Remove a level of indirection in main window example

We already have the `Action` enum that abstracts key and mouse event bindings; on top of that, putting each action handler in its own functions seems excessive.

examples/window.rs

@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ use rwh_05::HasRawDisplayHandle;
 use softbuffer::{Context, Surface};
 
 use winit::dpi::{LogicalSize, PhysicalPosition, PhysicalSize};
-use winit::event::{DeviceEvent, DeviceId, Event, Ime, WindowEvent};
+use winit::event::{DeviceEvent, DeviceId, ElementState, Event, Ime, KeyEvent, WindowEvent};
 use winit::event::{MouseButton, MouseScrollDelta};
 use winit::event_loop::{ActiveEventLoop, EventLoop};
 use winit::keyboard::{Key, ModifiersState};
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
         }
     });
 
-    let mut state = Application::new(&event_loop);
+    let mut app = Application::new(&event_loop);
 
     event_loop.run(move |event, event_loop| match event {
         Event::NewEvents(_) => (),
@@ -59,23 +59,22 @@ fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
             println!("Resumed the event loop");
 
             // Create initial window.
-            state
-                .create_window(event_loop, None)
+            app.create_window(event_loop, None)
                 .expect("failed to create initial window");
 
-            state.print_help();
+            app.print_help();
         }
         Event::AboutToWait => {
-            if state.windows.is_empty() {
+            if app.windows.is_empty() {
                 println!("No windows left, exiting...");
                 event_loop.exit();
             }
         }
         Event::WindowEvent { window_id, event } => {
-            state.handle_window_event(event_loop, window_id, event)
+            app.handle_window_event(event_loop, window_id, event)
         }
         Event::DeviceEvent { device_id, event } => {
-            state.handle_device_event(event_loop, device_id, event)
+            app.handle_device_event(event_loop, device_id, event)
         }
         Event::UserEvent(event) => {
             println!("User event: {event:?}");
@@ -172,16 +171,62 @@ impl Application {
             window.recognize_rotation_gesture(true);
         }
 
-        let window_state = WindowState::new(self, window)?;
-        let window_id = window_state.window.id();
+        #[cfg(not(any(android_platform, ios_platform)))]
+        let surface = {
+            // SAFETY: the surface is dropped before the `window` which
+            // provided it with handle, thus it doesn't outlive it.
+            let mut surface = unsafe { Surface::new(&self.context, &window)? };
+
+            let size = window.inner_size();
+            if let (Some(width), Some(height)) =
+                (NonZeroU32::new(size.width), NonZeroU32::new(size.height))
+            {
+                surface
+                    .resize(width, height)
+                    .expect("failed to resize inner buffer");
+            };
+
+            surface
+        };
+
+        let theme = window.theme().unwrap_or(Theme::Dark);
+        println!("Theme: {theme:?}");
+        let named_idx = 0;
+        window.set_cursor(CURSORS[named_idx]);
+
+        // Allow IME out of the box.
+        let ime = true;
+        window.set_ime_allowed(ime);
+
+        let state = WindowState {
+            #[cfg(macos_platform)]
+            option_as_alt: window.option_as_alt(),
+            window,
+            custom_idx: self.custom_cursors.len() - 1,
+            cursor_grab: CursorGrabMode::None,
+            named_idx,
+            #[cfg(not(any(android_platform, ios_platform)))]
+            surface,
+            theme,
+            ime,
+            cursor_position: Default::default(),
+            cursor_hidden: Default::default(),
+            modifiers: Default::default(),
+            occluded: Default::default(),
+            rotated: Default::default(),
+            zoom: Default::default(),
+        };
+
+        let window_id = state.window.id();
         println!("Created new window with id={window_id:?}");
-        self.windows.insert(window_id, window_state);
+        self.windows.insert(window_id, state);
         Ok(window_id)
     }
 
     fn handle_action(&mut self, event_loop: &ActiveEventLoop, window_id: WindowId, action: Action) {
-        // let cursor_position = self.cursor_position;
-        let window = self.windows.get_mut(&window_id).unwrap();
+        let state = self.windows.get_mut(&window_id).unwrap();
+        let window = &state.window;
+
         println!("Executing action: {action:?}");
         match action {
             Action::CloseWindow => {
@@ -189,7 +234,7 @@ impl Application {
             }
             Action::CreateNewWindow => {
                 #[cfg(any(x11_platform, wayland_platform))]
-                if let Err(err) = window.window.request_activation_token() {
+                if let Err(err) = window.request_activation_token() {
                     println!("Failed to get activation token: {err}");
                 } else {
                     return;
@@ -199,26 +244,146 @@ impl Application {
                     eprintln!("Error creating new window: {err}");
                 }
             }
-            Action::ToggleResizeIncrements => window.toggle_resize_increments(),
-            Action::ToggleCursorVisibility => window.toggle_cursor_visibility(),
-            Action::ToggleResizable => window.toggle_resizable(),
-            Action::ToggleDecorations => window.toggle_decorations(),
-            Action::ToggleFullscreen => window.toggle_fullscreen(),
-            Action::ToggleMaximize => window.toggle_maximize(),
-            Action::ToggleImeInput => window.toggle_ime(),
-            Action::Minimize => window.minimize(),
-            Action::NextCursor => window.next_cursor(),
-            Action::NextCustomCursor => window.next_custom_cursor(&self.custom_cursors),
-            Action::CycleCursorGrab => window.cycle_cursor_grab(),
-            Action::DragWindow => window.drag_window(),
-            Action::DragResizeWindow => window.drag_resize_window(),
-            Action::ShowWindowMenu => window.show_menu(),
+            Action::ToggleResizeIncrements => {
+                let new_increments = match window.resize_increments() {
+                    Some(_) => None,
+                    None => Some(LogicalSize::new(25.0, 25.0)),
+                };
+                println!("Had increments: {}", new_increments.is_none());
+                window.set_resize_increments(new_increments);
+            }
+            Action::ToggleCursorVisibility => {
+                state.cursor_hidden = !state.cursor_hidden;
+                window.set_cursor_visible(!state.cursor_hidden);
+            }
+            Action::ToggleResizable => {
+                let resizable = window.is_resizable();
+                window.set_resizable(!resizable);
+            }
+            Action::ToggleDecorations => {
+                let decorated = window.is_decorated();
+                window.set_decorations(!decorated);
+            }
+            Action::ToggleFullscreen => {
+                let fullscreen = if window.fullscreen().is_some() {
+                    None
+                } else {
+                    Some(Fullscreen::Borderless(None))
+                };
+
+                window.set_fullscreen(fullscreen);
+            }
+            Action::ToggleMaximize => {
+                let maximized = window.is_maximized();
+                window.set_maximized(!maximized);
+            }
+            Action::ToggleImeInput => {
+                state.ime = !state.ime;
+                window.set_ime_allowed(state.ime);
+                if let Some(position) = state.ime.then_some(state.cursor_position).flatten() {
+                    window.set_ime_cursor_area(position, PhysicalSize::new(20, 20));
+                }
+            }
+            Action::Minimize => {
+                window.set_minimized(true);
+            }
+            Action::NextCursor => {
+                // Pick the next cursor
+                state.named_idx = (state.named_idx + 1) % CURSORS.len();
+                println!("Setting cursor to \"{:?}\"", CURSORS[state.named_idx]);
+                window.set_cursor(Cursor::Icon(CURSORS[state.named_idx]));
+            }
+            Action::NextCustomCursor => {
+                state.custom_idx = (state.custom_idx + 1) % self.custom_cursors.len();
+                let cursor = Cursor::Custom(self.custom_cursors[state.custom_idx].clone());
+                window.set_cursor(cursor);
+            }
+            Action::CycleCursorGrab => {
+                state.cursor_grab = match state.cursor_grab {
+                    CursorGrabMode::None => CursorGrabMode::Confined,
+                    CursorGrabMode::Confined => CursorGrabMode::Locked,
+                    CursorGrabMode::Locked => CursorGrabMode::None,
+                };
+                println!("Changing cursor grab mode to {:?}", state.cursor_grab);
+                if let Err(err) = window.set_cursor_grab(state.cursor_grab) {
+                    eprintln!("Error setting cursor grab: {err}");
+                }
+            }
+            Action::DragWindow => {
+                if let Err(err) = window.drag_window() {
+                    println!("Error starting window drag: {err}");
+                } else {
+                    println!("Dragging window Window={:?}", window.id());
+                }
+            }
+            Action::DragResizeWindow => {
+                let position = match state.cursor_position {
+                    Some(position) => position,
+                    None => {
+                        println!("Drag-resize requires cursor to be inside the window");
+                        return;
+                    }
+                };
+
+                let win_size = window.inner_size();
+                let border_size = BORDER_SIZE * window.scale_factor();
+
+                let x_direction = if position.x < border_size {
+                    ResizeDirection::West
+                } else if position.x > (win_size.width as f64 - border_size) {
+                    ResizeDirection::East
+                } else {
+                    // Use arbitrary direction instead of None for simplicity.
+                    ResizeDirection::SouthEast
+                };
+
+                let y_direction = if position.y < border_size {
+                    ResizeDirection::North
+                } else if position.y > (win_size.height as f64 - border_size) {
+                    ResizeDirection::South
+                } else {
+                    // Use arbitrary direction instead of None for simplicity.
+                    ResizeDirection::SouthEast
+                };
+
+                let direction = match (x_direction, y_direction) {
+                    (ResizeDirection::West, ResizeDirection::North) => ResizeDirection::NorthWest,
+                    (ResizeDirection::West, ResizeDirection::South) => ResizeDirection::SouthWest,
+                    (ResizeDirection::West, _) => ResizeDirection::West,
+                    (ResizeDirection::East, ResizeDirection::North) => ResizeDirection::NorthEast,
+                    (ResizeDirection::East, ResizeDirection::South) => ResizeDirection::SouthEast,
+                    (ResizeDirection::East, _) => ResizeDirection::East,
+                    (_, ResizeDirection::South) => ResizeDirection::South,
+                    (_, ResizeDirection::North) => ResizeDirection::North,
+                    _ => return,
+                };
+
+                if let Err(err) = window.drag_resize_window(direction) {
+                    println!("Error starting window drag-resize: {err}");
+                } else {
+                    println!("Drag-resizing window Window={:?}", window.id());
+                }
+            }
+            Action::ShowWindowMenu => {
+                if let Some(position) = state.cursor_position {
+                    window.show_window_menu(position);
+                }
+            }
             Action::PrintHelp => self.print_help(),
             #[cfg(macos_platform)]
-            Action::CycleOptionAsAlt => window.cycle_option_as_alt(),
+            Action::CycleOptionAsAlt => {
+                state.option_as_alt = match state.option_as_alt {
+                    OptionAsAlt::None => OptionAsAlt::OnlyLeft,
+                    OptionAsAlt::OnlyLeft => OptionAsAlt::OnlyRight,
+                    OptionAsAlt::OnlyRight => OptionAsAlt::Both,
+                    OptionAsAlt::Both => OptionAsAlt::None,
+                };
+                println!("Setting option as alt {:?}", state.option_as_alt);
+                window.set_option_as_alt(state.option_as_alt);
+            }
             #[cfg(macos_platform)]
             Action::CreateNewTab => {
-                let tab_id = window.window.tabbing_identifier();
+                let tab_id = window.tabbing_identifier();
                 if let Err(err) = self.create_window(event_loop, Some(tab_id)) {
                     eprintln!("Error creating new window: {err}");
                 }
@@ -232,14 +397,28 @@ impl Application {
         window_id: WindowId,
         event: WindowEvent,
     ) {
-        let window = match self.windows.get_mut(&window_id) {
-            Some(window) => window,
+        let state = match self.windows.get_mut(&window_id) {
+            Some(state) => state,
             None => return,
         };
+        let window = &state.window;
 
         match event {
-            WindowEvent::Resized(size) => {
-                window.resize(size);
+            // Resize the surface to the new size
+            WindowEvent::Resized(_size) => {
+                #[cfg(not(any(android_platform, ios_platform)))]
+                {
+                    let (width, height) =
+                        match (NonZeroU32::new(_size.width), NonZeroU32::new(_size.height)) {
+                            (Some(width), Some(height)) => (width, height),
+                            _ => return,
+                        };
+                    state
+                        .surface
+                        .resize(width, height)
+                        .expect("failed to resize inner buffer");
+                }
+                window.request_redraw();
             }
             WindowEvent::Focused(focused) => {
                 if focused {
@@ -253,23 +432,51 @@ impl Application {
             }
             WindowEvent::ThemeChanged(theme) => {
                 println!("Theme changed to {theme:?}");
-                window.set_theme(theme);
+                state.theme = theme;
+                window.request_redraw();
             }
+            #[cfg(not(any(android_platform, ios_platform)))]
             WindowEvent::RedrawRequested => {
-                if let Err(err) = window.draw() {
-                    eprintln!("Error drawing window: {err}");
+                // Draw the window contents.
+
+                if state.occluded {
+                    println!("Skipping drawing occluded window={:?}", window_id);
                 }
+
+                const WHITE: u32 = 0xFFFFFFFF;
+                const DARK_GRAY: u32 = 0xFF181818;
+
+                let color = match state.theme {
+                    Theme::Light => WHITE,
+                    Theme::Dark => DARK_GRAY,
+                };
+
+                let mut buffer = state
+                    .surface
+                    .buffer_mut()
+                    .expect("could not retrieve buffer");
+                buffer.fill(color);
+                window.pre_present_notify();
+                buffer.present().expect("failed presenting to window");
             }
+            #[cfg(any(android_platform, ios_platform))]
+            WindowEvent::RedrawRequested => {
+                println!("Drawing but without rendering...");
+            }
+            // Change window occlusion state.
             WindowEvent::Occluded(occluded) => {
-                window.set_occluded(occluded);
+                state.occluded = occluded;
+                if !occluded {
+                    window.request_redraw();
+                }
             }
             WindowEvent::CloseRequested => {
                 println!("Closing Window={window_id:?}");
                 self.windows.remove(&window_id);
             }
             WindowEvent::ModifiersChanged(modifiers) => {
-                window.modifiers = modifiers.state();
-                println!("Modifiers changed to {:?}", window.modifiers);
+                state.modifiers = modifiers.state();
+                println!("Modifiers changed to {:?}", state.modifiers);
             }
             WindowEvent::MouseWheel { delta, .. } => match delta {
                 MouseScrollDelta::LineDelta(x, y) => {
@@ -280,42 +487,44 @@ impl Application {
                 }
             },
             WindowEvent::KeyboardInput {
-                event,
+                event:
+                    KeyEvent {
+                        // Dispatch actions only on press.
+                        state: ElementState::Pressed,
+                        logical_key,
+                        ..
+                    },
                 is_synthetic: false,
                 ..
             } => {
-                let mods = window.modifiers;
-
-                // Dispatch actions only on press.
-                if event.state.is_pressed() {
-                    let action = if let Key::Character(ch) = event.logical_key.as_ref() {
-                        Self::process_key_binding(&ch.to_uppercase(), &mods)
-                    } else {
-                        None
-                    };
-
-                    if let Some(action) = action {
+                if let Key::Character(ch) = logical_key.as_ref() {
+                    let mods = state.modifiers;
+                    if let Some(action) = Self::process_key_binding(&ch.to_uppercase(), &mods) {
                         self.handle_action(event_loop, window_id, action);
                     }
                 }
             }
-            WindowEvent::MouseInput { button, state, .. } => {
-                let mods = window.modifiers;
-                if let Some(action) = state
-                    .is_pressed()
-                    .then(|| Self::process_mouse_binding(button, &mods))
-                    .flatten()
-                {
+            WindowEvent::KeyboardInput { .. } => {}
+            WindowEvent::MouseInput {
+                button,
+                state: ElementState::Pressed,
+                ..
+            } => {
+                if let Some(action) = Self::process_mouse_binding(button, &state.modifiers) {
                     self.handle_action(event_loop, window_id, action);
                 }
             }
+            WindowEvent::MouseInput { .. } => {}
             WindowEvent::CursorLeft { .. } => {
                 println!("Cursor left Window={window_id:?}");
-                window.cursor_left();
+                state.cursor_position = None;
             }
             WindowEvent::CursorMoved { position, .. } => {
                 println!("Moved cursor to {position:?}");
-                window.cursor_moved(position);
+                state.cursor_position = Some(position);
+                if state.ime {
+                    window.set_ime_cursor_area(position, PhysicalSize::new(20, 20));
+                }
             }
             WindowEvent::ActivationTokenDone { token: _token, .. } => {
                 #[cfg(any(x11_platform, wayland_platform))]
@@ -337,8 +546,8 @@ impl Application {
                 Ime::Disabled => println!("IME disabled for Window={window_id:?}"),
             },
             WindowEvent::PinchGesture { delta, .. } => {
-                window.zoom += delta;
-                let zoom = window.zoom;
+                state.zoom += delta;
+                let zoom = state.zoom;
                 if delta > 0.0 {
                     println!("Zoomed in {delta:.5} (now: {zoom:.5})");
                 } else {
@@ -346,8 +555,8 @@ impl Application {
                 }
             }
             WindowEvent::RotationGesture { delta, .. } => {
-                window.rotated += delta;
-                let rotated = window.rotated;
+                state.rotated += delta;
+                let rotated = state.rotated;
                 if delta > 0.0 {
                     println!("Rotated counterclockwise {delta:.5} (now: {rotated:.5})");
                 } else {
@@ -359,7 +568,6 @@ impl Application {
             }
             WindowEvent::TouchpadPressure { .. }
             | WindowEvent::HoveredFileCancelled
-            | WindowEvent::KeyboardInput { .. }
             | WindowEvent::CursorEntered { .. }
             | WindowEvent::AxisMotion { .. }
             | WindowEvent::DroppedFile(_)
@@ -416,8 +624,10 @@ impl Application {
     }
 }
 
-/// State of the window.
+/// Extra state on a window used in this example.
 struct WindowState {
+    /// The actual Winit window.
+    window: Window,
     /// IME input.
     ime: bool,
     /// Render surface.
@@ -425,8 +635,6 @@ struct WindowState {
     /// NOTE: This surface must be dropped before the `Window`.
     #[cfg(not(any(android_platform, ios_platform)))]
     surface: Surface,
-    /// The actual winit Window.
-    window: Window,
     /// The window theme we're drawing with.
     theme: Theme,
     /// Cursor position over the window.
@@ -451,282 +659,6 @@ struct WindowState {
     cursor_hidden: bool,
 }
 
-impl WindowState {
-    fn new(application: &Application, window: Window) -> Result<Self, Box<dyn Error>> {
-        // SAFETY: the surface is dropped before the `window` which provided it with handle, thus
-        // it doesn't outlive it.
-        #[cfg(not(any(android_platform, ios_platform)))]
-        let surface = unsafe { Surface::new(&application.context, &window)? };
-
-        let theme = window.theme().unwrap_or(Theme::Dark);
-        println!("Theme: {theme:?}");
-        let named_idx = 0;
-        window.set_cursor(CURSORS[named_idx]);
-
-        // Allow IME out of the box.
-        let ime = true;
-        window.set_ime_allowed(ime);
-
-        let size = window.inner_size();
-        let mut state = Self {
-            #[cfg(macos_platform)]
-            option_as_alt: window.option_as_alt(),
-            custom_idx: application.custom_cursors.len() - 1,
-            cursor_grab: CursorGrabMode::None,
-            named_idx,
-            #[cfg(not(any(android_platform, ios_platform)))]
-            surface,
-            window,
-            theme,
-            ime,
-            cursor_position: Default::default(),
-            cursor_hidden: Default::default(),
-            modifiers: Default::default(),
-            occluded: Default::default(),
-            rotated: Default::default(),
-            zoom: Default::default(),
-        };
-
-        state.resize(size);
-        Ok(state)
-    }
-
-    pub fn toggle_ime(&mut self) {
-        self.ime = !self.ime;
-        self.window.set_ime_allowed(self.ime);
-        if let Some(position) = self.ime.then_some(self.cursor_position).flatten() {
-            self.window
-                .set_ime_cursor_area(position, PhysicalSize::new(20, 20));
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn minimize(&mut self) {
-        self.window.set_minimized(true);
-    }
-
-    pub fn cursor_moved(&mut self, position: PhysicalPosition<f64>) {
-        self.cursor_position = Some(position);
-        if self.ime {
-            self.window
-                .set_ime_cursor_area(position, PhysicalSize::new(20, 20));
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn cursor_left(&mut self) {
-        self.cursor_position = None;
-    }
-
-    /// Toggle maximized.
-    fn toggle_maximize(&self) {
-        let maximized = self.window.is_maximized();
-        self.window.set_maximized(!maximized);
-    }
-
-    /// Toggle window decorations.
-    fn toggle_decorations(&self) {
-        let decorated = self.window.is_decorated();
-        self.window.set_decorations(!decorated);
-    }
-
-    /// Toggle window resizable state.
-    fn toggle_resizable(&self) {
-        let resizable = self.window.is_resizable();
-        self.window.set_resizable(!resizable);
-    }
-
-    /// Toggle cursor visibility
-    fn toggle_cursor_visibility(&mut self) {
-        self.cursor_hidden = !self.cursor_hidden;
-        self.window.set_cursor_visible(!self.cursor_hidden);
-    }
-
-    /// Toggle resize increments on a window.
-    fn toggle_resize_increments(&mut self) {
-        let new_increments = match self.window.resize_increments() {
-            Some(_) => None,
-            None => Some(LogicalSize::new(25.0, 25.0)),
-        };
-        println!("Had increments: {}", new_increments.is_none());
-        self.window.set_resize_increments(new_increments);
-    }
-
-    /// Toggle fullscreen.
-    fn toggle_fullscreen(&self) {
-        let fullscreen = if self.window.fullscreen().is_some() {
-            None
-        } else {
-            Some(Fullscreen::Borderless(None))
-        };
-
-        self.window.set_fullscreen(fullscreen);
-    }
-
-    /// Cycle through the grab modes ignoring errors.
-    fn cycle_cursor_grab(&mut self) {
-        self.cursor_grab = match self.cursor_grab {
-            CursorGrabMode::None => CursorGrabMode::Confined,
-            CursorGrabMode::Confined => CursorGrabMode::Locked,
-            CursorGrabMode::Locked => CursorGrabMode::None,
-        };
-        println!("Changing cursor grab mode to {:?}", self.cursor_grab);
-        if let Err(err) = self.window.set_cursor_grab(self.cursor_grab) {
-            eprintln!("Error setting cursor grab: {err}");
-        }
-    }
-
-    #[cfg(macos_platform)]
-    fn cycle_option_as_alt(&mut self) {
-        self.option_as_alt = match self.option_as_alt {
-            OptionAsAlt::None => OptionAsAlt::OnlyLeft,
-            OptionAsAlt::OnlyLeft => OptionAsAlt::OnlyRight,
-            OptionAsAlt::OnlyRight => OptionAsAlt::Both,
-            OptionAsAlt::Both => OptionAsAlt::None,
-        };
-        println!("Setting option as alt {:?}", self.option_as_alt);
-        self.window.set_option_as_alt(self.option_as_alt);
-    }
-
-    /// Pick the next cursor.
-    fn next_cursor(&mut self) {
-        self.named_idx = (self.named_idx + 1) % CURSORS.len();
-        println!("Setting cursor to \"{:?}\"", CURSORS[self.named_idx]);
-        self.window
-            .set_cursor(Cursor::Icon(CURSORS[self.named_idx]));
-    }
-
-    /// Pick the next custom cursor.
-    fn next_custom_cursor(&mut self, custom_cursors: &[CustomCursor]) {
-        self.custom_idx = (self.custom_idx + 1) % custom_cursors.len();
-        let cursor = Cursor::Custom(custom_cursors[self.custom_idx].clone());
-        self.window.set_cursor(cursor);
-    }
-
-    /// Resize the window to the new size.
-    fn resize(&mut self, _size: PhysicalSize<u32>) {
-        #[cfg(not(any(android_platform, ios_platform)))]
-        {
-            let (width, height) =
-                match (NonZeroU32::new(_size.width), NonZeroU32::new(_size.height)) {
-                    (Some(width), Some(height)) => (width, height),
-                    _ => return,
-                };
-            self.surface
-                .resize(width, height)
-                .expect("failed to resize inner buffer");
-        }
-        self.window.request_redraw();
-    }
-
-    /// Change the theme.
-    fn set_theme(&mut self, theme: Theme) {
-        self.theme = theme;
-        self.window.request_redraw();
-    }
-
-    /// Show window menu.
-    fn show_menu(&self) {
-        if let Some(position) = self.cursor_position {
-            self.window.show_window_menu(position);
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Drag the window.
-    fn drag_window(&self) {
-        if let Err(err) = self.window.drag_window() {
-            println!("Error starting window drag: {err}");
-        } else {
-            println!("Dragging window Window={:?}", self.window.id());
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Drag-resize the window.
-    fn drag_resize_window(&self) {
-        let position = match self.cursor_position {
-            Some(position) => position,
-            None => {
-                println!("Drag-resize requires cursor to be inside the window");
-                return;
-            }
-        };
-
-        let win_size = self.window.inner_size();
-        let border_size = BORDER_SIZE * self.window.scale_factor();
-
-        let x_direction = if position.x < border_size {
-            ResizeDirection::West
-        } else if position.x > (win_size.width as f64 - border_size) {
-            ResizeDirection::East
-        } else {
-            // Use arbitrary direction instead of None for simplicity.
-            ResizeDirection::SouthEast
-        };
-
-        let y_direction = if position.y < border_size {
-            ResizeDirection::North
-        } else if position.y > (win_size.height as f64 - border_size) {
-            ResizeDirection::South
-        } else {
-            // Use arbitrary direction instead of None for simplicity.
-            ResizeDirection::SouthEast
-        };
-
-        let direction = match (x_direction, y_direction) {
-            (ResizeDirection::West, ResizeDirection::North) => ResizeDirection::NorthWest,
-            (ResizeDirection::West, ResizeDirection::South) => ResizeDirection::SouthWest,
-            (ResizeDirection::West, _) => ResizeDirection::West,
-            (ResizeDirection::East, ResizeDirection::North) => ResizeDirection::NorthEast,
-            (ResizeDirection::East, ResizeDirection::South) => ResizeDirection::SouthEast,
-            (ResizeDirection::East, _) => ResizeDirection::East,
-            (_, ResizeDirection::South) => ResizeDirection::South,
-            (_, ResizeDirection::North) => ResizeDirection::North,
-            _ => return,
-        };
-
-        if let Err(err) = self.window.drag_resize_window(direction) {
-            println!("Error starting window drag-resize: {err}");
-        } else {
-            println!("Drag-resizing window Window={:?}", self.window.id());
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Change window occlusion state.
-    fn set_occluded(&mut self, occluded: bool) {
-        self.occluded = occluded;
-        if !occluded {
-            self.window.request_redraw();
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Draw the window contents.
-    #[cfg(not(any(android_platform, ios_platform)))]
-    fn draw(&mut self) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
-        if self.occluded {
-            println!("Skipping drawing occluded window={:?}", self.window.id());
-            return Ok(());
-        }
-
-        const WHITE: u32 = 0xFFFFFFFF;
-        const DARK_GRAY: u32 = 0xFF181818;
-
-        let color = match self.theme {
-            Theme::Light => WHITE,
-            Theme::Dark => DARK_GRAY,
-        };
-
-        let mut buffer = self.surface.buffer_mut()?;
-        buffer.fill(color);
-        self.window.pre_present_notify();
-        buffer.present()?;
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    #[cfg(any(android_platform, ios_platform))]
-    fn draw(&mut self) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
-        println!("Drawing but without rendering...");
-        Ok(())
-    }
-}
-
 struct Binding<T: Eq> {
     trigger: T,
     mods: ModifiersState,
@@ -747,6 +679,7 @@ impl<T: Eq> Binding<T> {
     }
 }
 
+/// Helper enum describing the different kinds of actions this example can do.
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
 enum Action {
     CloseWindow,