout = Some(Duration::ZERO);
+        let status = event_loop.pump_events(timeout, |event, elwt| {
+            if let Event::WindowEvent { event, .. } = &event {
+                // Print only Window events to reduce noise
+                println!("{event:?}");
+            }
+
+            match event {
+                Event::WindowEvent {
+                    event: WindowEvent::CloseRequested,
+                    window_id,
+                } if window_id == window.id() => elwt.exit(),
+                Event::AboutToWait => {
+                    window.request_redraw();
+                }
+                Event::WindowEvent {
+                    event: WindowEvent::RedrawRequested,
+                    ..
+                } => {
+                    fill::fill_window(&window);
+                }
+                _ => (),
+            }
+        });
+        if let PumpStatus::Exit(exit_code) = status {
+            break 'main ExitCode::from(exit_code as u8);
+        }
+
+        // Sleep for 1/60 second to simulate application work
+        //
+        // Since `pump_events` doesn't block it will be important to
+        // throttle the loop in the app somehow.
+        println!("Update()");
+        sleep(Duration::from_millis(16));
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(any(ios_platform, web_platform, orbital_platform))]
+fn main() {
+    println!("This platform doesn't support pump_events.");
+}

examples/window_resize_increments.rs

@@ -2,16 +2,20 @@ use log::debug;
 use simple_logger::SimpleLogger;
 use winit::{
     dpi::LogicalSize,
-    event::{ElementState, Event, KeyboardInput, VirtualKeyCode, WindowEvent},
+    event::{ElementState, Event, WindowEvent},
     event_loop::EventLoop,
-    window::WindowBuilder,
+    keyboard::NamedKey,
+    window::Window,
 };
 
-fn main() {
+#[path = "util/fill.rs"]
-    SimpleLogger::new().init().unwrap();
+mod fill;
-    let event_loop = EventLoop::new();
 
-    let window = WindowBuilder::new()
+fn main() -> Result<(), impl std::error::Error> {
+    SimpleLogger::new().init().unwrap();
+    let event_loop = EventLoop::new().unwrap();
+
+    let window = Window::builder()
         .with_title("A fantastic window!")
         .with_inner_size(LogicalSize::new(128.0, 128.0))
         .with_resize_increments(LogicalSize::new(25.0, 25.0))
@@ -20,27 +24,13 @@ fn main() {
 
     let mut has_increments = true;
 
-    event_loop.run(move |event, _, control_flow| {
+    event_loop.run(move |event, elwt| match event {
-        control_flow.set_wait();
+        Event::WindowEvent { event, window_id } if window_id == window.id() => match event {
-
+            WindowEvent::CloseRequested => elwt.exit(),
-        match event {
+            WindowEvent::KeyboardInput { event, .. }
-            Event::WindowEvent {
+                if event.logical_key == NamedKey::Space
-                event: WindowEvent::CloseRequested,
+                    && event.state == ElementState::Released =>
-                window_id,
+            {
-            } if window_id == window.id() => control_flow.set_exit(),
-            Event::WindowEvent {
-                event:
-                    WindowEvent::KeyboardInput {
-                        input:
-                            KeyboardInput {
-                                virtual_keycode: Some(VirtualKeyCode::Space),
-                                state: ElementState::Released,
-                                ..
-                            },
-                        ..
-                    },
-                window_id,
-            } if window_id == window.id() => {
                 has_increments = !has_increments;
 
                 let new_increments = match window.resize_increments() {
@@ -50,8 +40,13 @@ fn main() {
                 debug!("Had increments: {}", new_increments.is_none());
                 window.set_resize_increments(new_increments);
             }
-            Event::MainEventsCleared => window.request_redraw(),
+            WindowEvent::RedrawRequested => {
+                fill::fill_window(&window);
+            }
             _ => (),
-        }
+        },
-    });
+        Event::AboutToWait => window.request_redraw(),
+
+        _ => (),
+    })
 }

examples/window_run_return.rs

@@ -1,64 +0,0 @@
-#![allow(clippy::single_match)]
-
-// Limit this example to only compatible platforms.
-#[cfg(any(
-    windows_platform,
-    macos_platform,
-    x11_platform,
-    wayland_platform,
-    android_platform,
-    orbital_platform,
-))]
-fn main() {
-    use std::{thread::sleep, time::Duration};
-
-    use simple_logger::SimpleLogger;
-    use winit::{
-        event::{Event, WindowEvent},
-        event_loop::EventLoop,
-        platform::run_return::EventLoopExtRunReturn,
-        window::WindowBuilder,
-    };
-    let mut event_loop = EventLoop::new();
-
-    SimpleLogger::new().init().unwrap();
-    let _window = WindowBuilder::new()
-        .with_title("A fantastic window!")
-        .build(&event_loop)
-        .unwrap();
-
-    let mut quit = false;
-
-    while !quit {
-        event_loop.run_return(|event, _, control_flow| {
-            control_flow.set_wait();
-
-            if let Event::WindowEvent { event, .. } = &event {
-                // Print only Window events to reduce noise
-                println!("{event:?}");
-            }
-
-            match event {
-                Event::WindowEvent {
-                    event: WindowEvent::CloseRequested,
-                    ..
-                } => {
-                    quit = true;
-                }
-                Event::MainEventsCleared => {
-                    control_flow.set_exit();
-                }
-                _ => (),
-            }
-        });
-
-        // Sleep for 1/60 second to simulate rendering
-        println!("rendering");
-        sleep(Duration::from_millis(16));
-    }
-}
-
-#[cfg(any(ios_platform, wasm_platform))]
-fn main() {
-    println!("This platform doesn't support run_return.");
-}

examples/window_tabbing.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,107 @@
+#![allow(clippy::single_match)]
+
+#[cfg(target_os = "macos")]
+use std::{collections::HashMap, num::NonZeroUsize};
+
+#[cfg(target_os = "macos")]
+use simple_logger::SimpleLogger;
+#[cfg(target_os = "macos")]
+use winit::{
+    event::{ElementState, Event, KeyEvent, WindowEvent},
+    event_loop::EventLoop,
+    keyboard::{Key, NamedKey},
+    platform::macos::{WindowBuilderExtMacOS, WindowExtMacOS},
+    window::Window,
+};
+
+#[cfg(target_os = "macos")]
+#[path = "util/fill.rs"]
+mod fill;
+
+#[cfg(target_os = "macos")]
+fn main() -> Result<(), impl std::error::Error> {
+    SimpleLogger::new().init().unwrap();
+    let event_loop = EventLoop::new().unwrap();
+
+    let mut windows = HashMap::new();
+    let window = Window::new(&event_loop).unwrap();
+    println!("Opened a new window: {:?}", window.id());
+    windows.insert(window.id(), window);
+
+    println!("Press N to open a new window.");
+
+    event_loop.run(move |event, elwt| {
+        if let Event::WindowEvent { event, window_id } = event {
+            match event {
+                WindowEvent::CloseRequested => {
+                    println!("Window {window_id:?} has received the signal to close");
+
+                    // This drops the window, causing it to close.
+                    windows.remove(&window_id);
+
+                    if windows.is_empty() {
+                        elwt.exit();
+                    }
+                }
+                WindowEvent::Resized(_) => {
+                    if let Some(window) = windows.get(&window_id) {
+                        window.request_redraw();
+                    }
+                }
+                WindowEvent::KeyboardInput {
+                    event:
+                        KeyEvent {
+                            state: ElementState::Pressed,
+                            logical_key,
+                            ..
+                        },
+                    is_synthetic: false,
+                    ..
+                } => match logical_key.as_ref() {
+                    Key::Character("t") => {
+                        let tabbing_id = windows.get(&window_id).unwrap().tabbing_identifier();
+                        let window = Window::builder()
+                            .with_tabbing_identifier(&tabbing_id)
+                            .build(elwt)
+                            .unwrap();
+                        println!("Added a new tab: {:?}", window.id());
+                        windows.insert(window.id(), window);
+                    }
+                    Key::Character("w") => {
+                        let _ = windows.remove(&window_id);
+                    }
+                    Key::Named(NamedKey::ArrowRight) => {
+                        windows.get(&window_id).unwrap().select_next_tab();
+                    }
+                    Key::Named(NamedKey::ArrowLeft) => {
+                        windows.get(&window_id).unwrap().select_previous_tab();
+                    }
+                    Key::Character(ch) => {
+                        if let Ok(index) = ch.parse::<NonZeroUsize>() {
+                            let index = index.get();
+                            // Select the last tab when pressing `9`.
+                            let window = windows.get(&window_id).unwrap();
+                            if index == 9 {
+                                window.select_tab_at_index(window.num_tabs() - 1)
+                            } else {
+                                window.select_tab_at_index(index - 1);
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                    _ => (),
+                },
+                WindowEvent::RedrawRequested => {
+                    if let Some(window) = windows.get(&window_id) {
+                        fill::fill_window(window);
+                    }
+                }
+                _ => (),
+            }
+        }
+    })
+}
+
+#[cfg(not(target_os = "macos"))]
+fn main() {
+    println!("This example is only supported on MacOS");
+}

examples/x11_embed.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+//! A demonstration of embedding a winit window in an existing X11 application.
+
+#[cfg(x11_platform)]
+#[path = "util/fill.rs"]
+mod fill;
+
+#[cfg(x11_platform)]
+mod imple {
+    use super::fill;
+    use simple_logger::SimpleLogger;
+    use winit::{
+        event::{Event, WindowEvent},
+        event_loop::EventLoop,
+        platform::x11::WindowBuilderExtX11,
+        window::Window,
+    };
+
+    pub(super) fn entry() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
+        // First argument should be a 32-bit X11 window ID.
+        let parent_window_id = std::env::args()
+            .nth(1)
+            .ok_or("Expected a 32-bit X11 window ID as the first argument.")?
+            .parse::<u32>()?;
+
+        SimpleLogger::new().init().unwrap();
+        let event_loop = EventLoop::new()?;
+
+        let window = Window::builder()
+            .with_title("An embedded window!")
+            .with_inner_size(winit::dpi::LogicalSize::new(128.0, 128.0))
+            .with_embed_parent_window(parent_window_id)
+            .build(&event_loop)
+            .unwrap();
+
+        event_loop.run(move |event, elwt| {
+            match event {
+                Event::WindowEvent {
+                    event: WindowEvent::CloseRequested,
+                    window_id,
+                } if window_id == window.id() => elwt.exit(),
+                Event::AboutToWait => {
+                    window.request_redraw();
+                }
+                Event::WindowEvent {
+                    event: WindowEvent::RedrawRequested,
+                    ..
+                } => {
+                    // Notify the windowing system that we'll be presenting to the window.
+                    window.pre_present_notify();
+                    fill::fill_window(&window);
+                }
+                _ => (),
+            }
+        })?;
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(not(x11_platform))]
+mod imple {
+    pub(super) fn entry() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
+        println!("This example is only supported on X11 platforms.");
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
+    imple::entry()
+}

src/cursor.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,304 @@
+use core::fmt;
+use std::hash::Hasher;
+use std::sync::Arc;
+use std::{error::Error, hash::Hash};
+
+use cursor_icon::CursorIcon;
+
+use crate::event_loop::EventLoopWindowTarget;
+use crate::platform_impl::{self, PlatformCustomCursor, PlatformCustomCursorBuilder};
+
+/// The maximum width and height for a cursor when using [`CustomCursor::from_rgba`].
+pub const MAX_CURSOR_SIZE: u16 = 2048;
+
+const PIXEL_SIZE: usize = 4;
+
+/// See [`Window::set_cursor()`](crate::window::Window::set_cursor) for more details.
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, Eq, Hash, PartialEq)]
+pub enum Cursor {
+    Icon(CursorIcon),
+    Custom(CustomCursor),
+}
+
+impl Default for Cursor {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self::Icon(CursorIcon::default())
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<CursorIcon> for Cursor {
+    fn from(icon: CursorIcon) -> Self {
+        Self::Icon(icon)
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<CustomCursor> for Cursor {
+    fn from(custom: CustomCursor) -> Self {
+        Self::Custom(custom)
+    }
+}
+
+/// Use a custom image as a cursor (mouse pointer).
+///
+/// Is guaranteed to be cheap to clone.
+///
+/// ## Platform-specific
+///
+/// **Web**: Some browsers have limits on cursor sizes usually at 128x128.
+///
+/// # Example
+///
+/// ```no_run
+/// use winit::{
+///     event::{Event, WindowEvent},
+///     event_loop::{ControlFlow, EventLoop},
+///     window::{CustomCursor, Window},
+/// };
+///
+/// let mut event_loop = EventLoop::new().unwrap();
+///
+/// let w = 10;
+/// let h = 10;
+/// let rgba = vec![255; (w * h * 4) as usize];
+///
+/// #[cfg(not(target_family = "wasm"))]
+/// let builder = CustomCursor::from_rgba(rgba, w, h, w / 2, h / 2).unwrap();
+///
+/// #[cfg(target_family = "wasm")]
+/// let builder = {
+///     use winit::platform::web::CustomCursorExtWebSys;
+///     CustomCursor::from_url(String::from("http://localhost:3000/cursor.png"), 0, 0)
+/// };
+///
+/// let custom_cursor = builder.build(&event_loop);
+///
+/// let window = Window::new(&event_loop).unwrap();
+/// window.set_cursor(custom_cursor.clone());
+/// ```
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, Eq, Hash, PartialEq)]
+pub struct CustomCursor {
+    /// Platforms should make sure this is cheap to clone.
+    pub(crate) inner: PlatformCustomCursor,
+}
+
+impl CustomCursor {
+    /// Creates a new cursor from an rgba buffer.
+    ///
+    /// The alpha channel is assumed to be **not** premultiplied.
+    pub fn from_rgba(
+        rgba: impl Into<Vec<u8>>,
+        width: u16,
+        height: u16,
+        hotspot_x: u16,
+        hotspot_y: u16,
+    ) -> Result<CustomCursorBuilder, BadImage> {
+        Ok(CustomCursorBuilder {
+            inner: PlatformCustomCursorBuilder::from_rgba(
+                rgba.into(),
+                width,
+                height,
+                hotspot_x,
+                hotspot_y,
+            )?,
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+/// Builds a [`CustomCursor`].
+///
+/// See [`CustomCursor`] for more details.
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct CustomCursorBuilder {
+    pub(crate) inner: PlatformCustomCursorBuilder,
+}
+
+impl CustomCursorBuilder {
+    pub fn build(self, window_target: &EventLoopWindowTarget) -> CustomCursor {
+        CustomCursor {
+            inner: PlatformCustomCursor::build(self.inner, &window_target.p),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// An error produced when using [`CustomCursor::from_rgba`] with invalid arguments.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub enum BadImage {
+    /// Produced when the image dimensions are larger than [`MAX_CURSOR_SIZE`]. This doesn't
+    /// guarantee that the cursor will work, but should avoid many platform and device specific
+    /// limits.
+    TooLarge { width: u16, height: u16 },
+    /// Produced when the length of the `rgba` argument isn't divisible by 4, thus `rgba` can't be
+    /// safely interpreted as 32bpp RGBA pixels.
+    ByteCountNotDivisibleBy4 { byte_count: usize },
+    /// Produced when the number of pixels (`rgba.len() / 4`) isn't equal to `width * height`.
+    /// At least one of your arguments is incorrect.
+    DimensionsVsPixelCount {
+        width: u16,
+        height: u16,
+        width_x_height: u64,
+        pixel_count: u64,
+    },
+    /// Produced when the hotspot is outside the image bounds
+    HotspotOutOfBounds {
+        width: u16,
+        height: u16,
+        hotspot_x: u16,
+        hotspot_y: u16,
+    },
+}
+
+impl fmt::Display for BadImage {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        match self {
+            BadImage::TooLarge { width, height } => write!(f,
+                "The specified dimensions ({width:?}x{height:?}) are too large. The maximum is {MAX_CURSOR_SIZE:?}x{MAX_CURSOR_SIZE:?}.",
+            ),
+            BadImage::ByteCountNotDivisibleBy4 { byte_count } => write!(f,
+                "The length of the `rgba` argument ({byte_count:?}) isn't divisible by 4, making it impossible to interpret as 32bpp RGBA pixels.",
+            ),
+            BadImage::DimensionsVsPixelCount {
+                width,
+                height,
+                width_x_height,
+                pixel_count,
+            } => write!(f,
+                "The specified dimensions ({width:?}x{height:?}) don't match the number of pixels supplied by the `rgba` argument ({pixel_count:?}). For those dimensions, the expected pixel count is {width_x_height:?}.",
+            ),
+            BadImage::HotspotOutOfBounds {
+                width,
+                height,
+                hotspot_x,
+                hotspot_y,
+            } => write!(f,
+                "The specified hotspot ({hotspot_x:?}, {hotspot_y:?}) is outside the image bounds ({width:?}x{height:?}).",
+            ),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Error for BadImage {}
+
+/// Platforms export this directly as `PlatformCustomCursorBuilder` if they need to only work with images.
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub(crate) struct OnlyCursorImageBuilder(pub(crate) CursorImage);
+
+#[allow(dead_code)]
+impl OnlyCursorImageBuilder {
+    pub(crate) fn from_rgba(
+        rgba: Vec<u8>,
+        width: u16,
+        height: u16,
+        hotspot_x: u16,
+        hotspot_y: u16,
+    ) -> Result<Self, BadImage> {
+        CursorImage::from_rgba(rgba, width, height, hotspot_x, hotspot_y).map(Self)
+    }
+}
+
+/// Platforms export this directly as `PlatformCustomCursor` if they don't implement caching.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub(crate) struct OnlyCursorImage(pub(crate) Arc<CursorImage>);
+
+impl Hash for OnlyCursorImage {
+    fn hash<H: Hasher>(&self, state: &mut H) {
+        Arc::as_ptr(&self.0).hash(state);
+    }
+}
+
+impl PartialEq for OnlyCursorImage {
+    fn eq(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {
+        Arc::ptr_eq(&self.0, &other.0)
+    }
+}
+
+impl Eq for OnlyCursorImage {}
+
+#[allow(dead_code)]
+impl OnlyCursorImage {
+    pub(crate) fn build(
+        builder: OnlyCursorImageBuilder,
+        _: &platform_impl::EventLoopWindowTarget,
+    ) -> Self {
+        Self(Arc::new(builder.0))
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+#[allow(dead_code)]
+pub(crate) struct CursorImage {
+    pub(crate) rgba: Vec<u8>,
+    pub(crate) width: u16,
+    pub(crate) height: u16,
+    pub(crate) hotspot_x: u16,
+    pub(crate) hotspot_y: u16,
+}
+
+impl CursorImage {
+    pub(crate) fn from_rgba(
+        rgba: Vec<u8>,
+        width: u16,
+        height: u16,
+        hotspot_x: u16,
+        hotspot_y: u16,
+    ) -> Result<Self, BadImage> {
+        if width > MAX_CURSOR_SIZE || height > MAX_CURSOR_SIZE {
+            return Err(BadImage::TooLarge { width, height });
+        }
+
+        if rgba.len() % PIXEL_SIZE != 0 {
+            return Err(BadImage::ByteCountNotDivisibleBy4 {
+                byte_count: rgba.len(),
+            });
+        }
+
+        let pixel_count = (rgba.len() / PIXEL_SIZE) as u64;
+        let width_x_height = width as u64 * height as u64;
+        if pixel_count != width_x_height {
+            return Err(BadImage::DimensionsVsPixelCount {
+                width,
+                height,
+                width_x_height,
+                pixel_count,
+            });
+        }
+
+        if hotspot_x >= width || hotspot_y >= height {
+            return Err(BadImage::HotspotOutOfBounds {
+                width,
+                height,
+                hotspot_x,
+                hotspot_y,
+            });
+        }
+
+        Ok(CursorImage {
+            rgba,
+            width,
+            height,
+            hotspot_x,
+            hotspot_y,
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+// Platforms that don't support cursors will export this as `PlatformCustomCursor`.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Hash, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub(crate) struct NoCustomCursor;
+
+#[allow(dead_code)]
+impl NoCustomCursor {
+    pub(crate) fn from_rgba(
+        rgba: Vec<u8>,
+        width: u16,
+        height: u16,
+        hotspot_x: u16,
+        hotspot_y: u16,
+    ) -> Result<Self, BadImage> {
+        CursorImage::from_rgba(rgba, width, height, hotspot_x, hotspot_y)?;
+        Ok(Self)
+    }
+
+    fn build(self, _: &platform_impl::EventLoopWindowTarget) -> NoCustomCursor {
+        self
+    }
+}

src/dpi.rs

@@ -4,13 +4,13 @@
 //!
 //! Modern computer screens don't have a consistent relationship between resolution and size.
 //! 1920x1080 is a common resolution for both desktop and mobile screens, despite mobile screens
-//! normally being less than a quarter the size of their desktop counterparts. What's more, neither
+//! typically being less than a quarter the size of their desktop counterparts. Moreover, neither
-//! desktop nor mobile screens are consistent resolutions within their own size classes - common
+//! desktop nor mobile screens have consistent resolutions within their own size classes - common
 //! mobile screens range from below 720p to above 1440p, and desktop screens range from 720p to 5K
 //! and beyond.
 //!
 //! Given that, it's a mistake to assume that 2D content will only be displayed on screens with
-//! a consistent pixel density. If you were to render a 96-pixel-square image on a 1080p screen,
+//! a consistent pixel density. If you were to render a 96-pixel-square image on a 1080p screen and
 //! then render the same image on a similarly-sized 4K screen, the 4K rendition would only take up
 //! about a quarter of the physical space as it did on the 1080p screen. That issue is especially
 //! problematic with text rendering, where quarter-sized text becomes a significant legibility
@@ -25,12 +25,12 @@
 //!
 //! The solution to this problem is to account for the device's *scale factor*. The scale factor is
 //! the factor UI elements should be scaled by to be consistent with the rest of the user's system -
-//! for example, a button that's normally 50 pixels across would be 100 pixels across on a device
+//! for example, a button that's usually 50 pixels across would be 100 pixels across on a device
 //! with a scale factor of `2.0`, or 75 pixels across with a scale factor of `1.5`.
 //!
 //! Many UI systems, such as CSS, expose DPI-dependent units like [points] or [picas]. That's
-//! usually a mistake, since there's no consistent mapping between the scale factor and the screen's
+//! usually a mistake since there's no consistent mapping between the scale factor and the screen's
-//! actual DPI. Unless you're printing to a physical medium, you should work in scaled pixels rather
+//! actual DPI. Unless printing to a physical medium, you should work in scaled pixels rather
 //! than any DPI-dependent units.
 //!
 //! ### Position and Size types
@@ -42,11 +42,11 @@
 //! coordinates as input, allowing you to use the most convenient coordinate system for your
 //! particular application.
 //!
-//! Winit's position and size types types are generic over their exact pixel type, `P`, to allow the
+//! Winit's position and size types are generic over their exact pixel type, `P`, to allow the
 //! API to have integer precision where appropriate (e.g. most window manipulation functions) and
 //! floating precision when necessary (e.g. logical sizes for fractional scale factors and touch
 //! input). If `P` is a floating-point type, please do not cast the values with `as {int}`. Doing so
-//! will truncate the fractional part of the float, rather than properly round to the nearest
+//! will truncate the fractional part of the float rather than properly round to the nearest
 //! integer. Use the provided `cast` function or [`From`]/[`Into`] conversions, which handle the
 //! rounding properly. Note that precision loss will still occur when rounding from a float to an
 //! int, although rounding lessens the problem.
@@ -55,35 +55,35 @@
 //!
 //! Winit will dispatch a [`ScaleFactorChanged`] event whenever a window's scale factor has changed.
 //! This can happen if the user drags their window from a standard-resolution monitor to a high-DPI
-//! monitor, or if the user changes their DPI settings. This gives you a chance to rescale your
+//! monitor or if the user changes their DPI settings. This allows you to rescale your application's
-//! application's UI elements and adjust how the platform changes the window's size to reflect the new
+//! UI elements and adjust how the platform changes the window's size to reflect the new scale
-//! scale factor. If a window hasn't received a [`ScaleFactorChanged`] event,  then its scale factor
+//! factor. If a window hasn't received a [`ScaleFactorChanged`] event, its scale factor
 //! can be found by calling [`window.scale_factor()`].
 //!
 //! ## How is the scale factor calculated?
 //!
-//! Scale factor is calculated differently on different platforms:
+//! The scale factor is calculated differently on different platforms:
 //!
 //! - **Windows:** On Windows 8 and 10, per-monitor scaling is readily configured by users from the
 //!   display settings. While users are free to select any option they want, they're only given a
-//!   selection of "nice" scale factors, i.e. 1.0, 1.25, 1.5... on Windows 7, the scale factor is
+//!   selection of "nice" scale factors, i.e. 1.0, 1.25, 1.5... on Windows 7. The scale factor is
 //!   global and changing it requires logging out. See [this article][windows_1] for technical
 //!   details.
-//! - **macOS:** Recent versions of macOS allow the user to change the scaling factor for certain
+//! - **macOS:** Recent macOS versions allow the user to change the scaling factor for specific
-//!   displays. When this is available, the user may pick a per-monitor scaling factor from a set
+//!   displays. When available, the user may pick a per-monitor scaling factor from a set of
-//!   of pre-defined settings. All "retina displays" have a scaling factor above 1.0 by default but
+//!   pre-defined settings. All "retina displays" have a scaling factor above 1.0 by default,
-//!   the specific value varies across devices.
+//!   but the specific value varies across devices.
 //! - **X11:** Many man-hours have been spent trying to figure out how to handle DPI in X11. Winit
 //!   currently uses a three-pronged approach:
-//!   + Use the value in the `WINIT_X11_SCALE_FACTOR` environment variable, if present.
+//!   + Use the value in the `WINIT_X11_SCALE_FACTOR` environment variable if present.
 //!   + If not present, use the value set in `Xft.dpi` in Xresources.
 //!   + Otherwise, calculate the scale factor based on the millimeter monitor dimensions provided by XRandR.
 //!
 //!   If `WINIT_X11_SCALE_FACTOR` is set to `randr`, it'll ignore the `Xft.dpi` field and use the
 //!   XRandR scaling method. Generally speaking, you should try to configure the standard system
 //!   variables to do what you want before resorting to `WINIT_X11_SCALE_FACTOR`.
-//! - **Wayland:** On Wayland, scale factors are set per-screen by the server, and are always
+//! - **Wayland:** The scale factor is suggested by the compositor for each window individually. The
-//!   integers (most often 1 or 2).
+//!   monitor scale factor may differ from the window scale factor.
 //! - **iOS:** Scale factors are set by Apple to the value that best suits the device, and range
 //!   from `1.0` to `3.0`. See [this article][apple_1] and [this article][apple_2] for more
 //!   information.
@@ -104,6 +104,9 @@
 //! [android_1]: https://developer.android.com/training/multiscreen/screendensities
 //! [web_1]: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Window/devicePixelRatio
 
+#[cfg(feature = "serde")]
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+
 pub trait Pixel: Copy + Into<f64> {
     fn from_f64(f: f64) -> Self;
     fn cast<P: Pixel>(self) -> P {
@@ -167,7 +170,7 @@ pub fn validate_scale_factor(scale_factor: f64) -> bool {
 /// The position is stored as floats, so please be careful. Casting floats to integers truncates the
 /// fractional part, which can cause noticable issues. To help with that, an `Into<(i32, i32)>`
 /// implementation is provided which does the rounding for you.
-#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, Eq, PartialEq, Default, Hash)]
+#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, Eq, PartialEq, Ord, PartialOrd, Default, Hash)]
 #[cfg_attr(feature = "serde", derive(Serialize, Deserialize))]
 pub struct LogicalPosition<P> {
     pub x: P,
@@ -246,7 +249,7 @@ impl<P: Pixel> From<LogicalPosition<P>> for mint::Point2<P> {
 }
 
 /// A position represented in physical pixels.
-#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, Eq, PartialEq, Default, Hash)]
+#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, Eq, PartialEq, Ord, PartialOrd, Default, Hash)]
 #[cfg_attr(feature = "serde", derive(Serialize, Deserialize))]
 pub struct PhysicalPosition<P> {
     pub x: P,
@@ -325,7 +328,7 @@ impl<P: Pixel> From<PhysicalPosition<P>> for mint::Point2<P> {
 }
 
 /// A size represented in logical pixels.
-#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, Eq, PartialEq, Default, Hash)]
+#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, Eq, PartialEq, Ord, PartialOrd, Default, Hash)]
 #[cfg_attr(feature = "serde", derive(Serialize, Deserialize))]
 pub struct LogicalSize<P> {
     pub width: P,
@@ -407,7 +410,7 @@ impl<P: Pixel> From<LogicalSize<P>> for mint::Vector2<P> {
 }
 
 /// A size represented in physical pixels.
-#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, Eq, PartialEq, Default, Hash)]
+#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, Eq, PartialEq, Ord, PartialOrd, Default, Hash)]
 #[cfg_attr(feature = "serde", derive(Serialize, Deserialize))]
 pub struct PhysicalSize<P> {
     pub width: P,
@@ -581,3 +584,421 @@ impl<P: Pixel> From<LogicalPosition<P>> for Position {
         Position::Logical(position.cast())
     }
 }
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use crate::dpi;
+    use std::collections::HashSet;
+
+    macro_rules! test_pixel_int_impl {
+        ($($name:ident => $ty:ty),*) => {$(
+            #[test]
+            fn $name() {
+                use dpi::Pixel;
+
+                assert_eq!(
+                    <$ty as Pixel>::from_f64(37.0),
+                    37,
+                );
+                assert_eq!(
+                    <$ty as Pixel>::from_f64(37.4),
+                    37,
+                );
+                assert_eq!(
+                    <$ty as Pixel>::from_f64(37.5),
+                    38,
+                );
+                assert_eq!(
+                    <$ty as Pixel>::from_f64(37.9),
+                    38,
+                );
+
+                assert_eq!(
+                    <$ty as Pixel>::cast::<u8>(37),
+                    37,
+                );
+                assert_eq!(
+                    <$ty as Pixel>::cast::<u16>(37),
+                    37,
+                );
+                assert_eq!(
+                    <$ty as Pixel>::cast::<u32>(37),
+                    37,
+                );
+                assert_eq!(
+                    <$ty as Pixel>::cast::<i8>(37),
+                    37,
+                );
+                assert_eq!(
+                    <$ty as Pixel>::cast::<i16>(37),
+                    37,
+                );
+                assert_eq!(
+                    <$ty as Pixel>::cast::<i32>(37),
+                    37,
+                );
+            }
+        )*};
+    }
+
+    test_pixel_int_impl! {
+        test_pixel_int_u8 => u8,
+        test_pixel_int_u16 => u16,
+        test_pixel_int_u32 => u32,
+        test_pixel_int_i8 => i8,
+        test_pixel_int_i16 => i16
+    }
+
+    macro_rules! assert_approx_eq {
+        ($a:expr, $b:expr $(,)?) => {
+            assert!(
+                ($a - $b).abs() < 0.001,
+                "{} is not approximately equal to {}",
+                $a,
+                $b
+            );
+        };
+    }
+
+    macro_rules! test_pixel_float_impl {
+    ($($name:ident => $ty:ty),*) => {$(
+        #[test]
+        fn $name() {
+            use dpi::Pixel;
+
+            assert_approx_eq!(
+                <$ty as Pixel>::from_f64(37.0),
+                37.0,
+            );
+            assert_approx_eq!(
+                <$ty as Pixel>::from_f64(37.4),
+                37.4,
+            );
+            assert_approx_eq!(
+                <$ty as Pixel>::from_f64(37.5),
+                37.5,
+            );
+            assert_approx_eq!(
+                <$ty as Pixel>::from_f64(37.9),
+                37.9,
+            );
+
+            assert_eq!(
+                <$ty as Pixel>::cast::<u8>(37.0),
+                37,
+            );
+            assert_eq!(
+                <$ty as Pixel>::cast::<u8>(37.4),
+                37,
+            );
+            assert_eq!(
+                <$ty as Pixel>::cast::<u8>(37.5),
+                38,
+            );
+
+            assert_eq!(
+                <$ty as Pixel>::cast::<u16>(37.0),
+                37,
+            );
+            assert_eq!(
+                <$ty as Pixel>::cast::<u16>(37.4),
+                37,
+            );
+            assert_eq!(
+                <$ty as Pixel>::cast::<u16>(37.5),
+                38,
+            );
+
+            assert_eq!(
+                <$ty as Pixel>::cast::<u32>(37.0),
+                37,
+            );
+            assert_eq!(
+                <$ty as Pixel>::cast::<u32>(37.4),
+                37,
+            );
+            assert_eq!(
+                <$ty as Pixel>::cast::<u32>(37.5),
+                38,
+            );
+
+            assert_eq!(
+                <$ty as Pixel>::cast::<i8>(37.0),
+                37,
+            );
+            assert_eq!(
+                <$ty as Pixel>::cast::<i8>(37.4),
+                37,
+            );
+            assert_eq!(
+                <$ty as Pixel>::cast::<i8>(37.5),
+                38,
+            );
+
+            assert_eq!(
+                <$ty as Pixel>::cast::<i16>(37.0),
+                37,
+            );
+            assert_eq!(
+                <$ty as Pixel>::cast::<i16>(37.4),
+                37,
+            );
+            assert_eq!(
+                <$ty as Pixel>::cast::<i16>(37.5),
+                38,
+            );
+        }
+    )*};
+}
+
+    test_pixel_float_impl! {
+        test_pixel_float_f32 => f32,
+        test_pixel_float_f64 => f64
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_validate_scale_factor() {
+        assert!(dpi::validate_scale_factor(1.0));
+        assert!(dpi::validate_scale_factor(2.0));
+        assert!(dpi::validate_scale_factor(3.0));
+        assert!(dpi::validate_scale_factor(1.5));
+        assert!(dpi::validate_scale_factor(0.5));
+
+        assert!(!dpi::validate_scale_factor(0.0));
+        assert!(!dpi::validate_scale_factor(-1.0));
+        assert!(!dpi::validate_scale_factor(f64::INFINITY));
+        assert!(!dpi::validate_scale_factor(f64::NAN));
+        assert!(!dpi::validate_scale_factor(f64::NEG_INFINITY));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_logical_position() {
+        let log_pos = dpi::LogicalPosition::new(1.0, 2.0);
+        assert_eq!(
+            log_pos.to_physical::<u32>(1.0),
+            dpi::PhysicalPosition::new(1, 2)
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            log_pos.to_physical::<u32>(2.0),
+            dpi::PhysicalPosition::new(2, 4)
+        );
+        assert_eq!(log_pos.cast::<u32>(), dpi::LogicalPosition::new(1, 2));
+        assert_eq!(
+            log_pos,
+            dpi::LogicalPosition::from_physical(dpi::PhysicalPosition::new(1.0, 2.0), 1.0)
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            log_pos,
+            dpi::LogicalPosition::from_physical(dpi::PhysicalPosition::new(2.0, 4.0), 2.0)
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            dpi::LogicalPosition::from((2.0, 2.0)),
+            dpi::LogicalPosition::new(2.0, 2.0)
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            dpi::LogicalPosition::from([2.0, 3.0]),
+            dpi::LogicalPosition::new(2.0, 3.0)
+        );
+
+        let x: (f64, f64) = log_pos.into();
+        assert_eq!(x, (1.0, 2.0));
+        let x: [f64; 2] = log_pos.into();
+        assert_eq!(x, [1.0, 2.0]);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_physical_position() {
+        assert_eq!(
+            dpi::PhysicalPosition::from_logical(dpi::LogicalPosition::new(1.0, 2.0), 1.0),
+            dpi::PhysicalPosition::new(1, 2)
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            dpi::PhysicalPosition::from_logical(dpi::LogicalPosition::new(2.0, 4.0), 0.5),
+            dpi::PhysicalPosition::new(1, 2)
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            dpi::PhysicalPosition::from((2.0, 2.0)),
+            dpi::PhysicalPosition::new(2.0, 2.0)
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            dpi::PhysicalPosition::from([2.0, 3.0]),
+            dpi::PhysicalPosition::new(2.0, 3.0)
+        );
+
+        let x: (f64, f64) = dpi::PhysicalPosition::new(1, 2).into();
+        assert_eq!(x, (1.0, 2.0));
+        let x: [f64; 2] = dpi::PhysicalPosition::new(1, 2).into();
+        assert_eq!(x, [1.0, 2.0]);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_logical_size() {
+        let log_size = dpi::LogicalSize::new(1.0, 2.0);
+        assert_eq!(
+            log_size.to_physical::<u32>(1.0),
+            dpi::PhysicalSize::new(1, 2)
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            log_size.to_physical::<u32>(2.0),
+            dpi::PhysicalSize::new(2, 4)
+        );
+        assert_eq!(log_size.cast::<u32>(), dpi::LogicalSize::new(1, 2));
+        assert_eq!(
+            log_size,
+            dpi::LogicalSize::from_physical(dpi::PhysicalSize::new(1.0, 2.0), 1.0)
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            log_size,
+            dpi::LogicalSize::from_physical(dpi::PhysicalSize::new(2.0, 4.0), 2.0)
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            dpi::LogicalSize::from((2.0, 2.0)),
+            dpi::LogicalSize::new(2.0, 2.0)
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            dpi::LogicalSize::from([2.0, 3.0]),
+            dpi::LogicalSize::new(2.0, 3.0)
+        );
+
+        let x: (f64, f64) = log_size.into();
+        assert_eq!(x, (1.0, 2.0));
+        let x: [f64; 2] = log_size.into();
+        assert_eq!(x, [1.0, 2.0]);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_physical_size() {
+        assert_eq!(
+            dpi::PhysicalSize::from_logical(dpi::LogicalSize::new(1.0, 2.0), 1.0),
+            dpi::PhysicalSize::new(1, 2)
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            dpi::PhysicalSize::from_logical(dpi::LogicalSize::new(2.0, 4.0), 0.5),
+            dpi::PhysicalSize::new(1, 2)
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            dpi::PhysicalSize::from((2.0, 2.0)),
+            dpi::PhysicalSize::new(2.0, 2.0)
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            dpi::PhysicalSize::from([2.0, 3.0]),
+            dpi::PhysicalSize::new(2.0, 3.0)
+        );
+
+        let x: (f64, f64) = dpi::PhysicalSize::new(1, 2).into();
+        assert_eq!(x, (1.0, 2.0));
+        let x: [f64; 2] = dpi::PhysicalSize::new(1, 2).into();
+        assert_eq!(x, [1.0, 2.0]);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_size() {
+        assert_eq!(
+            dpi::Size::new(dpi::PhysicalSize::new(1, 2)),
+            dpi::Size::Physical(dpi::PhysicalSize::new(1, 2))
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            dpi::Size::new(dpi::LogicalSize::new(1.0, 2.0)),
+            dpi::Size::Logical(dpi::LogicalSize::new(1.0, 2.0))
+        );
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            dpi::Size::new(dpi::PhysicalSize::new(1, 2)).to_logical::<f64>(1.0),
+            dpi::LogicalSize::new(1.0, 2.0)
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            dpi::Size::new(dpi::PhysicalSize::new(1, 2)).to_logical::<f64>(2.0),
+            dpi::LogicalSize::new(0.5, 1.0)
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            dpi::Size::new(dpi::LogicalSize::new(1.0, 2.0)).to_logical::<f64>(1.0),
+            dpi::LogicalSize::new(1.0, 2.0)
+        );
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            dpi::Size::new(dpi::PhysicalSize::new(1, 2)).to_physical::<u32>(1.0),
+            dpi::PhysicalSize::new(1, 2)
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            dpi::Size::new(dpi::PhysicalSize::new(1, 2)).to_physical::<u32>(2.0),
+            dpi::PhysicalSize::new(1, 2)
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            dpi::Size::new(dpi::LogicalSize::new(1.0, 2.0)).to_physical::<u32>(1.0),
+            dpi::PhysicalSize::new(1, 2)
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            dpi::Size::new(dpi::LogicalSize::new(1.0, 2.0)).to_physical::<u32>(2.0),
+            dpi::PhysicalSize::new(2, 4)
+        );
+
+        let small = dpi::Size::Physical((1, 2).into());
+        let medium = dpi::Size::Logical((3, 4).into());
+        let medium_physical = dpi::Size::new(medium.to_physical::<u32>(1.0));
+        let large = dpi::Size::Physical((5, 6).into());
+        assert_eq!(dpi::Size::clamp(medium, small, large, 1.0), medium_physical);
+        assert_eq!(dpi::Size::clamp(small, medium, large, 1.0), medium_physical);
+        assert_eq!(dpi::Size::clamp(large, small, medium, 1.0), medium_physical);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_position() {
+        assert_eq!(
+            dpi::Position::new(dpi::PhysicalPosition::new(1, 2)),
+            dpi::Position::Physical(dpi::PhysicalPosition::new(1, 2))
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            dpi::Position::new(dpi::LogicalPosition::new(1.0, 2.0)),
+            dpi::Position::Logical(dpi::LogicalPosition::new(1.0, 2.0))
+        );
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            dpi::Position::new(dpi::PhysicalPosition::new(1, 2)).to_logical::<f64>(1.0),
+            dpi::LogicalPosition::new(1.0, 2.0)
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            dpi::Position::new(dpi::PhysicalPosition::new(1, 2)).to_logical::<f64>(2.0),
+            dpi::LogicalPosition::new(0.5, 1.0)
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            dpi::Position::new(dpi::LogicalPosition::new(1.0, 2.0)).to_logical::<f64>(1.0),
+            dpi::LogicalPosition::new(1.0, 2.0)
+        );
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            dpi::Position::new(dpi::PhysicalPosition::new(1, 2)).to_physical::<u32>(1.0),
+            dpi::PhysicalPosition::new(1, 2)
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            dpi::Position::new(dpi::PhysicalPosition::new(1, 2)).to_physical::<u32>(2.0),
+            dpi::PhysicalPosition::new(1, 2)
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            dpi::Position::new(dpi::LogicalPosition::new(1.0, 2.0)).to_physical::<u32>(1.0),
+            dpi::PhysicalPosition::new(1, 2)
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            dpi::Position::new(dpi::LogicalPosition::new(1.0, 2.0)).to_physical::<u32>(2.0),
+            dpi::PhysicalPosition::new(2, 4)
+        );
+    }
+
+    // Eat coverage for the Debug impls et al
+    #[test]
+    fn ensure_attrs_do_not_panic() {
+        let _ = format!("{:?}", dpi::LogicalPosition::<u32>::default().clone());
+        HashSet::new().insert(dpi::LogicalPosition::<u32>::default());
+
+        let _ = format!("{:?}", dpi::PhysicalPosition::<u32>::default().clone());
+        HashSet::new().insert(dpi::PhysicalPosition::<u32>::default());
+
+        let _ = format!("{:?}", dpi::LogicalSize::<u32>::default().clone());
+        HashSet::new().insert(dpi::LogicalSize::<u32>::default());
+
+        let _ = format!("{:?}", dpi::PhysicalSize::<u32>::default().clone());
+        HashSet::new().insert(dpi::PhysicalSize::<u32>::default());
+
+        let _ = format!("{:?}", dpi::Size::Physical((1, 2).into()).clone());
+        let _ = format!("{:?}", dpi::Position::Physical((1, 2).into()).clone());
+    }
+}

src/error.rs

@@ -2,11 +2,14 @@ use std::{error, fmt};
 
 use crate::platform_impl;
 
-/// An error whose cause it outside Winit's control.
+// TODO: Rename
+/// An error that may be generated when requesting Winit state
 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub enum ExternalError {
     /// The operation is not supported by the backend.
     NotSupported(NotSupportedError),
+    /// The operation was ignored.
+    Ignored,
     /// The OS cannot perform the operation.
     Os(OsError),
 }
@@ -25,6 +28,25 @@ pub struct OsError {
     error: platform_impl::OsError,
 }
 
+/// A general error that may occur while running the Winit event loop
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub enum EventLoopError {
+    /// The operation is not supported by the backend.
+    NotSupported(NotSupportedError),
+    /// The OS cannot perform the operation.
+    Os(OsError),
+    /// The event loop can't be re-created.
+    RecreationAttempt,
+    /// Application has exit with an error status.
+    ExitFailure(i32),
+}
+
+impl From<OsError> for EventLoopError {
+    fn from(value: OsError) -> Self {
+        Self::Os(value)
+    }
+}
+
 impl NotSupportedError {
     #[inline]
     #[allow(dead_code)]
@@ -60,6 +82,7 @@ impl fmt::Display for ExternalError {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> Result<(), fmt::Error> {
         match self {
             ExternalError::NotSupported(e) => e.fmt(f),
+            ExternalError::Ignored => write!(f, "Operation was ignored"),
             ExternalError::Os(e) => e.fmt(f),
         }
     }
@@ -77,6 +100,40 @@ impl fmt::Display for NotSupportedError {
     }
 }
 
+impl fmt::Display for EventLoopError {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> Result<(), fmt::Error> {
+        match self {
+            EventLoopError::RecreationAttempt => write!(f, "EventLoop can't be recreated"),
+            EventLoopError::NotSupported(e) => e.fmt(f),
+            EventLoopError::Os(e) => e.fmt(f),
+            EventLoopError::ExitFailure(status) => write!(f, "Exit Failure: {status}"),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 impl error::Error for OsError {}
 impl error::Error for ExternalError {}
 impl error::Error for NotSupportedError {}
+impl error::Error for EventLoopError {}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    #![allow(clippy::redundant_clone)]
+
+    use super::*;
+
+    // Eat attributes for testing
+    #[test]
+    fn ensure_fmt_does_not_panic() {
+        let _ = format!(
+            "{:?}, {}",
+            NotSupportedError::new(),
+            NotSupportedError::new().clone()
+        );
+        let _ = format!(
+            "{:?}, {}",
+            ExternalError::NotSupported(NotSupportedError::new()),
+            ExternalError::NotSupported(NotSupportedError::new())
+        );
+    }
+}

src/event_loop.rs

@@ -9,12 +9,17 @@
 //! handle events.
 use std::marker::PhantomData;
 use std::ops::Deref;
+#[cfg(any(x11_platform, wayland_platform))]
+use std::os::unix::io::{AsFd, AsRawFd, BorrowedFd, RawFd};
+use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicBool, AtomicUsize, Ordering};
 use std::{error, fmt};
 
-use instant::{Duration, Instant};
+#[cfg(not(web_platform))]
-use once_cell::sync::OnceCell;
+use std::time::{Duration, Instant};
-use raw_window_handle::{HasRawDisplayHandle, RawDisplayHandle};
+#[cfg(web_platform)]
+use web_time::{Duration, Instant};
 
+use crate::error::EventLoopError;
 use crate::{event::Event, monitor::MonitorHandle, platform_impl};
 
 /// Provides a way to retrieve events from the system and from the windows that were registered to
@@ -43,8 +48,8 @@ pub struct EventLoop<T: 'static> {
 /// your callback. [`EventLoop`] will coerce into this type (`impl<T> Deref for
 /// EventLoop<T>`), so functions that take this as a parameter can also take
 /// `&EventLoop`.
-pub struct EventLoopWindowTarget<T: 'static> {
+pub struct EventLoopWindowTarget {
-    pub(crate) p: platform_impl::EventLoopWindowTarget<T>,
+    pub(crate) p: platform_impl::EventLoopWindowTarget,
     pub(crate) _marker: PhantomData<*mut ()>, // Not Send nor Sync
 }
 
@@ -52,53 +57,48 @@ pub struct EventLoopWindowTarget<T: 'static> {
 ///
 /// This is used to make specifying options that affect the whole application
 /// easier. But note that constructing multiple event loops is not supported.
+///
+/// This can be created using [`EventLoop::new`] or [`EventLoop::with_user_event`].
 #[derive(Default)]
 pub struct EventLoopBuilder<T: 'static> {
     pub(crate) platform_specific: platform_impl::PlatformSpecificEventLoopAttributes,
     _p: PhantomData<T>,
 }
 
+static EVENT_LOOP_CREATED: AtomicBool = AtomicBool::new(false);
+
 impl EventLoopBuilder<()> {
     /// Start building a new event loop.
     #[inline]
+    #[deprecated = "use `EventLoop::builder` instead"]
     pub fn new() -> Self {
-        Self::with_user_event()
+        EventLoop::builder()
     }
 }
 
 impl<T> EventLoopBuilder<T> {
-    /// Start building a new event loop, with the given type as the user event
-    /// type.
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn with_user_event() -> Self {
-        Self {
-            platform_specific: Default::default(),
-            _p: PhantomData,
-        }
-    }
-
     /// Builds a new event loop.
     ///
     /// ***For cross-platform compatibility, the [`EventLoop`] must be created on the main thread,
     /// and only once per application.***
     ///
-    /// Attempting to create the event loop on a different thread, or multiple event loops in
-    /// the same application, will panic. This restriction isn't
-    /// strictly necessary on all platforms, but is imposed to eliminate any nasty surprises when
-    /// porting to platforms that require it. `EventLoopBuilderExt::any_thread` functions are exposed
-    /// in the relevant [`platform`] module if the target platform supports creating an event loop on
-    /// any thread.
-    ///
     /// Calling this function will result in display backend initialisation.
     ///
+    /// ## Panics
+    ///
+    /// Attempting to create the event loop off the main thread will panic. This
+    /// restriction isn't strictly necessary on all platforms, but is imposed to
+    /// eliminate any nasty surprises when porting to platforms that require it.
+    /// `EventLoopBuilderExt::any_thread` functions are exposed in the relevant
+    /// [`platform`] module if the target platform supports creating an event
+    /// loop on any thread.
+    ///
     /// ## Platform-specific
     ///
-    /// - **Linux:** Backend type can be controlled using an environment variable
+    /// - **Wayland/X11:** to prevent running under `Wayland` or `X11` unset `WAYLAND_DISPLAY`
-    ///   `WINIT_UNIX_BACKEND`. Legal values are `x11` and `wayland`.
+    ///                    or `DISPLAY` respectively when building the event loop.
-    ///   If it is not set, winit will try to connect to a Wayland connection, and if that fails,
+    /// - **Android:** must be configured with an `AndroidApp` from `android_main()` by calling
-    ///   will fall back on X11. If this variable is set with any other value, winit will panic.
+    ///     [`.with_android_app(app)`] before calling `.build()`, otherwise it'll panic.
-    /// - **Android:** Must be configured with an `AndroidApp` from `android_main()` by calling
-    ///     [`.with_android_app(app)`] before calling `.build()`.
     ///
     /// [`platform`]: crate::platform
     #[cfg_attr(
@@ -110,17 +110,22 @@ impl<T> EventLoopBuilder<T> {
         doc = "[`.with_android_app(app)`]: #only-available-on-android"
     )]
     #[inline]
-    pub fn build(&mut self) -> EventLoop<T> {
+    pub fn build(&mut self) -> Result<EventLoop<T>, EventLoopError> {
-        static EVENT_LOOP_CREATED: OnceCell<()> = OnceCell::new();
+        if EVENT_LOOP_CREATED.swap(true, Ordering::Relaxed) {
-        if EVENT_LOOP_CREATED.set(()).is_err() {
+            return Err(EventLoopError::RecreationAttempt);
-            panic!("Creating EventLoop multiple times is not supported.");
         }
+
         // Certain platforms accept a mutable reference in their API.
         #[allow(clippy::unnecessary_mut_passed)]
-        EventLoop {
+        Ok(EventLoop {
-            event_loop: platform_impl::EventLoop::new(&mut self.platform_specific),
+            event_loop: platform_impl::EventLoop::new(&mut self.platform_specific)?,
             _marker: PhantomData,
-        }
+        })
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(web_platform)]
+    pub(crate) fn allow_event_loop_recreation() {
+        EVENT_LOOP_CREATED.store(false, Ordering::Relaxed);
     }
 }
 
@@ -130,41 +135,27 @@ impl<T> fmt::Debug for EventLoop<T> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<T> fmt::Debug for EventLoopWindowTarget<T> {
+impl fmt::Debug for EventLoopWindowTarget {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
         f.pad("EventLoopWindowTarget { .. }")
     }
 }
 
-/// Set by the user callback given to the [`EventLoop::run`] method.
+/// Set through [`EventLoopWindowTarget::set_control_flow()`].
 ///
-/// Indicates the desired behavior of the event loop after [`Event::RedrawEventsCleared`] is emitted.
+/// Indicates the desired behavior of the event loop after [`Event::AboutToWait`] is emitted.
 ///
-/// Defaults to [`Poll`].
+/// Defaults to [`Wait`].
 ///
-/// ## Persistency
+/// [`Wait`]: Self::Wait
-///
+#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, Default, PartialEq, Eq)]
-/// Almost every change is persistent between multiple calls to the event loop closure within a
-/// given run loop. The only exception to this is [`ExitWithCode`] which, once set, cannot be unset.
-/// Changes are **not** persistent between multiple calls to `run_return` - issuing a new call will
-/// reset the control flow to [`Poll`].
-///
-/// [`ExitWithCode`]: Self::ExitWithCode
-/// [`Poll`]: Self::Poll
-#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub enum ControlFlow {
     /// When the current loop iteration finishes, immediately begin a new iteration regardless of
     /// whether or not new events are available to process.
-    ///
-    /// ## Platform-specific
-    ///
-    /// - **Web:** Events are queued and usually sent when `requestAnimationFrame` fires but sometimes
-    ///   the events in the queue may be sent before the next `requestAnimationFrame` callback, for
-    ///   example when the scaling of the page has changed. This should be treated as an implementation
-    ///   detail which should not be relied on.
     Poll,
 
     /// When the current loop iteration finishes, suspend the thread until another event arrives.
+    #[default]
     Wait,
 
     /// When the current loop iteration finishes, suspend the thread until either another event
@@ -176,131 +167,88 @@ pub enum ControlFlow {
     ///
     /// [`Poll`]: Self::Poll
     WaitUntil(Instant),
-
-    /// Send a [`LoopDestroyed`] event and stop the event loop. This variant is *sticky* - once set,
-    /// `control_flow` cannot be changed from `ExitWithCode`, and any future attempts to do so will
-    /// result in the `control_flow` parameter being reset to `ExitWithCode`.
-    ///
-    /// The contained number will be used as exit code. The [`Exit`] constant is a shortcut for this
-    /// with exit code 0.
-    ///
-    /// ## Platform-specific
-    ///
-    /// - **Android / iOS / WASM:** The supplied exit code is unused.
-    /// - **Unix:** On most Unix-like platforms, only the 8 least significant bits will be used,
-    ///   which can cause surprises with negative exit values (`-42` would end up as `214`). See
-    ///   [`std::process::exit`].
-    ///
-    /// [`LoopDestroyed`]: Event::LoopDestroyed
-    /// [`Exit`]: ControlFlow::Exit
-    ExitWithCode(i32),
 }
 
 impl ControlFlow {
-    /// Alias for [`ExitWithCode`]`(0)`.
+    /// Creates a [`ControlFlow`] that waits until a timeout has expired.
-    ///
-    /// [`ExitWithCode`]: Self::ExitWithCode
-    #[allow(non_upper_case_globals)]
-    pub const Exit: Self = Self::ExitWithCode(0);
-
-    /// Sets this to [`Poll`].
-    ///
-    /// [`Poll`]: Self::Poll
-    pub fn set_poll(&mut self) {
-        *self = Self::Poll;
-    }
-
-    /// Sets this to [`Wait`].
-    ///
-    /// [`Wait`]: Self::Wait
-    pub fn set_wait(&mut self) {
-        *self = Self::Wait;
-    }
-
-    /// Sets this to [`WaitUntil`]`(instant)`.
-    ///
-    /// [`WaitUntil`]: Self::WaitUntil
-    pub fn set_wait_until(&mut self, instant: Instant) {
-        *self = Self::WaitUntil(instant);
-    }
-
-    /// Sets this to wait until a timeout has expired.
     ///
     /// In most cases, this is set to [`WaitUntil`]. However, if the timeout overflows, it is
     /// instead set to [`Wait`].
     ///
     /// [`WaitUntil`]: Self::WaitUntil
     /// [`Wait`]: Self::Wait
-    pub fn set_wait_timeout(&mut self, timeout: Duration) {
+    pub fn wait_duration(timeout: Duration) -> Self {
         match Instant::now().checked_add(timeout) {
-            Some(instant) => self.set_wait_until(instant),
+            Some(instant) => Self::WaitUntil(instant),
-            None => self.set_wait(),
+            None => Self::Wait,
         }
     }
-
-    /// Sets this to [`ExitWithCode`]`(code)`.
-    ///
-    /// [`ExitWithCode`]: Self::ExitWithCode
-    pub fn set_exit_with_code(&mut self, code: i32) {
-        *self = Self::ExitWithCode(code);
-    }
-
-    /// Sets this to [`Exit`].
-    ///
-    /// [`Exit`]: Self::Exit
-    pub fn set_exit(&mut self) {
-        *self = Self::Exit;
-    }
-}
-
-impl Default for ControlFlow {
-    #[inline(always)]
-    fn default() -> Self {
-        Self::Poll
-    }
 }
 
 impl EventLoop<()> {
-    /// Alias for [`EventLoopBuilder::new().build()`].
+    /// Create the event loop.
     ///
-    /// [`EventLoopBuilder::new().build()`]: EventLoopBuilder::build
+    /// This is an alias of `EventLoop::builder().build()`.
     #[inline]
-    pub fn new() -> EventLoop<()> {
+    pub fn new() -> Result<EventLoop<()>, EventLoopError> {
-        EventLoopBuilder::new().build()
+        Self::builder().build()
     }
-}
 
-impl Default for EventLoop<()> {
+    /// Start building a new event loop.
-    fn default() -> Self {
+    ///
-        Self::new()
+    /// This returns an [`EventLoopBuilder`], to allow configuring the event loop before creation.
+    ///
+    /// To get the actual event loop, call [`build`][EventLoopBuilder::build] on that.
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn builder() -> EventLoopBuilder<()> {
+        Self::with_user_event()
     }
 }
 
 impl<T> EventLoop<T> {
-    #[deprecated = "Use `EventLoopBuilder::<T>::with_user_event().build()` instead."]
+    /// Start building a new event loop, with the given type as the user event
-    pub fn with_user_event() -> EventLoop<T> {
+    /// type.
-        EventLoopBuilder::<T>::with_user_event().build()
+    pub fn with_user_event() -> EventLoopBuilder<T> {
+        EventLoopBuilder {
+            platform_specific: Default::default(),
+            _p: PhantomData,
+        }
     }
 
-    /// Hijacks the calling thread and initializes the winit event loop with the provided
+    /// Runs the event loop in the calling thread and calls the given `event_handler` closure
-    /// closure. Since the closure is `'static`, it must be a `move` closure if it needs to
+    /// to dispatch any pending events.
-    /// access any data from the calling context.
     ///
-    /// See the [`ControlFlow`] docs for information on how changes to `&mut ControlFlow` impact the
+    /// See the [`set_control_flow()`] docs on how to change the event loop's behavior.
-    /// event loop's behavior.
-    ///
-    /// Any values not passed to this function will *not* be dropped.
     ///
     /// ## Platform-specific
     ///
-    /// - **X11 / Wayland:** The program terminates with exit code 1 if the display server
+    /// - **iOS:** Will never return to the caller and so values not passed to this function will
-    ///   disconnects.
+    ///   *not* be dropped before the process exits.
+    /// - **Web:** Will _act_ as if it never returns to the caller by throwing a Javascript exception
+    ///   (that Rust doesn't see) that will also mean that the rest of the function is never executed
+    ///   and any values not passed to this function will *not* be dropped.
     ///
-    /// [`ControlFlow`]: crate::event_loop::ControlFlow
+    ///   Web applications are recommended to use
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        web_platform,
+        doc = "[`EventLoopExtWebSys::spawn()`][crate::platform::web::EventLoopExtWebSys::spawn()]"
+    )]
+    #[cfg_attr(not(web_platform), doc = "`EventLoopExtWebSys::spawn()`")]
+    ///   [^1] instead of [`run()`] to avoid the need
+    ///   for the Javascript exception trick, and to make it clearer that the event loop runs
+    ///   asynchronously (via the browser's own, internal, event loop) and doesn't block the
+    ///   current thread of execution like it does on other platforms.
+    ///
+    ///   This function won't be available with `target_feature = "exception-handling"`.
+    ///
+    /// [`set_control_flow()`]: EventLoopWindowTarget::set_control_flow()
+    /// [`run()`]: Self::run()
+    /// [^1]: `EventLoopExtWebSys::spawn()` is only available on Web.
     #[inline]
-    pub fn run<F>(self, event_handler: F) -> !
+    #[cfg(not(all(web_platform, target_feature = "exception-handling")))]
+    pub fn run<F>(self, event_handler: F) -> Result<(), EventLoopError>
     where
-        F: 'static + FnMut(Event<'_, T>, &EventLoopWindowTarget<T>, &mut ControlFlow),
+        F: FnMut(Event<T>, &EventLoopWindowTarget),
     {
         self.event_loop.run(event_handler)
     }
@@ -313,17 +261,61 @@ impl<T> EventLoop<T> {
     }
 }
 
+#[cfg(feature = "rwh_06")]
+impl<T> rwh_06::HasDisplayHandle for EventLoop<T> {
+    fn display_handle(&self) -> Result<rwh_06::DisplayHandle<'_>, rwh_06::HandleError> {
+        rwh_06::HasDisplayHandle::display_handle(&**self)
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(feature = "rwh_05")]
+unsafe impl<T> rwh_05::HasRawDisplayHandle for EventLoop<T> {
+    /// Returns a [`rwh_05::RawDisplayHandle`] for the event loop.
+    fn raw_display_handle(&self) -> rwh_05::RawDisplayHandle {
+        rwh_05::HasRawDisplayHandle::raw_display_handle(&**self)
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(any(x11_platform, wayland_platform))]
+impl<T> AsFd for EventLoop<T> {
+    /// Get the underlying [EventLoop]'s `fd` which you can register
+    /// into other event loop, like [`calloop`] or [`mio`]. When doing so, the
+    /// loop must be polled with the [`pump_events`] API.
+    ///
+    /// [`calloop`]: https://crates.io/crates/calloop
+    /// [`mio`]: https://crates.io/crates/mio
+    /// [`pump_events`]: crate::platform::pump_events::EventLoopExtPumpEvents::pump_events
+    fn as_fd(&self) -> BorrowedFd<'_> {
+        self.event_loop.as_fd()
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(any(x11_platform, wayland_platform))]
+impl<T> AsRawFd for EventLoop<T> {
+    /// Get the underlying [EventLoop]'s raw `fd` which you can register
+    /// into other event loop, like [`calloop`] or [`mio`]. When doing so, the
+    /// loop must be polled with the [`pump_events`] API.
+    ///
+    /// [`calloop`]: https://crates.io/crates/calloop
+    /// [`mio`]: https://crates.io/crates/mio
+    /// [`pump_events`]: crate::platform::pump_events::EventLoopExtPumpEvents::pump_events
+    fn as_raw_fd(&self) -> RawFd {
+        self.event_loop.as_raw_fd()
+    }
+}
+
 impl<T> Deref for EventLoop<T> {
-    type Target = EventLoopWindowTarget<T>;
+    type Target = EventLoopWindowTarget;
-    fn deref(&self) -> &EventLoopWindowTarget<T> {
+    fn deref(&self) -> &EventLoopWindowTarget {
         self.event_loop.window_target()
     }
 }
 
-impl<T> EventLoopWindowTarget<T> {
+impl EventLoopWindowTarget {
     /// Returns the list of all the monitors available on the system.
     #[inline]
     pub fn available_monitors(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = MonitorHandle> {
+        #[allow(clippy::useless_conversion)] // false positive on some platforms
         self.p
             .available_monitors()
             .into_iter()
@@ -336,7 +328,7 @@ impl<T> EventLoopWindowTarget<T> {
     ///
     /// ## Platform-specific
     ///
-    /// **Wayland:** Always returns `None`.
+    /// **Wayland / Web:** Always returns `None`.
     #[inline]
     pub fn primary_monitor(&self) -> Option<MonitorHandle> {
         self.p
@@ -344,27 +336,115 @@ impl<T> EventLoopWindowTarget<T> {
             .map(|inner| MonitorHandle { inner })
     }
 
-    /// Change [`DeviceEvent`] filter mode.
+    /// Change if or when [`DeviceEvent`]s are captured.
     ///
     /// Since the [`DeviceEvent`] capture can lead to high CPU usage for unfocused windows, winit
     /// will ignore them by default for unfocused windows on Linux/BSD. This method allows changing
-    /// this filter at runtime to explicitly capture them again.
+    /// this at runtime to explicitly capture them again.
     ///
     /// ## Platform-specific
     ///
-    /// - **Wayland / macOS / iOS / Android / Web / Orbital:** Unsupported.
+    /// - **Wayland / macOS / iOS / Android / Orbital:** Unsupported.
     ///
     /// [`DeviceEvent`]: crate::event::DeviceEvent
-    pub fn set_device_event_filter(&self, _filter: DeviceEventFilter) {
+    pub fn listen_device_events(&self, allowed: DeviceEvents) {
-        #[cfg(any(x11_platform, wayland_platform, windows))]
+        self.p.listen_device_events(allowed);
-        self.p.set_device_event_filter(_filter);
+    }
+
+    /// Sets the [`ControlFlow`].
+    pub fn set_control_flow(&self, control_flow: ControlFlow) {
+        self.p.set_control_flow(control_flow)
+    }
+
+    /// Gets the current [`ControlFlow`].
+    pub fn control_flow(&self) -> ControlFlow {
+        self.p.control_flow()
+    }
+
+    /// This exits the event loop.
+    ///
+    /// See [`LoopExiting`](Event::LoopExiting).
+    pub fn exit(&self) {
+        self.p.exit()
+    }
+
+    /// Returns if the [`EventLoop`] is about to stop.
+    ///
+    /// See [`exit()`](Self::exit).
+    pub fn exiting(&self) -> bool {
+        self.p.exiting()
+    }
+
+    /// Gets a persistent reference to the underlying platform display.
+    ///
+    /// See the [`OwnedDisplayHandle`] type for more information.
+    pub fn owned_display_handle(&self) -> OwnedDisplayHandle {
+        OwnedDisplayHandle {
+            platform: self.p.owned_display_handle(),
+        }
     }
 }
 
-unsafe impl<T> HasRawDisplayHandle for EventLoopWindowTarget<T> {
+#[cfg(feature = "rwh_06")]
-    /// Returns a [`raw_window_handle::RawDisplayHandle`] for the event loop.
+impl rwh_06::HasDisplayHandle for EventLoopWindowTarget {
-    fn raw_display_handle(&self) -> RawDisplayHandle {
+    fn display_handle(&self) -> Result<rwh_06::DisplayHandle<'_>, rwh_06::HandleError> {
-        self.p.raw_display_handle()
+        let raw = self.p.raw_display_handle_rwh_06()?;
+        // SAFETY: The display will never be deallocated while the event loop is alive.
+        Ok(unsafe { rwh_06::DisplayHandle::borrow_raw(raw) })
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(feature = "rwh_05")]
+unsafe impl rwh_05::HasRawDisplayHandle for EventLoopWindowTarget {
+    /// Returns a [`rwh_05::RawDisplayHandle`] for the event loop.
+    fn raw_display_handle(&self) -> rwh_05::RawDisplayHandle {
+        self.p.raw_display_handle_rwh_05()
+    }
+}
+
+/// A proxy for the underlying display handle.
+///
+/// The purpose of this type is to provide a cheaply clonable handle to the underlying
+/// display handle. This is often used by graphics APIs to connect to the underlying APIs.
+/// It is difficult to keep a handle to the [`EventLoop`] type or the [`EventLoopWindowTarget`]
+/// type. In contrast, this type involves no lifetimes and can be persisted for as long as
+/// needed.
+///
+/// For all platforms, this is one of the following:
+///
+/// - A zero-sized type that is likely optimized out.
+/// - A reference-counted pointer to the underlying type.
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub struct OwnedDisplayHandle {
+    #[cfg_attr(not(any(feature = "rwh_05", feature = "rwh_06")), allow(dead_code))]
+    platform: platform_impl::OwnedDisplayHandle,
+}
+
+impl fmt::Debug for OwnedDisplayHandle {
+    #[inline]
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        f.debug_struct("OwnedDisplayHandle").finish_non_exhaustive()
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(feature = "rwh_06")]
+impl rwh_06::HasDisplayHandle for OwnedDisplayHandle {
+    #[inline]
+    fn display_handle(&self) -> Result<rwh_06::DisplayHandle<'_>, rwh_06::HandleError> {
+        let raw = self.platform.raw_display_handle_rwh_06()?;
+
+        // SAFETY: The underlying display handle should be safe.
+        let handle = unsafe { rwh_06::DisplayHandle::borrow_raw(raw) };
+
+        Ok(handle)
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(feature = "rwh_05")]
+unsafe impl rwh_05::HasRawDisplayHandle for OwnedDisplayHandle {
+    #[inline]
+    fn raw_display_handle(&self) -> rwh_05::RawDisplayHandle {
+        self.platform.raw_display_handle_rwh_05()
     }
 }
 
@@ -415,19 +495,40 @@ impl<T> fmt::Display for EventLoopClosed<T> {
 
 impl<T: fmt::Debug> error::Error for EventLoopClosed<T> {}
 
-/// Filter controlling the propagation of device events.
+/// Control when device events are captured.
-#[derive(Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord, Hash, Debug)]
+#[derive(Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord, Hash, Debug, Default)]
-pub enum DeviceEventFilter {
+pub enum DeviceEvents {
-    /// Always filter out device events.
+    /// Report device events regardless of window focus.
     Always,
-    /// Filter out device events while the window is not focused.
+    /// Only capture device events while the window is focused.
-    Unfocused,
+    #[default]
-    /// Report all device events regardless of window focus.
+    WhenFocused,
+    /// Never capture device events.
     Never,
 }
 
-impl Default for DeviceEventFilter {
+/// A unique identifier of the winit's async request.
-    fn default() -> Self {
+///
-        Self::Unfocused
+/// This could be used to identify the async request once it's done
+/// and a specific action must be taken.
+///
+/// One of the handling scenarious could be to maintain a working list
+/// containing [`AsyncRequestSerial`] and some closure associated with it.
+/// Then once event is arriving the working list is being traversed and a job
+/// executed and removed from the list.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct AsyncRequestSerial {
+    serial: usize,
+}
+
+impl AsyncRequestSerial {
+    // TODO(kchibisov): Remove `cfg` when the clipboard will be added.
+    #[allow(dead_code)]
+    pub(crate) fn get() -> Self {
+        static CURRENT_SERIAL: AtomicUsize = AtomicUsize::new(0);
+        // NOTE: We rely on wrap around here, while the user may just request
+        // in the loop usize::MAX times that's issue is considered on them.
+        let serial = CURRENT_SERIAL.fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed);
+        Self { serial }
     }
 }

src/icon.rs

@@ -49,11 +49,7 @@ impl fmt::Display for BadIcon {
     }
 }
 
-impl Error for BadIcon {
+impl Error for BadIcon {}
-    fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> {
-        Some(self)
-    }
-}
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub(crate) struct RgbaIcon {

src/lib.rs

@@ -7,15 +7,15 @@
 //!
 //! ```no_run
 //! use winit::event_loop::EventLoop;
-//! let event_loop = EventLoop::new();
+//! let event_loop = EventLoop::new().unwrap();
 //! ```
 //!
-//! Once this is done there are two ways to create a [`Window`]:
+//! Once this is done, there are two ways to create a [`Window`]:
 //!
 //!  - Calling [`Window::new(&event_loop)`][window_new].
-//!  - Calling [`let builder = WindowBuilder::new()`][window_builder_new] then [`builder.build(&event_loop)`][window_builder_build].
+//!  - Calling [`let builder = Window::builder()`][window_builder_new] then [`builder.build(&event_loop)`][window_builder_build].
 //!
-//! The first method is the simplest, and will give you default values for everything. The second
+//! The first method is the simplest and will give you default values for everything. The second
 //! method allows you to customize the way your [`Window`] will look and behave by modifying the
 //! fields of the [`WindowBuilder`] object before you create the [`Window`].
 //!
@@ -26,64 +26,85 @@
 //! window or a key getting pressed while the window is focused. Devices can generate
 //! [`DeviceEvent`]s, which contain unfiltered event data that isn't specific to a certain window.
 //! Some user activity, like mouse movement, can generate both a [`WindowEvent`] *and* a
-//! [`DeviceEvent`]. You can also create and handle your own custom [`UserEvent`]s, if desired.
+//! [`DeviceEvent`]. You can also create and handle your own custom [`Event::UserEvent`]s, if desired.
 //!
-//! You can retrieve events by calling [`EventLoop::run`][event_loop_run]. This function will
+//! You can retrieve events by calling [`EventLoop::run()`]. This function will
 //! dispatch events for every [`Window`] that was created with that particular [`EventLoop`], and
-//! will run until the `control_flow` argument given to the closure is set to
+//! will run until [`exit()`] is used, at which point [`Event::LoopExiting`].
-//! [`ControlFlow`]`::`[`ExitWithCode`] (which [`ControlFlow`]`::`[`Exit`] aliases to), at which
-//! point [`Event`]`::`[`LoopDestroyed`] is emitted and the entire program terminates.
 //!
 //! Winit no longer uses a `EventLoop::poll_events() -> impl Iterator<Event>`-based event loop
 //! model, since that can't be implemented properly on some platforms (e.g web, iOS) and works poorly on
 //! most other platforms. However, this model can be re-implemented to an extent with
-//! [`EventLoopExtRunReturn::run_return`]. See that method's documentation for more reasons about why
+#![cfg_attr(
-//! it's discouraged, beyond compatibility reasons.
+    any(
+        windows_platform,
+        macos_platform,
+        android_platform,
+        x11_platform,
+        wayland_platform
+    ),
+    doc = "[`EventLoopExtPumpEvents::pump_events()`][platform::pump_events::EventLoopExtPumpEvents::pump_events()]"
+)]
+#![cfg_attr(
+    not(any(
+        windows_platform,
+        macos_platform,
+        android_platform,
+        x11_platform,
+        wayland_platform
+    )),
+    doc = "`EventLoopExtPumpEvents::pump_events()`"
+)]
+//! [^1]. See that method's documentation for more reasons about why
+//! it's discouraged beyond compatibility reasons.
 //!
 //!
 //! ```no_run
 //! use winit::{
 //!     event::{Event, WindowEvent},
-//!     event_loop::EventLoop,
+//!     event_loop::{ControlFlow, EventLoop},
-//!     window::WindowBuilder,
+//!     window::Window,
 //! };
 //!
-//! let event_loop = EventLoop::new();
+//! let event_loop = EventLoop::new().unwrap();
-//! let window = WindowBuilder::new().build(&event_loop).unwrap();
+//! let window = Window::builder().build(&event_loop).unwrap();
 //!
-//! event_loop.run(move |event, _, control_flow| {
+//! // ControlFlow::Poll continuously runs the event loop, even if the OS hasn't
-//!     // ControlFlow::Poll continuously runs the event loop, even if the OS hasn't
+//! // dispatched any events. This is ideal for games and similar applications.
-//!     // dispatched any events. This is ideal for games and similar applications.
+//! event_loop.set_control_flow(ControlFlow::Poll);
-//!     control_flow.set_poll();
 //!
-//!     // ControlFlow::Wait pauses the event loop if no events are available to process.
+//! // ControlFlow::Wait pauses the event loop if no events are available to process.
-//!     // This is ideal for non-game applications that only update in response to user
+//! // This is ideal for non-game applications that only update in response to user
-//!     // input, and uses significantly less power/CPU time than ControlFlow::Poll.
+//! // input, and uses significantly less power/CPU time than ControlFlow::Poll.
-//!     control_flow.set_wait();
+//! event_loop.set_control_flow(ControlFlow::Wait);
 //!
+//! event_loop.run(move |event, elwt| {
 //!     match event {
 //!         Event::WindowEvent {
 //!             event: WindowEvent::CloseRequested,
 //!             ..
 //!         } => {
 //!             println!("The close button was pressed; stopping");
-//!             control_flow.set_exit();
+//!             elwt.exit();
 //!         },
-//!         Event::MainEventsCleared => {
+//!         Event::AboutToWait => {
 //!             // Application update code.
 //!
 //!             // Queue a RedrawRequested event.
 //!             //
-//!             // You only need to call this if you've determined that you need to redraw, in
+//!             // You only need to call this if you've determined that you need to redraw in
 //!             // applications which do not always need to. Applications that redraw continuously
-//!             // can just render here instead.
+//!             // can render here instead.
 //!             window.request_redraw();
 //!         },
-//!         Event::RedrawRequested(_) => {
+//!         Event::WindowEvent {
+//!             event: WindowEvent::RedrawRequested,
+//!             ..
+//!         } => {
 //!             // Redraw the application.
 //!             //
 //!             // It's preferable for applications that do not render continuously to render in
-//!             // this event rather than in MainEventsCleared, since rendering in here allows
+//!             // this event rather than in AboutToWait, since rendering in here allows
 //!             // the program to gracefully handle redraws requested by the OS.
 //!         },
 //!         _ => ()
@@ -91,16 +112,16 @@
 //! });
 //! ```
 //!
-//! [`Event`]`::`[`WindowEvent`] has a [`WindowId`] member. In multi-window environments, it should be
+//! [`WindowEvent`] has a [`WindowId`] member. In multi-window environments, it should be
-//! compared to the value returned by [`Window::id()`][window_id_fn] to determine which [`Window`]
+//! compared to the value returned by [`Window::id()`] to determine which [`Window`]
 //! dispatched the event.
 //!
 //! # Drawing on the window
 //!
-//! Winit doesn't directly provide any methods for drawing on a [`Window`]. However it allows you to
+//! Winit doesn't directly provide any methods for drawing on a [`Window`]. However, it allows you to
 //! retrieve the raw handle of the window and display (see the [`platform`] module and/or the
 //! [`raw_window_handle`] and [`raw_display_handle`] methods), which in turn allows
-//!  you to create an OpenGL/Vulkan/DirectX/Metal/etc. context that can be used to render graphics.
+//! you to create an OpenGL/Vulkan/DirectX/Metal/etc. context that can be used to render graphics.
 //!
 //! Note that many platforms will display garbage data in the window's client area if the
 //! application doesn't render anything to the window by the time the desktop compositor is ready to
@@ -109,51 +130,48 @@
 //! window visible only once you're ready to render into it.
 //!
 //! [`EventLoop`]: event_loop::EventLoop
-//! [`EventLoopExtRunReturn::run_return`]: ./platform/run_return/trait.EventLoopExtRunReturn.html#tymethod.run_return
 //! [`EventLoop::new()`]: event_loop::EventLoop::new
-//! [event_loop_run]: event_loop::EventLoop::run
+//! [`EventLoop::run()`]: event_loop::EventLoop::run
-//! [`ControlFlow`]: event_loop::ControlFlow
+//! [`exit()`]: event_loop::EventLoopWindowTarget::exit
-//! [`Exit`]: event_loop::ControlFlow::Exit
-//! [`ExitWithCode`]: event_loop::ControlFlow::ExitWithCode
 //! [`Window`]: window::Window
 //! [`WindowId`]: window::WindowId
 //! [`WindowBuilder`]: window::WindowBuilder
 //! [window_new]: window::Window::new
-//! [window_builder_new]: window::WindowBuilder::new
+//! [window_builder_new]: window::Window::builder
 //! [window_builder_build]: window::WindowBuilder::build
-//! [window_id_fn]: window::Window::id
+//! [`Window::id()`]: window::Window::id
-//! [`Event`]: event::Event
 //! [`WindowEvent`]: event::WindowEvent
 //! [`DeviceEvent`]: event::DeviceEvent
-//! [`UserEvent`]: event::Event::UserEvent
+//! [`Event::UserEvent`]: event::Event::UserEvent
-//! [`LoopDestroyed`]: event::Event::LoopDestroyed
+//! [`Event::LoopExiting`]: event::Event::LoopExiting
-//! [`platform`]: platform
 //! [`raw_window_handle`]: ./window/struct.Window.html#method.raw_window_handle
 //! [`raw_display_handle`]: ./window/struct.Window.html#method.raw_display_handle
+//! [^1]: `EventLoopExtPumpEvents::pump_events()` is only available on Windows, macOS, Android, X11 and Wayland.
 
 #![deny(rust_2018_idioms)]
 #![deny(rustdoc::broken_intra_doc_links)]
 #![deny(clippy::all)]
+#![deny(unsafe_op_in_unsafe_fn)]
 #![cfg_attr(feature = "cargo-clippy", deny(warnings))]
 // Doc feature labels can be tested locally by running RUSTDOCFLAGS="--cfg=docsrs" cargo +nightly doc
-#![cfg_attr(docsrs, feature(doc_auto_cfg))]
+#![cfg_attr(
+    docsrs,
+    feature(doc_auto_cfg, doc_cfg_hide),
+    doc(cfg_hide(doc, docsrs))
+)]
 #![allow(clippy::missing_safety_doc)]
 
-#[allow(unused_imports)]
+#[cfg(feature = "rwh_06")]
-#[macro_use]
+pub use rwh_06 as raw_window_handle;
-extern crate log;
-#[cfg(feature = "serde")]
-#[macro_use]
-extern crate serde;
-#[macro_use]
-extern crate bitflags;
 
 pub mod dpi;
 #[macro_use]
 pub mod error;
+mod cursor;
 pub mod event;
 pub mod event_loop;
 mod icon;
+pub mod keyboard;
 pub mod monitor;
 mod platform_impl;
 pub mod window;

src/monitor.rs

@@ -10,34 +10,35 @@ use crate::{
     platform_impl,
 };
 
+/// Deprecated! Use `VideoModeHandle` instead.
+#[deprecated = "Renamed to `VideoModeHandle`"]
+pub type VideoMode = VideoModeHandle;
+
 /// Describes a fullscreen video mode of a monitor.
 ///
 /// Can be acquired with [`MonitorHandle::video_modes`].
 #[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
-pub struct VideoMode {
+pub struct VideoModeHandle {
-    pub(crate) video_mode: platform_impl::VideoMode,
+    pub(crate) video_mode: platform_impl::VideoModeHandle,
 }
 
-impl std::fmt::Debug for VideoMode {
+impl std::fmt::Debug for VideoModeHandle {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
         self.video_mode.fmt(f)
     }
 }
 
-impl PartialOrd for VideoMode {
+impl PartialOrd for VideoModeHandle {
-    fn partial_cmp(&self, other: &VideoMode) -> Option<std::cmp::Ordering> {
+    fn partial_cmp(&self, other: &VideoModeHandle) -> Option<std::cmp::Ordering> {
         Some(self.cmp(other))
     }
 }
 
-impl Ord for VideoMode {
+impl Ord for VideoModeHandle {
-    fn cmp(&self, other: &VideoMode) -> std::cmp::Ordering {
+    fn cmp(&self, other: &VideoModeHandle) -> std::cmp::Ordering {
-        // TODO: we can impl `Ord` for `PhysicalSize` once we switch from `f32`
-        // to `u32` there
-        let size: (u32, u32) = self.size().into();
-        let other_size: (u32, u32) = other.size().into();
         self.monitor().cmp(&other.monitor()).then(
-            size.cmp(&other_size)
+            self.size()
+                .cmp(&other.size())
                 .then(
                     self.refresh_rate_millihertz()
                         .cmp(&other.refresh_rate_millihertz())
@@ -48,7 +49,7 @@ impl Ord for VideoMode {
     }
 }
 
-impl VideoMode {
+impl VideoModeHandle {
     /// Returns the resolution of this video mode.
     #[inline]
     pub fn size(&self) -> PhysicalSize<u32> {
@@ -84,7 +85,7 @@ impl VideoMode {
     }
 }
 
-impl std::fmt::Display for VideoMode {
+impl std::fmt::Display for VideoModeHandle {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
         write!(
             f,
@@ -111,20 +112,12 @@ impl MonitorHandle {
     /// Returns a human-readable name of the monitor.
     ///
     /// Returns `None` if the monitor doesn't exist anymore.
-    ///
-    /// ## Platform-specific
-    ///
-    /// - **Web:** Always returns None
     #[inline]
     pub fn name(&self) -> Option<String> {
         self.inner.name()
     }
 
     /// Returns the monitor's resolution.
-    ///
-    /// ## Platform-specific
-    ///
-    /// - **Web:** Always returns (0,0)
     #[inline]
     pub fn size(&self) -> PhysicalSize<u32> {
         self.inner.size()
@@ -132,10 +125,6 @@ impl MonitorHandle {
 
     /// Returns the top-left corner position of the monitor relative to the larger full
     /// screen area.
-    ///
-    /// ## Platform-specific
-    ///
-    /// - **Web:** Always returns (0,0)
     #[inline]
     pub fn position(&self) -> PhysicalPosition<i32> {
         self.inner.position()
@@ -146,22 +135,25 @@ impl MonitorHandle {
     /// Return `Some` if succeed, or `None` if failed, which usually happens when the monitor
     /// the window is on is removed.
     ///
-    /// When using exclusive fullscreen, the refresh rate of the [`VideoMode`] that was used to
+    /// When using exclusive fullscreen, the refresh rate of the [`VideoModeHandle`] that was
-    /// enter fullscreen should be used instead.
+    /// used to enter fullscreen should be used instead.
     #[inline]
     pub fn refresh_rate_millihertz(&self) -> Option<u32> {
         self.inner.refresh_rate_millihertz()
     }
 
-    /// Returns the scale factor that can be used to map logical pixels to physical pixels, and vice versa.
+    /// Returns the scale factor of the underlying monitor. To map logical pixels to physical
+    /// pixels and vice versa, use [`Window::scale_factor`].
     ///
     /// See the [`dpi`](crate::dpi) module for more information.
     ///
     /// ## Platform-specific
     ///
     /// - **X11:** Can be overridden using the `WINIT_X11_SCALE_FACTOR` environment variable.
+    /// - **Wayland:** May differ from [`Window::scale_factor`].
     /// - **Android:** Always returns 1.0.
-    /// - **Web:** Always returns 1.0
+    ///
+    /// [`Window::scale_factor`]: crate::window::Window::scale_factor
     #[inline]
     pub fn scale_factor(&self) -> f64 {
         self.inner.scale_factor()
@@ -173,9 +165,9 @@ impl MonitorHandle {
     ///
     /// - **Web:** Always returns an empty iterator
     #[inline]
-    pub fn video_modes(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = VideoMode> {
+    pub fn video_modes(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = VideoModeHandle> {
         self.inner
             .video_modes()
-            .map(|video_mode| VideoMode { video_mode })
+            .map(|video_mode| VideoModeHandle { video_mode })
     }
 }

src/platform/android.rs

@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ use crate::{
     window::{Window, WindowBuilder},
 };
 
-use android_activity::{AndroidApp, ConfigurationRef, Rect};
+use self::activity::{AndroidApp, ConfigurationRef, Rect};
 
 /// Additional methods on [`EventLoop`] that are specific to Android.
 pub trait EventLoopExtAndroid {}
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ impl WindowExtAndroid for Window {
     }
 }
 
-impl<T> EventLoopWindowTargetExtAndroid for EventLoopWindowTarget<T> {}
+impl EventLoopWindowTargetExtAndroid for EventLoopWindowTarget {}
 
 /// Additional methods on [`WindowBuilder`] that are specific to Android.
 pub trait WindowBuilderExtAndroid {}
@@ -42,6 +42,11 @@ pub trait EventLoopBuilderExtAndroid {
     ///
     /// This must be called on Android since the `AndroidApp` is not global state.
     fn with_android_app(&mut self, app: AndroidApp) -> &mut Self;
+
+    /// Calling this will mark the volume keys to be manually handled by the application
+    ///
+    /// Default is to let the operating system handle the volume keys
+    fn handle_volume_keys(&mut self) -> &mut Self;
 }
 
 impl<T> EventLoopBuilderExtAndroid for EventLoopBuilder<T> {
@@ -49,6 +54,11 @@ impl<T> EventLoopBuilderExtAndroid for EventLoopBuilder<T> {
         self.platform_specific.android_app = Some(app);
         self
     }
+
+    fn handle_volume_keys(&mut self) -> &mut Self {
+        self.platform_specific.ignore_volume_keys = false;
+        self
+    }
 }
 
 /// Re-export of the `android_activity` API
@@ -74,5 +84,21 @@ impl<T> EventLoopBuilderExtAndroid for EventLoopBuilder<T> {
 /// use winit::platform::android::activity::AndroidApp;
 /// ```
 pub mod activity {
+    // We enable the `"native-activity"` feature just so that we can build the
+    // docs, but it'll be very confusing for users to see the docs with that
+    // feature enabled, so we avoid inlining it so that they're forced to view
+    // it on the crate's own docs.rs page.
+    #[doc(no_inline)]
+    #[cfg(android_platform)]
     pub use android_activity::*;
+
+    #[cfg(not(android_platform))]
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    pub struct Rect;
+    #[cfg(not(android_platform))]
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    pub struct ConfigurationRef;
+    #[cfg(not(android_platform))]
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    pub struct AndroidApp;
 }

src/platform/ios.rs

@@ -1,10 +1,8 @@
 use std::os::raw::c_void;
 
-use objc2::rc::Id;
-
 use crate::{
     event_loop::EventLoop,
-    monitor::{MonitorHandle, VideoMode},
+    monitor::{MonitorHandle, VideoModeHandle},
     window::{Window, WindowBuilder},
 };
 
@@ -22,27 +20,6 @@ impl<T: 'static> EventLoopExtIOS for EventLoop<T> {
 
 /// Additional methods on [`Window`] that are specific to iOS.
 pub trait WindowExtIOS {
-    /// Returns a pointer to the [`UIWindow`] that is used by this window.
-    ///
-    /// The pointer will become invalid when the [`Window`] is destroyed.
-    ///
-    /// [`UIWindow`]: https://developer.apple.com/documentation/uikit/uiwindow?language=objc
-    fn ui_window(&self) -> *mut c_void;
-
-    /// Returns a pointer to the [`UIViewController`] that is used by this window.
-    ///
-    /// The pointer will become invalid when the [`Window`] is destroyed.
-    ///
-    /// [`UIViewController`]: https://developer.apple.com/documentation/uikit/uiviewcontroller?language=objc
-    fn ui_view_controller(&self) -> *mut c_void;
-
-    /// Returns a pointer to the [`UIView`] that is used by this window.
-    ///
-    /// The pointer will become invalid when the [`Window`] is destroyed.
-    ///
-    /// [`UIView`]: https://developer.apple.com/documentation/uikit/uiview?language=objc
-    fn ui_view(&self) -> *mut c_void;
-
     /// Sets the [`contentScaleFactor`] of the underlying [`UIWindow`] to `scale_factor`.
     ///
     /// The default value is device dependent, and it's recommended GLES or Metal applications set
@@ -89,53 +66,96 @@ pub trait WindowExtIOS {
     ///
     /// The default is to prefer showing the status bar.
     ///
-    /// This changes the value returned by
+    /// This sets the value of the
-    /// [`-[UIViewController prefersStatusBarHidden]`](https://developer.apple.com/documentation/uikit/uiviewcontroller/1621440-prefersstatusbarhidden?language=objc),
+    /// [`prefersStatusBarHidden`](https://developer.apple.com/documentation/uikit/uiviewcontroller/1621440-prefersstatusbarhidden?language=objc)
-    /// and then calls
+    /// property.
-    /// [`-[UIViewController setNeedsStatusBarAppearanceUpdate]`](https://developer.apple.com/documentation/uikit/uiviewcontroller/1621354-setneedsstatusbarappearanceupdat?language=objc).
+    ///
+    /// [`setNeedsStatusBarAppearanceUpdate()`](https://developer.apple.com/documentation/uikit/uiviewcontroller/1621354-setneedsstatusbarappearanceupdat?language=objc)
+    /// is also called for you.
     fn set_prefers_status_bar_hidden(&self, hidden: bool);
+
+    /// Sets the preferred status bar style for the [`Window`].
+    ///
+    /// The default is system-defined.
+    ///
+    /// This sets the value of the
+    /// [`preferredStatusBarStyle`](https://developer.apple.com/documentation/uikit/uiviewcontroller/1621416-preferredstatusbarstyle?language=objc)
+    /// property.
+    ///
+    /// [`setNeedsStatusBarAppearanceUpdate()`](https://developer.apple.com/documentation/uikit/uiviewcontroller/1621354-setneedsstatusbarappearanceupdat?language=objc)
+    /// is also called for you.
+    fn set_preferred_status_bar_style(&self, status_bar_style: StatusBarStyle);
+
+    /// Sets whether the [`Window`] should recognize pinch gestures.
+    ///
+    /// The default is to not recognize gestures.
+    fn recognize_pinch_gesture(&self, should_recognize: bool);
+
+    /// Sets whether the [`Window`] should recognize double tap gestures.
+    ///
+    /// The default is to not recognize gestures.
+    fn recognize_doubletap_gesture(&self, should_recognize: bool);
+
+    /// Sets whether the [`Window`] should recognize rotation gestures.
+    ///
+    /// The default is to not recognize gestures.
+    fn recognize_rotation_gesture(&self, should_recognize: bool);
 }
 
 impl WindowExtIOS for Window {
-    #[inline]
-    fn ui_window(&self) -> *mut c_void {
-        self.window.ui_window()
-    }
-
-    #[inline]
-    fn ui_view_controller(&self) -> *mut c_void {
-        self.window.ui_view_controller()
-    }
-
-    #[inline]
-    fn ui_view(&self) -> *mut c_void {
-        self.window.ui_view()
-    }
-
     #[inline]
     fn set_scale_factor(&self, scale_factor: f64) {
-        self.window.set_scale_factor(scale_factor)
+        self.window
+            .maybe_queue_on_main(move |w| w.set_scale_factor(scale_factor))
     }
 
     #[inline]
     fn set_valid_orientations(&self, valid_orientations: ValidOrientations) {
-        self.window.set_valid_orientations(valid_orientations)
+        self.window
+            .maybe_queue_on_main(move |w| w.set_valid_orientations(valid_orientations))
     }
 
     #[inline]
     fn set_prefers_home_indicator_hidden(&self, hidden: bool) {
-        self.window.set_prefers_home_indicator_hidden(hidden)
+        self.window
+            .maybe_queue_on_main(move |w| w.set_prefers_home_indicator_hidden(hidden))
     }
 
     #[inline]
     fn set_preferred_screen_edges_deferring_system_gestures(&self, edges: ScreenEdge) {
-        self.window
+        self.window.maybe_queue_on_main(move |w| {
-            .set_preferred_screen_edges_deferring_system_gestures(edges)
+            w.set_preferred_screen_edges_deferring_system_gestures(edges)
+        })
     }
 
     #[inline]
     fn set_prefers_status_bar_hidden(&self, hidden: bool) {
-        self.window.set_prefers_status_bar_hidden(hidden)
+        self.window
+            .maybe_queue_on_main(move |w| w.set_prefers_status_bar_hidden(hidden))
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn set_preferred_status_bar_style(&self, status_bar_style: StatusBarStyle) {
+        self.window
+            .maybe_queue_on_main(move |w| w.set_preferred_status_bar_style(status_bar_style))
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn recognize_pinch_gesture(&self, should_recognize: bool) {
+        self.window
+            .maybe_queue_on_main(move |w| w.recognize_pinch_gesture(should_recognize));
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn recognize_doubletap_gesture(&self, should_recognize: bool) {
+        self.window
+            .maybe_queue_on_main(move |w| w.recognize_doubletap_gesture(should_recognize));
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn recognize_rotation_gesture(&self, should_recognize: bool) {
+        self.window
+            .maybe_queue_on_main(move |w| w.recognize_rotation_gesture(should_recognize));
     }
 }
 
@@ -148,7 +168,7 @@ pub trait WindowBuilderExtIOS {
     ///
     /// [`UIWindow`]: https://developer.apple.com/documentation/uikit/uiwindow?language=objc
     /// [`contentScaleFactor`]: https://developer.apple.com/documentation/uikit/uiview/1622657-contentscalefactor?language=objc
-    fn with_scale_factor(self, scale_factor: f64) -> WindowBuilder;
+    fn with_scale_factor(self, scale_factor: f64) -> Self;
 
     /// Sets the valid orientations for the [`Window`].
     ///
@@ -156,7 +176,7 @@ pub trait WindowBuilderExtIOS {
     ///
     /// This sets the initial value returned by
     /// [`-[UIViewController supportedInterfaceOrientations]`](https://developer.apple.com/documentation/uikit/uiviewcontroller/1621435-supportedinterfaceorientations?language=objc).
-    fn with_valid_orientations(self, valid_orientations: ValidOrientations) -> WindowBuilder;
+    fn with_valid_orientations(self, valid_orientations: ValidOrientations) -> Self;
 
     /// Sets whether the [`Window`] prefers the home indicator hidden.
     ///
@@ -166,7 +186,7 @@ pub trait WindowBuilderExtIOS {
     /// [`-[UIViewController prefersHomeIndicatorAutoHidden]`](https://developer.apple.com/documentation/uikit/uiviewcontroller/2887510-prefershomeindicatorautohidden?language=objc).
     ///
     /// This only has an effect on iOS 11.0+.
-    fn with_prefers_home_indicator_hidden(self, hidden: bool) -> WindowBuilder;
+    fn with_prefers_home_indicator_hidden(self, hidden: bool) -> Self;
 
     /// Sets the screen edges for which the system gestures will take a lower priority than the
     /// application's touch handling.
@@ -175,10 +195,7 @@ pub trait WindowBuilderExtIOS {
     /// [`-[UIViewController preferredScreenEdgesDeferringSystemGestures]`](https://developer.apple.com/documentation/uikit/uiviewcontroller/2887512-preferredscreenedgesdeferringsys?language=objc).
     ///
     /// This only has an effect on iOS 11.0+.
-    fn with_preferred_screen_edges_deferring_system_gestures(
+    fn with_preferred_screen_edges_deferring_system_gestures(self, edges: ScreenEdge) -> Self;
-        self,
-        edges: ScreenEdge,
-    ) -> WindowBuilder;
 
     /// Sets whether the [`Window`] prefers the status bar hidden.
     ///
@@ -186,41 +203,53 @@ pub trait WindowBuilderExtIOS {
     ///
     /// This sets the initial value returned by
     /// [`-[UIViewController prefersStatusBarHidden]`](https://developer.apple.com/documentation/uikit/uiviewcontroller/1621440-prefersstatusbarhidden?language=objc).
-    fn with_prefers_status_bar_hidden(self, hidden: bool) -> WindowBuilder;
+    fn with_prefers_status_bar_hidden(self, hidden: bool) -> Self;
+
+    /// Sets the style of the [`Window`]'s status bar.
+    ///
+    /// The default is system-defined.
+    ///
+    /// This sets the initial value returned by
+    /// [`-[UIViewController preferredStatusBarStyle]`](https://developer.apple.com/documentation/uikit/uiviewcontroller/1621416-preferredstatusbarstyle?language=objc),
+    fn with_preferred_status_bar_style(self, status_bar_style: StatusBarStyle) -> Self;
 }
 
 impl WindowBuilderExtIOS for WindowBuilder {
     #[inline]
-    fn with_scale_factor(mut self, scale_factor: f64) -> WindowBuilder {
+    fn with_scale_factor(mut self, scale_factor: f64) -> Self {
-        self.platform_specific.scale_factor = Some(scale_factor);
+        self.window.platform_specific.scale_factor = Some(scale_factor);
         self
     }
 
     #[inline]
-    fn with_valid_orientations(mut self, valid_orientations: ValidOrientations) -> WindowBuilder {
+    fn with_valid_orientations(mut self, valid_orientations: ValidOrientations) -> Self {
-        self.platform_specific.valid_orientations = valid_orientations;
+        self.window.platform_specific.valid_orientations = valid_orientations;
         self
     }
 
     #[inline]
-    fn with_prefers_home_indicator_hidden(mut self, hidden: bool) -> WindowBuilder {
+    fn with_prefers_home_indicator_hidden(mut self, hidden: bool) -> Self {
-        self.platform_specific.prefers_home_indicator_hidden = hidden;
+        self.window.platform_specific.prefers_home_indicator_hidden = hidden;
         self
     }
 
     #[inline]
-    fn with_preferred_screen_edges_deferring_system_gestures(
+    fn with_preferred_screen_edges_deferring_system_gestures(mut self, edges: ScreenEdge) -> Self {
-        mut self,
+        self.window
-        edges: ScreenEdge,
+            .platform_specific
-    ) -> WindowBuilder {
-        self.platform_specific
             .preferred_screen_edges_deferring_system_gestures = edges;
         self
     }
 
     #[inline]
-    fn with_prefers_status_bar_hidden(mut self, hidden: bool) -> WindowBuilder {
+    fn with_prefers_status_bar_hidden(mut self, hidden: bool) -> Self {
-        self.platform_specific.prefers_status_bar_hidden = hidden;
+        self.window.platform_specific.prefers_status_bar_hidden = hidden;
+        self
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn with_preferred_status_bar_style(mut self, status_bar_style: StatusBarStyle) -> Self {
+        self.window.platform_specific.preferred_status_bar_style = status_bar_style;
         self
     }
 }
@@ -232,30 +261,33 @@ pub trait MonitorHandleExtIOS {
     /// [`UIScreen`]: https://developer.apple.com/documentation/uikit/uiscreen?language=objc
     fn ui_screen(&self) -> *mut c_void;
 
-    /// Returns the preferred [`VideoMode`] for this monitor.
+    /// Returns the preferred [`VideoModeHandle`] for this monitor.
     ///
     /// This translates to a call to [`-[UIScreen preferredMode]`](https://developer.apple.com/documentation/uikit/uiscreen/1617823-preferredmode?language=objc).
-    fn preferred_video_mode(&self) -> VideoMode;
+    fn preferred_video_mode(&self) -> VideoModeHandle;
 }
 
 impl MonitorHandleExtIOS for MonitorHandle {
     #[inline]
     fn ui_screen(&self) -> *mut c_void {
-        Id::as_ptr(self.inner.ui_screen()) as *mut c_void
+        // SAFETY: The marker is only used to get the pointer of the screen
+        let mtm = unsafe { icrate::Foundation::MainThreadMarker::new_unchecked() };
+        objc2::rc::Id::as_ptr(self.inner.ui_screen(mtm)) as *mut c_void
     }
 
     #[inline]
-    fn preferred_video_mode(&self) -> VideoMode {
+    fn preferred_video_mode(&self) -> VideoModeHandle {
-        VideoMode {
+        VideoModeHandle {
             video_mode: self.inner.preferred_video_mode(),
         }
     }
 }
 
 /// Valid orientations for a particular [`Window`].
-#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug)]
+#[derive(Default, Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
 pub enum ValidOrientations {
     /// Excludes `PortraitUpsideDown` on iphone
+    #[default]
     LandscapeAndPortrait,
 
     Landscape,
@@ -264,17 +296,10 @@ pub enum ValidOrientations {
     Portrait,
 }
 
-impl Default for ValidOrientations {
-    #[inline]
-    fn default() -> ValidOrientations {
-        ValidOrientations::LandscapeAndPortrait
-    }
-}
-
 /// The device [idiom].
 ///
 /// [idiom]: https://developer.apple.com/documentation/uikit/uidevice/1620037-userinterfaceidiom?language=objc
-#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
 pub enum Idiom {
     Unspecified,
 
@@ -289,18 +314,26 @@ pub enum Idiom {
     CarPlay,
 }
 
-bitflags! {
+bitflags::bitflags! {
     /// The [edges] of a screen.
     ///
     /// [edges]: https://developer.apple.com/documentation/uikit/uirectedge?language=objc
-    #[derive(Default)]
+    #[derive(Default, Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
     pub struct ScreenEdge: u8 {
         const NONE   = 0;
         const TOP    = 1 << 0;
         const LEFT   = 1 << 1;
         const BOTTOM = 1 << 2;
         const RIGHT  = 1 << 3;
-        const ALL = ScreenEdge::TOP.bits | ScreenEdge::LEFT.bits
+        const ALL = ScreenEdge::TOP.bits() | ScreenEdge::LEFT.bits()
-            | ScreenEdge::BOTTOM.bits | ScreenEdge::RIGHT.bits;
+            | ScreenEdge::BOTTOM.bits() | ScreenEdge::RIGHT.bits();
     }
 }
+
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Default, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub enum StatusBarStyle {
+    #[default]
+    Default,
+    LightContent,
+    DarkContent,
+}

src/platform/macos.rs

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 use std::os::raw::c_void;
 
-use objc2::rc::Id;
+#[cfg(feature = "serde")]
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 
 use crate::{
     event_loop::{EventLoopBuilder, EventLoopWindowTarget},
@@ -10,16 +11,6 @@ use crate::{
 
 /// Additional methods on [`Window`] that are specific to MacOS.
 pub trait WindowExtMacOS {
-    /// Returns a pointer to the cocoa `NSWindow` that is used by this window.
-    ///
-    /// The pointer will become invalid when the [`Window`] is destroyed.
-    fn ns_window(&self) -> *mut c_void;
-
-    /// Returns a pointer to the cocoa `NSView` that is used by this window.
-    ///
-    /// The pointer will become invalid when the [`Window`] is destroyed.
-    fn ns_view(&self) -> *mut c_void;
-
     /// Returns whether or not the window is in simple fullscreen mode.
     fn simple_fullscreen(&self) -> bool;
 
@@ -38,6 +29,28 @@ pub trait WindowExtMacOS {
     /// Sets whether or not the window has shadow.
     fn set_has_shadow(&self, has_shadow: bool);
 
+    /// Group windows together by using the same tabbing identifier.
+    ///
+    /// <https://developer.apple.com/documentation/appkit/nswindow/1644704-tabbingidentifier>
+    fn set_tabbing_identifier(&self, identifier: &str);
+
+    /// Returns the window's tabbing identifier.
+    fn tabbing_identifier(&self) -> String;
+
+    /// Select next tab.
+    fn select_next_tab(&self);
+
+    /// Select previous tab.
+    fn select_previous_tab(&self);
+
+    /// Select the tab with the given index.
+    ///
+    /// Will no-op when the index is out of bounds.
+    fn select_tab_at_index(&self, index: usize);
+
+    /// Get the number of tabs in the window tab group.
+    fn num_tabs(&self) -> usize;
+
     /// Get the window's edit state.
     ///
     /// # Examples
@@ -70,74 +83,97 @@ pub trait WindowExtMacOS {
 }
 
 impl WindowExtMacOS for Window {
-    #[inline]
-    fn ns_window(&self) -> *mut c_void {
-        self.window.ns_window()
-    }
-
-    #[inline]
-    fn ns_view(&self) -> *mut c_void {
-        self.window.ns_view()
-    }
-
     #[inline]
     fn simple_fullscreen(&self) -> bool {
-        self.window.simple_fullscreen()
+        self.window.maybe_wait_on_main(|w| w.simple_fullscreen())
     }
 
     #[inline]
     fn set_simple_fullscreen(&self, fullscreen: bool) -> bool {
-        self.window.set_simple_fullscreen(fullscreen)
+        self.window
+            .maybe_wait_on_main(move |w| w.set_simple_fullscreen(fullscreen))
     }
 
     #[inline]
     fn has_shadow(&self) -> bool {
-        self.window.has_shadow()
+        self.window.maybe_wait_on_main(|w| w.has_shadow())
     }
 
     #[inline]
     fn set_has_shadow(&self, has_shadow: bool) {
-        self.window.set_has_shadow(has_shadow)
+        self.window
+            .maybe_queue_on_main(move |w| w.set_has_shadow(has_shadow))
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn set_tabbing_identifier(&self, identifier: &str) {
+        self.window
+            .maybe_wait_on_main(|w| w.set_tabbing_identifier(identifier))
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn tabbing_identifier(&self) -> String {
+        self.window.maybe_wait_on_main(|w| w.tabbing_identifier())
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn select_next_tab(&self) {
+        self.window.maybe_queue_on_main(|w| w.select_next_tab())
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn select_previous_tab(&self) {
+        self.window.maybe_queue_on_main(|w| w.select_previous_tab())
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn select_tab_at_index(&self, index: usize) {
+        self.window
+            .maybe_queue_on_main(move |w| w.select_tab_at_index(index))
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn num_tabs(&self) -> usize {
+        self.window.maybe_wait_on_main(|w| w.num_tabs())
     }
 
     #[inline]
     fn is_document_edited(&self) -> bool {
-        self.window.is_document_edited()
+        self.window.maybe_wait_on_main(|w| w.is_document_edited())
     }
 
     #[inline]
     fn set_document_edited(&self, edited: bool) {
-        self.window.set_document_edited(edited)
+        self.window
+            .maybe_queue_on_main(move |w| w.set_document_edited(edited))
     }
 
     #[inline]
     fn set_option_as_alt(&self, option_as_alt: OptionAsAlt) {
-        self.window.set_option_as_alt(option_as_alt)
+        self.window
+            .maybe_queue_on_main(move |w| w.set_option_as_alt(option_as_alt))
     }
 
     #[inline]
     fn option_as_alt(&self) -> OptionAsAlt {
-        self.window.option_as_alt()
+        self.window.maybe_wait_on_main(|w| w.option_as_alt())
     }
 }
 
 /// Corresponds to `NSApplicationActivationPolicy`.
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
+#[derive(Debug, Default, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
 pub enum ActivationPolicy {
     /// Corresponds to `NSApplicationActivationPolicyRegular`.
+    #[default]
     Regular,
+
     /// Corresponds to `NSApplicationActivationPolicyAccessory`.
     Accessory,
+
     /// Corresponds to `NSApplicationActivationPolicyProhibited`.
     Prohibited,
 }
 
-impl Default for ActivationPolicy {
-    fn default() -> Self {
-        ActivationPolicy::Regular
-    }
-}
-
 /// Additional methods on [`WindowBuilder`] that are specific to MacOS.
 ///
 /// **Note:** Properties dealing with the titlebar will be overwritten by the [`WindowBuilder::with_decorations`] method:
@@ -148,90 +184,98 @@ impl Default for ActivationPolicy {
 /// - `with_fullsize_content_view`
 pub trait WindowBuilderExtMacOS {
     /// Enables click-and-drag behavior for the entire window, not just the titlebar.
-    fn with_movable_by_window_background(self, movable_by_window_background: bool)
+    fn with_movable_by_window_background(self, movable_by_window_background: bool) -> Self;
-        -> WindowBuilder;
     /// Makes the titlebar transparent and allows the content to appear behind it.
-    fn with_titlebar_transparent(self, titlebar_transparent: bool) -> WindowBuilder;
+    fn with_titlebar_transparent(self, titlebar_transparent: bool) -> Self;
     /// Hides the window title.
-    fn with_title_hidden(self, title_hidden: bool) -> WindowBuilder;
+    fn with_title_hidden(self, title_hidden: bool) -> Self;
     /// Hides the window titlebar.
-    fn with_titlebar_hidden(self, titlebar_hidden: bool) -> WindowBuilder;
+    fn with_titlebar_hidden(self, titlebar_hidden: bool) -> Self;
     /// Hides the window titlebar buttons.
-    fn with_titlebar_buttons_hidden(self, titlebar_buttons_hidden: bool) -> WindowBuilder;
+    fn with_titlebar_buttons_hidden(self, titlebar_buttons_hidden: bool) -> Self;
     /// Makes the window content appear behind the titlebar.
-    fn with_fullsize_content_view(self, fullsize_content_view: bool) -> WindowBuilder;
+    fn with_fullsize_content_view(self, fullsize_content_view: bool) -> Self;
-    fn with_disallow_hidpi(self, disallow_hidpi: bool) -> WindowBuilder;
+    fn with_disallow_hidpi(self, disallow_hidpi: bool) -> Self;
-    fn with_has_shadow(self, has_shadow: bool) -> WindowBuilder;
+    fn with_has_shadow(self, has_shadow: bool) -> Self;
     /// Window accepts click-through mouse events.
-    fn with_accepts_first_mouse(self, accepts_first_mouse: bool) -> WindowBuilder;
+    fn with_accepts_first_mouse(self, accepts_first_mouse: bool) -> Self;
-
+    /// Defines the window tabbing identifier.
-    /// Set whether the `OptionAsAlt` key is interpreted as the `Alt` modifier.
+    ///
+    /// <https://developer.apple.com/documentation/appkit/nswindow/1644704-tabbingidentifier>
+    fn with_tabbing_identifier(self, identifier: &str) -> Self;
+    /// Set how the <kbd>Option</kbd> keys are interpreted.
     ///
     /// See [`WindowExtMacOS::set_option_as_alt`] for details on what this means if set.
-    fn with_option_as_alt(self, option_as_alt: OptionAsAlt) -> WindowBuilder;
+    fn with_option_as_alt(self, option_as_alt: OptionAsAlt) -> Self;
 }
 
 impl WindowBuilderExtMacOS for WindowBuilder {
     #[inline]
-    fn with_movable_by_window_background(
+    fn with_movable_by_window_background(mut self, movable_by_window_background: bool) -> Self {
-        mut self,
+        self.window.platform_specific.movable_by_window_background = movable_by_window_background;
-        movable_by_window_background: bool,
-    ) -> WindowBuilder {
-        self.platform_specific.movable_by_window_background = movable_by_window_background;
         self
     }
 
     #[inline]
-    fn with_titlebar_transparent(mut self, titlebar_transparent: bool) -> WindowBuilder {
+    fn with_titlebar_transparent(mut self, titlebar_transparent: bool) -> Self {
-        self.platform_specific.titlebar_transparent = titlebar_transparent;
+        self.window.platform_specific.titlebar_transparent = titlebar_transparent;
         self
     }
 
     #[inline]
-    fn with_titlebar_hidden(mut self, titlebar_hidden: bool) -> WindowBuilder {
+    fn with_titlebar_hidden(mut self, titlebar_hidden: bool) -> Self {
-        self.platform_specific.titlebar_hidden = titlebar_hidden;
+        self.window.platform_specific.titlebar_hidden = titlebar_hidden;
         self
     }
 
     #[inline]
-    fn with_titlebar_buttons_hidden(mut self, titlebar_buttons_hidden: bool) -> WindowBuilder {
+    fn with_titlebar_buttons_hidden(mut self, titlebar_buttons_hidden: bool) -> Self {
-        self.platform_specific.titlebar_buttons_hidden = titlebar_buttons_hidden;
+        self.window.platform_specific.titlebar_buttons_hidden = titlebar_buttons_hidden;
         self
     }
 
     #[inline]
-    fn with_title_hidden(mut self, title_hidden: bool) -> WindowBuilder {
+    fn with_title_hidden(mut self, title_hidden: bool) -> Self {
-        self.platform_specific.title_hidden = title_hidden;
+        self.window.platform_specific.title_hidden = title_hidden;
         self
     }
 
     #[inline]
-    fn with_fullsize_content_view(mut self, fullsize_content_view: bool) -> WindowBuilder {
+    fn with_fullsize_content_view(mut self, fullsize_content_view: bool) -> Self {
-        self.platform_specific.fullsize_content_view = fullsize_content_view;
+        self.window.platform_specific.fullsize_content_view = fullsize_content_view;
         self
     }
 
     #[inline]
-    fn with_disallow_hidpi(mut self, disallow_hidpi: bool) -> WindowBuilder {
+    fn with_disallow_hidpi(mut self, disallow_hidpi: bool) -> Self {
-        self.platform_specific.disallow_hidpi = disallow_hidpi;
+        self.window.platform_specific.disallow_hidpi = disallow_hidpi;
         self
     }
 
     #[inline]
-    fn with_has_shadow(mut self, has_shadow: bool) -> WindowBuilder {
+    fn with_has_shadow(mut self, has_shadow: bool) -> Self {
-        self.platform_specific.has_shadow = has_shadow;
+        self.window.platform_specific.has_shadow = has_shadow;
         self
     }
 
     #[inline]
-    fn with_accepts_first_mouse(mut self, accepts_first_mouse: bool) -> WindowBuilder {
+    fn with_accepts_first_mouse(mut self, accepts_first_mouse: bool) -> Self {
-        self.platform_specific.accepts_first_mouse = accepts_first_mouse;
+        self.window.platform_specific.accepts_first_mouse = accepts_first_mouse;
         self
     }
 
     #[inline]
-    fn with_option_as_alt(mut self, option_as_alt: OptionAsAlt) -> WindowBuilder {
+    fn with_tabbing_identifier(mut self, tabbing_identifier: &str) -> Self {
-        self.platform_specific.option_as_alt = option_as_alt;
+        self.window
+            .platform_specific
+            .tabbing_identifier
+            .replace(tabbing_identifier.to_string());
+        self
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn with_option_as_alt(mut self, option_as_alt: OptionAsAlt) -> Self {
+        self.window.platform_specific.option_as_alt = option_as_alt;
         self
     }
 }
@@ -323,7 +367,11 @@ impl MonitorHandleExtMacOS for MonitorHandle {
     }
 
     fn ns_screen(&self) -> Option<*mut c_void> {
-        self.inner.ns_screen().map(|s| Id::as_ptr(&s) as _)
+        // SAFETY: We only use the marker to get a pointer
+        let mtm = unsafe { icrate::Foundation::MainThreadMarker::new_unchecked() };
+        self.inner
+            .ns_screen(mtm)
+            .map(|s| objc2::rc::Id::as_ptr(&s) as _)
     }
 }
 
@@ -333,9 +381,15 @@ pub trait EventLoopWindowTargetExtMacOS {
     fn hide_application(&self);
     /// Hide the other applications. In most applications this is typically triggered with Command+Option-H.
     fn hide_other_applications(&self);
+    /// Set whether the system can automatically organize windows into tabs.
+    ///
+    /// <https://developer.apple.com/documentation/appkit/nswindow/1646657-allowsautomaticwindowtabbing>
+    fn set_allows_automatic_window_tabbing(&self, enabled: bool);
+    /// Returns whether the system can automatically organize windows into tabs.
+    fn allows_automatic_window_tabbing(&self) -> bool;
 }
 
-impl<T> EventLoopWindowTargetExtMacOS for EventLoopWindowTarget<T> {
+impl EventLoopWindowTargetExtMacOS for EventLoopWindowTarget {
     fn hide_application(&self) {
         self.p.hide_application()
     }
@@ -343,12 +397,20 @@ impl<T> EventLoopWindowTargetExtMacOS for EventLoopWindowTarget<T> {
     fn hide_other_applications(&self) {
         self.p.hide_other_applications()
     }
+
+    fn set_allows_automatic_window_tabbing(&self, enabled: bool) {
+        self.p.set_allows_automatic_window_tabbing(enabled);
+    }
+
+    fn allows_automatic_window_tabbing(&self) -> bool {
+        self.p.allows_automatic_window_tabbing()
+    }
 }
 
 /// Option as alt behavior.
 ///
 /// The default is `None`.
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[derive(Default, Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
 #[cfg_attr(feature = "serde", derive(Serialize, Deserialize))]
 pub enum OptionAsAlt {
     /// The left `Option` key is treated as `Alt`.
@@ -361,11 +423,6 @@ pub enum OptionAsAlt {
     Both,
 
     /// No special handling is applied for `Option` key.
+    #[default]
     None,
 }
-
-impl Default for OptionAsAlt {
-    fn default() -> Self {
-        OptionAsAlt::None
-    }
-}

src/platform/mod.rs

@@ -1,35 +1,24 @@
 //! Contains traits with platform-specific methods in them.
 //!
-//! Contains the follow OS-specific modules:
+//! Only the modules corresponding to the platform you're compiling to will be available.
-//!
-//!  - `android`
-//!  - `ios`
-//!  - `macos`
-//!  - `unix`
-//!  - `windows`
-//!  - `web`
-//!
-//! And the following platform-specific module:
-//!
-//! - `run_return` (available on `windows`, `unix`, `macos`, and `android`)
-//!
-//! However only the module corresponding to the platform you're compiling to will be available.
 
-#[cfg(android_platform)]
+#[cfg(any(android_platform, docsrs))]
 pub mod android;
-#[cfg(ios_platform)]
+#[cfg(any(ios_platform, docsrs))]
 pub mod ios;
-#[cfg(macos_platform)]
+#[cfg(any(macos_platform, docsrs))]
 pub mod macos;
-#[cfg(orbital_platform)]
+#[cfg(any(orbital_platform, docsrs))]
 pub mod orbital;
-#[cfg(wayland_platform)]
+#[cfg(any(x11_platform, wayland_platform, docsrs))]
+pub mod startup_notify;
+#[cfg(any(wayland_platform, docsrs))]
 pub mod wayland;
-#[cfg(wasm_platform)]
+#[cfg(any(web_platform, docsrs))]
 pub mod web;
-#[cfg(windows_platform)]
+#[cfg(any(windows_platform, docsrs))]
 pub mod windows;
-#[cfg(x11_platform)]
+#[cfg(any(x11_platform, docsrs))]
 pub mod x11;
 
 #[cfg(any(
@@ -38,6 +27,35 @@ pub mod x11;
     android_platform,
     x11_platform,
     wayland_platform,
-    orbital_platform
+    docsrs,
 ))]
-pub mod run_return;
+pub mod run_on_demand;
+
+#[cfg(any(
+    windows_platform,
+    macos_platform,
+    android_platform,
+    x11_platform,
+    wayland_platform,
+    docsrs,
+))]
+pub mod pump_events;
+
+#[cfg(any(
+    windows_platform,
+    macos_platform,
+    x11_platform,
+    wayland_platform,
+    orbital_platform,
+    docsrs
+))]
+pub mod modifier_supplement;
+
+#[cfg(any(
+    windows_platform,
+    macos_platform,
+    x11_platform,
+    wayland_platform,
+    docsrs
+))]
+pub mod scancode;

src/platform/modifier_supplement.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+use crate::event::KeyEvent;
+use crate::keyboard::Key;
+
+/// Additional methods for the `KeyEvent` which cannot be implemented on all
+/// platforms.
+pub trait KeyEventExtModifierSupplement {
+    /// Identical to `KeyEvent::text` but this is affected by <kbd>Ctrl</kbd>.
+    ///
+    /// For example, pressing <kbd>Ctrl</kbd>+<kbd>a</kbd> produces `Some("\x01")`.
+    fn text_with_all_modifiers(&self) -> Option<&str>;
+
+    /// This value ignores all modifiers including,
+    /// but not limited to <kbd>Shift</kbd>, <kbd>Caps Lock</kbd>,
+    /// and <kbd>Ctrl</kbd>. In most cases this means that the
+    /// unicode character in the resulting string is lowercase.
+    ///
+    /// This is useful for key-bindings / shortcut key combinations.
+    ///
+    /// In case `logical_key` reports `Dead`, this will still report the
+    /// key as `Character` according to the current keyboard layout. This value
+    /// cannot be `Dead`.
+    fn key_without_modifiers(&self) -> Key;
+}
+
+impl KeyEventExtModifierSupplement for KeyEvent {
+    #[inline]
+    fn text_with_all_modifiers(&self) -> Option<&str> {
+        self.platform_specific
+            .text_with_all_modifiers
+            .as_ref()
+            .map(|s| s.as_str())
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn key_without_modifiers(&self) -> Key {
+        self.platform_specific.key_without_modifiers.clone()
+    }
+}

src/platform/pump_events.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,189 @@
+use std::time::Duration;
+
+use crate::{
+    event::Event,
+    event_loop::{EventLoop, EventLoopWindowTarget},
+};
+
+/// The return status for `pump_events`
+pub enum PumpStatus {
+    /// Continue running external loop.
+    Continue,
+    /// Exit external loop.
+    Exit(i32),
+}
+
+/// Additional methods on [`EventLoop`] for pumping events within an external event loop
+pub trait EventLoopExtPumpEvents {
+    /// A type provided by the user that can be passed through [`Event::UserEvent`].
+    type UserEvent;
+
+    /// Pump the `EventLoop` to check for and dispatch pending events.
+    ///
+    /// This API is designed to enable applications to integrate Winit into an
+    /// external event loop, for platforms that can support this.
+    ///
+    /// The given `timeout` limits how long it may block waiting for new events.
+    ///
+    /// Passing a `timeout` of `Some(Duration::ZERO)` would ensure your external
+    /// event loop is never blocked but you would likely need to consider how
+    /// to throttle your own external loop.
+    ///
+    /// Passing a `timeout` of `None` means that it may wait indefinitely for new
+    /// events before returning control back to the external loop.
+    ///
+    /// ## Example
+    ///
+    /// ```rust,no_run
+    /// # // Copied from examples/window_pump_events.rs
+    /// # #[cfg(any(
+    /// #     windows_platform,
+    /// #     macos_platform,
+    /// #     x11_platform,
+    /// #     wayland_platform,
+    /// #     android_platform,
+    /// # ))]
+    /// fn main() -> std::process::ExitCode {
+    /// #     use std::{process::ExitCode, thread::sleep, time::Duration};
+    /// #
+    /// #     use simple_logger::SimpleLogger;
+    /// #     use winit::{
+    /// #         event::{Event, WindowEvent},
+    /// #         event_loop::EventLoop,
+    /// #         platform::pump_events::{EventLoopExtPumpEvents, PumpStatus},
+    /// #         window::Window,
+    /// #     };
+    ///     let mut event_loop = EventLoop::new().unwrap();
+    /// #
+    /// #   SimpleLogger::new().init().unwrap();
+    ///     let window = Window::builder()
+    ///         .with_title("A fantastic window!")
+    ///         .build(&event_loop)
+    ///         .unwrap();
+    ///
+    ///     'main: loop {
+    ///         let timeout = Some(Duration::ZERO);
+    ///         let status = event_loop.pump_events(timeout, |event, elwt| {
+    /// #            if let Event::WindowEvent { event, .. } = &event {
+    /// #                // Print only Window events to reduce noise
+    /// #                println!("{event:?}");
+    /// #            }
+    /// #
+    ///             match event {
+    ///                 Event::WindowEvent {
+    ///                     event: WindowEvent::CloseRequested,
+    ///                     window_id,
+    ///                 } if window_id == window.id() => elwt.exit(),
+    ///                 Event::AboutToWait => {
+    ///                     window.request_redraw();
+    ///                 }
+    ///                 _ => (),
+    ///             }
+    ///         });
+    ///         if let PumpStatus::Exit(exit_code) = status {
+    ///             break 'main ExitCode::from(exit_code as u8);
+    ///         }
+    ///
+    ///         // Sleep for 1/60 second to simulate application work
+    ///         //
+    ///         // Since `pump_events` doesn't block it will be important to
+    ///         // throttle the loop in the app somehow.
+    ///         println!("Update()");
+    ///         sleep(Duration::from_millis(16));
+    ///     }
+    /// }
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// **Note:** This is not a portable API, and its usage involves a number of
+    /// caveats and trade offs that should be considered before using this API!
+    ///
+    /// You almost certainly shouldn't use this API, unless you absolutely know it's
+    /// the only practical option you have.
+    ///
+    /// ## Synchronous events
+    ///
+    /// Some events _must_ only be handled synchronously via the closure that
+    /// is passed to Winit so that the handler will also be synchronized with
+    /// the window system and operating system.
+    ///
+    /// This is because some events are driven by a window system callback
+    /// where the window systems expects the application to have handled the
+    /// event before returning.
+    ///
+    /// **These events can not be buffered and handled outside of the closure
+    /// passed to Winit.**
+    ///
+    /// As a general rule it is not recommended to ever buffer events to handle
+    /// them outside of the closure passed to Winit since it's difficult to
+    /// provide guarantees about which events are safe to buffer across all
+    /// operating systems.
+    ///
+    /// Notable events that will certainly create portability problems if
+    /// buffered and handled outside of Winit include:
+    /// - `RedrawRequested` events, used to schedule rendering.
+    ///
+    ///     macOS for example uses a `drawRect` callback to drive rendering
+    /// within applications and expects rendering to be finished before
+    /// the `drawRect` callback returns.
+    ///
+    ///     For portability it's strongly recommended that applications should
+    /// keep their rendering inside the closure provided to Winit.
+    /// - Any lifecycle events, such as `Suspended` / `Resumed`.
+    ///
+    ///     The handling of these events needs to be synchronized with the
+    /// operating system and it would never be appropriate to buffer a
+    /// notification that your application has been suspended or resumed and
+    /// then handled that later since there would always be a chance that
+    /// other lifecycle events occur while the event is buffered.
+    ///
+    /// ## Supported Platforms
+    /// - Windows
+    /// - Linux
+    /// - MacOS
+    /// - Android
+    ///
+    /// ## Unsupported Platforms
+    /// - **Web:**  This API is fundamentally incompatible with the event-based way in which
+    /// Web browsers work because it's not possible to have a long-running external
+    /// loop that would block the browser and there is nothing that can be
+    /// polled to ask for new new events. Events are delivered via callbacks based
+    /// on an event loop that is internal to the browser itself.
+    /// - **iOS:** It's not possible to stop and start an `NSApplication` repeatedly on iOS so
+    /// there's no way to support the same approach to polling as on MacOS.
+    ///
+    /// ## Platform-specific
+    /// - **Windows**: The implementation will use `PeekMessage` when checking for
+    ///   window messages to avoid blocking your external event loop.
+    ///
+    /// - **MacOS**: The implementation works in terms of stopping the global application
+    ///   whenever the application `RunLoop` indicates that it is preparing to block
+    ///   and wait for new events.
+    ///
+    ///   This is very different to the polling APIs that are available on other
+    ///   platforms (the lower level polling primitives on MacOS are private
+    ///   implementation details for `NSApplication` which aren't accessible to
+    ///   application developers)
+    ///
+    ///   It's likely this will be less efficient than polling on other OSs and
+    ///   it also means the `NSApplication` is stopped while outside of the Winit
+    ///   event loop - and that's observable (for example to crates like `rfd`)
+    ///   because the `NSApplication` is global state.
+    ///
+    ///   If you render outside of Winit you are likely to see window resizing artifacts
+    ///   since MacOS expects applications to render synchronously during any `drawRect`
+    ///   callback.
+    fn pump_events<F>(&mut self, timeout: Option<Duration>, event_handler: F) -> PumpStatus
+    where
+        F: FnMut(Event<Self::UserEvent>, &EventLoopWindowTarget);
+}
+
+impl<T> EventLoopExtPumpEvents for EventLoop<T> {
+    type UserEvent = T;
+
+    fn pump_events<F>(&mut self, timeout: Option<Duration>, event_handler: F) -> PumpStatus
+    where
+        F: FnMut(Event<Self::UserEvent>, &EventLoopWindowTarget),
+    {
+        self.event_loop.pump_events(timeout, event_handler)
+    }
+}

src/platform/run_on_demand.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,102 @@
+use crate::{
+    error::EventLoopError,
+    event::Event,
+    event_loop::{EventLoop, EventLoopWindowTarget},
+};
+
+#[cfg(doc)]
+use crate::{platform::pump_events::EventLoopExtPumpEvents, window::Window};
+
+/// Additional methods on [`EventLoop`] to return control flow to the caller.
+pub trait EventLoopExtRunOnDemand {
+    /// A type provided by the user that can be passed through [`Event::UserEvent`].
+    type UserEvent;
+
+    /// Runs the event loop in the calling thread and calls the given `event_handler` closure
+    /// to dispatch any window system events.
+    ///
+    /// Unlike [`EventLoop::run`], this function accepts non-`'static` (i.e. non-`move`) closures
+    /// and it is possible to return control back to the caller without
+    /// consuming the `EventLoop` (by using [`exit()`]) and
+    /// so the event loop can be re-run after it has exit.
+    ///
+    /// It's expected that each run of the loop will be for orthogonal instantiations of your
+    /// Winit application, but internally each instantiation may re-use some common window
+    /// system resources, such as a display server connection.
+    ///
+    /// This API is not designed to run an event loop in bursts that you can exit from and return
+    /// to while maintaining the full state of your application. (If you need something like this
+    /// you can look at the [`EventLoopExtPumpEvents::pump_events()`] API)
+    ///
+    /// Each time `run_on_demand` is called the `event_handler` can expect to receive a
+    /// `NewEvents(Init)` and `Resumed` event (even on platforms that have no suspend/resume
+    /// lifecycle) - which can be used to consistently initialize application state.
+    ///
+    /// See the [`set_control_flow()`] docs on how to change the event loop's behavior.
+    ///
+    /// # Caveats
+    /// - This extension isn't available on all platforms, since it's not always possible to return
+    ///   to the caller (specifically this is impossible on iOS and Web - though with the Web
+    ///   backend it is possible to use `EventLoopExtWebSys::spawn()`[^1] more than once instead).
+    /// - No [`Window`] state can be carried between separate runs of the event loop.
+    ///
+    /// You are strongly encouraged to use [`EventLoop::run()`] for portability, unless you specifically need
+    /// the ability to re-run a single event loop more than once
+    ///
+    /// # Supported Platforms
+    /// - Windows
+    /// - Linux
+    /// - macOS
+    /// - Android
+    ///
+    /// # Unsupported Platforms
+    /// - **Web:**  This API is fundamentally incompatible with the event-based way in which
+    ///   Web browsers work because it's not possible to have a long-running external
+    ///   loop that would block the browser and there is nothing that can be
+    ///   polled to ask for new events. Events are delivered via callbacks based
+    ///   on an event loop that is internal to the browser itself.
+    /// - **iOS:** It's not possible to stop and start an `UIApplication` repeatedly on iOS.
+    ///
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        not(web_platform),
+        doc = "[^1]: `spawn()` is only available on `wasm` platforms."
+    )]
+    ///
+    /// [`exit()`]: EventLoopWindowTarget::exit()
+    /// [`set_control_flow()`]: EventLoopWindowTarget::set_control_flow()
+    fn run_on_demand<F>(&mut self, event_handler: F) -> Result<(), EventLoopError>
+    where
+        F: FnMut(Event<Self::UserEvent>, &EventLoopWindowTarget);
+}
+
+impl<T> EventLoopExtRunOnDemand for EventLoop<T> {
+    type UserEvent = T;
+
+    fn run_on_demand<F>(&mut self, event_handler: F) -> Result<(), EventLoopError>
+    where
+        F: FnMut(Event<Self::UserEvent>, &EventLoopWindowTarget),
+    {
+        self.event_loop.window_target().clear_exit();
+        self.event_loop.run_on_demand(event_handler)
+    }
+}
+
+impl EventLoopWindowTarget {
+    /// Clear exit status.
+    pub(crate) fn clear_exit(&self) {
+        self.p.clear_exit()
+    }
+}
+
+/// ```compile_fail
+/// use winit::event_loop::EventLoop;
+/// use winit::platform::run_on_demand::EventLoopExtRunOnDemand;
+///
+/// let mut event_loop = EventLoop::new().unwrap();
+/// event_loop.run_on_demand(|_, _| {
+///     // Attempt to run the event loop re-entrantly; this must fail.
+///     event_loop.run_on_demand(|_, _| {});
+/// });
+/// ```
+#[allow(dead_code)]
+fn test_run_on_demand_cannot_access_event_loop() {}

src/platform/run_return.rs

@@ -1,53 +0,0 @@
-use crate::{
-    event::Event,
-    event_loop::{ControlFlow, EventLoop, EventLoopWindowTarget},
-};
-
-/// Additional methods on [`EventLoop`] to return control flow to the caller.
-pub trait EventLoopExtRunReturn {
-    /// A type provided by the user that can be passed through [`Event::UserEvent`].
-    type UserEvent;
-
-    /// Initializes the `winit` event loop.
-    ///
-    /// Unlike [`EventLoop::run`], this function accepts non-`'static` (i.e. non-`move`) closures
-    /// and returns control flow to the caller when `control_flow` is set to [`ControlFlow::Exit`].
-    ///
-    /// # Caveats
-    ///
-    /// Despite its appearance at first glance, this is *not* a perfect replacement for
-    /// `poll_events`. For example, this function will not return on Windows or macOS while a
-    /// window is getting resized, resulting in all application logic outside of the
-    /// `event_handler` closure not running until the resize operation ends. Other OS operations
-    /// may also result in such freezes. This behavior is caused by fundamental limitations in the
-    /// underlying OS APIs, which cannot be hidden by `winit` without severe stability repercussions.
-    ///
-    /// You are strongly encouraged to use `run`, unless the use of this is absolutely necessary.
-    ///
-    /// ## Platform-specific
-    ///
-    /// - **X11 / Wayland:** This function returns `1` upon disconnection from
-    ///   the display server.
-    fn run_return<F>(&mut self, event_handler: F) -> i32
-    where
-        F: FnMut(
-            Event<'_, Self::UserEvent>,
-            &EventLoopWindowTarget<Self::UserEvent>,
-            &mut ControlFlow,
-        );
-}
-
-impl<T> EventLoopExtRunReturn for EventLoop<T> {
-    type UserEvent = T;
-
-    fn run_return<F>(&mut self, event_handler: F) -> i32
-    where
-        F: FnMut(
-            Event<'_, Self::UserEvent>,
-            &EventLoopWindowTarget<Self::UserEvent>,
-            &mut ControlFlow,
-        ),
-    {
-        self.event_loop.run_return(event_handler)
-    }
-}

src/platform/scancode.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+use crate::keyboard::{KeyCode, PhysicalKey};
+
+// TODO: Describe what this value contains for each platform
+
+/// Additional methods for the [`PhysicalKey`] type that allow the user to access the platform-specific
+/// scancode.
+///
+/// [`PhysicalKey`]: crate::keyboard::PhysicalKey
+pub trait PhysicalKeyExtScancode {
+    /// The raw value of the platform-specific physical key identifier.
+    ///
+    /// Returns `Some(key_id)` if the conversion was succesful; returns `None` otherwise.
+    ///
+    /// ## Platform-specific
+    /// - **Windows:** A 16bit extended scancode
+    /// - **Wayland/X11**: A 32-bit linux scancode, which is X11/Wayland keycode subtracted by 8.
+    fn to_scancode(self) -> Option<u32>;
+
+    /// Constructs a `PhysicalKey` from a platform-specific physical key identifier.
+    ///
+    /// Note that this conversion may be lossy, i.e. converting the returned `PhysicalKey` back
+    /// using `to_scancode` might not yield the original value.
+    ///
+    /// ## Platform-specific
+    /// - **Wayland/X11**: A 32-bit linux scancode. When building from X11/Wayland keycode subtract
+    ///                    `8` to get the value you wanted.
+    fn from_scancode(scancode: u32) -> PhysicalKey;
+}
+
+impl PhysicalKeyExtScancode for PhysicalKey {
+    fn to_scancode(self) -> Option<u32> {
+        crate::platform_impl::physicalkey_to_scancode(self)
+    }
+
+    fn from_scancode(scancode: u32) -> PhysicalKey {
+        crate::platform_impl::scancode_to_physicalkey(scancode)
+    }
+}
+
+impl PhysicalKeyExtScancode for KeyCode {
+    #[inline]
+    fn to_scancode(self) -> Option<u32> {
+        <PhysicalKey as PhysicalKeyExtScancode>::to_scancode(PhysicalKey::Code(self))
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn from_scancode(scancode: u32) -> PhysicalKey {
+        <PhysicalKey as PhysicalKeyExtScancode>::from_scancode(scancode)
+    }
+}

src/platform/startup_notify.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,99 @@
+//! Window startup notification to handle window raising.
+//!
+//! The [`ActivationToken`] is essential to ensure that your newly
+//! created window will obtain the focus, otherwise the user could
+//! be requered to click on the window.
+//!
+//! Such token is usually delivered via the environment variable and
+//! could be read from it with the [`EventLoopExtStartupNotify::read_token_from_env`].
+//!
+//! Such token must also be reset after reading it from your environment with
+//! [`reset_activation_token_env`] otherwise child processes could inherit it.
+//!
+//! When starting a new child process with a newly obtained [`ActivationToken`] from
+//! [`WindowExtStartupNotify::request_activation_token`] the [`set_activation_token_env`]
+//! must be used to propagate it to the child
+//!
+//! To ensure the delivery of such token by other processes to you, the user should
+//! set `StartupNotify=true` inside the `.desktop` file of their application.
+//!
+//! The specification could be found [`here`].
+//!
+//! [`here`]: https://specifications.freedesktop.org/startup-notification-spec/startup-notification-latest.txt
+
+use std::env;
+
+use crate::error::NotSupportedError;
+use crate::event_loop::{AsyncRequestSerial, EventLoopWindowTarget};
+use crate::window::{ActivationToken, Window, WindowBuilder};
+
+/// The variable which is used mostly on X11.
+const X11_VAR: &str = "DESKTOP_STARTUP_ID";
+
+/// The variable which is used mostly on Wayland.
+const WAYLAND_VAR: &str = "XDG_ACTIVATION_TOKEN";
+
+pub trait EventLoopExtStartupNotify {
+    /// Read the token from the environment.
+    ///
+    /// It's recommended **to unset** this environment variable for child processes.
+    fn read_token_from_env(&self) -> Option<ActivationToken>;
+}
+
+pub trait WindowExtStartupNotify {
+    /// Request a new activation token.
+    ///
+    /// The token will be delivered inside
+    fn request_activation_token(&self) -> Result<AsyncRequestSerial, NotSupportedError>;
+}
+
+pub trait WindowBuilderExtStartupNotify {
+    /// Use this [`ActivationToken`] during window creation.
+    ///
+    /// Not using such a token upon a window could make your window not gaining
+    /// focus until the user clicks on the window.
+    fn with_activation_token(self, token: ActivationToken) -> Self;
+}
+
+impl EventLoopExtStartupNotify for EventLoopWindowTarget {
+    fn read_token_from_env(&self) -> Option<ActivationToken> {
+        match self.p {
+            #[cfg(wayland_platform)]
+            crate::platform_impl::EventLoopWindowTarget::Wayland(_) => env::var(WAYLAND_VAR),
+            #[cfg(x11_platform)]
+            crate::platform_impl::EventLoopWindowTarget::X(_) => env::var(X11_VAR),
+        }
+        .ok()
+        .map(ActivationToken::_new)
+    }
+}
+
+impl WindowExtStartupNotify for Window {
+    fn request_activation_token(&self) -> Result<AsyncRequestSerial, NotSupportedError> {
+        self.window.request_activation_token()
+    }
+}
+
+impl WindowBuilderExtStartupNotify for WindowBuilder {
+    fn with_activation_token(mut self, token: ActivationToken) -> Self {
+        self.window.platform_specific.activation_token = Some(token);
+        self
+    }
+}
+
+/// Remove the activation environment variables from the current process.
+///
+/// This is wise to do before running child processes,
+/// which may not to support the activation token.
+pub fn reset_activation_token_env() {
+    env::remove_var(X11_VAR);
+    env::remove_var(WAYLAND_VAR);
+}
+
+/// Set environment variables responsible for activation token.
+///
+/// This could be used before running daemon processes.
+pub fn set_activation_token_env(token: ActivationToken) {
+    env::set_var(X11_VAR, &token._token);
+    env::set_var(WAYLAND_VAR, token._token);
+}

src/platform/wayland.rs

@@ -1,50 +1,22 @@
-use std::os::raw;
-
 use crate::{
     event_loop::{EventLoopBuilder, EventLoopWindowTarget},
     monitor::MonitorHandle,
     window::{Window, WindowBuilder},
 };
 
-use crate::platform_impl::{
-    ApplicationName, Backend, EventLoopWindowTarget as LinuxEventLoopWindowTarget,
-    Window as LinuxWindow,
-};
-
 pub use crate::window::Theme;
 
 /// Additional methods on [`EventLoopWindowTarget`] that are specific to Wayland.
 pub trait EventLoopWindowTargetExtWayland {
     /// True if the [`EventLoopWindowTarget`] uses Wayland.
     fn is_wayland(&self) -> bool;
-
-    /// Returns a pointer to the `wl_display` object of wayland that is used by this
-    /// [`EventLoopWindowTarget`].
-    ///
-    /// Returns `None` if the [`EventLoop`] doesn't use wayland (if it uses xlib for example).
-    ///
-    /// The pointer will become invalid when the winit [`EventLoop`] is destroyed.
-    ///
-    /// [`EventLoop`]: crate::event_loop::EventLoop
-    fn wayland_display(&self) -> Option<*mut raw::c_void>;
 }
 
-impl<T> EventLoopWindowTargetExtWayland for EventLoopWindowTarget<T> {
+impl EventLoopWindowTargetExtWayland for EventLoopWindowTarget {
     #[inline]
     fn is_wayland(&self) -> bool {
         self.p.is_wayland()
     }
-
-    #[inline]
-    fn wayland_display(&self) -> Option<*mut raw::c_void> {
-        match self.p {
-            LinuxEventLoopWindowTarget::Wayland(ref p) => {
-                Some(p.display().get_display_ptr() as *mut _)
-            }
-            #[cfg(x11_platform)]
-            _ => None,
-        }
-    }
 }
 
 /// Additional methods on [`EventLoopBuilder`] that are specific to Wayland.
@@ -62,7 +34,7 @@ pub trait EventLoopBuilderExtWayland {
 impl<T> EventLoopBuilderExtWayland for EventLoopBuilder<T> {
     #[inline]
     fn with_wayland(&mut self) -> &mut Self {
-        self.platform_specific.forced_backend = Some(Backend::Wayland);
+        self.platform_specific.forced_backend = Some(crate::platform_impl::Backend::Wayland);
         self
     }
 
@@ -74,41 +46,9 @@ impl<T> EventLoopBuilderExtWayland for EventLoopBuilder<T> {
 }
 
 /// Additional methods on [`Window`] that are specific to Wayland.
-pub trait WindowExtWayland {
+pub trait WindowExtWayland {}
-    /// Returns a pointer to the `wl_surface` object of wayland that is used by this window.
-    ///
-    /// Returns `None` if the window doesn't use wayland (if it uses xlib for example).
-    ///
-    /// The pointer will become invalid when the [`Window`] is destroyed.
-    fn wayland_surface(&self) -> Option<*mut raw::c_void>;
 
-    /// Returns a pointer to the `wl_display` object of wayland that is used by this window.
+impl WindowExtWayland for Window {}
-    ///
-    /// Returns `None` if the window doesn't use wayland (if it uses xlib for example).
-    ///
-    /// The pointer will become invalid when the [`Window`] is destroyed.
-    fn wayland_display(&self) -> Option<*mut raw::c_void>;
-}
-
-impl WindowExtWayland for Window {
-    #[inline]
-    fn wayland_surface(&self) -> Option<*mut raw::c_void> {
-        match self.window {
-            LinuxWindow::Wayland(ref w) => Some(w.surface().as_ref().c_ptr() as *mut _),
-            #[cfg(x11_platform)]
-            _ => None,
-        }
-    }
-
-    #[inline]
-    fn wayland_display(&self) -> Option<*mut raw::c_void> {
-        match self.window {
-            LinuxWindow::Wayland(ref w) => Some(w.display().get_display_ptr() as *mut _),
-            #[cfg(x11_platform)]
-            _ => None,
-        }
-    }
-}
 
 /// Additional methods on [`WindowBuilder`] that are specific to Wayland.
 pub trait WindowBuilderExtWayland {
@@ -125,7 +65,10 @@ pub trait WindowBuilderExtWayland {
 impl WindowBuilderExtWayland for WindowBuilder {
     #[inline]
     fn with_name(mut self, general: impl Into<String>, instance: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
-        self.platform_specific.name = Some(ApplicationName::new(general.into(), instance.into()));
+        self.window.platform_specific.name = Some(crate::platform_impl::ApplicationName::new(
+            general.into(),
+            instance.into(),
+        ));
         self
     }
 }

src/platform/web.rs

@@ -2,53 +2,141 @@
 //! allow end users to determine how the page should be laid out. Use the [`WindowExtWebSys`] trait
 //! to retrieve the canvas from the Window. Alternatively, use the [`WindowBuilderExtWebSys`] trait
 //! to provide your own canvas.
+//!
+//! It is recommended **not** to apply certain CSS properties to the canvas:
+//! - [`transform`]
+//! - [`border`]
+//! - [`padding`]
+//!
+//! The following APIs can't take them into account and will therefore provide inaccurate results:
+//! - [`WindowEvent::Resized`] and [`Window::(set_)inner_size()`]
+//! - [`WindowEvent::Occluded`]
+//! - [`WindowEvent::CursorMoved`], [`WindowEvent::CursorEntered`], [`WindowEvent::CursorLeft`],
+//!   and [`WindowEvent::Touch`].
+//! - [`Window::set_outer_position()`]
+//!
+//! [`WindowEvent::Resized`]: crate::event::WindowEvent::Resized
+//! [`Window::(set_)inner_size()`]: crate::window::Window::inner_size()
+//! [`WindowEvent::Occluded`]: crate::event::WindowEvent::Occluded
+//! [`WindowEvent::CursorMoved`]: crate::event::WindowEvent::CursorMoved
+//! [`WindowEvent::CursorEntered`]: crate::event::WindowEvent::CursorEntered
+//! [`WindowEvent::CursorLeft`]: crate::event::WindowEvent::CursorLeft
+//! [`WindowEvent::Touch`]: crate::event::WindowEvent::Touch
+//! [`Window::set_outer_position()`]: crate::window::Window::set_outer_position()
+//! [`transform`]: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/transform
+//! [`border`]: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/border
+//! [`padding`]: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/padding
 
-use crate::event::Event;
+use std::error::Error;
-use crate::event_loop::ControlFlow;
+use std::fmt::{self, Display, Formatter};
-use crate::event_loop::EventLoop;
+use std::future::Future;
-use crate::event_loop::EventLoopWindowTarget;
+use std::pin::Pin;
-use crate::window::WindowBuilder;
+use std::task::{Context, Poll};
+use std::time::Duration;
 
+#[cfg(web_platform)]
 use web_sys::HtmlCanvasElement;
 
-pub trait WindowExtWebSys {
+use crate::cursor::CustomCursorBuilder;
-    fn canvas(&self) -> HtmlCanvasElement;
+use crate::event::Event;
+use crate::event_loop::{EventLoop, EventLoopWindowTarget};
+#[cfg(web_platform)]
+use crate::platform_impl::CustomCursorFuture as PlatformCustomCursorFuture;
+use crate::platform_impl::{PlatformCustomCursor, PlatformCustomCursorBuilder};
+use crate::window::{CustomCursor, Window, WindowBuilder};
 
-    /// Whether the browser reports the preferred color scheme to be "dark".
+#[cfg(not(web_platform))]
-    fn is_dark_mode(&self) -> bool;
+#[doc(hidden)]
+pub struct HtmlCanvasElement;
+
+pub trait WindowExtWebSys {
+    /// Only returns the canvas if called from inside the window context (the
+    /// main thread).
+    fn canvas(&self) -> Option<HtmlCanvasElement>;
+
+    /// Returns [`true`] if calling `event.preventDefault()` is enabled.
+    ///
+    /// See [`Window::set_prevent_default()`] for more details.
+    fn prevent_default(&self) -> bool;
+
+    /// Sets whether `event.preventDefault()` should be called on events on the
+    /// canvas that have side effects.
+    ///
+    /// For example, by default using the mouse wheel would cause the page to scroll, enabling this
+    /// would prevent that.
+    ///
+    /// Some events are impossible to prevent. E.g. Firefox allows to access the native browser
+    /// context menu with Shift+Rightclick.
+    fn set_prevent_default(&self, prevent_default: bool);
+}
+
+impl WindowExtWebSys for Window {
+    #[inline]
+    fn canvas(&self) -> Option<HtmlCanvasElement> {
+        self.window.canvas()
+    }
+
+    fn prevent_default(&self) -> bool {
+        self.window.prevent_default()
+    }
+
+    fn set_prevent_default(&self, prevent_default: bool) {
+        self.window.set_prevent_default(prevent_default)
+    }
 }
 
 pub trait WindowBuilderExtWebSys {
+    /// Pass an [`HtmlCanvasElement`] to be used for this [`Window`]. If [`None`],
+    /// [`WindowBuilder::build()`] will create one.
+    ///
+    /// In any case, the canvas won't be automatically inserted into the web page.
+    ///
+    /// [`None`] by default.
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        not(web_platform),
+        doc = "",
+        doc = "[`HtmlCanvasElement`]: #only-available-on-wasm"
+    )]
     fn with_canvas(self, canvas: Option<HtmlCanvasElement>) -> Self;
 
-    /// Whether `event.preventDefault` should be automatically called to prevent event propagation
+    /// Sets whether `event.preventDefault()` should be called on events on the
-    /// when appropriate.
+    /// canvas that have side effects.
     ///
-    /// For example, mouse wheel events are only handled by the canvas by default. This avoids
+    /// See [`Window::set_prevent_default()`] for more details.
-    /// the default behavior of scrolling the page.
+    ///
+    /// Enabled by default.
     fn with_prevent_default(self, prevent_default: bool) -> Self;
 
     /// Whether the canvas should be focusable using the tab key. This is necessary to capture
     /// canvas keyboard events.
+    ///
+    /// Enabled by default.
     fn with_focusable(self, focusable: bool) -> Self;
+
+    /// On window creation, append the canvas element to the web page if it isn't already.
+    ///
+    /// Disabled by default.
+    fn with_append(self, append: bool) -> Self;
 }
 
 impl WindowBuilderExtWebSys for WindowBuilder {
     fn with_canvas(mut self, canvas: Option<HtmlCanvasElement>) -> Self {
-        self.platform_specific.canvas = canvas;
+        self.window.platform_specific.set_canvas(canvas);
-
         self
     }
 
     fn with_prevent_default(mut self, prevent_default: bool) -> Self {
-        self.platform_specific.prevent_default = prevent_default;
+        self.window.platform_specific.prevent_default = prevent_default;
-
         self
     }
 
     fn with_focusable(mut self, focusable: bool) -> Self {
-        self.platform_specific.focusable = focusable;
+        self.window.platform_specific.focusable = focusable;
+        self
+    }
 
+    fn with_append(mut self, append: bool) -> Self {
+        self.window.platform_specific.append = append;
         self
     }
 }
@@ -60,16 +148,31 @@ pub trait EventLoopExtWebSys {
 
     /// Initializes the winit event loop.
     ///
-    /// Unlike `run`, this returns immediately, and doesn't throw an exception in order to
+    /// Unlike
-    /// satisfy its `!` return type.
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        all(web_platform, target_feature = "exception-handling"),
+        doc = "`run()`"
+    )]
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        not(all(web_platform, target_feature = "exception-handling")),
+        doc = "[`run()`]"
+    )]
+    /// [^1], this returns immediately, and doesn't throw an exception in order to
+    /// satisfy its [`!`] return type.
+    ///
+    /// Once the event loop has been destroyed, it's possible to reinitialize another event loop
+    /// by calling this function again. This can be useful if you want to recreate the event loop
+    /// while the WebAssembly module is still loaded. For example, this can be used to recreate the
+    /// event loop when switching between tabs on a single page application.
+    ///
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        not(all(web_platform, target_feature = "exception-handling")),
+        doc = "[`run()`]: EventLoop::run()"
+    )]
+    /// [^1]: `run()` is _not_ available on WASM when the target supports `exception-handling`.
     fn spawn<F>(self, event_handler: F)
     where
-        F: 'static
+        F: 'static + FnMut(Event<Self::UserEvent>, &EventLoopWindowTarget);
-            + FnMut(
-                Event<'_, Self::UserEvent>,
-                &EventLoopWindowTarget<Self::UserEvent>,
-                &mut ControlFlow,
-            );
 }
 
 impl<T> EventLoopExtWebSys for EventLoop<T> {
@@ -77,13 +180,185 @@ impl<T> EventLoopExtWebSys for EventLoop<T> {
 
     fn spawn<F>(self, event_handler: F)
     where
-        F: 'static
+        F: 'static + FnMut(Event<Self::UserEvent>, &EventLoopWindowTarget),
-            + FnMut(
-                Event<'_, Self::UserEvent>,
-                &EventLoopWindowTarget<Self::UserEvent>,
-                &mut ControlFlow,
-            ),
     {
         self.event_loop.spawn(event_handler)
     }
 }
+
+pub trait EventLoopWindowTargetExtWebSys {
+    /// Sets the strategy for [`ControlFlow::Poll`].
+    ///
+    /// See [`PollStrategy`].
+    ///
+    /// [`ControlFlow::Poll`]: crate::event_loop::ControlFlow::Poll
+    fn set_poll_strategy(&self, strategy: PollStrategy);
+
+    /// Gets the strategy for [`ControlFlow::Poll`].
+    ///
+    /// See [`PollStrategy`].
+    ///
+    /// [`ControlFlow::Poll`]: crate::event_loop::ControlFlow::Poll
+    fn poll_strategy(&self) -> PollStrategy;
+}
+
+impl EventLoopWindowTargetExtWebSys for EventLoopWindowTarget {
+    #[inline]
+    fn set_poll_strategy(&self, strategy: PollStrategy) {
+        self.p.set_poll_strategy(strategy);
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn poll_strategy(&self) -> PollStrategy {
+        self.p.poll_strategy()
+    }
+}
+
+/// Strategy used for [`ControlFlow::Poll`](crate::event_loop::ControlFlow::Poll).
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Default, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub enum PollStrategy {
+    /// Uses [`Window.requestIdleCallback()`] to queue the next event loop. If not available
+    /// this will fallback to [`setTimeout()`].
+    ///
+    /// This strategy will wait for the browser to enter an idle period before running and might
+    /// be affected by browser throttling.
+    ///
+    /// [`Window.requestIdleCallback()`]: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Window/requestIdleCallback
+    /// [`setTimeout()`]: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/setTimeout
+    IdleCallback,
+    /// Uses the [Prioritized Task Scheduling API] to queue the next event loop. If not available
+    /// this will fallback to [`setTimeout()`].
+    ///
+    /// This strategy will run as fast as possible without disturbing users from interacting with
+    /// the page and is not affected by browser throttling.
+    ///
+    /// This is the default strategy.
+    ///
+    /// [Prioritized Task Scheduling API]: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Prioritized_Task_Scheduling_API
+    /// [`setTimeout()`]: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/setTimeout
+    #[default]
+    Scheduler,
+}
+
+pub trait CustomCursorExtWebSys {
+    /// Returns if this cursor is an animation.
+    fn is_animation(&self) -> bool;
+
+    /// Creates a new cursor from a URL pointing to an image.
+    /// It uses the [url css function](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/url),
+    /// but browser support for image formats is inconsistent. Using [PNG] is recommended.
+    ///
+    /// [PNG]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PNG
+    fn from_url(url: String, hotspot_x: u16, hotspot_y: u16) -> CustomCursorBuilder;
+
+    /// Crates a new animated cursor from multiple [`CustomCursor`]s.
+    /// Supplied `cursors` can't be empty or other animations.
+    fn from_animation(
+        duration: Duration,
+        cursors: Vec<CustomCursor>,
+    ) -> Result<CustomCursorBuilder, BadAnimation>;
+}
+
+impl CustomCursorExtWebSys for CustomCursor {
+    fn is_animation(&self) -> bool {
+        self.inner.animation
+    }
+
+    fn from_url(url: String, hotspot_x: u16, hotspot_y: u16) -> CustomCursorBuilder {
+        CustomCursorBuilder {
+            inner: PlatformCustomCursorBuilder::Url {
+                url,
+                hotspot_x,
+                hotspot_y,
+            },
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn from_animation(
+        duration: Duration,
+        cursors: Vec<CustomCursor>,
+    ) -> Result<CustomCursorBuilder, BadAnimation> {
+        if cursors.is_empty() {
+            return Err(BadAnimation::Empty);
+        }
+
+        if cursors.iter().any(CustomCursor::is_animation) {
+            return Err(BadAnimation::Animation);
+        }
+
+        Ok(CustomCursorBuilder {
+            inner: PlatformCustomCursorBuilder::Animation { duration, cursors },
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+/// An error produced when using [`CustomCursor::from_animation`] with invalid arguments.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub enum BadAnimation {
+    /// Produced when no cursors were supplied.
+    Empty,
+    /// Produced when a supplied cursor is an animation.
+    Animation,
+}
+
+impl fmt::Display for BadAnimation {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        match self {
+            Self::Empty => write!(f, "No cursors supplied"),
+            Self::Animation => write!(f, "A supplied cursor is an animtion"),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Error for BadAnimation {}
+
+pub trait CustomCursorBuilderExtWebSys {
+    /// Async version of [`CustomCursorBuilder::build()`] which waits until the
+    /// cursor has completely finished loading.
+    fn build_async(self, window_target: &EventLoopWindowTarget) -> CustomCursorFuture;
+}
+
+impl CustomCursorBuilderExtWebSys for CustomCursorBuilder {
+    fn build_async(self, window_target: &EventLoopWindowTarget) -> CustomCursorFuture {
+        CustomCursorFuture(PlatformCustomCursor::build_async(
+            self.inner,
+            &window_target.p,
+        ))
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(not(web_platform))]
+struct PlatformCustomCursorFuture;
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct CustomCursorFuture(PlatformCustomCursorFuture);
+
+impl Future for CustomCursorFuture {
+    type Output = Result<CustomCursor, CustomCursorError>;
+
+    fn poll(mut self: Pin<&mut Self>, cx: &mut Context<'_>) -> Poll<Self::Output> {
+        Pin::new(&mut self.0)
+            .poll(cx)
+            .map_ok(|cursor| CustomCursor { inner: cursor })
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+pub enum CustomCursorError {
+    Blob,
+    Decode(String),
+    Animation,
+}
+
+impl Display for CustomCursorError {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        match self {
+            Self::Blob => write!(f, "failed to create `Blob`"),
+            Self::Decode(error) => write!(f, "failed to decode image: {error}"),
+            Self::Animation => write!(
+                f,
+                "found `CustomCursor` that is an animation when building an animation"
+            ),
+        }
+    }
+}

src/platform/windows.rs

@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@ use crate::{
     event::DeviceId,
     event_loop::EventLoopBuilder,
     monitor::MonitorHandle,
-    platform_impl::WinIcon,
     window::{BadIcon, Icon, Window, WindowBuilder},
 };
 
@@ -15,8 +14,92 @@ pub type HWND = isize;
 pub type HMENU = isize;
 /// Monitor Handle type used by Win32 API
 pub type HMONITOR = isize;
-/// Instance Handle type used by Win32 API
+
-pub type HINSTANCE = isize;
+/// Describes a system-drawn backdrop material of a window.
+///
+/// For a detailed explanation, see [`DWM_SYSTEMBACKDROP_TYPE docs`].
+///
+/// [`DWM_SYSTEMBACKDROP_TYPE docs`]: https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/api/dwmapi/ne-dwmapi-dwm_systembackdrop_type
+#[derive(Debug, Default, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
+pub enum BackdropType {
+    /// Corresponds to `DWMSBT_AUTO`.
+    ///
+    /// Usually draws a default backdrop effect on the title bar.
+    #[default]
+    Auto = 0,
+
+    /// Corresponds to `DWMSBT_NONE`.
+    None = 1,
+
+    /// Corresponds to `DWMSBT_MAINWINDOW`.
+    ///
+    /// Draws the Mica backdrop material.
+    MainWindow = 2,
+
+    /// Corresponds to `DWMSBT_TRANSIENTWINDOW`.
+    ///
+    /// Draws the Background Acrylic backdrop material.
+    TransientWindow = 3,
+
+    /// Corresponds to `DWMSBT_TABBEDWINDOW`.
+    ///
+    /// Draws the Alt Mica backdrop material.
+    TabbedWindow = 4,
+}
+
+/// Describes a color used by Windows
+#[repr(transparent)]
+#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, Eq, PartialEq, Hash)]
+pub struct Color(u32);
+
+impl Color {
+    /// Use the system's default color
+    pub const SYSTEM_DEFAULT: Color = Color(0xFFFFFFFF);
+
+    //Special constant only valid for the window border and therefore modeled using Option<Color> for user facing code
+    const NONE: Color = Color(0xFFFFFFFE);
+
+    /// Create a new color from the given RGB values
+    pub const fn from_rgb(r: u8, g: u8, b: u8) -> Self {
+        Self((r as u32) | ((g as u32) << 8) | ((b as u32) << 16))
+    }
+}
+
+impl Default for Color {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self::SYSTEM_DEFAULT
+    }
+}
+
+/// Describes how the corners of a window should look like.
+///
+/// For a detailed explanation, see [`DWM_WINDOW_CORNER_PREFERENCE docs`].
+///
+/// [`DWM_WINDOW_CORNER_PREFERENCE docs`]: https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/api/dwmapi/ne-dwmapi-dwm_window_corner_preference
+#[repr(i32)]
+#[derive(Debug, Default, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
+pub enum CornerPreference {
+    /// Corresponds to `DWMWCP_DEFAULT`.
+    ///
+    /// Let the system decide when to round window corners.
+    #[default]
+    Default = 0,
+
+    /// Corresponds to `DWMWCP_DONOTROUND`.
+    ///
+    /// Never round window corners.
+    DoNotRound = 1,
+
+    /// Corresponds to `DWMWCP_ROUND`.
+    ///
+    /// Round the corners, if appropriate.
+    Round = 2,
+
+    /// Corresponds to `DWMWCP_ROUNDSMALL`.
+    ///
+    /// Round the corners if appropriate, with a small radius.
+    RoundSmall = 3,
+}
 
 /// Additional methods on `EventLoop` that are specific to Windows.
 pub trait EventLoopBuilderExtWindows {
@@ -111,13 +194,6 @@ impl<T> EventLoopBuilderExtWindows for EventLoopBuilder<T> {
 
 /// Additional methods on `Window` that are specific to Windows.
 pub trait WindowExtWindows {
-    /// Returns the HINSTANCE of the window
-    fn hinstance(&self) -> HINSTANCE;
-    /// Returns the native handle that is used by this window.
-    ///
-    /// The pointer will become invalid when the native window was destroyed.
-    fn hwnd(&self) -> HWND;
-
     /// Enables or disables mouse and keyboard input to the specified window.
     ///
     /// A window must be enabled before it can be activated.
@@ -143,19 +219,34 @@ pub trait WindowExtWindows {
     ///
     /// Enabling the shadow causes a thin 1px line to appear on the top of the window.
     fn set_undecorated_shadow(&self, shadow: bool);
+
+    /// Sets system-drawn backdrop type.
+    ///
+    /// Requires Windows 11 build 22523+.
+    fn set_system_backdrop(&self, backdrop_type: BackdropType);
+
+    /// Sets the color of the window border.
+    ///
+    /// Supported starting with Windows 11 Build 22000.
+    fn set_border_color(&self, color: Option<Color>);
+
+    /// Sets the background color of the title bar.
+    ///
+    /// Supported starting with Windows 11 Build 22000.
+    fn set_title_background_color(&self, color: Option<Color>);
+
+    /// Sets the color of the window title.
+    ///
+    /// Supported starting with Windows 11 Build 22000.
+    fn set_title_text_color(&self, color: Color);
+
+    /// Sets the preferred style of the window corners.
+    ///
+    /// Supported starting with Windows 11 Build 22000.
+    fn set_corner_preference(&self, preference: CornerPreference);
 }
 
 impl WindowExtWindows for Window {
-    #[inline]
-    fn hinstance(&self) -> HINSTANCE {
-        self.window.hinstance()
-    }
-
-    #[inline]
-    fn hwnd(&self) -> HWND {
-        self.window.hwnd()
-    }
-
     #[inline]
     fn set_enable(&self, enabled: bool) {
         self.window.set_enable(enabled)
@@ -175,9 +266,38 @@ impl WindowExtWindows for Window {
     fn set_undecorated_shadow(&self, shadow: bool) {
         self.window.set_undecorated_shadow(shadow)
     }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn set_system_backdrop(&self, backdrop_type: BackdropType) {
+        self.window.set_system_backdrop(backdrop_type)
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn set_border_color(&self, color: Option<Color>) {
+        self.window.set_border_color(color.unwrap_or(Color::NONE))
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn set_title_background_color(&self, color: Option<Color>) {
+        // The windows docs don't mention NONE as a valid options but it works in practice and is useful
+        // to circumvent the Windows option "Show accent color on title bars and window borders"
+        self.window
+            .set_title_background_color(color.unwrap_or(Color::NONE))
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn set_title_text_color(&self, color: Color) {
+        self.window.set_title_text_color(color)
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn set_corner_preference(&self, preference: CornerPreference) {
+        self.window.set_corner_preference(preference)
+    }
 }
 
 /// Additional methods on `WindowBuilder` that are specific to Windows.
+#[allow(rustdoc::broken_intra_doc_links)]
 pub trait WindowBuilderExtWindows {
     /// Set an owner to the window to be created. Can be used to create a dialog box, for example.
     /// This only works when [`WindowBuilder::with_parent_window`] isn't called or set to `None`.
@@ -190,7 +310,7 @@ pub trait WindowBuilderExtWindows {
     /// - An owned window is hidden when its owner is minimized.
     ///
     /// For more information, see <https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/winmsg/window-features#owned-windows>
-    fn with_owner_window(self, parent: HWND) -> WindowBuilder;
+    fn with_owner_window(self, parent: HWND) -> Self;
 
     /// Sets a menu on the window to be created.
     ///
@@ -201,14 +321,21 @@ pub trait WindowBuilderExtWindows {
     /// Note: Dark mode cannot be supported for win32 menus, it's simply not possible to change how the menus look.
     /// If you use this, it is recommended that you combine it with `with_theme(Some(Theme::Light))` to avoid a jarring effect.
     ///
-    /// [`CreateMenu`]: windows_sys::Win32::UI::WindowsAndMessaging::CreateMenu
+    #[cfg_attr(
-    fn with_menu(self, menu: HMENU) -> WindowBuilder;
+        platform_windows,
+        doc = "[`CreateMenu`]: windows_sys::Win32::UI::WindowsAndMessaging::CreateMenu"
+    )]
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        not(platform_windows),
+        doc = "[`CreateMenu`]: #only-available-on-windows"
+    )]
+    fn with_menu(self, menu: HMENU) -> Self;
 
     /// This sets `ICON_BIG`. A good ceiling here is 256x256.
-    fn with_taskbar_icon(self, taskbar_icon: Option<Icon>) -> WindowBuilder;
+    fn with_taskbar_icon(self, taskbar_icon: Option<Icon>) -> Self;
 
     /// This sets `WS_EX_NOREDIRECTIONBITMAP`.
-    fn with_no_redirection_bitmap(self, flag: bool) -> WindowBuilder;
+    fn with_no_redirection_bitmap(self, flag: bool) -> Self;
 
     /// Enables or disables drag and drop support (enabled by default). Will interfere with other crates
     /// that use multi-threaded COM API (`CoInitializeEx` with `COINIT_MULTITHREADED` instead of
@@ -216,58 +343,131 @@ pub trait WindowBuilderExtWindows {
     /// COM API regardless of this option. Currently only fullscreen mode does that, but there may be more in the future.
     /// If you need COM API with `COINIT_MULTITHREADED` you must initialize it before calling any winit functions.
     /// See <https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/api/objbase/nf-objbase-coinitialize#remarks> for more information.
-    fn with_drag_and_drop(self, flag: bool) -> WindowBuilder;
+    fn with_drag_and_drop(self, flag: bool) -> Self;
 
     /// Whether show or hide the window icon in the taskbar.
-    fn with_skip_taskbar(self, skip: bool) -> WindowBuilder;
+    fn with_skip_taskbar(self, skip: bool) -> Self;
+
+    /// Customize the window class name.
+    fn with_class_name<S: Into<String>>(self, class_name: S) -> Self;
 
     /// Shows or hides the background drop shadow for undecorated windows.
     ///
     /// The shadow is hidden by default.
     /// Enabling the shadow causes a thin 1px line to appear on the top of the window.
-    fn with_undecorated_shadow(self, shadow: bool) -> WindowBuilder;
+    fn with_undecorated_shadow(self, shadow: bool) -> Self;
+
+    /// Sets system-drawn backdrop type.
+    ///
+    /// Requires Windows 11 build 22523+.
+    fn with_system_backdrop(self, backdrop_type: BackdropType) -> Self;
+
+    /// This sets or removes `WS_CLIPCHILDREN` style.
+    fn with_clip_children(self, flag: bool) -> Self;
+
+    /// Sets the color of the window border.
+    ///
+    /// Supported starting with Windows 11 Build 22000.
+    fn with_border_color(self, color: Option<Color>) -> Self;
+
+    /// Sets the background color of the title bar.
+    ///
+    /// Supported starting with Windows 11 Build 22000.
+    fn with_title_background_color(self, color: Option<Color>) -> Self;
+
+    /// Sets the color of the window title.
+    ///
+    /// Supported starting with Windows 11 Build 22000.
+    fn with_title_text_color(self, color: Color) -> Self;
+
+    /// Sets the preferred style of the window corners.
+    ///
+    /// Supported starting with Windows 11 Build 22000.
+    fn with_corner_preference(self, corners: CornerPreference) -> Self;
 }
 
 impl WindowBuilderExtWindows for WindowBuilder {
     #[inline]
-    fn with_owner_window(mut self, parent: HWND) -> WindowBuilder {
+    fn with_owner_window(mut self, parent: HWND) -> Self {
-        self.platform_specific.owner = Some(parent);
+        self.window.platform_specific.owner = Some(parent);
         self
     }
 
     #[inline]
-    fn with_menu(mut self, menu: HMENU) -> WindowBuilder {
+    fn with_menu(mut self, menu: HMENU) -> Self {
-        self.platform_specific.menu = Some(menu);
+        self.window.platform_specific.menu = Some(menu);
         self
     }
 
     #[inline]
-    fn with_taskbar_icon(mut self, taskbar_icon: Option<Icon>) -> WindowBuilder {
+    fn with_taskbar_icon(mut self, taskbar_icon: Option<Icon>) -> Self {
-        self.platform_specific.taskbar_icon = taskbar_icon;
+        self.window.platform_specific.taskbar_icon = taskbar_icon;
         self
     }
 
     #[inline]
-    fn with_no_redirection_bitmap(mut self, flag: bool) -> WindowBuilder {
+    fn with_no_redirection_bitmap(mut self, flag: bool) -> Self {
-        self.platform_specific.no_redirection_bitmap = flag;
+        self.window.platform_specific.no_redirection_bitmap = flag;
         self
     }
 
     #[inline]
-    fn with_drag_and_drop(mut self, flag: bool) -> WindowBuilder {
+    fn with_drag_and_drop(mut self, flag: bool) -> Self {
-        self.platform_specific.drag_and_drop = flag;
+        self.window.platform_specific.drag_and_drop = flag;
         self
     }
 
     #[inline]
-    fn with_skip_taskbar(mut self, skip: bool) -> WindowBuilder {
+    fn with_skip_taskbar(mut self, skip: bool) -> Self {
-        self.platform_specific.skip_taskbar = skip;
+        self.window.platform_specific.skip_taskbar = skip;
         self
     }
 
     #[inline]
-    fn with_undecorated_shadow(mut self, shadow: bool) -> WindowBuilder {
+    fn with_class_name<S: Into<String>>(mut self, class_name: S) -> Self {
-        self.platform_specific.decoration_shadow = shadow;
+        self.window.platform_specific.class_name = class_name.into();
+        self
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn with_undecorated_shadow(mut self, shadow: bool) -> Self {
+        self.window.platform_specific.decoration_shadow = shadow;
+        self
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn with_system_backdrop(mut self, backdrop_type: BackdropType) -> Self {
+        self.window.platform_specific.backdrop_type = backdrop_type;
+        self
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn with_clip_children(mut self, flag: bool) -> Self {
+        self.window.platform_specific.clip_children = flag;
+        self
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn with_border_color(mut self, color: Option<Color>) -> Self {
+        self.window.platform_specific.border_color = Some(color.unwrap_or(Color::NONE));
+        self
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn with_title_background_color(mut self, color: Option<Color>) -> Self {
+        self.window.platform_specific.title_background_color = Some(color.unwrap_or(Color::NONE));
+        self
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn with_title_text_color(mut self, color: Color) -> Self {
+        self.window.platform_specific.title_text_color = Some(color);
+        self
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn with_corner_preference(mut self, corners: CornerPreference) -> Self {
+        self.window.platform_specific.corner_preference = Some(corners);
         self
     }
 }
@@ -335,12 +535,12 @@ impl IconExtWindows for Icon {
         path: P,
         size: Option<PhysicalSize<u32>>,
     ) -> Result<Self, BadIcon> {
-        let win_icon = WinIcon::from_path(path, size)?;
+        let win_icon = crate::platform_impl::WinIcon::from_path(path, size)?;
         Ok(Icon { inner: win_icon })
     }
 
     fn from_resource(ordinal: u16, size: Option<PhysicalSize<u32>>) -> Result<Self, BadIcon> {
-        let win_icon = WinIcon::from_resource(ordinal, size)?;
+        let win_icon = crate::platform_impl::WinIcon::from_resource(ordinal, size)?;
         Ok(Icon { inner: win_icon })
     }
 }

src/platform/x11.rs

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-use std::os::raw;
+#[cfg(feature = "serde")]
-use std::ptr;
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 
 use crate::{
     event_loop::{EventLoopBuilder, EventLoopWindowTarget},
@@ -8,11 +8,50 @@ use crate::{
 };
 
 use crate::dpi::Size;
-use crate::platform_impl::{
-    x11::ffi::XVisualInfo, ApplicationName, Backend, Window as LinuxWindow, XLIB_ERROR_HOOKS,
-};
 
-pub use crate::platform_impl::{x11::util::WindowType as XWindowType, XNotSupported};
+/// X window type. Maps directly to
+/// [`_NET_WM_WINDOW_TYPE`](https://specifications.freedesktop.org/wm-spec/wm-spec-1.5.html).
+#[derive(Debug, Default, Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
+#[cfg_attr(feature = "serde", derive(Serialize, Deserialize))]
+pub enum WindowType {
+    /// A desktop feature. This can include a single window containing desktop icons with the same dimensions as the
+    /// screen, allowing the desktop environment to have full control of the desktop, without the need for proxying
+    /// root window clicks.
+    Desktop,
+    /// A dock or panel feature. Typically a Window Manager would keep such windows on top of all other windows.
+    Dock,
+    /// Toolbar windows. "Torn off" from the main application.
+    Toolbar,
+    /// Pinnable menu windows. "Torn off" from the main application.
+    Menu,
+    /// A small persistent utility window, such as a palette or toolbox.
+    Utility,
+    /// The window is a splash screen displayed as an application is starting up.
+    Splash,
+    /// This is a dialog window.
+    Dialog,
+    /// A dropdown menu that usually appears when the user clicks on an item in a menu bar.
+    /// This property is typically used on override-redirect windows.
+    DropdownMenu,
+    /// A popup menu that usually appears when the user right clicks on an object.
+    /// This property is typically used on override-redirect windows.
+    PopupMenu,
+    /// A tooltip window. Usually used to show additional information when hovering over an object with the cursor.
+    /// This property is typically used on override-redirect windows.
+    Tooltip,
+    /// The window is a notification.
+    /// This property is typically used on override-redirect windows.
+    Notification,
+    /// This should be used on the windows that are popped up by combo boxes.
+    /// This property is typically used on override-redirect windows.
+    Combo,
+    /// This indicates the the window is being dragged.
+    /// This property is typically used on override-redirect windows.
+    Dnd,
+    /// This is a normal, top-level window.
+    #[default]
+    Normal,
+}
 
 /// The first argument in the provided hook will be the pointer to `XDisplay`
 /// and the second one the pointer to [`XErrorEvent`]. The returned `bool` is an
@@ -22,6 +61,12 @@ pub use crate::platform_impl::{x11::util::WindowType as XWindowType, XNotSupport
 pub type XlibErrorHook =
     Box<dyn Fn(*mut std::ffi::c_void, *mut std::ffi::c_void) -> bool + Send + Sync>;
 
+/// A unique identifer for an X11 visual.
+pub type XVisualID = u32;
+
+/// A unique identifier for an X11 window.
+pub type XWindow = u32;
+
 /// Hook to winit's xlib error handling callback.
 ///
 /// This method is provided as a safe way to handle the errors comming from X11
@@ -37,7 +82,10 @@ pub type XlibErrorHook =
 pub fn register_xlib_error_hook(hook: XlibErrorHook) {
     // Append new hook.
     unsafe {
-        XLIB_ERROR_HOOKS.lock().unwrap().push(hook);
+        crate::platform_impl::XLIB_ERROR_HOOKS
+            .lock()
+            .unwrap()
+            .push(hook);
     }
 }
 
@@ -47,7 +95,7 @@ pub trait EventLoopWindowTargetExtX11 {
     fn is_x11(&self) -> bool;
 }
 
-impl<T> EventLoopWindowTargetExtX11 for EventLoopWindowTarget<T> {
+impl EventLoopWindowTargetExtX11 for EventLoopWindowTarget {
     #[inline]
     fn is_x11(&self) -> bool {
         !self.p.is_wayland()
@@ -69,7 +117,7 @@ pub trait EventLoopBuilderExtX11 {
 impl<T> EventLoopBuilderExtX11 for EventLoopBuilder<T> {
     #[inline]
     fn with_x11(&mut self) -> &mut Self {
-        self.platform_specific.forced_backend = Some(Backend::X);
+        self.platform_specific.forced_backend = Some(crate::platform_impl::Backend::X);
         self
     }
 
@@ -81,140 +129,107 @@ impl<T> EventLoopBuilderExtX11 for EventLoopBuilder<T> {
 }
 
 /// Additional methods on [`Window`] that are specific to X11.
-pub trait WindowExtX11 {
+pub trait WindowExtX11 {}
-    /// Returns the ID of the [`Window`] xlib object that is used by this window.
-    ///
-    /// Returns `None` if the window doesn't use xlib (if it uses wayland for example).
-    fn xlib_window(&self) -> Option<raw::c_ulong>;
 
-    /// Returns a pointer to the `Display` object of xlib that is used by this window.
+impl WindowExtX11 for Window {}
-    ///
-    /// Returns `None` if the window doesn't use xlib (if it uses wayland for example).
-    ///
-    /// The pointer will become invalid when the [`Window`] is destroyed.
-    fn xlib_display(&self) -> Option<*mut raw::c_void>;
-
-    fn xlib_screen_id(&self) -> Option<raw::c_int>;
-
-    /// This function returns the underlying `xcb_connection_t` of an xlib `Display`.
-    ///
-    /// Returns `None` if the window doesn't use xlib (if it uses wayland for example).
-    ///
-    /// The pointer will become invalid when the [`Window`] is destroyed.
-    fn xcb_connection(&self) -> Option<*mut raw::c_void>;
-}
-
-impl WindowExtX11 for Window {
-    #[inline]
-    fn xlib_window(&self) -> Option<raw::c_ulong> {
-        match self.window {
-            LinuxWindow::X(ref w) => Some(w.xlib_window()),
-            #[cfg(wayland_platform)]
-            _ => None,
-        }
-    }
-
-    #[inline]
-    fn xlib_display(&self) -> Option<*mut raw::c_void> {
-        match self.window {
-            LinuxWindow::X(ref w) => Some(w.xlib_display()),
-            #[cfg(wayland_platform)]
-            _ => None,
-        }
-    }
-
-    #[inline]
-    fn xlib_screen_id(&self) -> Option<raw::c_int> {
-        match self.window {
-            LinuxWindow::X(ref w) => Some(w.xlib_screen_id()),
-            #[cfg(wayland_platform)]
-            _ => None,
-        }
-    }
-
-    #[inline]
-    fn xcb_connection(&self) -> Option<*mut raw::c_void> {
-        match self.window {
-            LinuxWindow::X(ref w) => Some(w.xcb_connection()),
-            #[cfg(wayland_platform)]
-            _ => None,
-        }
-    }
-}
 
 /// Additional methods on [`WindowBuilder`] that are specific to X11.
 pub trait WindowBuilderExtX11 {
-    fn with_x11_visual<T>(self, visual_infos: *const T) -> Self;
+    /// Create this window with a specific X11 visual.
+    fn with_x11_visual(self, visual_id: XVisualID) -> Self;
 
     fn with_x11_screen(self, screen_id: i32) -> Self;
 
     /// Build window with the given `general` and `instance` names.
     ///
     /// The `general` sets general class of `WM_CLASS(STRING)`, while `instance` set the
-    /// instance part of it. The resulted property looks like `WM_CLASS(STRING) = "general", "instance"`.
+    /// instance part of it. The resulted property looks like `WM_CLASS(STRING) = "instance", "general"`.
     ///
     /// For details about application ID conventions, see the
     /// [Desktop Entry Spec](https://specifications.freedesktop.org/desktop-entry-spec/desktop-entry-spec-latest.html#desktop-file-id)
     fn with_name(self, general: impl Into<String>, instance: impl Into<String>) -> Self;
 
-    /// Build window with override-redirect flag; defaults to false. Only relevant on X11.
+    /// Build window with override-redirect flag; defaults to false.
     fn with_override_redirect(self, override_redirect: bool) -> Self;
 
-    /// Build window with `_NET_WM_WINDOW_TYPE` hints; defaults to `Normal`. Only relevant on X11.
+    /// Build window with `_NET_WM_WINDOW_TYPE` hints; defaults to `Normal`.
-    fn with_x11_window_type(self, x11_window_type: Vec<XWindowType>) -> Self;
+    fn with_x11_window_type(self, x11_window_type: Vec<WindowType>) -> Self;
 
-    /// Build window with base size hint. Only implemented on X11.
+    /// Build window with base size hint.
     ///
     /// ```
     /// # use winit::dpi::{LogicalSize, PhysicalSize};
-    /// # use winit::window::WindowBuilder;
+    /// # use winit::window::Window;
     /// # use winit::platform::x11::WindowBuilderExtX11;
     /// // Specify the size in logical dimensions like this:
-    /// WindowBuilder::new().with_base_size(LogicalSize::new(400.0, 200.0));
+    /// Window::builder().with_base_size(LogicalSize::new(400.0, 200.0));
     ///
     /// // Or specify the size in physical dimensions like this:
-    /// WindowBuilder::new().with_base_size(PhysicalSize::new(400, 200));
+    /// Window::builder().with_base_size(PhysicalSize::new(400, 200));
     /// ```
     fn with_base_size<S: Into<Size>>(self, base_size: S) -> Self;
+
+    /// Embed this window into another parent window.
+    ///
+    /// # Example
+    ///
+    /// ```no_run
+    /// use winit::window::Window;
+    /// use winit::platform::x11::{XWindow, WindowBuilderExtX11};
+    /// # fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
+    /// let event_loop = winit::event_loop::EventLoop::new().unwrap();
+    /// let parent_window_id = std::env::args().nth(1).unwrap().parse::<XWindow>()?;
+    /// let window = Window::builder()
+    ///     .with_embed_parent_window(parent_window_id)
+    ///     .build(&event_loop)?;
+    /// # Ok(()) }
+    /// ```
+    fn with_embed_parent_window(self, parent_window_id: XWindow) -> Self;
 }
 
 impl WindowBuilderExtX11 for WindowBuilder {
     #[inline]
-    fn with_x11_visual<T>(mut self, visual_infos: *const T) -> Self {
+    fn with_x11_visual(mut self, visual_id: XVisualID) -> Self {
-        {
+        self.window.platform_specific.x11.visual_id = Some(visual_id);
-            self.platform_specific.visual_infos =
-                Some(unsafe { ptr::read(visual_infos as *const XVisualInfo) });
-        }
         self
     }
 
     #[inline]
     fn with_x11_screen(mut self, screen_id: i32) -> Self {
-        self.platform_specific.screen_id = Some(screen_id);
+        self.window.platform_specific.x11.screen_id = Some(screen_id);
         self
     }
 
     #[inline]
     fn with_name(mut self, general: impl Into<String>, instance: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
-        self.platform_specific.name = Some(ApplicationName::new(general.into(), instance.into()));
+        self.window.platform_specific.name = Some(crate::platform_impl::ApplicationName::new(
+            general.into(),
+            instance.into(),
+        ));
         self
     }
 
     #[inline]
     fn with_override_redirect(mut self, override_redirect: bool) -> Self {
-        self.platform_specific.override_redirect = override_redirect;
+        self.window.platform_specific.x11.override_redirect = override_redirect;
         self
     }
 
     #[inline]
-    fn with_x11_window_type(mut self, x11_window_types: Vec<XWindowType>) -> Self {
+    fn with_x11_window_type(mut self, x11_window_types: Vec<WindowType>) -> Self {
-        self.platform_specific.x11_window_types = x11_window_types;
+        self.window.platform_specific.x11.x11_window_types = x11_window_types;
         self
     }
 
     #[inline]
     fn with_base_size<S: Into<Size>>(mut self, base_size: S) -> Self {
-        self.platform_specific.base_size = Some(base_size.into());
+        self.window.platform_specific.x11.base_size = Some(base_size.into());
+        self
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn with_embed_parent_window(mut self, parent_window_id: XWindow) -> Self {
+        self.window.platform_specific.x11.embed_window = Some(parent_window_id);
         self
     }
 }

src/platform_impl/android/keycodes.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,607 @@
+use android_activity::{
+    input::{KeyAction, KeyEvent, KeyMapChar, Keycode},
+    AndroidApp,
+};
+
+use crate::keyboard::{Key, KeyCode, KeyLocation, NamedKey, NativeKey, NativeKeyCode, PhysicalKey};
+
+pub fn to_physical_key(keycode: Keycode) -> PhysicalKey {
+    PhysicalKey::Code(match keycode {
+        Keycode::A => KeyCode::KeyA,
+        Keycode::B => KeyCode::KeyB,
+        Keycode::C => KeyCode::KeyC,
+        Keycode::D => KeyCode::KeyD,
+        Keycode::E => KeyCode::KeyE,
+        Keycode::F => KeyCode::KeyF,
+        Keycode::G => KeyCode::KeyG,
+        Keycode::H => KeyCode::KeyH,
+        Keycode::I => KeyCode::KeyI,
+        Keycode::J => KeyCode::KeyJ,
+        Keycode::K => KeyCode::KeyK,
+        Keycode::L => KeyCode::KeyL,
+        Keycode::M => KeyCode::KeyM,
+        Keycode::N => KeyCode::KeyN,
+        Keycode::O => KeyCode::KeyO,
+        Keycode::P => KeyCode::KeyP,
+        Keycode::Q => KeyCode::KeyQ,
+        Keycode::R => KeyCode::KeyR,
+        Keycode::S => KeyCode::KeyS,
+        Keycode::T => KeyCode::KeyT,
+        Keycode::U => KeyCode::KeyU,
+        Keycode::V => KeyCode::KeyV,
+        Keycode::W => KeyCode::KeyW,
+        Keycode::X => KeyCode::KeyX,
+        Keycode::Y => KeyCode::KeyY,
+        Keycode::Z => KeyCode::KeyZ,
+
+        Keycode::Keycode0 => KeyCode::Digit0,
+        Keycode::Keycode1 => KeyCode::Digit1,
+        Keycode::Keycode2 => KeyCode::Digit2,
+        Keycode::Keycode3 => KeyCode::Digit3,
+        Keycode::Keycode4 => KeyCode::Digit4,
+        Keycode::Keycode5 => KeyCode::Digit5,
+        Keycode::Keycode6 => KeyCode::Digit6,
+        Keycode::Keycode7 => KeyCode::Digit7,
+        Keycode::Keycode8 => KeyCode::Digit8,
+        Keycode::Keycode9 => KeyCode::Digit9,
+
+        Keycode::Numpad0 => KeyCode::Numpad0,
+        Keycode::Numpad1 => KeyCode::Numpad1,
+        Keycode::Numpad2 => KeyCode::Numpad2,
+        Keycode::Numpad3 => KeyCode::Numpad3,
+        Keycode::Numpad4 => KeyCode::Numpad4,
+        Keycode::Numpad5 => KeyCode::Numpad5,
+        Keycode::Numpad6 => KeyCode::Numpad6,
+        Keycode::Numpad7 => KeyCode::Numpad7,
+        Keycode::Numpad8 => KeyCode::Numpad8,
+        Keycode::Numpad9 => KeyCode::Numpad9,
+
+        Keycode::NumpadAdd => KeyCode::NumpadAdd,
+        Keycode::NumpadSubtract => KeyCode::NumpadSubtract,
+        Keycode::NumpadMultiply => KeyCode::NumpadMultiply,
+        Keycode::NumpadDivide => KeyCode::NumpadDivide,
+        Keycode::NumpadEnter => KeyCode::NumpadEnter,
+        Keycode::NumpadEquals => KeyCode::NumpadEqual,
+        Keycode::NumpadComma => KeyCode::NumpadComma,
+        Keycode::NumpadDot => KeyCode::NumpadDecimal,
+        Keycode::NumLock => KeyCode::NumLock,
+
+        Keycode::DpadLeft => KeyCode::ArrowLeft,
+        Keycode::DpadRight => KeyCode::ArrowRight,
+        Keycode::DpadUp => KeyCode::ArrowUp,
+        Keycode::DpadDown => KeyCode::ArrowDown,
+
+        Keycode::F1 => KeyCode::F1,
+        Keycode::F2 => KeyCode::F2,
+        Keycode::F3 => KeyCode::F3,
+        Keycode::F4 => KeyCode::F4,
+        Keycode::F5 => KeyCode::F5,
+        Keycode::F6 => KeyCode::F6,
+        Keycode::F7 => KeyCode::F7,
+        Keycode::F8 => KeyCode::F8,
+        Keycode::F9 => KeyCode::F9,
+        Keycode::F10 => KeyCode::F10,
+        Keycode::F11 => KeyCode::F11,
+        Keycode::F12 => KeyCode::F12,
+
+        Keycode::Space => KeyCode::Space,
+        Keycode::Escape => KeyCode::Escape,
+        Keycode::Enter => KeyCode::Enter, // not on the Numpad
+        Keycode::Tab => KeyCode::Tab,
+
+        Keycode::PageUp => KeyCode::PageUp,
+        Keycode::PageDown => KeyCode::PageDown,
+        Keycode::MoveHome => KeyCode::Home,
+        Keycode::MoveEnd => KeyCode::End,
+        Keycode::Insert => KeyCode::Insert,
+
+        Keycode::Del => KeyCode::Backspace, // Backspace (above Enter)
+        Keycode::ForwardDel => KeyCode::Delete, // Delete (below Insert)
+
+        Keycode::Copy => KeyCode::Copy,
+        Keycode::Paste => KeyCode::Paste,
+        Keycode::Cut => KeyCode::Cut,
+
+        Keycode::VolumeUp => KeyCode::AudioVolumeUp,
+        Keycode::VolumeDown => KeyCode::AudioVolumeDown,
+        Keycode::VolumeMute => KeyCode::AudioVolumeMute,
+        //Keycode::Mute => None, // Microphone mute
+        Keycode::MediaPlayPause => KeyCode::MediaPlayPause,
+        Keycode::MediaStop => KeyCode::MediaStop,
+        Keycode::MediaNext => KeyCode::MediaTrackNext,
+        Keycode::MediaPrevious => KeyCode::MediaTrackPrevious,
+
+        Keycode::Plus => KeyCode::Equal,
+        Keycode::Minus => KeyCode::Minus,
+        // Winit doesn't differentiate both '+' and '=', considering they are usually
+        // on the same physical key
+        Keycode::Equals => KeyCode::Equal,
+        Keycode::Semicolon => KeyCode::Semicolon,
+        Keycode::Slash => KeyCode::Slash,
+        Keycode::Backslash => KeyCode::Backslash,
+        Keycode::Comma => KeyCode::Comma,
+        Keycode::Period => KeyCode::Period,
+        Keycode::Apostrophe => KeyCode::Quote,
+        Keycode::Grave => KeyCode::Backquote,
+
+        // Winit doesn't expose a SysRq code, so map to PrintScreen since it's
+        // usually the same physical key
+        Keycode::Sysrq => KeyCode::PrintScreen,
+        // These are usually the same (Pause/Break)
+        Keycode::Break => KeyCode::Pause,
+        // These are exactly the same
+        Keycode::ScrollLock => KeyCode::ScrollLock,
+
+        Keycode::Yen => KeyCode::IntlYen,
+        Keycode::Kana => KeyCode::Lang1,
+        Keycode::KatakanaHiragana => KeyCode::KanaMode,
+
+        Keycode::CtrlLeft => KeyCode::ControlLeft,
+        Keycode::CtrlRight => KeyCode::ControlRight,
+
+        Keycode::ShiftLeft => KeyCode::ShiftLeft,
+        Keycode::ShiftRight => KeyCode::ShiftRight,
+
+        Keycode::AltLeft => KeyCode::AltLeft,
+        Keycode::AltRight => KeyCode::AltRight,
+
+        Keycode::MetaLeft => KeyCode::SuperLeft,
+        Keycode::MetaRight => KeyCode::SuperRight,
+
+        Keycode::LeftBracket => KeyCode::BracketLeft,
+        Keycode::RightBracket => KeyCode::BracketRight,
+
+        Keycode::Power => KeyCode::Power,
+        Keycode::Sleep => KeyCode::Sleep, // what about SoftSleep?
+        Keycode::Wakeup => KeyCode::WakeUp,
+
+        keycode => return PhysicalKey::Unidentified(NativeKeyCode::Android(keycode.into())),
+    })
+}
+
+/// Tries to map the `key_event` to a `KeyMapChar` containing a unicode character or dead key accent
+///
+/// This takes a `KeyEvent` and looks up its corresponding `KeyCharacterMap` and
+/// uses that to try and map the `key_code` + `meta_state` to a unicode
+/// character or a dead key that can be combined with the next key press.
+pub fn character_map_and_combine_key(
+    app: &AndroidApp,
+    key_event: &KeyEvent<'_>,
+    combining_accent: &mut Option<char>,
+) -> Option<KeyMapChar> {
+    let device_id = key_event.device_id();
+
+    let key_map = match app.device_key_character_map(device_id) {
+        Ok(key_map) => key_map,
+        Err(err) => {
+            log::warn!("Failed to look up `KeyCharacterMap` for device {device_id}: {err:?}");
+            return None;
+        }
+    };
+
+    match key_map.get(key_event.key_code(), key_event.meta_state()) {
+        Ok(KeyMapChar::Unicode(unicode)) => {
+            // Only do dead key combining on key down
+            if key_event.action() == KeyAction::Down {
+                let combined_unicode = if let Some(accent) = combining_accent {
+                    match key_map.get_dead_char(*accent, unicode) {
+                        Ok(Some(key)) => Some(key),
+                        Ok(None) => None,
+                        Err(err) => {
+                            log::warn!("KeyEvent: Failed to combine 'dead key' accent '{accent}' with '{unicode}': {err:?}");
+                            None
+                        }
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    Some(unicode)
+                };
+                *combining_accent = None;
+                combined_unicode.map(KeyMapChar::Unicode)
+            } else {
+                Some(KeyMapChar::Unicode(unicode))
+            }
+        }
+        Ok(KeyMapChar::CombiningAccent(accent)) => {
+            if key_event.action() == KeyAction::Down {
+                *combining_accent = Some(accent);
+            }
+            Some(KeyMapChar::CombiningAccent(accent))
+        }
+        Ok(KeyMapChar::None) => {
+            // Leave any combining_accent state in tact (seems to match how other
+            // Android apps work)
+            None
+        }
+        Err(err) => {
+            log::warn!("KeyEvent: Failed to get key map character: {err:?}");
+            *combining_accent = None;
+            None
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn to_logical(key_char: Option<KeyMapChar>, keycode: Keycode) -> Key {
+    use android_activity::input::Keycode::*;
+
+    let native = NativeKey::Android(keycode.into());
+
+    match key_char {
+        Some(KeyMapChar::Unicode(c)) => Key::Character(smol_str::SmolStr::from_iter([c])),
+        Some(KeyMapChar::CombiningAccent(c)) => Key::Dead(Some(c)),
+        None | Some(KeyMapChar::None) => match keycode {
+            // Using `BrowserHome` instead of `GoHome` according to
+            // https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/KeyboardEvent/key/Key_Values
+            Home => Key::Named(NamedKey::BrowserHome),
+            Back => Key::Named(NamedKey::BrowserBack),
+            Call => Key::Named(NamedKey::Call),
+            Endcall => Key::Named(NamedKey::EndCall),
+
+            //-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+            // These should be redundant because they should have already been matched
+            // as `KeyMapChar::Unicode`, but also matched here as a fallback
+            Keycode0 => Key::Character("0".into()),
+            Keycode1 => Key::Character("1".into()),
+            Keycode2 => Key::Character("2".into()),
+            Keycode3 => Key::Character("3".into()),
+            Keycode4 => Key::Character("4".into()),
+            Keycode5 => Key::Character("5".into()),
+            Keycode6 => Key::Character("6".into()),
+            Keycode7 => Key::Character("7".into()),
+            Keycode8 => Key::Character("8".into()),
+            Keycode9 => Key::Character("9".into()),
+            Star => Key::Character("*".into()),
+            Pound => Key::Character("#".into()),
+            A => Key::Character("a".into()),
+            B => Key::Character("b".into()),
+            C => Key::Character("c".into()),
+            D => Key::Character("d".into()),
+            E => Key::Character("e".into()),
+            F => Key::Character("f".into()),
+            G => Key::Character("g".into()),
+            H => Key::Character("h".into()),
+            I => Key::Character("i".into()),
+            J => Key::Character("j".into()),
+            K => Key::Character("k".into()),
+            L => Key::Character("l".into()),
+            M => Key::Character("m".into()),
+            N => Key::Character("n".into()),
+            O => Key::Character("o".into()),
+            P => Key::Character("p".into()),
+            Q => Key::Character("q".into()),
+            R => Key::Character("r".into()),
+            S => Key::Character("s".into()),
+            T => Key::Character("t".into()),
+            U => Key::Character("u".into()),
+            V => Key::Character("v".into()),
+            W => Key::Character("w".into()),
+            X => Key::Character("x".into()),
+            Y => Key::Character("y".into()),
+            Z => Key::Character("z".into()),
+            Comma => Key::Character(",".into()),
+            Period => Key::Character(".".into()),
+            Grave => Key::Character("`".into()),
+            Minus => Key::Character("-".into()),
+            Equals => Key::Character("=".into()),
+            LeftBracket => Key::Character("[".into()),
+            RightBracket => Key::Character("]".into()),
+            Backslash => Key::Character("\\".into()),
+            Semicolon => Key::Character(";".into()),
+            Apostrophe => Key::Character("'".into()),
+            Slash => Key::Character("/".into()),
+            At => Key::Character("@".into()),
+            Plus => Key::Character("+".into()),
+            //-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+            DpadUp => Key::Named(NamedKey::ArrowUp),
+            DpadDown => Key::Named(NamedKey::ArrowDown),
+            DpadLeft => Key::Named(NamedKey::ArrowLeft),
+            DpadRight => Key::Named(NamedKey::ArrowRight),
+            DpadCenter => Key::Named(NamedKey::Enter),
+
+            VolumeUp => Key::Named(NamedKey::AudioVolumeUp),
+            VolumeDown => Key::Named(NamedKey::AudioVolumeDown),
+            Power => Key::Named(NamedKey::Power),
+            Camera => Key::Named(NamedKey::Camera),
+            Clear => Key::Named(NamedKey::Clear),
+
+            AltLeft => Key::Named(NamedKey::Alt),
+            AltRight => Key::Named(NamedKey::Alt),
+            ShiftLeft => Key::Named(NamedKey::Shift),
+            ShiftRight => Key::Named(NamedKey::Shift),
+            Tab => Key::Named(NamedKey::Tab),
+            Space => Key::Named(NamedKey::Space),
+            Sym => Key::Named(NamedKey::Symbol),
+            Explorer => Key::Named(NamedKey::LaunchWebBrowser),
+            Envelope => Key::Named(NamedKey::LaunchMail),
+            Enter => Key::Named(NamedKey::Enter),
+            Del => Key::Named(NamedKey::Backspace),
+
+            // According to https://developer.android.com/reference/android/view/KeyEvent#KEYCODE_NUM
+            Num => Key::Named(NamedKey::Alt),
+
+            Headsethook => Key::Named(NamedKey::HeadsetHook),
+            Focus => Key::Named(NamedKey::CameraFocus),
+
+            Notification => Key::Named(NamedKey::Notification),
+            Search => Key::Named(NamedKey::BrowserSearch),
+            MediaPlayPause => Key::Named(NamedKey::MediaPlayPause),
+            MediaStop => Key::Named(NamedKey::MediaStop),
+            MediaNext => Key::Named(NamedKey::MediaTrackNext),
+            MediaPrevious => Key::Named(NamedKey::MediaTrackPrevious),
+            MediaRewind => Key::Named(NamedKey::MediaRewind),
+            MediaFastForward => Key::Named(NamedKey::MediaFastForward),
+            Mute => Key::Named(NamedKey::MicrophoneVolumeMute),
+            PageUp => Key::Named(NamedKey::PageUp),
+            PageDown => Key::Named(NamedKey::PageDown),
+
+            Escape => Key::Named(NamedKey::Escape),
+            ForwardDel => Key::Named(NamedKey::Delete),
+            CtrlLeft => Key::Named(NamedKey::Control),
+            CtrlRight => Key::Named(NamedKey::Control),
+            CapsLock => Key::Named(NamedKey::CapsLock),
+            ScrollLock => Key::Named(NamedKey::ScrollLock),
+            MetaLeft => Key::Named(NamedKey::Super),
+            MetaRight => Key::Named(NamedKey::Super),
+            Function => Key::Named(NamedKey::Fn),
+            Sysrq => Key::Named(NamedKey::PrintScreen),
+            Break => Key::Named(NamedKey::Pause),
+            MoveHome => Key::Named(NamedKey::Home),
+            MoveEnd => Key::Named(NamedKey::End),
+            Insert => Key::Named(NamedKey::Insert),
+            Forward => Key::Named(NamedKey::BrowserForward),
+            MediaPlay => Key::Named(NamedKey::MediaPlay),
+            MediaPause => Key::Named(NamedKey::MediaPause),
+            MediaClose => Key::Named(NamedKey::MediaClose),
+            MediaEject => Key::Named(NamedKey::Eject),
+            MediaRecord => Key::Named(NamedKey::MediaRecord),
+            F1 => Key::Named(NamedKey::F1),
+            F2 => Key::Named(NamedKey::F2),
+            F3 => Key::Named(NamedKey::F3),
+            F4 => Key::Named(NamedKey::F4),
+            F5 => Key::Named(NamedKey::F5),
+            F6 => Key::Named(NamedKey::F6),
+            F7 => Key::Named(NamedKey::F7),
+            F8 => Key::Named(NamedKey::F8),
+            F9 => Key::Named(NamedKey::F9),
+            F10 => Key::Named(NamedKey::F10),
+            F11 => Key::Named(NamedKey::F11),
+            F12 => Key::Named(NamedKey::F12),
+            NumLock => Key::Named(NamedKey::NumLock),
+            Numpad0 => Key::Character("0".into()),
+            Numpad1 => Key::Character("1".into()),
+            Numpad2 => Key::Character("2".into()),
+            Numpad3 => Key::Character("3".into()),
+            Numpad4 => Key::Character("4".into()),
+            Numpad5 => Key::Character("5".into()),
+            Numpad6 => Key::Character("6".into()),
+            Numpad7 => Key::Character("7".into()),
+            Numpad8 => Key::Character("8".into()),
+            Numpad9 => Key::Character("9".into()),
+            NumpadDivide => Key::Character("/".into()),
+            NumpadMultiply => Key::Character("*".into()),
+            NumpadSubtract => Key::Character("-".into()),
+            NumpadAdd => Key::Character("+".into()),
+            NumpadDot => Key::Character(".".into()),
+            NumpadComma => Key::Character(",".into()),
+            NumpadEnter => Key::Named(NamedKey::Enter),
+            NumpadEquals => Key::Character("=".into()),
+            NumpadLeftParen => Key::Character("(".into()),
+            NumpadRightParen => Key::Character(")".into()),
+
+            VolumeMute => Key::Named(NamedKey::AudioVolumeMute),
+            Info => Key::Named(NamedKey::Info),
+            ChannelUp => Key::Named(NamedKey::ChannelUp),
+            ChannelDown => Key::Named(NamedKey::ChannelDown),
+            ZoomIn => Key::Named(NamedKey::ZoomIn),
+            ZoomOut => Key::Named(NamedKey::ZoomOut),
+            Tv => Key::Named(NamedKey::TV),
+            Guide => Key::Named(NamedKey::Guide),
+            Dvr => Key::Named(NamedKey::DVR),
+            Bookmark => Key::Named(NamedKey::BrowserFavorites),
+            Captions => Key::Named(NamedKey::ClosedCaptionToggle),
+            Settings => Key::Named(NamedKey::Settings),
+            TvPower => Key::Named(NamedKey::TVPower),
+            TvInput => Key::Named(NamedKey::TVInput),
+            StbPower => Key::Named(NamedKey::STBPower),
+            StbInput => Key::Named(NamedKey::STBInput),
+            AvrPower => Key::Named(NamedKey::AVRPower),
+            AvrInput => Key::Named(NamedKey::AVRInput),
+            ProgRed => Key::Named(NamedKey::ColorF0Red),
+            ProgGreen => Key::Named(NamedKey::ColorF1Green),
+            ProgYellow => Key::Named(NamedKey::ColorF2Yellow),
+            ProgBlue => Key::Named(NamedKey::ColorF3Blue),
+            AppSwitch => Key::Named(NamedKey::AppSwitch),
+            LanguageSwitch => Key::Named(NamedKey::GroupNext),
+            MannerMode => Key::Named(NamedKey::MannerMode),
+            Keycode3dMode => Key::Named(NamedKey::TV3DMode),
+            Contacts => Key::Named(NamedKey::LaunchContacts),
+            Calendar => Key::Named(NamedKey::LaunchCalendar),
+            Music => Key::Named(NamedKey::LaunchMusicPlayer),
+            Calculator => Key::Named(NamedKey::LaunchApplication2),
+            ZenkakuHankaku => Key::Named(NamedKey::ZenkakuHankaku),
+            Eisu => Key::Named(NamedKey::Eisu),
+            Muhenkan => Key::Named(NamedKey::NonConvert),
+            Henkan => Key::Named(NamedKey::Convert),
+            KatakanaHiragana => Key::Named(NamedKey::HiraganaKatakana),
+            Kana => Key::Named(NamedKey::KanjiMode),
+            BrightnessDown => Key::Named(NamedKey::BrightnessDown),
+            BrightnessUp => Key::Named(NamedKey::BrightnessUp),
+            MediaAudioTrack => Key::Named(NamedKey::MediaAudioTrack),
+            Sleep => Key::Named(NamedKey::Standby),
+            Wakeup => Key::Named(NamedKey::WakeUp),
+            Pairing => Key::Named(NamedKey::Pairing),
+            MediaTopMenu => Key::Named(NamedKey::MediaTopMenu),
+            LastChannel => Key::Named(NamedKey::MediaLast),
+            TvDataService => Key::Named(NamedKey::TVDataService),
+            VoiceAssist => Key::Named(NamedKey::VoiceDial),
+            TvRadioService => Key::Named(NamedKey::TVRadioService),
+            TvTeletext => Key::Named(NamedKey::Teletext),
+            TvNumberEntry => Key::Named(NamedKey::TVNumberEntry),
+            TvTerrestrialAnalog => Key::Named(NamedKey::TVTerrestrialAnalog),
+            TvTerrestrialDigital => Key::Named(NamedKey::TVTerrestrialDigital),
+            TvSatellite => Key::Named(NamedKey::TVSatellite),
+            TvSatelliteBs => Key::Named(NamedKey::TVSatelliteBS),
+            TvSatelliteCs => Key::Named(NamedKey::TVSatelliteCS),
+            TvSatelliteService => Key::Named(NamedKey::TVSatelliteToggle),
+            TvNetwork => Key::Named(NamedKey::TVNetwork),
+            TvAntennaCable => Key::Named(NamedKey::TVAntennaCable),
+            TvInputHdmi1 => Key::Named(NamedKey::TVInputHDMI1),
+            TvInputHdmi2 => Key::Named(NamedKey::TVInputHDMI2),
+            TvInputHdmi3 => Key::Named(NamedKey::TVInputHDMI3),
+            TvInputHdmi4 => Key::Named(NamedKey::TVInputHDMI4),
+            TvInputComposite1 => Key::Named(NamedKey::TVInputComposite1),
+            TvInputComposite2 => Key::Named(NamedKey::TVInputComposite2),
+            TvInputComponent1 => Key::Named(NamedKey::TVInputComponent1),
+            TvInputComponent2 => Key::Named(NamedKey::TVInputComponent2),
+            TvInputVga1 => Key::Named(NamedKey::TVInputVGA1),
+            TvAudioDescription => Key::Named(NamedKey::TVAudioDescription),
+            TvAudioDescriptionMixUp => Key::Named(NamedKey::TVAudioDescriptionMixUp),
+            TvAudioDescriptionMixDown => Key::Named(NamedKey::TVAudioDescriptionMixDown),
+            TvZoomMode => Key::Named(NamedKey::ZoomToggle),
+            TvContentsMenu => Key::Named(NamedKey::TVContentsMenu),
+            TvMediaContextMenu => Key::Named(NamedKey::TVMediaContext),
+            TvTimerProgramming => Key::Named(NamedKey::TVTimer),
+            Help => Key::Named(NamedKey::Help),
+            NavigatePrevious => Key::Named(NamedKey::NavigatePrevious),
+            NavigateNext => Key::Named(NamedKey::NavigateNext),
+            NavigateIn => Key::Named(NamedKey::NavigateIn),
+            NavigateOut => Key::Named(NamedKey::NavigateOut),
+            MediaSkipForward => Key::Named(NamedKey::MediaSkipForward),
+            MediaSkipBackward => Key::Named(NamedKey::MediaSkipBackward),
+            MediaStepForward => Key::Named(NamedKey::MediaStepForward),
+            MediaStepBackward => Key::Named(NamedKey::MediaStepBackward),
+            Cut => Key::Named(NamedKey::Cut),
+            Copy => Key::Named(NamedKey::Copy),
+            Paste => Key::Named(NamedKey::Paste),
+            Refresh => Key::Named(NamedKey::BrowserRefresh),
+
+            // -----------------------------------------------------------------
+            // Keycodes that don't have a logical Key mapping
+            // -----------------------------------------------------------------
+            Unknown => Key::Unidentified(native),
+
+            // Can be added on demand
+            SoftLeft => Key::Unidentified(native),
+            SoftRight => Key::Unidentified(native),
+
+            Menu => Key::Unidentified(native),
+
+            Pictsymbols => Key::Unidentified(native),
+            SwitchCharset => Key::Unidentified(native),
+
+            // -----------------------------------------------------------------
+            // Gamepad events should be exposed through a separate API, not
+            // keyboard events
+            ButtonA => Key::Unidentified(native),
+            ButtonB => Key::Unidentified(native),
+            ButtonC => Key::Unidentified(native),
+            ButtonX => Key::Unidentified(native),
+            ButtonY => Key::Unidentified(native),
+            ButtonZ => Key::Unidentified(native),
+            ButtonL1 => Key::Unidentified(native),
+            ButtonR1 => Key::Unidentified(native),
+            ButtonL2 => Key::Unidentified(native),
+            ButtonR2 => Key::Unidentified(native),
+            ButtonThumbl => Key::Unidentified(native),
+            ButtonThumbr => Key::Unidentified(native),
+            ButtonStart => Key::Unidentified(native),
+            ButtonSelect => Key::Unidentified(native),
+            ButtonMode => Key::Unidentified(native),
+            // -----------------------------------------------------------------
+            Window => Key::Unidentified(native),
+
+            Button1 => Key::Unidentified(native),
+            Button2 => Key::Unidentified(native),
+            Button3 => Key::Unidentified(native),
+            Button4 => Key::Unidentified(native),
+            Button5 => Key::Unidentified(native),
+            Button6 => Key::Unidentified(native),
+            Button7 => Key::Unidentified(native),
+            Button8 => Key::Unidentified(native),
+            Button9 => Key::Unidentified(native),
+            Button10 => Key::Unidentified(native),
+            Button11 => Key::Unidentified(native),
+            Button12 => Key::Unidentified(native),
+            Button13 => Key::Unidentified(native),
+            Button14 => Key::Unidentified(native),
+            Button15 => Key::Unidentified(native),
+            Button16 => Key::Unidentified(native),
+
+            Yen => Key::Unidentified(native),
+            Ro => Key::Unidentified(native),
+
+            Assist => Key::Unidentified(native),
+
+            Keycode11 => Key::Unidentified(native),
+            Keycode12 => Key::Unidentified(native),
+
+            StemPrimary => Key::Unidentified(native),
+            Stem1 => Key::Unidentified(native),
+            Stem2 => Key::Unidentified(native),
+            Stem3 => Key::Unidentified(native),
+
+            DpadUpLeft => Key::Unidentified(native),
+            DpadDownLeft => Key::Unidentified(native),
+            DpadUpRight => Key::Unidentified(native),
+            DpadDownRight => Key::Unidentified(native),
+
+            SoftSleep => Key::Unidentified(native),
+
+            SystemNavigationUp => Key::Unidentified(native),
+            SystemNavigationDown => Key::Unidentified(native),
+            SystemNavigationLeft => Key::Unidentified(native),
+            SystemNavigationRight => Key::Unidentified(native),
+
+            AllApps => Key::Unidentified(native),
+            ThumbsUp => Key::Unidentified(native),
+            ThumbsDown => Key::Unidentified(native),
+            ProfileSwitch => Key::Unidentified(native),
+
+            // It's always possible that new versions of Android could introduce
+            // key codes we can't know about at compile time.
+            _ => Key::Unidentified(native),
+        },
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn to_location(keycode: Keycode) -> KeyLocation {
+    use android_activity::input::Keycode::*;
+
+    match keycode {
+        AltLeft => KeyLocation::Left,
+        AltRight => KeyLocation::Right,
+        ShiftLeft => KeyLocation::Left,
+        ShiftRight => KeyLocation::Right,
+
+        // According to https://developer.android.com/reference/android/view/KeyEvent#KEYCODE_NUM
+        Num => KeyLocation::Left,
+
+        CtrlLeft => KeyLocation::Left,
+        CtrlRight => KeyLocation::Right,
+        MetaLeft => KeyLocation::Left,
+        MetaRight => KeyLocation::Right,
+
+        NumLock => KeyLocation::Numpad,
+        Numpad0 => KeyLocation::Numpad,
+        Numpad1 => KeyLocation::Numpad,
+        Numpad2 => KeyLocation::Numpad,
+        Numpad3 => KeyLocation::Numpad,
+        Numpad4 => KeyLocation::Numpad,
+        Numpad5 => KeyLocation::Numpad,
+        Numpad6 => KeyLocation::Numpad,
+        Numpad7 => KeyLocation::Numpad,
+        Numpad8 => KeyLocation::Numpad,
+        Numpad9 => KeyLocation::Numpad,
+        NumpadDivide => KeyLocation::Numpad,
+        NumpadMultiply => KeyLocation::Numpad,
+        NumpadSubtract => KeyLocation::Numpad,
+        NumpadAdd => KeyLocation::Numpad,
+        NumpadDot => KeyLocation::Numpad,
+        NumpadComma => KeyLocation::Numpad,
+        NumpadEnter => KeyLocation::Numpad,
+        NumpadEquals => KeyLocation::Numpad,
+        NumpadLeftParen => KeyLocation::Numpad,
+        NumpadRightParen => KeyLocation::Numpad,
+
+        _ => KeyLocation::Standard,
+    }
+}

src/platform_impl/ios/app_state.rs

@@ -3,9 +3,10 @@
 use std::{
     cell::{RefCell, RefMut},
     collections::HashSet,
-    mem,
+    fmt, mem,
     os::raw::c_void,
     ptr,
+    sync::{Arc, Mutex},
     time::Instant,
 };
 
@@ -15,22 +16,20 @@ use core_foundation::runloop::{
     kCFRunLoopCommonModes, CFRunLoopAddTimer, CFRunLoopGetMain, CFRunLoopRef, CFRunLoopTimerCreate,
     CFRunLoopTimerInvalidate, CFRunLoopTimerRef, CFRunLoopTimerSetNextFireDate,
 };
-use objc2::foundation::{CGRect, CGSize, NSInteger, NSProcessInfo};
+use icrate::Foundation::{
-use objc2::rc::{Id, Shared};
+    CGRect, CGSize, MainThreadMarker, NSInteger, NSOperatingSystemVersion, NSProcessInfo,
-use objc2::runtime::Object;
+};
+use objc2::rc::Id;
+use objc2::runtime::AnyObject;
 use objc2::{msg_send, sel};
 use once_cell::sync::Lazy;
 
 use super::uikit::UIView;
 use super::view::WinitUIWindow;
 use crate::{
-    dpi::LogicalSize,
+    dpi::PhysicalSize,
-    event::{Event, StartCause, WindowEvent},
+    event::{Event, InnerSizeWriter, StartCause, WindowEvent},
-    event_loop::ControlFlow,
+    event_loop::{ControlFlow, EventLoopWindowTarget as RootEventLoopWindowTarget},
-    platform_impl::platform::{
-        event_loop::{EventHandler, EventProxy, EventWrapper, Never},
-        ffi::NSOperatingSystemVersion,
-    },
     window::WindowId as RootWindowId,
 };
 
@@ -46,9 +45,46 @@ macro_rules! bug_assert {
     };
 }
 
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub(crate) struct HandlePendingUserEvents;
+
+pub(crate) struct EventLoopHandler {
+    #[allow(clippy::type_complexity)]
+    pub(crate) handler: Box<dyn FnMut(Event<HandlePendingUserEvents>, &RootEventLoopWindowTarget)>,
+    pub(crate) event_loop: RootEventLoopWindowTarget,
+}
+
+impl fmt::Debug for EventLoopHandler {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        f.debug_struct("EventLoopHandler")
+            .field("handler", &"...")
+            .field("event_loop", &self.event_loop)
+            .finish()
+    }
+}
+
+impl EventLoopHandler {
+    fn handle_event(&mut self, event: Event<HandlePendingUserEvents>) {
+        (self.handler)(event, &self.event_loop)
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub(crate) enum EventWrapper {
+    StaticEvent(Event<HandlePendingUserEvents>),
+    ScaleFactorChanged(ScaleFactorChanged),
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct ScaleFactorChanged {
+    pub(super) window: Id<WinitUIWindow>,
+    pub(super) suggested_size: PhysicalSize<u32>,
+    pub(super) scale_factor: f64,
+}
+
 enum UserCallbackTransitionResult<'a> {
     Success {
-        event_handler: Box<dyn EventHandler>,
+        handler: EventLoopHandler,
         active_control_flow: ControlFlow,
         processing_redraws: bool,
     },
@@ -57,9 +93,15 @@ enum UserCallbackTransitionResult<'a> {
     },
 }
 
-impl Event<'static, Never> {
+impl Event<HandlePendingUserEvents> {
     fn is_redraw(&self) -> bool {
-        matches!(self, Event::RedrawRequested(_))
+        matches!(
+            self,
+            Event::WindowEvent {
+                event: WindowEvent::RedrawRequested,
+                ..
+            }
+        )
     }
 }
 
@@ -68,41 +110,41 @@ impl Event<'static, Never> {
 #[must_use = "dropping `AppStateImpl` without inspecting it is probably a bug"]
 enum AppStateImpl {
     NotLaunched {
-        queued_windows: Vec<Id<WinitUIWindow, Shared>>,
+        queued_windows: Vec<Id<WinitUIWindow>>,
         queued_events: Vec<EventWrapper>,
-        queued_gpu_redraws: HashSet<Id<WinitUIWindow, Shared>>,
+        queued_gpu_redraws: HashSet<Id<WinitUIWindow>>,
     },
     Launching {
-        queued_windows: Vec<Id<WinitUIWindow, Shared>>,
+        queued_windows: Vec<Id<WinitUIWindow>>,
         queued_events: Vec<EventWrapper>,
-        queued_event_handler: Box<dyn EventHandler>,
+        queued_handler: EventLoopHandler,
-        queued_gpu_redraws: HashSet<Id<WinitUIWindow, Shared>>,
+        queued_gpu_redraws: HashSet<Id<WinitUIWindow>>,
     },
     ProcessingEvents {
-        event_handler: Box<dyn EventHandler>,
+        handler: EventLoopHandler,
-        queued_gpu_redraws: HashSet<Id<WinitUIWindow, Shared>>,
+        queued_gpu_redraws: HashSet<Id<WinitUIWindow>>,
         active_control_flow: ControlFlow,
     },
     // special state to deal with reentrancy and prevent mutable aliasing.
     InUserCallback {
         queued_events: Vec<EventWrapper>,
-        queued_gpu_redraws: HashSet<Id<WinitUIWindow, Shared>>,
+        queued_gpu_redraws: HashSet<Id<WinitUIWindow>>,
     },
     ProcessingRedraws {
-        event_handler: Box<dyn EventHandler>,
+        handler: EventLoopHandler,
         active_control_flow: ControlFlow,
     },
     Waiting {
-        waiting_event_handler: Box<dyn EventHandler>,
+        waiting_handler: EventLoopHandler,
         start: Instant,
     },
     PollFinished {
-        waiting_event_handler: Box<dyn EventHandler>,
+        waiting_handler: EventLoopHandler,
     },
     Terminated,
 }
 
-struct AppState {
+pub(crate) struct AppState {
     // This should never be `None`, except for briefly during a state transition.
     app_state: Option<AppStateImpl>,
     control_flow: ControlFlow,
@@ -110,24 +152,18 @@ struct AppState {
 }
 
 impl AppState {
-    // requires main thread
+    pub(crate) fn get_mut(_mtm: MainThreadMarker) -> RefMut<'static, AppState> {
-    unsafe fn get_mut() -> RefMut<'static, AppState> {
         // basically everything in UIKit requires the main thread, so it's pointless to use the
         // std::sync APIs.
         // must be mut because plain `static` requires `Sync`
         static mut APP_STATE: RefCell<Option<AppState>> = RefCell::new(None);
 
-        if cfg!(debug_assertions) {
+        let mut guard = unsafe { APP_STATE.borrow_mut() };
-            assert_main_thread!(
-                "bug in winit: `AppState::get_mut()` can only be called on the main thread"
-            );
-        }
-        let mut guard = APP_STATE.borrow_mut();
         if guard.is_none() {
             #[inline(never)]
             #[cold]
-            unsafe fn init_guard(guard: &mut RefMut<'static, Option<AppState>>) {
+            fn init_guard(guard: &mut RefMut<'static, Option<AppState>>) {
-                let waker = EventLoopWaker::new(CFRunLoopGetMain());
+                let waker = EventLoopWaker::new(unsafe { CFRunLoopGetMain() });
                 **guard = Some(AppState {
                     app_state: Some(AppStateImpl::NotLaunched {
                         queued_windows: Vec::new(),
@@ -138,7 +174,7 @@ impl AppState {
                     waker,
                 });
             }
-            init_guard(&mut guard)
+            init_guard(&mut guard);
         }
         RefMut::map(guard, |state| state.as_mut().unwrap())
     }
@@ -187,7 +223,11 @@ impl AppState {
         )
     }
 
-    fn will_launch_transition(&mut self, queued_event_handler: Box<dyn EventHandler>) {
+    fn has_terminated(&self) -> bool {
+        matches!(self.state(), AppStateImpl::Terminated)
+    }
+
+    fn will_launch_transition(&mut self, queued_handler: EventLoopHandler) {
         let (queued_windows, queued_events, queued_gpu_redraws) = match self.take_state() {
             AppStateImpl::NotLaunched {
                 queued_windows,
@@ -199,31 +239,29 @@ impl AppState {
         self.set_state(AppStateImpl::Launching {
             queued_windows,
             queued_events,
-            queued_event_handler,
+            queued_handler,
             queued_gpu_redraws,
         });
     }
 
-    fn did_finish_launching_transition(
+    fn did_finish_launching_transition(&mut self) -> (Vec<Id<WinitUIWindow>>, Vec<EventWrapper>) {
-        &mut self,
+        let (windows, events, handler, queued_gpu_redraws) = match self.take_state() {
-    ) -> (Vec<Id<WinitUIWindow, Shared>>, Vec<EventWrapper>) {
-        let (windows, events, event_handler, queued_gpu_redraws) = match self.take_state() {
             AppStateImpl::Launching {
                 queued_windows,
                 queued_events,
-                queued_event_handler,
+                queued_handler,
                 queued_gpu_redraws,
             } => (
                 queued_windows,
                 queued_events,
-                queued_event_handler,
+                queued_handler,
                 queued_gpu_redraws,
             ),
             s => bug!("unexpected state {:?}", s),
         };
         self.set_state(AppStateImpl::ProcessingEvents {
-            event_handler,
+            handler,
-            active_control_flow: ControlFlow::Poll,
+            active_control_flow: self.control_flow,
             queued_gpu_redraws,
         });
         (windows, events)
@@ -232,28 +270,23 @@ impl AppState {
     fn wakeup_transition(&mut self) -> Option<EventWrapper> {
         // before `AppState::did_finish_launching` is called, pretend there is no running
         // event loop.
-        if !self.has_launched() {
+        if !self.has_launched() || self.has_terminated() {
             return None;
         }
 
-        let (event_handler, event) = match (self.control_flow, self.take_state()) {
+        let (handler, event) = match (self.control_flow, self.take_state()) {
-            (
+            (ControlFlow::Poll, AppStateImpl::PollFinished { waiting_handler }) => (
-                ControlFlow::Poll,
+                waiting_handler,
-                AppStateImpl::PollFinished {
-                    waiting_event_handler,
-                },
-            ) => (
-                waiting_event_handler,
                 EventWrapper::StaticEvent(Event::NewEvents(StartCause::Poll)),
             ),
             (
                 ControlFlow::Wait,
                 AppStateImpl::Waiting {
-                    waiting_event_handler,
+                    waiting_handler,
                     start,
                 },
             ) => (
-                waiting_event_handler,
+                waiting_handler,
                 EventWrapper::StaticEvent(Event::NewEvents(StartCause::WaitCancelled {
                     start,
                     requested_resume: None,
@@ -262,7 +295,7 @@ impl AppState {
             (
                 ControlFlow::WaitUntil(requested_resume),
                 AppStateImpl::Waiting {
-                    waiting_event_handler,
+                    waiting_handler,
                     start,
                 },
             ) => {
@@ -277,14 +310,13 @@ impl AppState {
                         requested_resume: Some(requested_resume),
                     }))
                 };
-                (waiting_event_handler, event)
+                (waiting_handler, event)
             }
-            (ControlFlow::ExitWithCode(_), _) => bug!("unexpected `ControlFlow` `Exit`"),
             s => bug!("`EventHandler` unexpectedly woke up {:?}", s),
         };
 
         self.set_state(AppStateImpl::ProcessingEvents {
-            event_handler,
+            handler,
             queued_gpu_redraws: Default::default(),
             active_control_flow: self.control_flow,
         });
@@ -329,25 +361,20 @@ impl AppState {
             }
         }
 
-        let (event_handler, queued_gpu_redraws, active_control_flow, processing_redraws) =
+        let (handler, queued_gpu_redraws, active_control_flow, processing_redraws) =
             match self.take_state() {
                 AppStateImpl::Launching { .. }
                 | AppStateImpl::NotLaunched { .. }
                 | AppStateImpl::InUserCallback { .. } => unreachable!(),
                 AppStateImpl::ProcessingEvents {
-                    event_handler,
+                    handler,
                     queued_gpu_redraws,
                     active_control_flow,
-                } => (
+                } => (handler, queued_gpu_redraws, active_control_flow, false),
-                    event_handler,
-                    queued_gpu_redraws,
-                    active_control_flow,
-                    false,
-                ),
                 AppStateImpl::ProcessingRedraws {
-                    event_handler,
+                    handler,
                     active_control_flow,
-                } => (event_handler, Default::default(), active_control_flow, true),
+                } => (handler, Default::default(), active_control_flow, true),
                 AppStateImpl::PollFinished { .. }
                 | AppStateImpl::Waiting { .. }
                 | AppStateImpl::Terminated => unreachable!(),
@@ -357,49 +384,46 @@ impl AppState {
             queued_gpu_redraws,
         });
         UserCallbackTransitionResult::Success {
-            event_handler,
+            handler,
             active_control_flow,
             processing_redraws,
         }
     }
 
-    fn main_events_cleared_transition(&mut self) -> HashSet<Id<WinitUIWindow, Shared>> {
+    fn main_events_cleared_transition(&mut self) -> HashSet<Id<WinitUIWindow>> {
-        let (event_handler, queued_gpu_redraws, active_control_flow) = match self.take_state() {
+        let (handler, queued_gpu_redraws, active_control_flow) = match self.take_state() {
             AppStateImpl::ProcessingEvents {
-                event_handler,
+                handler,
                 queued_gpu_redraws,
                 active_control_flow,
-            } => (event_handler, queued_gpu_redraws, active_control_flow),
+            } => (handler, queued_gpu_redraws, active_control_flow),
             s => bug!("unexpected state {:?}", s),
         };
         self.set_state(AppStateImpl::ProcessingRedraws {
-            event_handler,
+            handler,
             active_control_flow,
         });
         queued_gpu_redraws
     }
 
     fn events_cleared_transition(&mut self) {
-        if !self.has_launched() {
+        if !self.has_launched() || self.has_terminated() {
             return;
         }
-        let (waiting_event_handler, old) = match self.take_state() {
+        let (waiting_handler, old) = match self.take_state() {
             AppStateImpl::ProcessingRedraws {
-                event_handler,
+                handler,
                 active_control_flow,
-            } => (event_handler, active_control_flow),
+            } => (handler, active_control_flow),
             s => bug!("unexpected state {:?}", s),
         };
 
         let new = self.control_flow;
         match (old, new) {
-            (ControlFlow::Poll, ControlFlow::Poll) => self.set_state(AppStateImpl::PollFinished {
-                waiting_event_handler,
-            }),
             (ControlFlow::Wait, ControlFlow::Wait) => {
                 let start = Instant::now();
                 self.set_state(AppStateImpl::Waiting {
-                    waiting_event_handler,
+                    waiting_handler,
                     start,
                 });
             }
@@ -408,14 +432,14 @@ impl AppState {
             {
                 let start = Instant::now();
                 self.set_state(AppStateImpl::Waiting {
-                    waiting_event_handler,
+                    waiting_handler,
                     start,
                 });
             }
             (_, ControlFlow::Wait) => {
                 let start = Instant::now();
                 self.set_state(AppStateImpl::Waiting {
-                    waiting_event_handler,
+                    waiting_handler,
                     start,
                 });
                 self.waker.stop()
@@ -423,41 +447,37 @@ impl AppState {
             (_, ControlFlow::WaitUntil(new_instant)) => {
                 let start = Instant::now();
                 self.set_state(AppStateImpl::Waiting {
-                    waiting_event_handler,
+                    waiting_handler,
                     start,
                 });
                 self.waker.start_at(new_instant)
             }
+            // Unlike on macOS, handle Poll to Poll transition here to call the waker
             (_, ControlFlow::Poll) => {
-                self.set_state(AppStateImpl::PollFinished {
+                self.set_state(AppStateImpl::PollFinished { waiting_handler });
-                    waiting_event_handler,
-                });
                 self.waker.start()
             }
-            (_, ControlFlow::ExitWithCode(_)) => {
-                // https://developer.apple.com/library/archive/qa/qa1561/_index.html
-                // it is not possible to quit an iOS app gracefully and programatically
-                warn!("`ControlFlow::Exit` ignored on iOS");
-                self.control_flow = old
-            }
         }
     }
 
-    fn terminated_transition(&mut self) -> Box<dyn EventHandler> {
+    fn terminated_transition(&mut self) -> EventLoopHandler {
         match self.replace_state(AppStateImpl::Terminated) {
-            AppStateImpl::ProcessingEvents { event_handler, .. } => event_handler,
+            AppStateImpl::ProcessingEvents { handler, .. } => handler,
-            s => bug!(
+            s => bug!("`LoopExiting` happened while not processing events {:?}", s),
-                "`LoopDestroyed` happened while not processing events {:?}",
-                s
-            ),
         }
     }
+
+    pub(crate) fn set_control_flow(&mut self, control_flow: ControlFlow) {
+        self.control_flow = control_flow;
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn control_flow(&self) -> ControlFlow {
+        self.control_flow
+    }
 }
 
-// requires main thread and window is a UIWindow
+pub(crate) fn set_key_window(mtm: MainThreadMarker, window: &Id<WinitUIWindow>) {
-// retains window
+    let mut this = AppState::get_mut(mtm);
-pub(crate) unsafe fn set_key_window(window: &Id<WinitUIWindow, Shared>) {
-    let mut this = AppState::get_mut();
     match this.state_mut() {
         &mut AppStateImpl::NotLaunched {
             ref mut queued_windows,
@@ -477,10 +497,8 @@ pub(crate) unsafe fn set_key_window(window: &Id<WinitUIWindow, Shared>) {
     window.makeKeyAndVisible();
 }
 
-// requires main thread and window is a UIWindow
+pub(crate) fn queue_gl_or_metal_redraw(mtm: MainThreadMarker, window: Id<WinitUIWindow>) {
-// retains window
+    let mut this = AppState::get_mut(mtm);
-pub(crate) unsafe fn queue_gl_or_metal_redraw(window: Id<WinitUIWindow, Shared>) {
-    let mut this = AppState::get_mut();
     match this.state_mut() {
         &mut AppStateImpl::NotLaunched {
             ref mut queued_gpu_redraws,
@@ -509,24 +527,17 @@ pub(crate) unsafe fn queue_gl_or_metal_redraw(window: Id<WinitUIWindow, Shared>)
     }
 }
 
-// requires main thread
+pub(crate) fn will_launch(mtm: MainThreadMarker, queued_handler: EventLoopHandler) {
-pub unsafe fn will_launch(queued_event_handler: Box<dyn EventHandler>) {
+    AppState::get_mut(mtm).will_launch_transition(queued_handler)
-    AppState::get_mut().will_launch_transition(queued_event_handler)
 }
 
-// requires main thread
+pub fn did_finish_launching(mtm: MainThreadMarker) {
-pub unsafe fn did_finish_launching() {
+    let mut this = AppState::get_mut(mtm);
-    let mut this = AppState::get_mut();
     let windows = match this.state_mut() {
         AppStateImpl::Launching { queued_windows, .. } => mem::take(queued_windows),
         s => bug!("unexpected state {:?}", s),
     };
 
-    // start waking up the event loop now!
-    bug_assert!(
-        this.control_flow == ControlFlow::Poll,
-        "unexpectedly not setup to `Poll` on launch!"
-    );
     this.waker.start();
 
     // have to drop RefMut because the window setup code below can trigger new events
@@ -544,7 +555,7 @@ pub unsafe fn did_finish_launching() {
         // completed. This may result in incorrect visual appearance.
         // ```
         let screen = window.screen();
-        let _: () = msg_send![&window, setScreen: ptr::null::<Object>()];
+        let _: () = unsafe { msg_send![&window, setScreen: ptr::null::<AnyObject>()] };
         window.setScreen(&screen);
 
         let controller = window.rootViewController();
@@ -554,13 +565,13 @@ pub unsafe fn did_finish_launching() {
         window.makeKeyAndVisible();
     }
 
-    let (windows, events) = AppState::get_mut().did_finish_launching_transition();
+    let (windows, events) = AppState::get_mut(mtm).did_finish_launching_transition();
 
     let events = std::iter::once(EventWrapper::StaticEvent(Event::NewEvents(
         StartCause::Init,
     )))
     .chain(events);
-    handle_nonuser_events(events);
+    handle_nonuser_events(mtm, events);
 
     // the above window dance hack, could possibly trigger new windows to be created.
     // we can just set those windows up normally, as they were created after didFinishLaunching
@@ -569,40 +580,43 @@ pub unsafe fn did_finish_launching() {
     }
 }
 
-// requires main thread
 // AppState::did_finish_launching handles the special transition `Init`
-pub unsafe fn handle_wakeup_transition() {
+pub fn handle_wakeup_transition(mtm: MainThreadMarker) {
-    let mut this = AppState::get_mut();
+    let mut this = AppState::get_mut(mtm);
     let wakeup_event = match this.wakeup_transition() {
         None => return,
         Some(wakeup_event) => wakeup_event,
     };
     drop(this);
 
-    handle_nonuser_event(wakeup_event)
+    handle_nonuser_event(mtm, wakeup_event)
 }
 
-// requires main thread
+pub(crate) fn handle_nonuser_event(mtm: MainThreadMarker, event: EventWrapper) {
-pub(crate) unsafe fn handle_nonuser_event(event: EventWrapper) {
+    handle_nonuser_events(mtm, std::iter::once(event))
-    handle_nonuser_events(std::iter::once(event))
 }
 
-// requires main thread
+pub(crate) fn handle_nonuser_events<I: IntoIterator<Item = EventWrapper>>(
-pub(crate) unsafe fn handle_nonuser_events<I: IntoIterator<Item = EventWrapper>>(events: I) {
+    mtm: MainThreadMarker,
-    let mut this = AppState::get_mut();
+    events: I,
-    let (mut event_handler, active_control_flow, processing_redraws) =
+) {
+    let mut this = AppState::get_mut(mtm);
+    if this.has_terminated() {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    let (mut handler, active_control_flow, processing_redraws) =
         match this.try_user_callback_transition() {
             UserCallbackTransitionResult::ReentrancyPrevented { queued_events } => {
                 queued_events.extend(events);
                 return;
             }
             UserCallbackTransitionResult::Success {
-                event_handler,
+                handler,
                 active_control_flow,
                 processing_redraws,
-            } => (event_handler, active_control_flow, processing_redraws),
+            } => (handler, active_control_flow, processing_redraws),
         };
-    let mut control_flow = this.control_flow;
     drop(this);
 
     for wrapper in events {
@@ -616,16 +630,14 @@ pub(crate) unsafe fn handle_nonuser_events<I: IntoIterator<Item = EventWrapper>>
                         event
                     );
                 }
-                event_handler.handle_nonuser_event(event, &mut control_flow)
+                handler.handle_event(event)
-            }
-            EventWrapper::EventProxy(proxy) => {
-                handle_event_proxy(&mut event_handler, control_flow, proxy)
             }
+            EventWrapper::ScaleFactorChanged(event) => handle_hidpi_proxy(&mut handler, event),
         }
     }
 
     loop {
-        let mut this = AppState::get_mut();
+        let mut this = AppState::get_mut(mtm);
         let queued_events = match this.state_mut() {
             &mut AppStateImpl::InUserCallback {
                 ref mut queued_events,
@@ -647,17 +659,16 @@ pub(crate) unsafe fn handle_nonuser_events<I: IntoIterator<Item = EventWrapper>>
                     "redraw queued while processing redraws"
                 );
                 AppStateImpl::ProcessingRedraws {
-                    event_handler,
+                    handler,
                     active_control_flow,
                 }
             } else {
                 AppStateImpl::ProcessingEvents {
-                    event_handler,
+                    handler,
                     queued_gpu_redraws,
                     active_control_flow,
                 }
             });
-            this.control_flow = control_flow;
             break;
         }
         drop(this);
@@ -673,40 +684,36 @@ pub(crate) unsafe fn handle_nonuser_events<I: IntoIterator<Item = EventWrapper>>
                             event
                         );
                     }
-                    event_handler.handle_nonuser_event(event, &mut control_flow)
+                    handler.handle_event(event)
-                }
-                EventWrapper::EventProxy(proxy) => {
-                    handle_event_proxy(&mut event_handler, control_flow, proxy)
                 }
+                EventWrapper::ScaleFactorChanged(event) => handle_hidpi_proxy(&mut handler, event),
             }
         }
     }
 }
 
-// requires main thread
+fn handle_user_events(mtm: MainThreadMarker) {
-unsafe fn handle_user_events() {
+    let mut this = AppState::get_mut(mtm);
-    let mut this = AppState::get_mut();
+    let (mut handler, active_control_flow, processing_redraws) =
-    let mut control_flow = this.control_flow;
-    let (mut event_handler, active_control_flow, processing_redraws) =
         match this.try_user_callback_transition() {
             UserCallbackTransitionResult::ReentrancyPrevented { .. } => {
                 bug!("unexpected attempted to process an event")
             }
             UserCallbackTransitionResult::Success {
-                event_handler,
+                handler,
                 active_control_flow,
                 processing_redraws,
-            } => (event_handler, active_control_flow, processing_redraws),
+            } => (handler, active_control_flow, processing_redraws),
         };
     if processing_redraws {
         bug!("user events attempted to be sent out while `ProcessingRedraws`");
     }
     drop(this);
 
-    event_handler.handle_user_events(&mut control_flow);
+    handler.handle_event(Event::UserEvent(HandlePendingUserEvents));
 
     loop {
-        let mut this = AppState::get_mut();
+        let mut this = AppState::get_mut(mtm);
         let queued_events = match this.state_mut() {
             &mut AppStateImpl::InUserCallback {
                 ref mut queued_events,
@@ -723,33 +730,28 @@ unsafe fn handle_user_events() {
                 _ => unreachable!(),
             };
             this.app_state = Some(AppStateImpl::ProcessingEvents {
-                event_handler,
+                handler,
                 queued_gpu_redraws,
                 active_control_flow,
             });
-            this.control_flow = control_flow;
             break;
         }
         drop(this);
 
         for wrapper in queued_events {
             match wrapper {
-                EventWrapper::StaticEvent(event) => {
+                EventWrapper::StaticEvent(event) => handler.handle_event(event),
-                    event_handler.handle_nonuser_event(event, &mut control_flow)
+                EventWrapper::ScaleFactorChanged(event) => handle_hidpi_proxy(&mut handler, event),
-                }
-                EventWrapper::EventProxy(proxy) => {
-                    handle_event_proxy(&mut event_handler, control_flow, proxy)
-                }
             }
         }
-        event_handler.handle_user_events(&mut control_flow);
+
+        handler.handle_event(Event::UserEvent(HandlePendingUserEvents));
     }
 }
 
-// requires main thread
+pub fn handle_main_events_cleared(mtm: MainThreadMarker) {
-pub unsafe fn handle_main_events_cleared() {
+    let mut this = AppState::get_mut(mtm);
-    let mut this = AppState::get_mut();
+    if !this.has_launched() || this.has_terminated() {
-    if !this.has_launched() {
         return;
     }
     match this.state_mut() {
@@ -758,84 +760,62 @@ pub unsafe fn handle_main_events_cleared() {
     };
     drop(this);
 
-    // User events are always sent out at the end of the "MainEventLoop"
+    handle_user_events(mtm);
-    handle_user_events();
-    handle_nonuser_event(EventWrapper::StaticEvent(Event::MainEventsCleared));
 
-    let mut this = AppState::get_mut();
+    let mut this = AppState::get_mut(mtm);
-    let mut redraw_events: Vec<EventWrapper> = this
+    let redraw_events: Vec<EventWrapper> = this
         .main_events_cleared_transition()
         .into_iter()
-        .map(|window| EventWrapper::StaticEvent(Event::RedrawRequested(RootWindowId(window.id()))))
+        .map(|window| {
+            EventWrapper::StaticEvent(Event::WindowEvent {
+                window_id: RootWindowId(window.id()),
+                event: WindowEvent::RedrawRequested,
+            })
+        })
         .collect();
-
-    redraw_events.push(EventWrapper::StaticEvent(Event::RedrawEventsCleared));
     drop(this);
 
-    handle_nonuser_events(redraw_events);
+    handle_nonuser_events(mtm, redraw_events);
+    handle_nonuser_event(mtm, EventWrapper::StaticEvent(Event::AboutToWait));
 }
 
-// requires main thread
+pub fn handle_events_cleared(mtm: MainThreadMarker) {
-pub unsafe fn handle_events_cleared() {
+    AppState::get_mut(mtm).events_cleared_transition();
-    AppState::get_mut().events_cleared_transition();
 }
 
-// requires main thread
+pub fn terminated(mtm: MainThreadMarker) {
-pub unsafe fn terminated() {
+    let mut this = AppState::get_mut(mtm);
-    let mut this = AppState::get_mut();
+    let mut handler = this.terminated_transition();
-    let mut event_handler = this.terminated_transition();
-    let mut control_flow = this.control_flow;
     drop(this);
 
-    event_handler.handle_nonuser_event(Event::LoopDestroyed, &mut control_flow)
+    handler.handle_event(Event::LoopExiting)
 }
 
-fn handle_event_proxy(
+fn handle_hidpi_proxy(handler: &mut EventLoopHandler, event: ScaleFactorChanged) {
-    event_handler: &mut Box<dyn EventHandler>,
+    let ScaleFactorChanged {
-    control_flow: ControlFlow,
+        suggested_size,
-    proxy: EventProxy,
+        scale_factor,
-) {
+        window,
-    match proxy {
+    } = event;
-        EventProxy::DpiChangedProxy {
+    let new_inner_size = Arc::new(Mutex::new(suggested_size));
-            suggested_size,
-            scale_factor,
-            window,
-        } => handle_hidpi_proxy(
-            event_handler,
-            control_flow,
-            suggested_size,
-            scale_factor,
-            window,
-        ),
-    }
-}
-
-fn handle_hidpi_proxy(
-    event_handler: &mut Box<dyn EventHandler>,
-    mut control_flow: ControlFlow,
-    suggested_size: LogicalSize<f64>,
-    scale_factor: f64,
-    window: Id<WinitUIWindow, Shared>,
-) {
-    let mut size = suggested_size.to_physical(scale_factor);
-    let new_inner_size = &mut size;
     let event = Event::WindowEvent {
         window_id: RootWindowId(window.id()),
         event: WindowEvent::ScaleFactorChanged {
             scale_factor,
-            new_inner_size,
+            inner_size_writer: InnerSizeWriter::new(Arc::downgrade(&new_inner_size)),
         },
     };
-    event_handler.handle_nonuser_event(event, &mut control_flow);
+    handler.handle_event(event);
     let (view, screen_frame) = get_view_and_screen_frame(&window);
-    let physical_size = *new_inner_size;
+    let physical_size = *new_inner_size.lock().unwrap();
+    drop(new_inner_size);
     let logical_size = physical_size.to_logical(scale_factor);
     let size = CGSize::new(logical_size.width, logical_size.height);
     let new_frame: CGRect = CGRect::new(screen_frame.origin, size);
     view.setFrame(new_frame);
 }
 
-fn get_view_and_screen_frame(window: &WinitUIWindow) -> (Id<UIView, Shared>, CGRect) {
+fn get_view_and_screen_frame(window: &WinitUIWindow) -> (Id<UIView>, CGRect) {
     let view_controller = window.rootViewController().unwrap();
     let view = view_controller.view().unwrap();
     let bounds = window.bounds();
@@ -924,7 +904,7 @@ macro_rules! os_capabilities {
 
         impl From<NSOperatingSystemVersion> for OSCapabilities {
             fn from(os_version: NSOperatingSystemVersion) -> OSCapabilities {
-                $(let $name = os_version.meets_requirements($major, $minor);)*
+                $(let $name = meets_requirements(os_version, $major, $minor);)*
                 OSCapabilities { $($name,)* os_version, }
             }
         }
@@ -934,7 +914,7 @@ macro_rules! os_capabilities {
             pub fn $error_name(&self, extra_msg: &str) {
                 log::warn!(
                     concat!("`", $objc_call, "` requires iOS {}.{}+. This device is running iOS {}.{}.{}. {}"),
-                    $major, $minor, self.os_version.major, self.os_version.minor, self.os_version.patch,
+                    $major, $minor, self.os_version.majorVersion, self.os_version.minorVersion, self.os_version.patchVersion,
                     extra_msg
                 )
             }
@@ -962,16 +942,18 @@ os_capabilities! {
     force_touch: 9-0,
 }
 
-impl NSOperatingSystemVersion {
+fn meets_requirements(
-    fn meets_requirements(&self, required_major: NSInteger, required_minor: NSInteger) -> bool {
+    version: NSOperatingSystemVersion,
-        (self.major, self.minor) >= (required_major, required_minor)
+    required_major: NSInteger,
-    }
+    required_minor: NSInteger,
+) -> bool {
+    (version.majorVersion, version.minorVersion) >= (required_major, required_minor)
 }
 
 pub fn os_capabilities() -> OSCapabilities {
     static OS_CAPABILITIES: Lazy<OSCapabilities> = Lazy::new(|| {
         let version: NSOperatingSystemVersion = unsafe {
-            let process_info = NSProcessInfo::process_info();
+            let process_info = NSProcessInfo::processInfo();
             let atleast_ios_8: bool = msg_send![
                 &process_info,
                 respondsToSelector: sel!(operatingSystemVersion)
@@ -984,7 +966,7 @@ pub fn os_capabilities() -> OSCapabilities {
             //
             // The minimum required iOS version is likely to grow in the future.
             assert!(atleast_ios_8, "`winit` requires iOS version 8 or greater");
-            msg_send![&process_info, operatingSystemVersion]
+            process_info.operatingSystemVersion()
         };
         version.into()
     });

src/platform_impl/ios/event_loop.rs

@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 use std::{
     collections::VecDeque,
     ffi::c_void,
-    fmt::{self, Debug},
     marker::PhantomData,
     ptr,
     sync::mpsc::{self, Receiver, Sender},
@@ -14,69 +13,131 @@ use core_foundation::runloop::{
     CFRunLoopObserverCreate, CFRunLoopObserverRef, CFRunLoopSourceContext, CFRunLoopSourceCreate,
     CFRunLoopSourceInvalidate, CFRunLoopSourceRef, CFRunLoopSourceSignal, CFRunLoopWakeUp,
 };
-use objc2::foundation::{MainThreadMarker, NSString};
+use icrate::Foundation::{MainThreadMarker, NSString};
-use objc2::rc::{Id, Shared};
 use objc2::ClassType;
-use raw_window_handle::{RawDisplayHandle, UiKitDisplayHandle};
 
-use super::uikit::{UIApplication, UIApplicationMain, UIDevice, UIScreen};
-use super::view::WinitUIWindow;
-use super::{app_state, monitor, view, MonitorHandle};
 use crate::{
-    dpi::LogicalSize,
+    error::EventLoopError,
     event::Event,
     event_loop::{
-        ControlFlow, EventLoopClosed, EventLoopWindowTarget as RootEventLoopWindowTarget,
+        ControlFlow, DeviceEvents, EventLoopClosed,
+        EventLoopWindowTarget as RootEventLoopWindowTarget,
     },
     platform::ios::Idiom,
+    platform_impl::platform::app_state::{EventLoopHandler, HandlePendingUserEvents},
+};
+
+use super::{app_state, monitor, view, MonitorHandle};
+use super::{
+    app_state::AppState,
+    uikit::{UIApplication, UIApplicationMain, UIDevice, UIScreen},
 };
 
 #[derive(Debug)]
-pub(crate) enum EventWrapper {
+pub struct EventLoopWindowTarget {
-    StaticEvent(Event<'static, Never>),
+    pub(super) mtm: MainThreadMarker,
-    EventProxy(EventProxy),
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, PartialEq)]
+impl EventLoopWindowTarget {
-pub(crate) enum EventProxy {
-    DpiChangedProxy {
-        window: Id<WinitUIWindow, Shared>,
-        suggested_size: LogicalSize<f64>,
-        scale_factor: f64,
-    },
-}
-
-pub struct EventLoopWindowTarget<T: 'static> {
-    receiver: Receiver<T>,
-    sender_to_clone: Sender<T>,
-}
-
-impl<T: 'static> EventLoopWindowTarget<T> {
     pub fn available_monitors(&self) -> VecDeque<MonitorHandle> {
-        monitor::uiscreens(MainThreadMarker::new().unwrap())
+        monitor::uiscreens(self.mtm)
     }
 
     pub fn primary_monitor(&self) -> Option<MonitorHandle> {
-        Some(MonitorHandle::new(UIScreen::main(
+        Some(MonitorHandle::new(UIScreen::main(self.mtm)))
-            MainThreadMarker::new().unwrap(),
-        )))
     }
 
-    pub fn raw_display_handle(&self) -> RawDisplayHandle {
+    #[inline]
-        RawDisplayHandle::UiKit(UiKitDisplayHandle::empty())
+    pub fn listen_device_events(&self, _allowed: DeviceEvents) {}
+
+    #[cfg(feature = "rwh_05")]
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn raw_display_handle_rwh_05(&self) -> rwh_05::RawDisplayHandle {
+        rwh_05::RawDisplayHandle::UiKit(rwh_05::UiKitDisplayHandle::empty())
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(feature = "rwh_06")]
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn raw_display_handle_rwh_06(
+        &self,
+    ) -> Result<rwh_06::RawDisplayHandle, rwh_06::HandleError> {
+        Ok(rwh_06::RawDisplayHandle::UiKit(
+            rwh_06::UiKitDisplayHandle::new(),
+        ))
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn set_control_flow(&self, control_flow: ControlFlow) {
+        AppState::get_mut(self.mtm).set_control_flow(control_flow)
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn control_flow(&self) -> ControlFlow {
+        AppState::get_mut(self.mtm).control_flow()
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn exit(&self) {
+        // https://developer.apple.com/library/archive/qa/qa1561/_index.html
+        // it is not possible to quit an iOS app gracefully and programatically
+        log::warn!("`ControlFlow::Exit` ignored on iOS");
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn exiting(&self) -> bool {
+        false
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn owned_display_handle(&self) -> OwnedDisplayHandle {
+        OwnedDisplayHandle
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub(crate) struct OwnedDisplayHandle;
+
+impl OwnedDisplayHandle {
+    #[cfg(feature = "rwh_05")]
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn raw_display_handle_rwh_05(&self) -> rwh_05::RawDisplayHandle {
+        rwh_05::UiKitDisplayHandle::empty().into()
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(feature = "rwh_06")]
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn raw_display_handle_rwh_06(
+        &self,
+    ) -> Result<rwh_06::RawDisplayHandle, rwh_06::HandleError> {
+        Ok(rwh_06::UiKitDisplayHandle::new().into())
+    }
+}
+
+fn map_user_event<T: 'static>(
+    mut handler: impl FnMut(Event<T>, &RootEventLoopWindowTarget),
+    receiver: mpsc::Receiver<T>,
+) -> impl FnMut(Event<HandlePendingUserEvents>, &RootEventLoopWindowTarget) {
+    move |event, window_target| match event.map_nonuser_event() {
+        Ok(event) => (handler)(event, window_target),
+        Err(_) => {
+            for event in receiver.try_iter() {
+                (handler)(Event::UserEvent(event), window_target);
+            }
+        }
     }
 }
 
 pub struct EventLoop<T: 'static> {
-    window_target: RootEventLoopWindowTarget<T>,
+    mtm: MainThreadMarker,
+    sender: Sender<T>,
+    receiver: Receiver<T>,
+    window_target: RootEventLoopWindowTarget,
 }
 
 #[derive(Default, Debug, Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
 pub(crate) struct PlatformSpecificEventLoopAttributes {}
 
 impl<T: 'static> EventLoop<T> {
-    pub(crate) fn new(_: &PlatformSpecificEventLoopAttributes) -> EventLoop<T> {
+    pub(crate) fn new(
-        assert_main_thread!("`EventLoop` can only be created on the main thread on iOS");
+        _: &PlatformSpecificEventLoopAttributes,
+    ) -> Result<EventLoop<T>, EventLoopError> {
+        let mtm = MainThreadMarker::new()
+            .expect("On iOS, `EventLoop` must be created on the main thread");
 
         static mut SINGLETON_INIT: bool = false;
         unsafe {
@@ -88,57 +149,69 @@ impl<T: 'static> EventLoop<T> {
             SINGLETON_INIT = true;
         }
 
-        let (sender_to_clone, receiver) = mpsc::channel();
+        let (sender, receiver) = mpsc::channel();
 
         // this line sets up the main run loop before `UIApplicationMain`
         setup_control_flow_observers();
 
-        EventLoop {
+        Ok(EventLoop {
+            mtm,
+            sender,
+            receiver,
             window_target: RootEventLoopWindowTarget {
-                p: EventLoopWindowTarget {
+                p: EventLoopWindowTarget { mtm },
-                    receiver,
-                    sender_to_clone,
-                },
                 _marker: PhantomData,
             },
-        }
+        })
     }
 
-    pub fn run<F>(self, event_handler: F) -> !
+    pub fn run<F>(self, handler: F) -> !
     where
-        F: 'static + FnMut(Event<'_, T>, &RootEventLoopWindowTarget<T>, &mut ControlFlow),
+        F: FnMut(Event<T>, &RootEventLoopWindowTarget),
     {
-        unsafe {
+        let application = UIApplication::shared(self.mtm);
-            let application = UIApplication::shared(MainThreadMarker::new().unwrap());
+        assert!(
-            assert!(
+            application.is_none(),
-                application.is_none(),
+            "\
-                "\
                 `EventLoop` cannot be `run` after a call to `UIApplicationMain` on iOS\n\
                  Note: `EventLoop::run` calls `UIApplicationMain` on iOS",
-            );
+        );
-            app_state::will_launch(Box::new(EventLoopHandler {
-                f: event_handler,
-                event_loop: self.window_target,
-            }));
 
-            // Ensure application delegate is initialized
+        let handler = map_user_event(handler, self.receiver);
-            view::WinitApplicationDelegate::class();
 
+        let handler = unsafe {
+            std::mem::transmute::<
+                Box<dyn FnMut(Event<HandlePendingUserEvents>, &RootEventLoopWindowTarget)>,
+                Box<dyn FnMut(Event<HandlePendingUserEvents>, &RootEventLoopWindowTarget)>,
+            >(Box::new(handler))
+        };
+
+        let handler = EventLoopHandler {
+            handler,
+            event_loop: self.window_target,
+        };
+
+        app_state::will_launch(self.mtm, handler);
+
+        // Ensure application delegate is initialized
+        view::WinitApplicationDelegate::class();
+
+        unsafe {
             UIApplicationMain(
                 0,
                 ptr::null(),
                 None,
                 Some(&NSString::from_str("WinitApplicationDelegate")),
-            );
+            )
-            unreachable!()
+        };
-        }
+        unreachable!()
     }
 
     pub fn create_proxy(&self) -> EventLoopProxy<T> {
-        EventLoopProxy::new(self.window_target.p.sender_to_clone.clone())
+        EventLoopProxy::new(self.sender.clone())
     }
 
-    pub fn window_target(&self) -> &RootEventLoopWindowTarget<T> {
+    pub fn window_target(&self) -> &RootEventLoopWindowTarget {
         &self.window_target
     }
 }
@@ -146,9 +219,7 @@ impl<T: 'static> EventLoop<T> {
 // EventLoopExtIOS
 impl<T: 'static> EventLoop<T> {
     pub fn idiom(&self) -> Idiom {
-        UIDevice::current(MainThreadMarker::new().unwrap())
+        UIDevice::current(self.mtm).userInterfaceIdiom().into()
-            .userInterfaceIdiom()
-            .into()
     }
 }
 
@@ -226,21 +297,20 @@ fn setup_control_flow_observers() {
             activity: CFRunLoopActivity,
             _: *mut c_void,
         ) {
-            unsafe {
+            let mtm = MainThreadMarker::new().unwrap();
-                #[allow(non_upper_case_globals)]
+            #[allow(non_upper_case_globals)]
-                match activity {
+            match activity {
-                    kCFRunLoopAfterWaiting => app_state::handle_wakeup_transition(),
+                kCFRunLoopAfterWaiting => app_state::handle_wakeup_transition(mtm),
-                    _ => unreachable!(),
+                _ => unreachable!(),
-                }
             }
         }
 
         // Core Animation registers its `CFRunLoopObserver` that performs drawing operations in
         // `CA::Transaction::ensure_implicit` with a priority of `0x1e8480`. We set the main_end
-        // priority to be 0, in order to send MainEventsCleared before RedrawRequested. This value was
+        // priority to be 0, in order to send AboutToWait before RedrawRequested. This value was
         // chosen conservatively to guard against apple using different priorities for their redraw
         // observers in different OS's or on different devices. If it so happens that it's too
-        // conservative, the main symptom would be non-redraw events coming in after `MainEventsCleared`.
+        // conservative, the main symptom would be non-redraw events coming in after `AboutToWait`.
         //
         // The value of `0x1e8480` was determined by inspecting stack traces and the associated
         // registers for every `CFRunLoopAddObserver` call on an iPad Air 2 running iOS 11.4.
@@ -251,13 +321,12 @@ fn setup_control_flow_observers() {
             activity: CFRunLoopActivity,
             _: *mut c_void,
         ) {
-            unsafe {
+            let mtm = MainThreadMarker::new().unwrap();
-                #[allow(non_upper_case_globals)]
+            #[allow(non_upper_case_globals)]
-                match activity {
+            match activity {
-                    kCFRunLoopBeforeWaiting => app_state::handle_main_events_cleared(),
+                kCFRunLoopBeforeWaiting => app_state::handle_main_events_cleared(mtm),
-                    kCFRunLoopExit => unimplemented!(), // not expected to ever happen
+                kCFRunLoopExit => {} // may happen when running on macOS
-                    _ => unreachable!(),
+                _ => unreachable!(),
-                }
             }
         }
 
@@ -267,13 +336,12 @@ fn setup_control_flow_observers() {
             activity: CFRunLoopActivity,
             _: *mut c_void,
         ) {
-            unsafe {
+            let mtm = MainThreadMarker::new().unwrap();
-                #[allow(non_upper_case_globals)]
+            #[allow(non_upper_case_globals)]
-                match activity {
+            match activity {
-                    kCFRunLoopBeforeWaiting => app_state::handle_events_cleared(),
+                kCFRunLoopBeforeWaiting => app_state::handle_events_cleared(mtm),
-                    kCFRunLoopExit => unimplemented!(), // not expected to ever happen
+                kCFRunLoopExit => {} // may happen when running on macOS
-                    _ => unreachable!(),
+                _ => unreachable!(),
-                }
             }
         }
 
@@ -310,44 +378,3 @@ fn setup_control_flow_observers() {
         CFRunLoopAddObserver(main_loop, end_observer, kCFRunLoopDefaultMode);
     }
 }
-
-#[derive(Debug)]
-pub enum Never {}
-
-pub trait EventHandler: Debug {
-    fn handle_nonuser_event(&mut self, event: Event<'_, Never>, control_flow: &mut ControlFlow);
-    fn handle_user_events(&mut self, control_flow: &mut ControlFlow);
-}
-
-struct EventLoopHandler<F, T: 'static> {
-    f: F,
-    event_loop: RootEventLoopWindowTarget<T>,
-}
-
-impl<F, T: 'static> Debug for EventLoopHandler<F, T> {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
-        f.debug_struct("EventLoopHandler")
-            .field("event_loop", &self.event_loop)
-            .finish()
-    }
-}
-
-impl<F, T> EventHandler for EventLoopHandler<F, T>
-where
-    F: 'static + FnMut(Event<'_, T>, &RootEventLoopWindowTarget<T>, &mut ControlFlow),
-    T: 'static,
-{
-    fn handle_nonuser_event(&mut self, event: Event<'_, Never>, control_flow: &mut ControlFlow) {
-        (self.f)(
-            event.map_nonuser_event().unwrap(),
-            &self.event_loop,
-            control_flow,
-        );
-    }
-
-    fn handle_user_events(&mut self, control_flow: &mut ControlFlow) {
-        for event in self.event_loop.p.receiver.try_iter() {
-            (self.f)(Event::UserEvent(event), &self.event_loop, control_flow);
-        }
-    }
-}

src/platform_impl/ios/ffi.rs

@@ -2,30 +2,11 @@
 
 use std::convert::TryInto;
 
+use icrate::Foundation::{NSInteger, NSUInteger};
 use objc2::encode::{Encode, Encoding};
-use objc2::foundation::{NSInteger, NSUInteger};
 
 use crate::platform::ios::{Idiom, ScreenEdge};
 
-#[repr(C)]
-#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
-pub struct NSOperatingSystemVersion {
-    pub major: NSInteger,
-    pub minor: NSInteger,
-    pub patch: NSInteger,
-}
-
-unsafe impl Encode for NSOperatingSystemVersion {
-    const ENCODING: Encoding = Encoding::Struct(
-        "NSOperatingSystemVersion",
-        &[
-            NSInteger::ENCODING,
-            NSInteger::ENCODING,
-            NSInteger::ENCODING,
-        ],
-    );
-}
-
 #[repr(transparent)]
 #[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub struct UIUserInterfaceIdiom(NSInteger);
@@ -70,6 +51,10 @@ impl From<UIUserInterfaceIdiom> for Idiom {
 #[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub struct UIRectEdge(NSUInteger);
 
+impl UIRectEdge {
+    pub(crate) const NONE: Self = Self(0);
+}
+
 unsafe impl Encode for UIRectEdge {
     const ENCODING: Encoding = NSUInteger::ENCODING;
 }

src/platform_impl/ios/mod.rs

@@ -48,27 +48,16 @@
 //!
 //!  - applicationDidBecomeActive is Resumed
 //!  - applicationWillResignActive is Suspended
-//!  - applicationWillTerminate is LoopDestroyed
+//!  - applicationWillTerminate is LoopExiting
 //!
-//! Keep in mind that after LoopDestroyed event is received every attempt to draw with
+//! Keep in mind that after LoopExiting event is received every attempt to draw with
 //! opengl will result in segfault.
 //!
-//! Also note that app may not receive the LoopDestroyed event if suspended; it might be SIGKILL'ed.
+//! Also note that app may not receive the LoopExiting event if suspended; it might be SIGKILL'ed.
 
 #![cfg(ios_platform)]
 #![allow(clippy::let_unit_value)]
 
-// TODO: (mtak-) UIKit requires main thread for virtually all function/method calls. This could be
-// worked around in the future by using GCD (grand central dispatch) and/or caching of values like
-// window size/position.
-macro_rules! assert_main_thread {
-    ($($t:tt)*) => {
-        if !::objc2::foundation::is_main_thread() {
-            panic!($($t)*);
-        }
-    };
-}
-
 mod app_state;
 mod event_loop;
 mod ffi;
@@ -79,33 +68,38 @@ mod window;
 
 use std::fmt;
 
+use crate::event::DeviceId as RootDeviceId;
+
 pub(crate) use self::{
     event_loop::{
-        EventLoop, EventLoopProxy, EventLoopWindowTarget, PlatformSpecificEventLoopAttributes,
+        EventLoop, EventLoopProxy, EventLoopWindowTarget, OwnedDisplayHandle,
+        PlatformSpecificEventLoopAttributes,
     },
-    monitor::{MonitorHandle, VideoMode},
+    monitor::{MonitorHandle, VideoModeHandle},
     window::{PlatformSpecificWindowBuilderAttributes, Window, WindowId},
 };
-
+pub(crate) use crate::cursor::NoCustomCursor as PlatformCustomCursor;
-use self::uikit::UIScreen;
+pub(crate) use crate::cursor::NoCustomCursor as PlatformCustomCursorBuilder;
 pub(crate) use crate::icon::NoIcon as PlatformIcon;
-pub(self) use crate::platform_impl::Fullscreen;
+pub(crate) use crate::platform_impl::Fullscreen;
 
+/// There is no way to detect which device that performed a certain event in
+/// UIKit (i.e. you can't differentiate between different external keyboards,
+/// or wether it was the main touchscreen, assistive technologies, or some
+/// other pointer device that caused a touch event).
 #[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord, Hash)]
-pub struct DeviceId {
+pub struct DeviceId;
-    uiscreen: *const UIScreen,
-}
 
 impl DeviceId {
     pub const unsafe fn dummy() -> Self {
-        DeviceId {
+        DeviceId
-            uiscreen: std::ptr::null(),
-        }
     }
 }
 
-unsafe impl Send for DeviceId {}
+pub(crate) const DEVICE_ID: RootDeviceId = RootDeviceId(DeviceId);
-unsafe impl Sync for DeviceId {}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
+pub struct KeyEventExtra {}
 
 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub enum OsError {}

src/platform_impl/ios/monitor.rs

@@ -2,46 +2,73 @@
 
 use std::{
     collections::{BTreeSet, VecDeque},
-    fmt,
+    fmt, hash, ptr,
-    ops::{Deref, DerefMut},
 };
 
-use objc2::foundation::{MainThreadMarker, NSInteger};
+use icrate::Foundation::{MainThreadBound, MainThreadMarker, NSInteger};
-use objc2::rc::{Id, Shared};
+use objc2::mutability::IsRetainable;
+use objc2::rc::Id;
+use objc2::Message;
 
 use super::uikit::{UIScreen, UIScreenMode};
 use crate::{
     dpi::{PhysicalPosition, PhysicalSize},
-    monitor::VideoMode as RootVideoMode,
+    monitor::VideoModeHandle as RootVideoModeHandle,
     platform_impl::platform::app_state,
 };
 
-// TODO(madsmtm): Remove or refactor this
+// Workaround for `MainThreadBound` implementing almost no traits
-#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Hash, Clone)]
+#[derive(Debug)]
-pub(crate) struct ScreenModeSendSync(pub(crate) Id<UIScreenMode, Shared>);
+struct MainThreadBoundDelegateImpls<T>(MainThreadBound<Id<T>>);
 
-unsafe impl Send for ScreenModeSendSync {}
+impl<T: IsRetainable + Message> Clone for MainThreadBoundDelegateImpls<T> {
-unsafe impl Sync for ScreenModeSendSync {}
+    fn clone(&self) -> Self {
+        Self(MainThreadMarker::run_on_main(|mtm| {
+            MainThreadBound::new(Id::clone(self.0.get(mtm)), mtm)
+        }))
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: IsRetainable + Message> hash::Hash for MainThreadBoundDelegateImpls<T> {
+    fn hash<H: hash::Hasher>(&self, state: &mut H) {
+        // SAFETY: Marker only used to get the pointer
+        let mtm = unsafe { MainThreadMarker::new_unchecked() };
+        Id::as_ptr(self.0.get(mtm)).hash(state);
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: IsRetainable + Message> PartialEq for MainThreadBoundDelegateImpls<T> {
+    fn eq(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {
+        // SAFETY: Marker only used to get the pointer
+        let mtm = unsafe { MainThreadMarker::new_unchecked() };
+        Id::as_ptr(self.0.get(mtm)) == Id::as_ptr(other.0.get(mtm))
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: IsRetainable + Message> Eq for MainThreadBoundDelegateImpls<T> {}
 
 #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Hash, Clone)]
-pub struct VideoMode {
+pub struct VideoModeHandle {
     pub(crate) size: (u32, u32),
     pub(crate) bit_depth: u16,
     pub(crate) refresh_rate_millihertz: u32,
-    pub(crate) screen_mode: ScreenModeSendSync,
+    screen_mode: MainThreadBoundDelegateImpls<UIScreenMode>,
     pub(crate) monitor: MonitorHandle,
 }
 
-impl VideoMode {
+impl VideoModeHandle {
-    fn new(uiscreen: Id<UIScreen, Shared>, screen_mode: Id<UIScreenMode, Shared>) -> VideoMode {
+    fn new(
-        assert_main_thread!("`VideoMode` can only be created on the main thread on iOS");
+        uiscreen: Id<UIScreen>,
+        screen_mode: Id<UIScreenMode>,
+        mtm: MainThreadMarker,
+    ) -> VideoModeHandle {
         let refresh_rate_millihertz = refresh_rate_millihertz(&uiscreen);
         let size = screen_mode.size();
-        VideoMode {
+        VideoModeHandle {
             size: (size.width as u32, size.height as u32),
             bit_depth: 32,
             refresh_rate_millihertz,
-            screen_mode: ScreenModeSendSync(screen_mode),
+            screen_mode: MainThreadBoundDelegateImpls(MainThreadBound::new(screen_mode, mtm)),
             monitor: MonitorHandle::new(uiscreen),
         }
     }
@@ -61,18 +88,38 @@ impl VideoMode {
     pub fn monitor(&self) -> MonitorHandle {
         self.monitor.clone()
     }
+
+    pub(super) fn screen_mode(&self, mtm: MainThreadMarker) -> &Id<UIScreenMode> {
+        self.screen_mode.0.get(mtm)
+    }
 }
 
-#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
-pub struct Inner {
-    uiscreen: Id<UIScreen, Shared>,
-}
-
-#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
 pub struct MonitorHandle {
-    inner: Inner,
+    ui_screen: MainThreadBound<Id<UIScreen>>,
 }
 
+impl Clone for MonitorHandle {
+    fn clone(&self) -> Self {
+        MainThreadMarker::run_on_main(|mtm| Self {
+            ui_screen: MainThreadBound::new(self.ui_screen.get(mtm).clone(), mtm),
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+impl hash::Hash for MonitorHandle {
+    fn hash<H: hash::Hasher>(&self, state: &mut H) {
+        (self as *const Self).hash(state);
+    }
+}
+
+impl PartialEq for MonitorHandle {
+    fn eq(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {
+        ptr::eq(self, other)
+    }
+}
+
+impl Eq for MonitorHandle {}
+
 impl PartialOrd for MonitorHandle {
     fn partial_cmp(&self, other: &Self) -> Option<std::cmp::Ordering> {
         Some(self.cmp(other))
@@ -86,113 +133,98 @@ impl Ord for MonitorHandle {
     }
 }
 
-impl Deref for MonitorHandle {
-    type Target = Inner;
-
-    fn deref(&self) -> &Inner {
-        assert_main_thread!("`MonitorHandle` methods can only be run on the main thread on iOS");
-        &self.inner
-    }
-}
-
-impl DerefMut for MonitorHandle {
-    fn deref_mut(&mut self) -> &mut Inner {
-        assert_main_thread!("`MonitorHandle` methods can only be run on the main thread on iOS");
-        &mut self.inner
-    }
-}
-
-unsafe impl Send for MonitorHandle {}
-unsafe impl Sync for MonitorHandle {}
-
-impl Drop for MonitorHandle {
-    fn drop(&mut self) {
-        assert_main_thread!("`MonitorHandle` can only be dropped on the main thread on iOS");
-    }
-}
-
 impl fmt::Debug for MonitorHandle {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
-        // TODO: Do this using the proper fmt API
+        f.debug_struct("MonitorHandle")
-        #[derive(Debug)]
+            .field("name", &self.name())
-        #[allow(dead_code)]
+            .field("size", &self.size())
-        struct MonitorHandle {
+            .field("position", &self.position())
-            name: Option<String>,
+            .field("scale_factor", &self.scale_factor())
-            size: PhysicalSize<u32>,
+            .field("refresh_rate_millihertz", &self.refresh_rate_millihertz())
-            position: PhysicalPosition<i32>,
+            .finish_non_exhaustive()
-            scale_factor: f64,
-        }
-
-        let monitor_id_proxy = MonitorHandle {
-            name: self.name(),
-            size: self.size(),
-            position: self.position(),
-            scale_factor: self.scale_factor(),
-        };
-
-        monitor_id_proxy.fmt(f)
     }
 }
 
 impl MonitorHandle {
-    pub(crate) fn new(uiscreen: Id<UIScreen, Shared>) -> Self {
+    pub(crate) fn new(ui_screen: Id<UIScreen>) -> Self {
-        assert_main_thread!("`MonitorHandle` can only be created on the main thread on iOS");
+        // Holding `Id<UIScreen>` implies we're on the main thread.
+        let mtm = MainThreadMarker::new().unwrap();
         Self {
-            inner: Inner { uiscreen },
+            ui_screen: MainThreadBound::new(ui_screen, mtm),
         }
     }
-}
 
-impl Inner {
     pub fn name(&self) -> Option<String> {
-        let main = UIScreen::main(MainThreadMarker::new().unwrap());
+        MainThreadMarker::run_on_main(|mtm| {
-        if self.uiscreen == main {
+            let main = UIScreen::main(mtm);
-            Some("Primary".to_string())
+            if *self.ui_screen(mtm) == main {
-        } else if self.uiscreen == main.mirroredScreen() {
+                Some("Primary".to_string())
-            Some("Mirrored".to_string())
+            } else if *self.ui_screen(mtm) == main.mirroredScreen() {
-        } else {
+                Some("Mirrored".to_string())
-            UIScreen::screens(MainThreadMarker::new().unwrap())
+            } else {
-                .iter()
+                UIScreen::screens(mtm)
-                .position(|rhs| rhs == &*self.uiscreen)
+                    .iter()
-                .map(|idx| idx.to_string())
+                    .position(|rhs| rhs == &**self.ui_screen(mtm))
-        }
+                    .map(|idx| idx.to_string())
+            }
+        })
     }
 
     pub fn size(&self) -> PhysicalSize<u32> {
-        let bounds = self.uiscreen.nativeBounds();
+        let bounds = self
+            .ui_screen
+            .get_on_main(|ui_screen| ui_screen.nativeBounds());
         PhysicalSize::new(bounds.size.width as u32, bounds.size.height as u32)
     }
 
     pub fn position(&self) -> PhysicalPosition<i32> {
-        let bounds = self.uiscreen.nativeBounds();
+        let bounds = self
+            .ui_screen
+            .get_on_main(|ui_screen| ui_screen.nativeBounds());
         (bounds.origin.x as f64, bounds.origin.y as f64).into()
     }
 
     pub fn scale_factor(&self) -> f64 {
-        self.uiscreen.nativeScale() as f64
+        self.ui_screen
+            .get_on_main(|ui_screen| ui_screen.nativeScale()) as f64
     }
 
     pub fn refresh_rate_millihertz(&self) -> Option<u32> {
-        Some(refresh_rate_millihertz(&self.uiscreen))
+        Some(
+            self.ui_screen
+                .get_on_main(|ui_screen| refresh_rate_millihertz(ui_screen)),
+        )
     }
 
-    pub fn video_modes(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = VideoMode> {
+    pub fn video_modes(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = VideoModeHandle> {
-        // Use Ord impl of RootVideoMode
+        MainThreadMarker::run_on_main(|mtm| {
-        let modes: BTreeSet<_> = self
+            let ui_screen = self.ui_screen(mtm);
-            .uiscreen
+            // Use Ord impl of RootVideoModeHandle
-            .availableModes()
-            .into_iter()
-            .map(|mode| {
-                let mode: *const UIScreenMode = mode;
-                let mode = unsafe { Id::retain(mode as *mut UIScreenMode).unwrap() };
 
-                RootVideoMode {
+            let modes: BTreeSet<_> = ui_screen
-                    video_mode: VideoMode::new(self.uiscreen.clone(), mode),
+                .availableModes()
-                }
+                .into_iter()
-            })
+                .map(|mode| RootVideoModeHandle {
-            .collect();
+                    video_mode: VideoModeHandle::new(ui_screen.clone(), mode, mtm),
+                })
+                .collect();
 
-        modes.into_iter().map(|mode| mode.video_mode)
+            modes.into_iter().map(|mode| mode.video_mode)
+        })
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn ui_screen(&self, mtm: MainThreadMarker) -> &Id<UIScreen> {
+        self.ui_screen.get(mtm)
+    }
+
+    pub fn preferred_video_mode(&self) -> VideoModeHandle {
+        MainThreadMarker::run_on_main(|mtm| {
+            VideoModeHandle::new(
+                self.ui_screen(mtm).clone(),
+                self.ui_screen(mtm).preferredMode().unwrap(),
+                mtm,
+            )
+        })
     }
 }
 
@@ -220,27 +252,9 @@ fn refresh_rate_millihertz(uiscreen: &UIScreen) -> u32 {
     refresh_rate_millihertz as u32 * 1000
 }
 
-// MonitorHandleExtIOS
-impl Inner {
-    pub(crate) fn ui_screen(&self) -> &Id<UIScreen, Shared> {
-        &self.uiscreen
-    }
-
-    pub fn preferred_video_mode(&self) -> VideoMode {
-        VideoMode::new(
-            self.uiscreen.clone(),
-            self.uiscreen.preferredMode().unwrap(),
-        )
-    }
-}
-
 pub fn uiscreens(mtm: MainThreadMarker) -> VecDeque<MonitorHandle> {
     UIScreen::screens(mtm)
         .into_iter()
-        .map(|screen| {
+        .map(MonitorHandle::new)
-            let screen: *const UIScreen = screen;
-            let screen = unsafe { Id::retain(screen as *mut UIScreen).unwrap() };
-            MonitorHandle::new(screen)
-        })
         .collect()
 }

src/platform_impl/ios/uikit/application.rs

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
-use objc2::foundation::{CGRect, MainThreadMarker, NSArray, NSObject};
+use icrate::Foundation::{CGRect, MainThreadMarker, NSArray, NSObject};
-use objc2::rc::{Id, Shared};
+use objc2::rc::Id;
-use objc2::{extern_class, extern_methods, msg_send_id, ClassType};
+use objc2::{extern_class, extern_methods, msg_send_id, mutability, ClassType};
 
 use super::{UIResponder, UIWindow};
 
@@ -11,20 +11,21 @@ extern_class!(
     unsafe impl ClassType for UIApplication {
         #[inherits(NSObject)]
         type Super = UIResponder;
+        type Mutability = mutability::InteriorMutable;
     }
 );
 
 extern_methods!(
     unsafe impl UIApplication {
-        pub fn shared(_mtm: MainThreadMarker) -> Option<Id<Self, Shared>> {
+        pub fn shared(_mtm: MainThreadMarker) -> Option<Id<Self>> {
             unsafe { msg_send_id![Self::class(), sharedApplication] }
         }
 
-        pub fn windows(&self) -> Id<NSArray<UIWindow, Shared>, Shared> {
+        pub fn windows(&self) -> Id<NSArray<UIWindow>> {
             unsafe { msg_send_id![self, windows] }
         }
 
-        #[sel(statusBarFrame)]
+        #[method(statusBarFrame)]
         pub fn statusBarFrame(&self) -> CGRect;
     }
 );

src/platform_impl/ios/uikit/coordinate_space.rs

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-use objc2::foundation::NSObject;
+use icrate::Foundation::NSObject;
-use objc2::{extern_class, ClassType};
+use objc2::{extern_class, mutability, ClassType};
 
 extern_class!(
     #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
@@ -7,5 +7,6 @@ extern_class!(
 
     unsafe impl ClassType for UICoordinateSpace {
         type Super = NSObject;
+        type Mutability = mutability::InteriorMutable;
     }
 );

src/platform_impl/ios/uikit/device.rs

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
-use objc2::foundation::{MainThreadMarker, NSObject};
+use icrate::Foundation::{MainThreadMarker, NSObject};
-use objc2::rc::{Id, Shared};
+use objc2::rc::Id;
-use objc2::{extern_class, extern_methods, msg_send_id, ClassType};
+use objc2::{extern_class, extern_methods, msg_send_id, mutability, ClassType};
 
 use super::super::ffi::UIUserInterfaceIdiom;
 
@@ -10,16 +10,17 @@ extern_class!(
 
     unsafe impl ClassType for UIDevice {
         type Super = NSObject;
+        type Mutability = mutability::InteriorMutable;
     }
 );
 
 extern_methods!(
     unsafe impl UIDevice {
-        pub fn current(_mtm: MainThreadMarker) -> Id<Self, Shared> {
+        pub fn current(_mtm: MainThreadMarker) -> Id<Self> {
             unsafe { msg_send_id![Self::class(), currentDevice] }
         }
 
-        #[sel(userInterfaceIdiom)]
+        #[method(userInterfaceIdiom)]
         pub fn userInterfaceIdiom(&self) -> UIUserInterfaceIdiom;
     }
 );

src/platform_impl/ios/uikit/event.rs

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-use objc2::foundation::NSObject;
+use icrate::Foundation::NSObject;
-use objc2::{extern_class, ClassType};
+use objc2::{extern_class, mutability, ClassType};
 
 extern_class!(
     #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
@@ -7,5 +7,6 @@ extern_class!(
 
     unsafe impl ClassType for UIEvent {
         type Super = NSObject;
+        type Mutability = mutability::InteriorMutable;
     }
 );

src/platform_impl/ios/uikit/gesture_recognizer.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,121 @@
+use icrate::Foundation::{CGFloat, NSInteger, NSObject, NSUInteger};
+use objc2::{
+    encode::{Encode, Encoding},
+    extern_class, extern_methods, mutability, ClassType,
+};
+
+// https://developer.apple.com/documentation/uikit/uigesturerecognizer
+extern_class!(
+    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
+    pub(crate) struct UIGestureRecognizer;
+
+    unsafe impl ClassType for UIGestureRecognizer {
+        type Super = NSObject;
+        type Mutability = mutability::InteriorMutable;
+    }
+);
+
+extern_methods!(
+    unsafe impl UIGestureRecognizer {
+        #[method(state)]
+        pub fn state(&self) -> UIGestureRecognizerState;
+    }
+);
+
+unsafe impl Encode for UIGestureRecognizer {
+    const ENCODING: Encoding = Encoding::Object;
+}
+
+// https://developer.apple.com/documentation/uikit/uigesturerecognizer/state
+#[repr(transparent)]
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct UIGestureRecognizerState(NSInteger);
+
+unsafe impl Encode for UIGestureRecognizerState {
+    const ENCODING: Encoding = NSInteger::ENCODING;
+}
+
+#[allow(dead_code)]
+impl UIGestureRecognizerState {
+    pub const Possible: Self = Self(0);
+    pub const Began: Self = Self(1);
+    pub const Changed: Self = Self(2);
+    pub const Ended: Self = Self(3);
+    pub const Cancelled: Self = Self(4);
+    pub const Failed: Self = Self(5);
+}
+
+// https://developer.apple.com/documentation/uikit/uipinchgesturerecognizer
+extern_class!(
+    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
+    pub(crate) struct UIPinchGestureRecognizer;
+
+    unsafe impl ClassType for UIPinchGestureRecognizer {
+        type Super = UIGestureRecognizer;
+        type Mutability = mutability::InteriorMutable;
+    }
+);
+
+extern_methods!(
+    unsafe impl UIPinchGestureRecognizer {
+        #[method(scale)]
+        pub fn scale(&self) -> CGFloat;
+
+        #[method(velocity)]
+        pub fn velocity(&self) -> CGFloat;
+    }
+);
+
+unsafe impl Encode for UIPinchGestureRecognizer {
+    const ENCODING: Encoding = Encoding::Object;
+}
+
+// https://developer.apple.com/documentation/uikit/uirotationgesturerecognizer
+extern_class!(
+    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
+    pub(crate) struct UIRotationGestureRecognizer;
+
+    unsafe impl ClassType for UIRotationGestureRecognizer {
+        type Super = UIGestureRecognizer;
+        type Mutability = mutability::InteriorMutable;
+    }
+);
+
+extern_methods!(
+    unsafe impl UIRotationGestureRecognizer {
+        #[method(rotation)]
+        pub fn rotation(&self) -> CGFloat;
+
+        #[method(velocity)]
+        pub fn velocity(&self) -> CGFloat;
+    }
+);
+
+unsafe impl Encode for UIRotationGestureRecognizer {
+    const ENCODING: Encoding = Encoding::Object;
+}
+
+// https://developer.apple.com/documentation/uikit/uitapgesturerecognizer
+extern_class!(
+    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
+    pub(crate) struct UITapGestureRecognizer;
+
+    unsafe impl ClassType for UITapGestureRecognizer {
+        type Super = UIGestureRecognizer;
+        type Mutability = mutability::InteriorMutable;
+    }
+);
+
+extern_methods!(
+    unsafe impl UITapGestureRecognizer {
+        #[method(setNumberOfTapsRequired:)]
+        pub fn setNumberOfTapsRequired(&self, number_of_taps_required: NSUInteger);
+
+        #[method(setNumberOfTouchesRequired:)]
+        pub fn setNumberOfTouchesRequired(&self, number_of_touches_required: NSUInteger);
+    }
+);
+
+unsafe impl Encode for UITapGestureRecognizer {
+    const ENCODING: Encoding = Encoding::Object;
+}

src/platform_impl/ios/uikit/mod.rs

@@ -1,18 +1,19 @@
-#![deny(unsafe_op_in_unsafe_fn)]
 #![allow(non_snake_case)]
 #![allow(non_upper_case_globals)]
 
 use std::os::raw::{c_char, c_int};
 
-use objc2::foundation::NSString;
+use icrate::Foundation::NSString;
 
 mod application;
 mod coordinate_space;
 mod device;
 mod event;
+mod gesture_recognizer;
 mod responder;
 mod screen;
 mod screen_mode;
+mod status_bar_style;
 mod touch;
 mod trait_collection;
 mod view;
@@ -23,9 +24,14 @@ pub(crate) use self::application::UIApplication;
 pub(crate) use self::coordinate_space::UICoordinateSpace;
 pub(crate) use self::device::UIDevice;
 pub(crate) use self::event::UIEvent;
+pub(crate) use self::gesture_recognizer::{
+    UIGestureRecognizer, UIGestureRecognizerState, UIPinchGestureRecognizer,
+    UIRotationGestureRecognizer, UITapGestureRecognizer,
+};
 pub(crate) use self::responder::UIResponder;
 pub(crate) use self::screen::{UIScreen, UIScreenOverscanCompensation};
 pub(crate) use self::screen_mode::UIScreenMode;
+pub(crate) use self::status_bar_style::UIStatusBarStyle;
 pub(crate) use self::touch::{UITouch, UITouchPhase, UITouchType};
 pub(crate) use self::trait_collection::{UIForceTouchCapability, UITraitCollection};
 #[allow(unused_imports)]

src/platform_impl/ios/uikit/responder.rs

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-use objc2::foundation::NSObject;
+use icrate::Foundation::NSObject;
-use objc2::{extern_class, ClassType};
+use objc2::{extern_class, mutability, ClassType};
 
 extern_class!(
     #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
@@ -7,5 +7,6 @@ extern_class!(
 
     unsafe impl ClassType for UIResponder {
         type Super = NSObject;
+        type Mutability = mutability::InteriorMutable;
     }
 );

src/platform_impl/ios/uikit/screen.rs

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
+use icrate::Foundation::{CGFloat, CGRect, MainThreadMarker, NSArray, NSInteger, NSObject};
 use objc2::encode::{Encode, Encoding};
-use objc2::foundation::{CGFloat, CGRect, MainThreadMarker, NSArray, NSInteger, NSObject};
+use objc2::rc::Id;
-use objc2::rc::{Id, Shared};
+use objc2::{extern_class, extern_methods, msg_send_id, mutability, ClassType};
-use objc2::{extern_class, extern_methods, msg_send_id, ClassType};
 
 use super::{UICoordinateSpace, UIScreenMode};
 
@@ -11,53 +11,54 @@ extern_class!(
 
     unsafe impl ClassType for UIScreen {
         type Super = NSObject;
+        type Mutability = mutability::InteriorMutable;
     }
 );
 
 extern_methods!(
     unsafe impl UIScreen {
-        pub fn main(_mtm: MainThreadMarker) -> Id<Self, Shared> {
+        pub fn main(_mtm: MainThreadMarker) -> Id<Self> {
             unsafe { msg_send_id![Self::class(), mainScreen] }
         }
 
-        pub fn screens(_mtm: MainThreadMarker) -> Id<NSArray<Self, Shared>, Shared> {
+        pub fn screens(_mtm: MainThreadMarker) -> Id<NSArray<Self>> {
             unsafe { msg_send_id![Self::class(), screens] }
         }
 
-        #[sel(bounds)]
+        #[method(bounds)]
         pub fn bounds(&self) -> CGRect;
 
-        #[sel(scale)]
+        #[method(scale)]
         pub fn scale(&self) -> CGFloat;
 
-        #[sel(nativeBounds)]
+        #[method(nativeBounds)]
         pub fn nativeBounds(&self) -> CGRect;
 
-        #[sel(nativeScale)]
+        #[method(nativeScale)]
         pub fn nativeScale(&self) -> CGFloat;
 
-        #[sel(maximumFramesPerSecond)]
+        #[method(maximumFramesPerSecond)]
         pub fn maximumFramesPerSecond(&self) -> NSInteger;
 
-        pub fn mirroredScreen(&self) -> Id<Self, Shared> {
+        pub fn mirroredScreen(&self) -> Id<Self> {
             unsafe { msg_send_id![Self::class(), mirroredScreen] }
         }
 
-        pub fn preferredMode(&self) -> Option<Id<UIScreenMode, Shared>> {
+        pub fn preferredMode(&self) -> Option<Id<UIScreenMode>> {
             unsafe { msg_send_id![self, preferredMode] }
         }
 
-        #[sel(setCurrentMode:)]
+        #[method(setCurrentMode:)]
         pub fn setCurrentMode(&self, mode: Option<&UIScreenMode>);
 
-        pub fn availableModes(&self) -> Id<NSArray<UIScreenMode, Shared>, Shared> {
+        pub fn availableModes(&self) -> Id<NSArray<UIScreenMode>> {
             unsafe { msg_send_id![self, availableModes] }
         }
 
-        #[sel(setOverscanCompensation:)]
+        #[method(setOverscanCompensation:)]
         pub fn setOverscanCompensation(&self, overscanCompensation: UIScreenOverscanCompensation);
 
-        pub fn coordinateSpace(&self) -> Id<UICoordinateSpace, Shared> {
+        pub fn coordinateSpace(&self) -> Id<UICoordinateSpace> {
             unsafe { msg_send_id![self, coordinateSpace] }
         }
     }