doc: Add installation instructions to docs

This commit adds installation instructions to the top-level documentation for lib.rs. The main goal is to give the dependencies that X11/Wayland use in a formal place, since it's not written down anywhere to my knowledge. Signed-off-by: John Nunley <dev@notgull.net>
docs: show less of the unstable docs in the README
2026-06-26 22:53:15 -04:00 · 2024-12-08 08:30:31 -08:00 · 2024-12-06 13:16:30 +03:00 · 2024-12-03 23:07:19 +01:00 · 2024-12-03 21:24:57 +01:00 · 2024-12-03 19:53:29 +01:00
177 changed files with 13012 additions and 10062 deletions
--- a/.cargo/config.toml
+++ b/.cargo/config.toml
@@ -2,5 +2,8 @@
 #
 # Note that these flags are (intentionally) not included when building from the downloaded crate.
 [build]
-rustflags = ["--cfg=unreleased_changelogs"]
 rustdocflags = ["--cfg=unreleased_changelogs"]
+rustflags = ["--cfg=unreleased_changelogs"]
+
+[target.wasm32-unknown-unknown]
+runner = "wasm-bindgen-test-runner"
--- a/.git-blame-ignore-revs
+++ b/.git-blame-ignore-revs
@@ -2,3 +2,7 @@

 # chore(rustfmt): use nightly
 7b0c7b6cb2c62767ca0c73c857b299883f55a883
+# Rustfmt: use `group_imports`
+2665c120981af548433645c6383b3580dd8f8fc4
+# Use Taplo for TOML formatting
+3398ebe467c43ccfd91916c5b81ff3c68f598556
--- a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/bug_web.yml
+++ b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/bug_web.yml
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 name: Web bug
-description: Create a web-specific bug report
+description: Create a Web-specific bug report
 labels:
  - B - bug
  - DS - web
--- a/.github/PULL_REQUEST_TEMPLATE.md
+++ b/.github/PULL_REQUEST_TEMPLATE.md
@@ -2,4 +2,3 @@
 - [ ] Added an entry to the `changelog` module if knowledge of this change could be valuable to users
 - [ ] Updated documentation to reflect any user-facing changes, including notes of platform-specific behavior
 - [ ] Created or updated an example program if it would help users understand this functionality
- [ ] Updated [feature matrix](https://github.com/rust-windowing/winit/blob/master/FEATURES.md), if new features were added or implemented
--- a/.github/dependabot.yaml
+++ b/.github/dependabot.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+version: 2
+
+updates:
+  - package-ecosystem: github-actions
+    directory: /
+    schedule:
+        interval: daily
+    groups:
+        github-actions:
+            patterns:
+                - "*"
+
+  - package-ecosystem: npm
+    directory: src/platform_impl/web/script
+    schedule:
+        interval: daily
+    groups:
+        github-actions:
+            patterns:
+                - '*'
+    labels:
+        - "DS - web"
--- a/.github/workflows/ci.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/ci.yml
@@ -17,6 +17,19 @@ jobs:
    - name: Check Formatting
      run: cargo fmt -- --check

+  taplo:
+    name: Taplo
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+      - name: Checkout
+        uses: taiki-e/checkout-action@v1
+      - name: Install Taplo
+        uses: taiki-e/install-action@v2
+        with:
+          tool: taplo-cli
+      - name: Run Taplo
+        run: taplo fmt --check
+
  typos:
    name: Check for typos
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
@@ -55,25 +68,35 @@ jobs:
          - { name: 'Wayland',            target: x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu, os: ubuntu-latest, options: '--no-default-features --features=wayland,wayland-dlopen' }
          - { name: 'Android',            target: aarch64-linux-android,    os: ubuntu-latest, options: '--package=winit --features=android-native-activity', cmd: 'apk --' }
          - { name: 'Redox OS',           target: x86_64-unknown-redox,     os: ubuntu-latest,   }
-          - { name: 'macOS',              target: x86_64-apple-darwin,      os: macos-latest,    }
+          - { name: 'macOS x86_64',       target: x86_64-apple-darwin,      os: macos-latest,    }
+          - { name: 'macOS Aarch64',      target: aarch64-apple-darwin,     os: macos-latest,    }
          - { name: 'iOS x86_64',         target: x86_64-apple-ios,         os: macos-latest,    }
          - { name: 'iOS Aarch64',        target: aarch64-apple-ios,        os: macos-latest,    }
-          - { name: 'web',                target: wasm32-unknown-unknown,   os: ubuntu-latest,   }
+          - { name: 'Web',                target: wasm32-unknown-unknown,   os: ubuntu-latest,   }
        exclude:
+          # Web on nightly needs extra arguments
+          - toolchain: nightly
+            platform: { name: 'Web', target: wasm32-unknown-unknown, os: ubuntu-latest }
          # Android is tested on stable-3
          - toolchain: '1.73'
            platform: { name: 'Android', target: aarch64-linux-android, os: ubuntu-latest, options: '--package=winit --features=android-native-activity', cmd: 'apk --' }
+          # Redox OS doesn't follow MSRV
+          - toolchain: '1.73'
+            platform: { name: 'Redox OS', target: x86_64-unknown-redox, os: ubuntu-latest }
        include:
          - toolchain: '1.73'
            platform: { name: 'Android', target: aarch64-linux-android, os: ubuntu-latest, options: '--package=winit --features=android-native-activity', cmd: 'apk --' }
+          - toolchain: 'nightly'
+            platform: { name: 'Web', target: wasm32-unknown-unknown, os: ubuntu-latest, test-options: -Zdoctest-xcompile }
          - toolchain: 'nightly'
            platform: {
-              name:       'web Atomic',
-              target:     wasm32-unknown-unknown,
-              os:         ubuntu-latest,
-              options:    '-Zbuild-std=panic_abort,std',
-              rustflags:  '-Ctarget-feature=+atomics,+bulk-memory',
-              components: rust-src,
+              name:         'Web Atomic',
+              target:       wasm32-unknown-unknown,
+              os:           ubuntu-latest,
+              options:      '-Zbuild-std=panic_abort,std',
+              test-options: -Zdoctest-xcompile,
+              rustflags:    '-Ctarget-feature=+atomics,+bulk-memory',
+              components:   rust-src,
            }

    env:
@@ -83,8 +106,10 @@ jobs:

      # Faster compilation and error on warnings
      RUSTFLAGS: '--codegen=debuginfo=0 --deny=warnings ${{ matrix.platform.rustflags }}'
+      RUSTDOCFLAGS: ${{ matrix.platform.rustflags }}

      OPTIONS: --target=${{ matrix.platform.target }} ${{ matrix.platform.options }}
+      TEST_OPTIONS: ${{ matrix.platform.test-options }}
      CMD: ${{ matrix.platform.cmd }}

    steps:
@@ -95,7 +120,7 @@ jobs:
      # the cache has been downloaded.
      #
      # This could be avoided if we added Cargo.lock to the repository.
-      uses: actions/cache/restore@v3
+      uses: actions/cache/restore@v4
      with:
        # https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/guide/cargo-home.html#caching-the-cargo-home-in-ci
        path: |
@@ -116,7 +141,7 @@ jobs:
    - name: Cache cargo-apk
      if: contains(matrix.platform.target, 'android')
      id: cargo-apk-cache
-      uses: actions/cache@v3
+      uses: actions/cache@v4
      with:
        path: ~/.cargo/bin/cargo-apk
        # Change this key if we update the required cargo-apk version
@@ -131,6 +156,11 @@ jobs:
      if: contains(matrix.platform.target, 'android') && (steps.cargo-apk-cache.outputs.cache-hit != 'true')
      run: cargo install cargo-apk --version=^0.9.7 --locked

+    - uses: taiki-e/cache-cargo-install-action@v2
+      if: contains(matrix.platform.target, 'wasm32') && matrix.toolchain == 'nightly'
+      with:
+        tool: wasm-bindgen-cli
+
    - uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@master
      with:
        toolchain: ${{ matrix.toolchain }}${{ matrix.platform.host }}
@@ -162,39 +192,39 @@ jobs:
      if: >
        !contains(matrix.platform.target, 'android') &&
        !contains(matrix.platform.target, 'ios') &&
-        !contains(matrix.platform.target, 'wasm32') &&
+        (!contains(matrix.platform.target, 'wasm32') || matrix.toolchain == 'nightly') &&
        !contains(matrix.platform.target, 'redox') &&
        matrix.toolchain != '1.73'
      run: cargo $CMD test $OPTIONS

    - name: Lint with clippy
      if: (matrix.toolchain == 'stable') && !contains(matrix.platform.options, '--no-default-features')
-      run: cargo clippy --all-targets $OPTIONS -- -Dwarnings
+      run: cargo clippy --all-targets $OPTIONS $TEST_OPTIONS -- -Dwarnings

    - name: Build tests with serde enabled
      if: >
        !contains(matrix.platform.target, 'redox') &&
        matrix.toolchain != '1.73'
-      run: cargo $CMD test --no-run $OPTIONS --features serde
+      run: cargo $CMD test --no-run $OPTIONS $TEST_OPTIONS --features serde

    - name: Run tests with serde enabled
      if: >
        !contains(matrix.platform.target, 'android') &&
        !contains(matrix.platform.target, 'ios') &&
-        !contains(matrix.platform.target, 'wasm32') &&
+        (!contains(matrix.platform.target, 'wasm32') || matrix.toolchain == 'nightly') &&
        !contains(matrix.platform.target, 'redox') &&
        matrix.toolchain != '1.73'
-      run: cargo $CMD test $OPTIONS --features serde
+      run: cargo $CMD test $OPTIONS $TEST_OPTIONS --features serde

    - name: Check docs.rs documentation
      if: matrix.toolchain == 'nightly'
-      run: cargo doc --no-deps $OPTIONS --features=rwh_04,rwh_05,rwh_06,serde,mint,android-native-activity
+      run: cargo doc --no-deps $OPTIONS --features=serde,mint,android-native-activity
      env:
        RUSTDOCFLAGS: '--deny=warnings ${{ matrix.platform.rustflags }} --cfg=docsrs --cfg=unreleased_changelogs'

    # See restore step above
    - name: Save cache of cargo folder
-      uses: actions/cache/save@v3
+      uses: actions/cache/save@v4
      with:
        path: |
          ~/.cargo/registry/index/
@@ -214,22 +244,42 @@ jobs:
          - { name: 'Android', target: aarch64-linux-android }
          - { name: 'iOS', target: aarch64-apple-ios }
          - { name: 'Linux', target: x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu }
-          - { name: 'macOS', target: x86_64-apple-darwin }
+          - { name: 'macOS', target: aarch64-apple-darwin }
          - { name: 'Redox OS', target: x86_64-unknown-redox }
-          - { name: 'web', target: wasm32-unknown-unknown }
-          - { name: 'Windows', target: x86_64-pc-windows-gnu }
+          - { name: 'Web', target: wasm32-unknown-unknown }
+          - { name: 'Windows GNU', target: x86_64-pc-windows-gnu }
+          - { name: 'Windows MSVC', target: x86_64-pc-windows-msvc }

    steps:
    - uses: taiki-e/checkout-action@v1
-    - uses: EmbarkStudios/cargo-deny-action@v1
+    - uses: EmbarkStudios/cargo-deny-action@v2
      with:
        command: check
        log-level: error
        arguments: --all-features --target ${{ matrix.platform.target }}

+  eslint:
+    name: ESLint
+
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    defaults:
+      run:
+        working-directory: ./src/platform_impl/web/script
+
+    steps:
+      - uses: taiki-e/checkout-action@v1
+      - name: Setup NPM
+        run: npm install
+      - name: Run ESLint
+        run: npx eslint
+
  swc:
    name: Minimize JavaScript
+
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    defaults:
+      run:
+        working-directory: ./src/platform_impl/web/script

    steps:
      - uses: taiki-e/checkout-action@v1
@@ -237,7 +287,7 @@ jobs:
        run: sudo npm i -g @swc/cli
      - name: Run SWC
        run: |
-          swc src/platform_impl/web/web_sys/worker.js -o src/platform_impl/web/web_sys/worker.min.js
+          swc . --ignore node_modules,**/*.d.ts --only **/*.ts -d . --out-file-extension min.js
      - name: Check for diff
        run: |
          [[ -z $(git status -s) ]]
--- a/.github/workflows/docs.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/docs.yml
@@ -29,10 +29,10 @@ jobs:
        env:
          RUSTDOCFLAGS: --crate-version master --cfg=docsrs --cfg=unreleased_changelogs
        run: |
-          cargo doc --no-deps -Z rustdoc-map -Z rustdoc-scrape-examples --features=rwh_04,rwh_05,rwh_06,serde,mint,android-native-activity
+          cargo doc --no-deps -Z rustdoc-map -Z rustdoc-scrape-examples --features=serde,mint,android-native-activity

      - name: Setup Pages
-        uses: actions/configure-pages@v4
+        uses: actions/configure-pages@v5

      - name: Fix permissions
        run: |
--- a/.gitignore
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -5,3 +5,6 @@ rls/
 *~
 #*#
 .DS_Store
+# NPM package used to run ESLint.
+/src/platform_impl/web/script/node_modules
+/src/platform_impl/web/script/package-lock.json
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,54 +1,62 @@
 [package]
-name = "winit"
-version = "0.30.3"
-authors = [
-    "The winit contributors",
-    "Pierre Krieger <pierre.krieger1708@gmail.com>",
-]
-description = "Cross-platform window creation library."
-keywords = ["windowing"]
-readme = "README.md"
-documentation = "https://docs.rs/winit"
+authors = ["The winit contributors", "Pierre Krieger <pierre.krieger1708@gmail.com>"]
 categories = ["gui"]
-rust-version.workspace = true
-repository.workspace = true
-license.workspace = true
+description = "Cross-platform window creation library."
+documentation = "https://docs.rs/winit"
 edition.workspace = true
-exclude = ["/.cargo"]
+include = [
+    "/build.rs",
+    "/docs",
+    "/examples",
+    "/FEATURES.md",
+    "/LICENSE",
+    "/src",
+    "!/src/platform_impl/web/script",
+    "/src/platform_impl/web/script/**/*.min.js",
+    "/tests",
+]
+keywords = ["windowing"]
+license.workspace = true
+name = "winit"
+readme = "README.md"
+repository.workspace = true
+rust-version.workspace = true
+version = "0.30.5"

 [package.metadata.docs.rs]
 features = [
-    "rwh_04",
-    "rwh_05",
-    "rwh_06",
    "serde",
    "mint",
    # Enabled to get docs to compile
    "android-native-activity",
 ]
 # These are all tested in CI
+rustdoc-args = ["--cfg", "docsrs"]
 targets = [
    # Windows
    "i686-pc-windows-msvc",
    "x86_64-pc-windows-msvc",
    # macOS
+    "aarch64-apple-darwin",
    "x86_64-apple-darwin",
    # Unix (X11 & Wayland)
    "i686-unknown-linux-gnu",
    "x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu",
    # iOS
-    "x86_64-apple-ios",
+    "aarch64-apple-ios",
    # Android
    "aarch64-linux-android",
    # Web
    "wasm32-unknown-unknown",
 ]
-rustdoc-args = ["--cfg", "docsrs"]

 # Features are documented in either `lib.rs` or under `winit::platform`.
 [features]
-default = ["rwh_06", "x11", "wayland", "wayland-dlopen", "wayland-csd-adwaita"]
-x11 = ["x11-dl", "bytemuck", "percent-encoding", "xkbcommon-dl/x11", "x11rb"]
+android-game-activity = ["android-activity/game-activity"]
+android-native-activity = ["android-activity/native-activity"]
+default = ["x11", "wayland", "wayland-dlopen", "wayland-csd-adwaita"]
+mint = ["dpi/mint"]
+serde = ["dep:serde", "cursor-icon/serde", "smol_str/serde", "dpi/serde", "bitflags/serde"]
 wayland = [
    "wayland-client",
    "wayland-backend",
@@ -58,17 +66,11 @@ wayland = [
    "ahash",
    "memmap2",
 ]
-wayland-dlopen = ["wayland-backend/dlopen"]
 wayland-csd-adwaita = ["sctk-adwaita", "sctk-adwaita/ab_glyph"]
 wayland-csd-adwaita-crossfont = ["sctk-adwaita", "sctk-adwaita/crossfont"]
 wayland-csd-adwaita-notitle = ["sctk-adwaita"]
-android-native-activity = ["android-activity/native-activity"]
-android-game-activity = ["android-activity/game-activity"]
-serde = ["dep:serde", "cursor-icon/serde", "smol_str/serde", "dpi/serde"]
-mint = ["dpi/mint"]
-rwh_04 = ["dep:rwh_04", "ndk/rwh_04"]
-rwh_05 = ["dep:rwh_05", "ndk/rwh_05"]
-rwh_06 = ["dep:rwh_06", "ndk/rwh_06"]
+wayland-dlopen = ["wayland-backend/dlopen"]
+x11 = ["x11-dl", "bytemuck", "percent-encoding", "xkbcommon-dl/x11", "x11rb"]

 [build-dependencies]
 cfg_aliases = "0.2.1"
@@ -77,25 +79,18 @@ cfg_aliases = "0.2.1"
 bitflags = "2"
 cursor-icon = "1.1.0"
 dpi = { version = "0.1.1", path = "dpi" }
-rwh_04 = { package = "raw-window-handle", version = "0.4", optional = true }
-rwh_05 = { package = "raw-window-handle", version = "0.5.2", features = [
-    "std",
-], optional = true }
-rwh_06 = { package = "raw-window-handle", version = "0.6", features = [
-    "std",
-], optional = true }
+rwh_06 = { package = "raw-window-handle", version = "0.6", features = ["std"] }
 serde = { workspace = true, optional = true }
-smol_str = "0.2.0"
+smol_str = "0.3"
 tracing = { version = "0.1.40", default-features = false }

 [dev-dependencies]
 image = { version = "0.25.0", default-features = false, features = ["png"] }
 tracing = { version = "0.1.40", default-features = false, features = ["log"] }
 tracing-subscriber = { version = "0.3.18", features = ["env-filter"] }
-winit = { path = ".", features = ["rwh_05"] }

-[target.'cfg(not(any(target_os = "android", target_os = "ios")))'.dev-dependencies]
-softbuffer = { version = "0.4.0", default-features = false, features = [
+[target.'cfg(not(target_os = "android"))'.dev-dependencies]
+softbuffer = { version = "0.4.6", default-features = false, features = [
    "x11",
    "x11-dlopen",
    "wayland",
@@ -105,36 +100,17 @@ softbuffer = { version = "0.4.0", default-features = false, features = [
 # Android
 [target.'cfg(target_os = "android")'.dependencies]
 android-activity = "0.6.0"
-ndk = { version = "0.9.0", default-features = false }
+ndk = { version = "0.9.0", features = ["rwh_06"], default-features = false }

 # AppKit or UIKit
 [target.'cfg(target_vendor = "apple")'.dependencies]
+block2 = "0.5.1"
 core-foundation = "0.9.3"
 objc2 = "0.5.2"

 # AppKit
 [target.'cfg(target_os = "macos")'.dependencies]
 core-graphics = "0.23.1"
-block2 = "0.5.1"
-objc2-foundation = { version = "0.2.2", features = [
-    "block2",
-    "dispatch",
-    "NSArray",
-    "NSAttributedString",
-    "NSData",
-    "NSDictionary",
-    "NSDistributedNotificationCenter",
-    "NSEnumerator",
-    "NSKeyValueObserving",
-    "NSNotification",
-    "NSObjCRuntime",
-    "NSPathUtilities",
-    "NSProcessInfo",
-    "NSRunLoop",
-    "NSString",
-    "NSThread",
-    "NSValue",
-] }
 objc2-app-kit = { version = "0.2.2", features = [
    "NSAppearance",
    "NSApplication",
@@ -158,20 +134,44 @@ objc2-app-kit = { version = "0.2.2", features = [
    "NSScreen",
    "NSTextInputClient",
    "NSTextInputContext",
+    "NSToolbar",
    "NSView",
    "NSWindow",
    "NSWindowScripting",
    "NSWindowTabGroup",
 ] }
+objc2-foundation = { version = "0.2.2", features = [
+    "block2",
+    "dispatch",
+    "NSArray",
+    "NSAttributedString",
+    "NSData",
+    "NSDictionary",
+    "NSDistributedNotificationCenter",
+    "NSEnumerator",
+    "NSGeometry",
+    "NSKeyValueObserving",
+    "NSNotification",
+    "NSObjCRuntime",
+    "NSOperation",
+    "NSPathUtilities",
+    "NSProcessInfo",
+    "NSRunLoop",
+    "NSString",
+    "NSThread",
+    "NSValue",
+] }

 # UIKit
 [target.'cfg(all(target_vendor = "apple", not(target_os = "macos")))'.dependencies]
 objc2-foundation = { version = "0.2.2", features = [
+    "block2",
    "dispatch",
    "NSArray",
    "NSEnumerator",
    "NSGeometry",
    "NSObjCRuntime",
+    "NSOperation",
    "NSString",
    "NSProcessInfo",
    "NSThread",
@@ -183,6 +183,8 @@ objc2-ui-kit = { version = "0.2.2", features = [
    "UIEvent",
    "UIGeometry",
    "UIGestureRecognizer",
+    "UITextInput",
+    "UITextInputTraits",
    "UIOrientation",
    "UIPanGestureRecognizer",
    "UIPinchGestureRecognizer",
@@ -212,6 +214,7 @@ windows-sys = { version = "0.52.0", features = [
    "Win32_System_Com",
    "Win32_System_LibraryLoader",
    "Win32_System_Ole",
+    "Win32_Security",
    "Win32_System_SystemInformation",
    "Win32_System_SystemServices",
    "Win32_System_Threading",
@@ -232,7 +235,7 @@ windows-sys = { version = "0.52.0", features = [
 [target.'cfg(all(unix, not(any(target_os = "redox", target_family = "wasm", target_os = "android", target_vendor = "apple"))))'.dependencies]
 ahash = { version = "0.8.7", features = ["no-rng"], optional = true }
 bytemuck = { version = "1.13.1", default-features = false, optional = true }
-calloop = "0.12.3"
+calloop = "0.13.0"
 libc = "0.2.64"
 memmap2 = { version = "0.9.0", optional = true }
 percent-encoding = { version = "2.0", optional = true }
@@ -242,26 +245,24 @@ rustix = { version = "0.38.4", default-features = false, features = [
    "thread",
    "process",
 ] }
-sctk = { package = "smithay-client-toolkit", version = "0.18.0", default-features = false, features = [
+sctk = { package = "smithay-client-toolkit", version = "0.19.2", default-features = false, features = [
    "calloop",
 ], optional = true }
-sctk-adwaita = { version = "0.9.0", default-features = false, optional = true }
-wayland-backend = { version = "0.3.0", default-features = false, features = [
+sctk-adwaita = { version = "0.10.1", default-features = false, optional = true }
+wayland-backend = { version = "0.3.5", default-features = false, features = [
    "client_system",
 ], optional = true }
-wayland-client = { version = "0.31.1", optional = true }
-wayland-protocols = { version = "0.31.0", features = [
-    "staging",
-], optional = true }
-wayland-protocols-plasma = { version = "0.2.0", features = [
-    "client",
-], optional = true }
+wayland-client = { version = "0.31.4", optional = true }
+wayland-protocols = { version = "0.32.2", features = ["staging"], optional = true }
+wayland-protocols-plasma = { version = "0.3.2", features = ["client"], optional = true }
 x11-dl = { version = "2.19.1", optional = true }
 x11rb = { version = "0.13.0", default-features = false, features = [
    "allow-unsafe-code",
+    "cursor",
    "dl-libxcb",
    "randr",
    "resource_manager",
+    "sync",
    "xinput",
    "xkb",
 ], optional = true }
@@ -270,58 +271,67 @@ xkbcommon-dl = "0.4.2"
 # Orbital
 [target.'cfg(target_os = "redox")'.dependencies]
 orbclient = { version = "0.3.47", default-features = false }
-redox_syscall = "0.4.1"
+redox_syscall = "0.5.7"

 # Web
 [target.'cfg(target_family = "wasm")'.dependencies]
-web_sys = { package = "web-sys", version = "0.3.64", features = [
-    'AbortController',
-    'AbortSignal',
-    'Blob',
-    'BlobPropertyBag',
-    'console',
-    'CssStyleDeclaration',
-    'Document',
-    'DomException',
-    'DomRect',
-    'DomRectReadOnly',
-    'Element',
-    'Event',
-    'EventTarget',
-    'FocusEvent',
-    'HtmlCanvasElement',
-    'HtmlElement',
-    'HtmlImageElement',
-    'ImageBitmap',
-    'ImageBitmapOptions',
-    'ImageBitmapRenderingContext',
-    'ImageData',
-    'IntersectionObserver',
-    'IntersectionObserverEntry',
-    'KeyboardEvent',
-    'MediaQueryList',
-    'MessageChannel',
-    'MessagePort',
-    'Node',
-    'PageTransitionEvent',
-    'PointerEvent',
-    'PremultiplyAlpha',
-    'ResizeObserver',
-    'ResizeObserverBoxOptions',
-    'ResizeObserverEntry',
-    'ResizeObserverOptions',
-    'ResizeObserverSize',
-    'VisibilityState',
-    'Window',
-    'WheelEvent',
-    'Worker',
-    'Url',
-] }
-js-sys = "0.3.64"
+js-sys = "0.3.70"
 pin-project = "1"
-wasm-bindgen = "0.2"
-wasm-bindgen-futures = "0.4"
+wasm-bindgen = "0.2.93"
+wasm-bindgen-futures = "0.4.43"
 web-time = "1"
+web_sys = { package = "web-sys", version = "0.3.70", features = [
+    "AbortController",
+    "AbortSignal",
+    "Blob",
+    "BlobPropertyBag",
+    "console",
+    "CssStyleDeclaration",
+    "Document",
+    "DomException",
+    "DomRect",
+    "DomRectReadOnly",
+    "Element",
+    "Event",
+    "EventTarget",
+    "FocusEvent",
+    "HtmlCanvasElement",
+    "HtmlElement",
+    "HtmlHtmlElement",
+    "HtmlImageElement",
+    "ImageBitmap",
+    "ImageBitmapOptions",
+    "ImageBitmapRenderingContext",
+    "ImageData",
+    "IntersectionObserver",
+    "IntersectionObserverEntry",
+    "KeyboardEvent",
+    "MediaQueryList",
+    "MessageChannel",
+    "MessagePort",
+    "Navigator",
+    "Node",
+    "OrientationLockType",
+    "OrientationType",
+    "PageTransitionEvent",
+    "Permissions",
+    "PermissionState",
+    "PermissionStatus",
+    "PointerEvent",
+    "PremultiplyAlpha",
+    "ResizeObserver",
+    "ResizeObserverBoxOptions",
+    "ResizeObserverEntry",
+    "ResizeObserverOptions",
+    "ResizeObserverSize",
+    "Screen",
+    "ScreenOrientation",
+    "Url",
+    "VisibilityState",
+    "WheelEvent",
+    "Window",
+    "Worker",
+] }

 [target.'cfg(all(target_family = "wasm", target_feature = "atomics"))'.dependencies]
 atomic-waker = "1"
@@ -330,21 +340,25 @@ concurrent-queue = { version = "2", default-features = false }
 [target.'cfg(target_family = "wasm")'.dev-dependencies]
 console_error_panic_hook = "0.1"
 tracing-web = "0.1"
+wasm-bindgen-test = "0.3"

 [[example]]
 doc-scrape-examples = true
 name = "window"

+[[example]]
+name = "child_window"
+
 [workspace]
-resolver = "2"
 members = ["dpi"]
+resolver = "2"

 [workspace.package]
-rust-version = "1.73"
-repository = "https://github.com/rust-windowing/winit"
-license = "Apache-2.0"
 edition = "2021"
+license = "Apache-2.0"
+repository = "https://github.com/rust-windowing/winit"
+rust-version = "1.73"

 [workspace.dependencies]
-serde = { version = "1", features = ["serde_derive"] }
 mint = "0.5.6"
+serde = { version = "1", features = ["serde_derive"] }
--- a/FEATURES.md
+++ b/FEATURES.md
@@ -47,201 +47,3 @@ through the implementation work necessary to function on all platforms. When one
 gets implemented across all platforms, a PR can be opened to upgrade the feature to a core feature.
 If that gets accepted, the platform-specific functions get deprecated and become permanently
 exposed through the core, cross-platform API.
-
-# Features
-
-## Extending this section
-
-If your PR makes notable changes to Winit's features, please update this section as follows:
-
- If your PR adds a new feature, add a brief description to the relevant section. If the feature is a core
-  feature, add a row to the feature matrix and describe what platforms the feature has been implemented on.
-
- If your PR begins a new API rework, add a row to the `Pending API Reworks` table. If the PR implements the
-  API rework on all relevant platforms, please move it to the `Completed API Reworks` table.
-
- If your PR implements an already-existing feature on a new platform, either mark the feature as *completed*,
-  or mark it as *mostly completed* and link to an issue describing the problems with the implementation.
-
-## Core
-
-### Windowing
- **Window initialization**: Winit allows the creation of a window
- **Providing pointer to init OpenGL**: Winit provides the necessary pointers to initialize a working opengl context
- **Providing pointer to init Vulkan**: Same as OpenGL but for Vulkan
- **Window decorations**: The windows created by winit are properly decorated, and the decorations can
-  be deactivated
- **Window decorations toggle**: Decorations can be turned on or off after window creation
- **Window resizing**: The windows created by winit can be resized and generate the appropriate events
-  when they are. The application can precisely control its window size if desired.
- **Window resize increments**: When the window gets resized, the application can choose to snap the window's
-  size to specific values.
- **Window transparency**: Winit allows the creation of windows with a transparent background.
- **Window maximization**: The windows created by winit can be maximized upon creation.
- **Window maximization toggle**: The windows created by winit can be maximized and unmaximized after
-  creation.
- **Window minimization**: The windows created by winit can be minimized after creation.
- **Fullscreen**: The windows created by winit can be put into fullscreen mode.
- **Fullscreen toggle**: The windows created by winit can be switched to and from fullscreen after
-  creation.
- **Exclusive fullscreen**: Winit allows changing the video mode of the monitor
-  for fullscreen windows and, if applicable, captures the monitor for exclusive
-  use by this application.
- **HiDPI support**: Winit assists developers in appropriately scaling HiDPI content.
- **Popup / modal windows**: Windows can be created relative to the client area of other windows, and parent
-  windows can be disabled in favor of popup windows. This feature also guarantees that popup windows
-  get drawn above their owner.
-
-
-### System Information
- **Monitor list**: Retrieve the list of monitors and their metadata, including which one is primary.
- **Video mode query**: Monitors can be queried for their supported fullscreen video modes (consisting of resolution, refresh rate, and bit depth).
-
-### Input Handling
- **Mouse events**: Generating mouse events associated with pointer motion, click, and scrolling events.
- **Mouse set location**: Forcibly changing the location of the pointer.
- **Cursor locking**: Locking the cursor inside the window so it cannot move.
- **Cursor confining**: Confining the cursor to the window bounds so it cannot leave them.
- **Cursor icon**: Changing the cursor icon or hiding the cursor.
- **Cursor image**: Changing the cursor to your own image.
- **Cursor hittest**: Handle or ignore mouse events for a window.
- **Touch events**: Single-touch events.
- **Touch pressure**: Touch events contain information about the amount of force being applied.
- **Multitouch**: Multi-touch events, including cancellation of a gesture.
- **Keyboard events**: Properly processing keyboard events using the user-specified keymap and
-  translating keypresses into UTF-8 characters, handling dead keys and IMEs.
- **Drag & Drop**: Dragging content into winit, detecting when content enters, drops, or if the drop is cancelled.
- **Raw Device Events**: Capturing input from input devices without any OS filtering.
- **Gamepad/Joystick events**: Capturing input from gamepads and joysticks.
- **Device movement events**: Capturing input from the device gyroscope and accelerometer.
-
-## Platform
-### Windows
-* Setting the name of the internal window class
-* Setting the taskbar icon
-* Setting the parent window
-* Setting a menu bar
-* `WS_EX_NOREDIRECTIONBITMAP` support
-* Theme the title bar according to Windows 10 Dark Mode setting or set a preferred theme
-* Changing a system-drawn backdrop
-* Setting the window border color
-* Setting the title bar background color
-* Setting the title color
-* Setting the corner rounding preference
-
-### macOS
-* Window activation policy
-* Window movable by background
-* Transparent titlebar
-* Hidden titlebar
-* Hidden titlebar buttons
-* Full-size content view
-* Accepts first mouse
-* Set a preferred theme and get current theme.
-
-### Unix
-* Window urgency
-* X11 Window Class
-* X11 Override Redirect Flag
-* GTK Theme Variant
-* Base window size
-* Setting the X11 parent window
-
-### iOS
-* Get the `UIScreen` object pointer
-* Setting the `UIView` hidpi factor
-* Valid orientations
-* Home indicator visibility
-* Status bar visibility and style
-* Deferring system gestures
-* Getting the preferred video mode
-
-### Web
-* Get if the systems preferred color scheme is "dark"
-
-## Compatibility Matrix
-
-Legend:
-
- ✔️: Works as intended
- ▢: Mostly works, but some bugs are known
- ❌: Missing feature or large bugs making it unusable
- **N/A**: Not applicable for this platform
- ❓: Unknown status
-
-### Windowing
-|Feature                          |Windows|MacOS   |Linux x11   |Linux Wayland  |Android|iOS    |Web      |Redox OS|
-|-------------------------------- | ----- | ----   | -------    | -----------   | ----- | ----- | -------- | ------ |
-|Window initialization            |✔️     |✔️     |▢[#5]      |✔️             |▢[#33]|▢[#33] |✔️        |✔️      |
-|Providing pointer to init OpenGL |✔️     |✔️     |✔️         |✔️             |✔️     |✔️    |**N/A**|✔️      |
-|Providing pointer to init Vulkan |✔️     |✔️     |✔️         |✔️             |✔️     |❓     |**N/A**|**N/A** |
-|Window decorations               |✔️     |✔️     |✔️         |✔️             |**N/A**|**N/A**|**N/A**|✔️      |
-|Window decorations toggle        |✔️     |✔️     |✔️         |✔️             |**N/A**|**N/A**|**N/A**|**N/A** |
-|Window resizing                  |✔️     |✔️     |✔️         |✔️        |**N/A**|**N/A**|✔️        |✔️      |
-|Window resize increments         |✔️     |✔️     |✔️         |❌             |**N/A**|**N/A**|**N/A**|**N/A** |
-|Window transparency              |✔️     |✔️     |✔️         |✔️             |**N/A**|**N/A**|N/A        |✔️      |
-|Window blur                      |❌    |❌    |❌        |✔️             |**N/A**|**N/A**|N/A        |❌     |
-|Window maximization              |✔️     |✔️     |✔️         |✔️             |**N/A**|**N/A**|**N/A**|**N/A** |
-|Window maximization toggle       |✔️     |✔️     |✔️         |✔️             |**N/A**|**N/A**|**N/A**|**N/A** |
-|Window minimization              |✔️     |✔️     |✔️         |✔️             |**N/A**|**N/A**|**N/A**|**N/A** |
-|Fullscreen                       |✔️     |✔️     |✔️         |✔️             |**N/A**|✔️     |✔️        |**N/A** |
-|Fullscreen toggle                |✔️     |✔️     |✔️         |✔️             |**N/A**|✔️     |✔️        |**N/A** |
-|Exclusive fullscreen             |✔️     |✔️     |✔️         |**N/A**         |❌    |✔️     |**N/A**|**N/A** |
-|HiDPI support                    |✔️     |✔️     |✔️         |✔️             |✔️     |✔️    |✔️    |❌      |
-|Popup windows                    |❌     |❌     |❌         |❌             |❌    |❌     |**N/A**|**N/A** |
-
-### System information
-|Feature          |Windows|MacOS |Linux x11|Linux Wayland|Android|iOS      |Web      |Redox OS|
-|---------------- | ----- | ---- | ------- | ----------- | ----- | ------- | -------- | ------ |
-|Monitor list     |✔️    |✔️    |✔️       |✔️          |✔️     |✔️      |**N/A**|❌      |
-|Video mode query |✔️    |✔️    |✔️       |✔️          |✔️     |✔️      |**N/A**|❌      |
-
-### Input handling
-|Feature                 |Windows   |MacOS   |Linux x11|Linux Wayland|Android|iOS    |Web      |Redox OS|
-|----------------------- | -----    | ----   | ------- | ----------- | ----- | ----- | -------- | ------ |
-|Mouse events            |✔️       |▢[#63]  |✔️       |✔️          |**N/A**|**N/A**|✔️        |✔️      |
-|Mouse set location      |✔️       |✔️      |✔️       |✔️(when locked)  |**N/A**|**N/A**|**N/A**|**N/A** |
-|Cursor locking          |❌       |✔️      |❌       |✔️          |**N/A**|**N/A**|✔️        |❌      |
-|Cursor confining        |✔️       |❌      |✔️       |✔️          |**N/A**|**N/A**|❌       |❌      |
-|Cursor icon             |✔️       |✔️      |✔️       |✔️          |**N/A**|**N/A**|✔️        |**N/A** |
-|Cursor image            |✔️       |✔️      |✔️       |✔️          |**N/A**|**N/A**|✔️        |**N/A** |
-|Cursor hittest          |✔️       |✔️      |✔️       |✔️          |**N/A**|**N/A**|❌        |❌      |
-|Touch events            |✔️       |❌      |✔️       |✔️          |✔️    |✔️     |✔️        |**N/A** |
-|Touch pressure          |✔️       |❌      |❌       |❌          |❌    |✔️     |✔️        |**N/A** |
-|Multitouch              |✔️       |❌      |✔️       |✔️          |✔️    |✔️     |❌        |**N/A** |
-|Keyboard events         |✔️       |✔️      |✔️       |✔️          |✔️    |❌     |✔️        |✔️      |
-|Drag & Drop             |▢[#720]  |▢[#720] |▢[#720]  |▢[#720]   |**N/A**|**N/A**|❓        |**N/A** |
-|Raw Device Events       |▢[#750]  |▢[#750] |▢[#750]  |❌          |❌    |❌     |❓        |**N/A** |
-|Gamepad/Joystick events |❌[#804] |❌      |❌       |❌          |❌    |❌     |❓        |**N/A** |
-|Device movement events  |❓        |❓       |❓       |❓           |❌    |❌     |❓        |**N/A** |
-|Drag window with cursor |✔️       |✔️      |✔️       |✔️          |**N/A**|**N/A**|**N/A**   |**N/A** |
-|Resize with cursor      |✔️       |❌       |✔️       |✔️       |**N/A**|**N/A**|**N/A**   |**N/A** |
-
-### Pending API Reworks
-Changes in the API that have been agreed upon but aren't implemented across all platforms.
-
-|Feature                             |Windows|MacOS |Linux x11|Linux Wayland|Android|iOS    |Web      |Redox OS|
-|------------------------------      | ----- | ---- | ------- | ----------- | ----- | ----- | -------- | ------ |
-|New API for HiDPI ([#315] [#319])   |✔️      |✔️     |✔️        |✔️            |✔️      |✔️      |❓        |❓      |
-|Event Loop 2.0 ([#459])             |✔️      |✔️     |✔️        |✔️            |✔️      |✔️      |❓        |✔️       |
-|Keyboard Input 2.0 ([#753])         |✔️      |✔️     |✔️        |✔️            |✔️      |❌     |✔️         |✔️       |
-
-### Completed API Reworks
-|Feature                             |Windows|MacOS |Linux x11|Linux Wayland|Android|iOS    |Web      |Redox OS|
-|------------------------------      | ----- | ---- | ------- | ----------- | ----- | ----- | -------- | ------ |
-
-[#165]: https://github.com/rust-windowing/winit/issues/165
-[#219]: https://github.com/rust-windowing/winit/issues/219
-[#242]: https://github.com/rust-windowing/winit/issues/242
-[#306]: https://github.com/rust-windowing/winit/issues/306
-[#315]: https://github.com/rust-windowing/winit/issues/315
-[#319]: https://github.com/rust-windowing/winit/issues/319
-[#33]: https://github.com/rust-windowing/winit/issues/33
-[#459]: https://github.com/rust-windowing/winit/issues/459
-[#5]: https://github.com/rust-windowing/winit/issues/5
-[#63]: https://github.com/rust-windowing/winit/issues/63
-[#720]: https://github.com/rust-windowing/winit/issues/720
-[#721]: https://github.com/rust-windowing/winit/issues/721
-[#750]: https://github.com/rust-windowing/winit/issues/750
-[#753]: https://github.com/rust-windowing/winit/issues/753
-[#804]: https://github.com/rust-windowing/winit/issues/804
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -2,13 +2,13 @@

 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/v/winit.svg)](https://crates.io/crates/winit)
 [![Docs.rs](https://docs.rs/winit/badge.svg)](https://docs.rs/winit)
-[![Master Docs](https://img.shields.io/github/actions/workflow/status/rust-windowing/winit/docs.yml?branch=master&label=master%20docs
+[![UNSTABLE docs](https://img.shields.io/github/actions/workflow/status/rust-windowing/winit/docs.yml?branch=master&label=UNSTABLE%20docs
 )](https://rust-windowing.github.io/winit/winit/index.html)
 [![CI Status](https://github.com/rust-windowing/winit/workflows/CI/badge.svg)](https://github.com/rust-windowing/winit/actions)

 ```toml
 [dependencies]
-winit = "0.30.3"
+winit = "0.30.5"
 ```

 ## [Documentation](https://docs.rs/winit)
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ For features _outside_ the scope of winit, see [Are we GUI Yet?](https://arewegu

 ## Contact Us

-Join us in our [![Matrix](https://img.shields.io/badge/Matrix-%23rust--windowing%3Amatrix.org-blueviolet.svg)](https://matrix.to/#/#rust-windowing:matrix.org) room. If you don't get an answer there, try [![Libera.Chat](https://img.shields.io/badge/libera.chat-%23winit-red.svg)](https://web.libera.chat/#winit).
+Join us in our [![Matrix](https://img.shields.io/badge/Matrix-%23rust--windowing%3Amatrix.org-blueviolet.svg)](https://matrix.to/#/#rust-windowing:matrix.org) room.

 The maintainers have a meeting every friday at UTC 15. The meeting notes can be found [here](https://hackmd.io/@winit-meetings).

@@ -50,12 +50,15 @@ Where `sid` is the current version of `rustc` provided by [Debian Sid], and

 [Debian Sid]: https://packages.debian.org/sid/rustc

-The exception is for the Android platform, where a higher Rust version
+An exception is made for the Android platform, where a higher Rust version
 must be used for certain Android features. In this case, the MSRV will be
 capped at the latest stable version of Rust minus three. This inconsistency is
 not reflected in Cargo metadata, as it is not powerful enough to expose this
 restriction.

+Redox OS is also not covered by this MSRV policy, as it requires a Rust nightly
+toolchain to compile.
+
 All crates in the [`rust-windowing`] organizations have the
 same MSRV policy.

@@ -63,4 +66,4 @@ same MSRV policy.

 ### Platform-specific usage

-Check out the [`winit::platform`](https://rust-windowing.github.io/winit/winit/platform/index.html) module for platform-specific usage.
+Check out the [`winit::platform`](https://docs.rs/winit/latest/winit/platform/index.html) module for platform-specific usage.
--- a/clippy.toml
+++ b/clippy.toml
@@ -1,17 +1,16 @@
 disallowed-methods = [
-    { path = "web_sys::window", reason = "is not available in every context" },
-    { path = "web_sys::HtmlCanvasElement::width", reason = "Winit shouldn't touch the internal canvas size" },
-    { path = "web_sys::HtmlCanvasElement::height", reason = "Winit shouldn't touch the internal canvas size" },
-    { path = "web_sys::HtmlCanvasElement::set_width", reason = "Winit shouldn't touch the internal canvas size" },
-    { path = "web_sys::HtmlCanvasElement::set_height", reason = "Winit shouldn't touch the internal canvas size" },
-    { path = "web_sys::Window::document", reason = "cache this to reduce calls to JS" },
-    { path = "web_sys::Window::get_computed_style", reason = "cache this to reduce calls to JS" },
-    { path = "web_sys::HtmlElement::style", reason = "cache this to reduce calls to JS" },
-    { path = "web_sys::Element::request_fullscreen", reason = "Doesn't account for compatibility with Safari" },
-    { path = "web_sys::Document::exit_fullscreen", reason = "Doesn't account for compatibility with Safari" },
-    { path = "web_sys::Document::fullscreen_element", reason = "Doesn't account for compatibility with Safari" },
    { path = "objc2_app_kit::NSView::visibleRect", reason = "We expose a render target to the user, and visibility is not really relevant to that (and can break if you don't use the rectangle position as well). Use `frame` instead." },
    { path = "objc2_app_kit::NSWindow::setFrameTopLeftPoint", reason = "Not sufficient when working with Winit's coordinate system, use `flip_window_screen_coordinates` instead" },
-    { path = "core_foundation::runloop::kCFRunLoopCommonModes", reason = "Using the common modes includes the modal panel mode, which we usually want to avoid" },
-    { path = "objc2_foundation::NSRunLoopCommonModes", reason = "Using the common modes includes the modal panel mode, which we usually want to avoid" }
+    { path = "web_sys::Document::exit_fullscreen", reason = "Doesn't account for compatibility with Safari" },
+    { path = "web_sys::Document::fullscreen_element", reason = "Doesn't account for compatibility with Safari" },
+    { path = "web_sys::Element::request_fullscreen", reason = "Doesn't account for compatibility with Safari" },
+    { path = "web_sys::HtmlCanvasElement::height", reason = "Winit shouldn't touch the internal canvas size" },
+    { path = "web_sys::HtmlCanvasElement::set_height", reason = "Winit shouldn't touch the internal canvas size" },
+    { path = "web_sys::HtmlCanvasElement::set_width", reason = "Winit shouldn't touch the internal canvas size" },
+    { path = "web_sys::HtmlCanvasElement::width", reason = "Winit shouldn't touch the internal canvas size" },
+    { path = "web_sys::HtmlElement::style", reason = "cache this to reduce calls to JS" },
+    { path = "web_sys::Window::document", reason = "cache this to reduce calls to JS" },
+    { path = "web_sys::Window::get_computed_style", reason = "cache this to reduce calls to JS" },
+    { path = "web_sys::Window::navigator", reason = "cache this to reduce calls to JS" },
+    { path = "web_sys::window", reason = "is not available in every context" },
 ]
--- a/deny.toml
+++ b/deny.toml
@@ -1,15 +1,21 @@
-# https://embarkstudios.github.io/cargo-deny/
+# https://embarkstudios.github.io/cargo-deny
 # cargo install cargo-deny
-# cargo update && cargo deny --all-features --log-level error --target aarch64-apple-ios check
+# cargo update && cargo deny --target aarch64-apple-ios check
 # Note: running just `cargo deny check` without a `--target` will result in
 # false positives due to https://github.com/EmbarkStudios/cargo-deny/issues/324
+[graph]
+all-features = true
+exclude-dev = true
 targets = [
+    { triple = "aarch64-apple-darwin" },
    { triple = "aarch64-apple-ios" },
    { triple = "aarch64-linux-android" },
    { triple = "i686-pc-windows-gnu" },
    { triple = "i686-pc-windows-msvc" },
    { triple = "i686-unknown-linux-gnu" },
-    { triple = "wasm32-unknown-unknown" },
+    { triple = "wasm32-unknown-unknown", features = [
+        "atomics",
+    ] },
    { triple = "x86_64-apple-darwin" },
    { triple = "x86_64-apple-ios" },
    { triple = "x86_64-pc-windows-gnu" },
@@ -18,46 +24,49 @@ targets = [
    { triple = "x86_64-unknown-redox" },
 ]

-
-[advisories]
-vulnerability = "deny"
-unmaintained = "warn"
-yanked = "deny"
-ignore = []
-
+[licenses]
+allow = [
+    "Apache-2.0",   # https://tldrlegal.com/license/apache-license-2.0-(apache-2.0)
+    "BSD-2-Clause", # https://tldrlegal.com/license/bsd-2-clause-license-(freebsd)
+    "BSD-3-Clause", # https://tldrlegal.com/license/bsd-3-clause-license-(revised)
+    "ISC",          # https://tldrlegal.com/license/isc-license
+    "MIT",          # https://tldrlegal.com/license/mit-license
+    "Unicode-3.0",  # https://spdx.org/licenses/Unicode-3.0.html
+]
+confidence-threshold = 1.0
+private = { ignore = true }

 [bans]
 multiple-versions = "deny"
-wildcards = "allow" # at least until https://github.com/EmbarkStudios/cargo-deny/issues/241 is fixed
-deny = []
-skip = [
-    { name = "raw-window-handle" },    # we intentionally have multiple versions of this
-    { name = "bitflags" },             # the ecosystem is in the process of migrating.
-    { name = "libloading" },           # x11rb uses a different version until the next update
-]
-skip-tree = []
+skip = [{ crate = "bitflags@1", reason = "the ecosystem is in the process of migrating" }]
+wildcards = "allow"                                                                        # at least until https://github.com/EmbarkStudios/cargo-deny/issues/241 is fixed

+[bans.build]
+include-archives = true
+interpreted = "deny"

-[licenses]
-private = { ignore = true }
-unlicensed = "deny"
-allow-osi-fsf-free = "neither"
-confidence-threshold = 0.92 # We want really high confidence when inferring licenses from text
-copyleft = "deny"
+[[bans.build.bypass]]
 allow = [
-    "Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception", # https://spdx.org/licenses/LLVM-exception.html
-    "Apache-2.0",                     # https://tldrlegal.com/license/apache-license-2.0-(apache-2.0)
-    "BSD-2-Clause",                   # https://tldrlegal.com/license/bsd-2-clause-license-(freebsd)
-    "BSD-3-Clause",                   # https://tldrlegal.com/license/bsd-3-clause-license-(revised)
-    "BSL-1.0",                        # https://tldrlegal.com/license/boost-software-license-1.0-explained
-    "CC0-1.0",                        # https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
-    "ISC",                            # https://tldrlegal.com/license/-isc-license
-    "LicenseRef-UFL-1.0",             # https://tldrlegal.com/license/ubuntu-font-license,-1.0 - no official SPDX, see https://github.com/emilk/egui/issues/2321
-    "MIT-0",                          # https://choosealicense.com/licenses/mit-0/
-    "MIT",                            # https://tldrlegal.com/license/mit-license
-    "MPL-2.0",                        # https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/FAQ/ - see Q11. Used by webpki-roots on Linux.
-    "OFL-1.1",                        # https://spdx.org/licenses/OFL-1.1.html
-    "OpenSSL",                        # https://www.openssl.org/source/license.html - used on Linux
-    "Unicode-DFS-2016",               # https://spdx.org/licenses/Unicode-DFS-2016.html
-    "Zlib",                           # https://tldrlegal.com/license/zlib-libpng-license-(zlib)
+    { path = "generate-bindings.sh", checksum = "268ec23248218d779e33853cdc60e2985e70214ff004716cd734270de1f6b561" },
 ]
+crate = "android-activity"
+
+[[bans.build.bypass]]
+allow-globs = ["freetype2/*"]
+crate = "freetype-sys"
+
+[[bans.build.bypass]]
+allow-globs = ["lib/*.a"]
+crate = "windows_i686_gnu"
+
+[[bans.build.bypass]]
+allow-globs = ["lib/*.lib"]
+crate = "windows_i686_msvc"
+
+[[bans.build.bypass]]
+allow-globs = ["lib/*.a"]
+crate = "windows_x86_64_gnu"
+
+[[bans.build.bypass]]
+allow-globs = ["lib/*.lib"]
+crate = "windows_x86_64_msvc"
--- a/docs/res/ATTRIBUTION.md
+++ b/docs/res/ATTRIBUTION.md
@@ -9,3 +9,10 @@ by [Tomiĉo] (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Tomi%C4%89o). It was
 originally released under the [CC-BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en)
 License. Minor modifications have been made by [John Nunley](https://github.com/notgull),
 which have been released under the same license as a derivative work.
+
+## `coordinate-systems*`
+
+These files are created by [Mads Marquart](https://github.com/madsmtm) using
+[draw.io](https://draw.io/), and compressed using [svgomg.net](https://svgomg.net/).
+
+They are licensed under the [CC-BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) license.
--- a/docs/coordinate-systems.drawio
+++ b/docs/coordinate-systems.drawio
@@ -0,0 +1,130 @@
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--- a/docs/res/coordinate-systems-desktop.svg
+++ b/docs/res/coordinate-systems-desktop.svg
--- a/docs/res/coordinate-systems-mobile.svg
+++ b/docs/res/coordinate-systems-mobile.svg
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="720" height="720" viewBox="-0.5 -0.5 720 720" class="ge-export-svg-auto"><defs><style><![CDATA[@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){svg.ge-export-svg-auto svg:not(mjx-container>svg),svg.ge-export-svg-auto:not(mjx-container>svg){filter:invert(100%) hue-rotate(180deg)}}]]></style></defs><g data-cell-id="0"><g data-cell-id="1"><rect x="200" y="40" width="320" height="640" rx="48" ry="48" fill="#e8e8e8" stroke="#666" pointer-events="all" data-cell-id="RxwCrVmIsQwV7z5iJ9nY-1"/><rect x="210" y="50" width="300" height="620" rx="45" ry="45" fill="#d5e8d4" stroke="#82b366" pointer-events="all" data-cell-id="RxwCrVmIsQwV7z5iJ9nY-2"/><path fill="#ffe6cc" stroke="#d79b00" pointer-events="all" d="M210 90h300v540H210z" data-cell-id="RxwCrVmIsQwV7z5iJ9nY-4"/><rect x="290" y="640" width="140" height="10" rx="1.5" ry="1.5" fill="#dbdbdb" stroke="#666" pointer-events="all" data-cell-id="RxwCrVmIsQwV7z5iJ9nY-20"/><rect x="300" y="50" width="120" height="30" rx="4.5" ry="4.5" fill="#dbdbdb" stroke="#666" pointer-events="all" data-cell-id="RxwCrVmIsQwV7z5iJ9nY-3"/><g data-cell-id="RxwCrVmIsQwV7z5iJ9nY-12"><path d="M510 50h50v620h-50" fill="none" stroke="#82b366" stroke-width="3" stroke-miterlimit="10" stroke-dasharray="9 9" pointer-events="stroke"/><switch transform="translate(-.5 -.5)"><foreignObject style="overflow:visible;text-align:left" pointer-events="none" width="100%" height="100%" requiredFeatures="http://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/feature#Extensibility"><div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" style="display:flex;align-items:unsafe center;justify-content:unsafe flex-start;width:1px;height:1px;padding-top:360px;margin-left:575px"><div style="box-sizing:border-box;font-size:0;text-align:left" data-drawio-colors="color: #82B366;"><div style="display:inline-block;font-size:20px;font-family:&quot;monospace&quot;;color:#82b366;line-height:1.2;pointer-events:all;white-space:nowrap"><font>surface_size</font></div></div></div></foreignObject><text x="575" y="366" fill="#82B366" font-family="&quot;monospace&quot;" font-size="20">surfa...</text></switch></g><g data-cell-id="NrHAzeOh65jb3hkBOxW9-1"><path d="M180 62.35v15.3" fill="none" stroke="#d79b00" stroke-width="3" stroke-miterlimit="10" pointer-events="stroke"/><path d="m180 53.35 3 9h-6ZM180 86.65l-3-9h6Z" fill="#d79b00" stroke="#d79b00" stroke-width="3" stroke-miterlimit="10" pointer-events="all"/><switch transform="translate(-.5 -.5)"><foreignObject style="overflow:visible;text-align:left" pointer-events="none" width="100%" height="100%" requiredFeatures="http://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/feature#Extensibility"><div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" style="display:flex;align-items:unsafe center;justify-content:unsafe flex-end;width:1px;height:1px;padding-top:70px;margin-left:165px"><div style="box-sizing:border-box;font-size:0;text-align:right" data-drawio-colors="color: #D79B00;"><div style="display:inline-block;font-size:20px;font-family:&quot;monospace&quot;;color:#d79b00;line-height:1.2;pointer-events:all;white-space:nowrap"><div>safe_area.top</div></div></div></div></foreignObject><text x="165" y="76" fill="#D79B00" font-family="&quot;monospace&quot;" font-size="20" text-anchor="end">safe_...</text></switch></g><g data-cell-id="NrHAzeOh65jb3hkBOxW9-5"><path d="M180 657.65v-15.3" fill="none" stroke="#d79b00" stroke-width="3" stroke-miterlimit="10" pointer-events="stroke"/><path d="m180 666.65-3-9h6ZM180 633.35l3 9h-6Z" fill="#d79b00" stroke="#d79b00" stroke-width="3" stroke-miterlimit="10" pointer-events="all"/><switch transform="translate(-.5 -.5)"><foreignObject style="overflow:visible;text-align:left" pointer-events="none" width="100%" height="100%" requiredFeatures="http://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/feature#Extensibility"><div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" style="display:flex;align-items:unsafe center;justify-content:unsafe flex-end;width:1px;height:1px;padding-top:650px;margin-left:165px"><div style="box-sizing:border-box;font-size:0;text-align:right" data-drawio-colors="color: #D79B00;"><div style="display:inline-block;font-size:20px;font-family:&quot;monospace&quot;;color:#d79b00;line-height:1.2;pointer-events:all;white-space:nowrap"><div>safe_area.bottom</div></div></div></div></foreignObject><text x="165" y="656" fill="#D79B00" font-family="&quot;monospace&quot;" font-size="20" text-anchor="end">safe_...</text></switch></g></g></g></svg>
--- a/dpi/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/dpi/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -11,6 +11,8 @@ Unreleased` header.

 ## Unreleased

+- Added `Insets`, `LogicalInsets` and `PhysicalInsets` types.
+
 ## 0.1.1

 - Derive `Debug`, `Copy`, `Clone`, `PartialEq`, `Serialize`, `Deserialize` traits for `PixelUnit`.
--- a/dpi/Cargo.toml
+++ b/dpi/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,39 +1,40 @@
 [package]
-name = "dpi"
-version = "0.1.1"
-description = "Types for handling UI scaling"
-keywords = ["DPI", "HiDPI", "scale-factor"]
 categories = ["gui"]
-rust-version.workspace = true
-repository.workspace = true
-license.workspace = true
+description = "Types for handling UI scaling"
 edition.workspace = true
+keywords = ["DPI", "HiDPI", "scale-factor"]
+license.workspace = true
+name = "dpi"
+repository.workspace = true
+rust-version.workspace = true
+version = "0.1.1"

 [features]
-serde = ["dep:serde"]
 mint = ["dep:mint"]
+serde = ["dep:serde"]

 [dependencies]
-serde = { workspace = true, optional = true }
 mint = { workspace = true, optional = true }
+serde = { workspace = true, optional = true }

 [package.metadata.docs.rs]
-features = ["serde", "mint"]
+features = ["mint", "serde"]
 # These are all tested in CI
+rustdoc-args = ["--cfg", "docsrs"]
 targets = [
    # Windows
    "i686-pc-windows-msvc",
    "x86_64-pc-windows-msvc",
    # macOS
+    "aarch64-apple-darwin",
    "x86_64-apple-darwin",
    # Unix (X11 & Wayland)
    "i686-unknown-linux-gnu",
    "x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu",
    # iOS
-    "x86_64-apple-ios",
+    "aarch64-apple-ios",
    # Android
    "aarch64-linux-android",
    # Web
    "wasm32-unknown-unknown",
 ]
-rustdoc-args = ["--cfg", "docsrs"]
--- a/dpi/src/lib.rs
+++ b/dpi/src/lib.rs
@@ -759,11 +759,156 @@ impl<P: Pixel> From<LogicalPosition<P>> for Position {
    }
 }

+/// The logical distance between the edges of two rectangles.
+#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, Eq, PartialEq, Ord, PartialOrd, Default, Hash)]
+#[cfg_attr(feature = "serde", derive(Serialize, Deserialize))]
+pub struct LogicalInsets<P> {
+    /// The distance to the top edge.
+    pub top: P,
+    /// The distance to the left edge.
+    pub left: P,
+    /// The distance to the bottom edge.
+    pub bottom: P,
+    /// The distance to the right edge.
+    pub right: P,
+}
+
+impl<P> LogicalInsets<P> {
+    #[inline]
+    pub const fn new(top: P, left: P, bottom: P, right: P) -> Self {
+        Self { top, left, bottom, right }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<P: Pixel> LogicalInsets<P> {
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn from_physical<T: Into<PhysicalInsets<X>>, X: Pixel>(
+        physical: T,
+        scale_factor: f64,
+    ) -> Self {
+        physical.into().to_logical(scale_factor)
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn to_physical<X: Pixel>(&self, scale_factor: f64) -> PhysicalInsets<X> {
+        assert!(validate_scale_factor(scale_factor));
+        let top = self.top.into() * scale_factor;
+        let left = self.left.into() * scale_factor;
+        let bottom = self.bottom.into() * scale_factor;
+        let right = self.right.into() * scale_factor;
+        PhysicalInsets::new(top, left, bottom, right).cast()
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn cast<X: Pixel>(&self) -> LogicalInsets<X> {
+        LogicalInsets {
+            top: self.top.cast(),
+            left: self.left.cast(),
+            bottom: self.bottom.cast(),
+            right: self.right.cast(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// The physical distance between the edges of two rectangles.
+#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, Eq, PartialEq, Ord, PartialOrd, Default, Hash)]
+#[cfg_attr(feature = "serde", derive(Serialize, Deserialize))]
+pub struct PhysicalInsets<P> {
+    /// The distance to the top edge.
+    pub top: P,
+    /// The distance to the left edge.
+    pub left: P,
+    /// The distance to the bottom edge.
+    pub bottom: P,
+    /// The distance to the right edge.
+    pub right: P,
+}
+
+impl<P> PhysicalInsets<P> {
+    #[inline]
+    pub const fn new(top: P, left: P, bottom: P, right: P) -> Self {
+        Self { top, left, bottom, right }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<P: Pixel> PhysicalInsets<P> {
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn from_logical<T: Into<LogicalInsets<X>>, X: Pixel>(
+        logical: T,
+        scale_factor: f64,
+    ) -> Self {
+        logical.into().to_physical(scale_factor)
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn to_logical<X: Pixel>(&self, scale_factor: f64) -> LogicalInsets<X> {
+        assert!(validate_scale_factor(scale_factor));
+        let top = self.top.into() / scale_factor;
+        let left = self.left.into() / scale_factor;
+        let bottom = self.bottom.into() / scale_factor;
+        let right = self.right.into() / scale_factor;
+        LogicalInsets::new(top, left, bottom, right).cast()
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn cast<X: Pixel>(&self) -> PhysicalInsets<X> {
+        PhysicalInsets {
+            top: self.top.cast(),
+            left: self.left.cast(),
+            bottom: self.bottom.cast(),
+            right: self.right.cast(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Insets that are either physical or logical.
+#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, PartialEq)]
+#[cfg_attr(feature = "serde", derive(Serialize, Deserialize))]
+pub enum Insets {
+    Physical(PhysicalInsets<u32>),
+    Logical(LogicalInsets<f64>),
+}
+
+impl Insets {
+    pub fn new<S: Into<Self>>(insets: S) -> Self {
+        insets.into()
+    }
+
+    pub fn to_logical<P: Pixel>(&self, scale_factor: f64) -> LogicalInsets<P> {
+        match *self {
+            Self::Physical(insets) => insets.to_logical(scale_factor),
+            Self::Logical(insets) => insets.cast(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn to_physical<P: Pixel>(&self, scale_factor: f64) -> PhysicalInsets<P> {
+        match *self {
+            Self::Physical(insets) => insets.cast(),
+            Self::Logical(insets) => insets.to_physical(scale_factor),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<P: Pixel> From<PhysicalInsets<P>> for Insets {
+    #[inline]
+    fn from(insets: PhysicalInsets<P>) -> Self {
+        Self::Physical(insets.cast())
+    }
+}
+
+impl<P: Pixel> From<LogicalInsets<P>> for Insets {
+    #[inline]
+    fn from(insets: LogicalInsets<P>) -> Self {
+        Self::Logical(insets.cast())
+    }
+}
+
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
-    use super::*;
    use std::collections::HashSet;

+    use super::*;
+
    macro_rules! test_pixel_int_impl {
        ($($name:ident => $ty:ty),*) => {$(
            #[test]
--- a/examples/child_window.rs
+++ b/examples/child_window.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-#[cfg(all(feature = "rwh_06", any(x11_platform, macos_platform, windows_platform)))]
+#[cfg(any(x11_platform, macos_platform, windows_platform))]
 #[allow(deprecated)]
 fn main() -> Result<(), impl std::error::Error> {
    use std::collections::HashMap;
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ fn main() -> Result<(), impl std::error::Error> {
    use winit::event::{ElementState, KeyEvent, WindowEvent};
    use winit::event_loop::{ActiveEventLoop, EventLoop};
    use winit::raw_window_handle::HasRawWindowHandle;
-    use winit::window::{Window, WindowId};
+    use winit::window::{Window, WindowAttributes, WindowId};

    #[path = "util/fill.rs"]
    mod fill;
@@ -16,15 +16,15 @@ fn main() -> Result<(), impl std::error::Error> {
    #[derive(Default)]
    struct Application {
        parent_window_id: Option<WindowId>,
-        windows: HashMap<WindowId, Window>,
+        windows: HashMap<WindowId, Box<dyn Window>>,
    }

    impl ApplicationHandler for Application {
-        fn resumed(&mut self, event_loop: &ActiveEventLoop) {
-            let attributes = Window::default_attributes()
+        fn can_create_surfaces(&mut self, event_loop: &dyn ActiveEventLoop) {
+            let attributes = WindowAttributes::default()
                .with_title("parent window")
                .with_position(Position::Logical(LogicalPosition::new(0.0, 0.0)))
-                .with_inner_size(LogicalSize::new(640.0f32, 480.0f32));
+                .with_surface_size(LogicalSize::new(640.0f32, 480.0f32));
            let window = event_loop.create_window(attributes).unwrap();

            println!("Parent window id: {:?})", window.id());
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ fn main() -> Result<(), impl std::error::Error> {

        fn window_event(
            &mut self,
-            event_loop: &ActiveEventLoop,
+            event_loop: &dyn ActiveEventLoop,
            window_id: winit::window::WindowId,
            event: WindowEvent,
        ) {
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ fn main() -> Result<(), impl std::error::Error> {
                    self.windows.clear();
                    event_loop.exit();
                },
-                WindowEvent::CursorEntered { device_id: _ } => {
+                WindowEvent::PointerEntered { device_id: _, .. } => {
                    // On x11, println when the cursor entered in a window even if the child window
                    // is created by some key inputs.
                    // the child windows are always placed at (0, 0) with size (200, 200) in the
@@ -57,14 +57,14 @@ fn main() -> Result<(), impl std::error::Error> {
                    ..
                } => {
                    let parent_window = self.windows.get(&self.parent_window_id.unwrap()).unwrap();
-                    let child_window = spawn_child_window(parent_window, event_loop);
+                    let child_window = spawn_child_window(parent_window.as_ref(), event_loop);
                    let child_id = child_window.id();
                    println!("Child window created with id: {child_id:?}");
                    self.windows.insert(child_id, child_window);
                },
                WindowEvent::RedrawRequested => {
                    if let Some(window) = self.windows.get(&window_id) {
-                        fill::fill_window(window);
+                        fill::fill_window(window.as_ref());
                    }
                },
                _ => (),
@@ -72,11 +72,14 @@ fn main() -> Result<(), impl std::error::Error> {
        }
    }

-    fn spawn_child_window(parent: &Window, event_loop: &ActiveEventLoop) -> Window {
+    fn spawn_child_window(
+        parent: &dyn Window,
+        event_loop: &dyn ActiveEventLoop,
+    ) -> Box<dyn Window> {
        let parent = parent.raw_window_handle().unwrap();
-        let mut window_attributes = Window::default_attributes()
+        let mut window_attributes = WindowAttributes::default()
            .with_title("child window")
-            .with_inner_size(LogicalSize::new(200.0f32, 200.0f32))
+            .with_surface_size(LogicalSize::new(200.0f32, 200.0f32))
            .with_position(Position::Logical(LogicalPosition::new(0.0, 0.0)))
            .with_visible(true);
        // `with_parent_window` is unsafe. Parent window must be a valid window.
@@ -86,11 +89,10 @@ fn main() -> Result<(), impl std::error::Error> {
    }

    let event_loop = EventLoop::new().unwrap();
-    let mut app = Application::default();
-    event_loop.run_app(&mut app)
+    event_loop.run_app(Application::default())
 }

-#[cfg(all(feature = "rwh_06", not(any(x11_platform, macos_platform, windows_platform))))]
+#[cfg(not(any(x11_platform, macos_platform, windows_platform)))]
 fn main() {
    panic!(
        "This example is supported only on x11, macOS, and Windows, with the `rwh_06` feature \
--- a/examples/control_flow.rs
+++ b/examples/control_flow.rs
@@ -7,12 +7,11 @@ use std::time;
 use ::tracing::{info, warn};
 #[cfg(web_platform)]
 use web_time as time;
-
 use winit::application::ApplicationHandler;
 use winit::event::{ElementState, KeyEvent, StartCause, WindowEvent};
 use winit::event_loop::{ActiveEventLoop, ControlFlow, EventLoop};
 use winit::keyboard::{Key, NamedKey};
-use winit::window::{Window, WindowId};
+use winit::window::{Window, WindowAttributes, WindowId};

 #[path = "util/fill.rs"]
 mod fill;
@@ -44,8 +43,7 @@ fn main() -> Result<(), impl std::error::Error> {

    let event_loop = EventLoop::new().unwrap();

-    let mut app = ControlFlowDemo::default();
-    event_loop.run_app(&mut app)
+    event_loop.run_app(ControlFlowDemo::default())
 }

 #[derive(Default)]
@@ -54,11 +52,11 @@ struct ControlFlowDemo {
    request_redraw: bool,
    wait_cancelled: bool,
    close_requested: bool,
-    window: Option<Window>,
+    window: Option<Box<dyn Window>>,
 }

 impl ApplicationHandler for ControlFlowDemo {
-    fn new_events(&mut self, _event_loop: &ActiveEventLoop, cause: StartCause) {
+    fn new_events(&mut self, _event_loop: &dyn ActiveEventLoop, cause: StartCause) {
        info!("new_events: {cause:?}");

        self.wait_cancelled = match cause {
@@ -67,8 +65,8 @@ impl ApplicationHandler for ControlFlowDemo {
        }
    }

-    fn resumed(&mut self, event_loop: &ActiveEventLoop) {
-        let window_attributes = Window::default_attributes().with_title(
+    fn can_create_surfaces(&mut self, event_loop: &dyn ActiveEventLoop) {
+        let window_attributes = WindowAttributes::default().with_title(
            "Press 1, 2, 3 to change control flow mode. Press R to toggle redraw requests.",
        );
        self.window = Some(event_loop.create_window(window_attributes).unwrap());
@@ -76,7 +74,7 @@ impl ApplicationHandler for ControlFlowDemo {

    fn window_event(
        &mut self,
-        _event_loop: &ActiveEventLoop,
+        _event_loop: &dyn ActiveEventLoop,
        _window_id: WindowId,
        event: WindowEvent,
    ) {
@@ -116,13 +114,13 @@ impl ApplicationHandler for ControlFlowDemo {
            WindowEvent::RedrawRequested => {
                let window = self.window.as_ref().unwrap();
                window.pre_present_notify();
-                fill::fill_window(window);
+                fill::fill_window(window.as_ref());
            },
            _ => (),
        }
    }

-    fn about_to_wait(&mut self, event_loop: &ActiveEventLoop) {
+    fn about_to_wait(&mut self, event_loop: &dyn ActiveEventLoop) {
        if self.request_redraw && !self.wait_cancelled && !self.close_requested {
            self.window.as_ref().unwrap().request_redraw();
        }
--- a/examples/pump_events.rs
+++ b/examples/pump_events.rs
@@ -11,25 +11,25 @@ fn main() -> std::process::ExitCode {
    use winit::event::WindowEvent;
    use winit::event_loop::{ActiveEventLoop, EventLoop};
    use winit::platform::pump_events::{EventLoopExtPumpEvents, PumpStatus};
-    use winit::window::{Window, WindowId};
+    use winit::window::{Window, WindowAttributes, WindowId};

    #[path = "util/fill.rs"]
    mod fill;

    #[derive(Default)]
    struct PumpDemo {
-        window: Option<Window>,
+        window: Option<Box<dyn Window>>,
    }

    impl ApplicationHandler for PumpDemo {
-        fn resumed(&mut self, event_loop: &ActiveEventLoop) {
-            let window_attributes = Window::default_attributes().with_title("A fantastic window!");
+        fn can_create_surfaces(&mut self, event_loop: &dyn ActiveEventLoop) {
+            let window_attributes = WindowAttributes::default().with_title("A fantastic window!");
            self.window = Some(event_loop.create_window(window_attributes).unwrap());
        }

        fn window_event(
            &mut self,
-            event_loop: &ActiveEventLoop,
+            event_loop: &dyn ActiveEventLoop,
            _window_id: WindowId,
            event: WindowEvent,
        ) {
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ fn main() -> std::process::ExitCode {
            match event {
                WindowEvent::CloseRequested => event_loop.exit(),
                WindowEvent::RedrawRequested => {
-                    fill::fill_window(window);
+                    fill::fill_window(window.as_ref());
                    window.request_redraw();
                },
                _ => (),
--- a/examples/run_on_demand.rs
+++ b/examples/run_on_demand.rs
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
    use winit::event::WindowEvent;
    use winit::event_loop::{ActiveEventLoop, EventLoop};
    use winit::platform::run_on_demand::EventLoopExtRunOnDemand;
-    use winit::window::{Window, WindowId};
+    use winit::window::{Window, WindowAttributes, WindowId};

    #[path = "util/fill.rs"]
    mod fill;
@@ -18,20 +18,20 @@ fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
    struct App {
        idx: usize,
        window_id: Option<WindowId>,
-        window: Option<Window>,
+        window: Option<Box<dyn Window>>,
    }

    impl ApplicationHandler for App {
-        fn about_to_wait(&mut self, _event_loop: &ActiveEventLoop) {
+        fn about_to_wait(&mut self, _event_loop: &dyn ActiveEventLoop) {
            if let Some(window) = self.window.as_ref() {
                window.request_redraw();
            }
        }

-        fn resumed(&mut self, event_loop: &ActiveEventLoop) {
-            let window_attributes = Window::default_attributes()
+        fn can_create_surfaces(&mut self, event_loop: &dyn ActiveEventLoop) {
+            let window_attributes = WindowAttributes::default()
                .with_title("Fantastic window number one!")
-                .with_inner_size(winit::dpi::LogicalSize::new(128.0, 128.0));
+                .with_surface_size(winit::dpi::LogicalSize::new(128.0, 128.0));
            let window = event_loop.create_window(window_attributes).unwrap();
            self.window_id = Some(window.id());
            self.window = Some(window);
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {

        fn window_event(
            &mut self,
-            event_loop: &ActiveEventLoop,
+            event_loop: &dyn ActiveEventLoop,
            window_id: WindowId,
            event: WindowEvent,
        ) {
@@ -65,11 +65,11 @@ fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
                         CloseRequested",
                        self.idx
                    );
-                    fill::cleanup_window(window);
+                    fill::cleanup_window(window.as_ref());
                    self.window = None;
                },
                WindowEvent::RedrawRequested => {
-                    fill::fill_window(window);
+                    fill::fill_window(window.as_ref());
                },
                _ => (),
            }
--- a/examples/util/fill.rs
+++ b/examples/util/fill.rs
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@
 pub use platform::cleanup_window;
 pub use platform::fill_window;

-#[cfg(all(feature = "rwh_05", not(any(target_os = "android", target_os = "ios"))))]
+#[cfg(not(any(target_os = "android", target_os = "ios")))]
 mod platform {
    use std::cell::RefCell;
    use std::collections::HashMap;
@@ -34,18 +34,20 @@ mod platform {
    /// The graphics context used to draw to a window.
    struct GraphicsContext {
        /// The global softbuffer context.
-        context: RefCell<Context<&'static Window>>,
+        context: RefCell<Context<&'static dyn Window>>,

        /// The hash map of window IDs to surfaces.
-        surfaces: HashMap<WindowId, Surface<&'static Window, &'static Window>>,
+        surfaces: HashMap<WindowId, Surface<&'static dyn Window, &'static dyn Window>>,
    }

    impl GraphicsContext {
-        fn new(w: &Window) -> Self {
+        fn new(w: &dyn Window) -> Self {
            Self {
                context: RefCell::new(
-                    Context::new(unsafe { mem::transmute::<&'_ Window, &'static Window>(w) })
-                        .expect("Failed to create a softbuffer context"),
+                    Context::new(unsafe {
+                        mem::transmute::<&'_ dyn Window, &'static dyn Window>(w)
+                    })
+                    .expect("Failed to create a softbuffer context"),
                ),
                surfaces: HashMap::new(),
            }
@@ -53,24 +55,24 @@ mod platform {

        fn create_surface(
            &mut self,
-            window: &Window,
-        ) -> &mut Surface<&'static Window, &'static Window> {
+            window: &dyn Window,
+        ) -> &mut Surface<&'static dyn Window, &'static dyn Window> {
            self.surfaces.entry(window.id()).or_insert_with(|| {
                Surface::new(&self.context.borrow(), unsafe {
-                    mem::transmute::<&'_ Window, &'static Window>(window)
+                    mem::transmute::<&'_ dyn Window, &'static dyn Window>(window)
                })
                .expect("Failed to create a softbuffer surface")
            })
        }

-        fn destroy_surface(&mut self, window: &Window) {
+        fn destroy_surface(&mut self, window: &dyn Window) {
            self.surfaces.remove(&window.id());
        }
    }

-    pub fn fill_window(window: &Window) {
+    pub fn fill_window(window: &dyn Window) {
        GC.with(|gc| {
-            let size = window.inner_size();
+            let size = window.surface_size();
            let (Some(width), Some(height)) =
                (NonZeroU32::new(size.width), NonZeroU32::new(size.height))
            else {
@@ -94,7 +96,7 @@ mod platform {
    }

    #[allow(dead_code)]
-    pub fn cleanup_window(window: &Window) {
+    pub fn cleanup_window(window: &dyn Window) {
        GC.with(|gc| {
            let mut gc = gc.borrow_mut();
            if let Some(context) = gc.as_mut() {
@@ -104,14 +106,14 @@ mod platform {
    }
 }

-#[cfg(not(all(feature = "rwh_05", not(any(target_os = "android", target_os = "ios")))))]
+#[cfg(any(target_os = "android", target_os = "ios"))]
 mod platform {
-    pub fn fill_window(_window: &winit::window::Window) {
+    pub fn fill_window(_window: &dyn winit::window::Window) {
        // No-op on mobile platforms.
    }

    #[allow(dead_code)]
-    pub fn cleanup_window(_window: &winit::window::Window) {
+    pub fn cleanup_window(_window: &dyn winit::window::Window) {
        // No-op on mobile platforms.
    }
 }
--- a/examples/window.rs
+++ b/examples/window.rs
@@ -3,34 +3,40 @@
 use std::collections::HashMap;
 use std::error::Error;
 use std::fmt::Debug;
-#[cfg(not(any(android_platform, ios_platform)))]
+#[cfg(not(android_platform))]
 use std::num::NonZeroU32;
+use std::sync::mpsc::{self, Receiver, Sender};
 use std::sync::Arc;
 use std::{fmt, mem};

 use ::tracing::{error, info};
 use cursor_icon::CursorIcon;
-#[cfg(not(any(android_platform, ios_platform)))]
+#[cfg(not(android_platform))]
 use rwh_06::{DisplayHandle, HasDisplayHandle};
-#[cfg(not(any(android_platform, ios_platform)))]
+#[cfg(not(android_platform))]
 use softbuffer::{Context, Surface};
-
 use winit::application::ApplicationHandler;
 use winit::dpi::{LogicalSize, PhysicalPosition, PhysicalSize};
+use winit::error::RequestError;
 use winit::event::{DeviceEvent, DeviceId, Ime, MouseButton, MouseScrollDelta, WindowEvent};
 use winit::event_loop::{ActiveEventLoop, EventLoop};
 use winit::keyboard::{Key, ModifiersState};
-use winit::window::{
-    Cursor, CursorGrabMode, CustomCursor, CustomCursorSource, Fullscreen, Icon, ResizeDirection,
-    Theme, Window, WindowId,
-};
-
 #[cfg(macos_platform)]
-use winit::platform::macos::{OptionAsAlt, WindowAttributesExtMacOS, WindowExtMacOS};
+use winit::platform::macos::{
+    ApplicationHandlerExtMacOS, OptionAsAlt, WindowAttributesExtMacOS, WindowExtMacOS,
+};
 #[cfg(any(x11_platform, wayland_platform))]
 use winit::platform::startup_notify::{
    self, EventLoopExtStartupNotify, WindowAttributesExtStartupNotify, WindowExtStartupNotify,
 };
+#[cfg(web_platform)]
+use winit::platform::web::{ActiveEventLoopExtWeb, CustomCursorExtWeb, WindowAttributesExtWeb};
+#[cfg(x11_platform)]
+use winit::platform::x11::WindowAttributesExtX11;
+use winit::window::{
+    Cursor, CursorGrabMode, CustomCursor, CustomCursorSource, Fullscreen, Icon, ResizeDirection,
+    Theme, Window, WindowAttributes, WindowId,
+};

 #[path = "util/tracing.rs"]
 mod tracing;
@@ -45,43 +51,50 @@ fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
    tracing::init();

    let event_loop = EventLoop::new()?;
-    let _event_loop_proxy = event_loop.create_proxy();
+    let (sender, receiver) = mpsc::channel();

    // Wire the user event from another thread.
    #[cfg(not(web_platform))]
-    std::thread::spawn(move || {
-        // Wake up the `event_loop` once every second and dispatch a custom event
-        // from a different thread.
-        info!("Starting to send user event every second");
-        loop {
-            _event_loop_proxy.wake_up();
-            std::thread::sleep(std::time::Duration::from_secs(1));
-        }
-    });
+    {
+        let event_loop_proxy = event_loop.create_proxy();
+        let sender = sender.clone();
+        std::thread::spawn(move || {
+            // Wake up the `event_loop` once every second and dispatch a custom event
+            // from a different thread.
+            info!("Starting to send user event every second");
+            loop {
+                let _ = sender.send(Action::Message);
+                event_loop_proxy.wake_up();
+                std::thread::sleep(std::time::Duration::from_secs(1));
+            }
+        });
+    }

-    let mut state = Application::new(&event_loop);
-
-    event_loop.run_app(&mut state).map_err(Into::into)
+    let app = Application::new(&event_loop, receiver, sender);
+    Ok(event_loop.run_app(app)?)
 }

 /// Application state and event handling.
 struct Application {
+    /// Trigger actions through proxy wake up.
+    receiver: Receiver<Action>,
+    sender: Sender<Action>,
    /// Custom cursors assets.
-    custom_cursors: Vec<CustomCursor>,
+    custom_cursors: Result<Vec<CustomCursor>, RequestError>,
    /// Application icon.
    icon: Icon,
    windows: HashMap<WindowId, WindowState>,
    /// Drawing context.
    ///
    /// With OpenGL it could be EGLDisplay.
-    #[cfg(not(any(android_platform, ios_platform)))]
+    #[cfg(not(android_platform))]
    context: Option<Context<DisplayHandle<'static>>>,
 }

 impl Application {
-    fn new(event_loop: &EventLoop) -> Self {
+    fn new(event_loop: &EventLoop, receiver: Receiver<Action>, sender: Sender<Action>) -> Self {
        // SAFETY: we drop the context right before the event loop is stopped, thus making it safe.
-        #[cfg(not(any(android_platform, ios_platform)))]
+        #[cfg(not(android_platform))]
        let context = Some(
            Context::new(unsafe {
                std::mem::transmute::<DisplayHandle<'_>, DisplayHandle<'static>>(
@@ -99,14 +112,18 @@ impl Application {
        let icon = load_icon(include_bytes!("data/icon.png"));

        info!("Loading cursor assets");
-        let custom_cursors = vec![
+        let custom_cursors = [
            event_loop.create_custom_cursor(decode_cursor(include_bytes!("data/cross.png"))),
            event_loop.create_custom_cursor(decode_cursor(include_bytes!("data/cross2.png"))),
            event_loop.create_custom_cursor(decode_cursor(include_bytes!("data/gradient.png"))),
-        ];
+        ]
+        .into_iter()
+        .collect();

        Self {
-            #[cfg(not(any(android_platform, ios_platform)))]
+            receiver,
+            sender,
+            #[cfg(not(android_platform))]
            context,
            custom_cursors,
            icon,
@@ -116,13 +133,13 @@ impl Application {

    fn create_window(
        &mut self,
-        event_loop: &ActiveEventLoop,
+        event_loop: &dyn ActiveEventLoop,
        _tab_id: Option<String>,
    ) -> Result<WindowId, Box<dyn Error>> {
        // TODO read-out activation token.

        #[allow(unused_mut)]
-        let mut window_attributes = Window::default_attributes()
+        let mut window_attributes = WindowAttributes::default()
            .with_title("Winit window")
            .with_transparent(true)
            .with_window_icon(Some(self.icon.clone()));
@@ -134,6 +151,28 @@ impl Application {
            window_attributes = window_attributes.with_activation_token(token);
        }

+        #[cfg(x11_platform)]
+        match std::env::var("X11_VISUAL_ID") {
+            Ok(visual_id_str) => {
+                info!("Using X11 visual id {visual_id_str}");
+                let visual_id = visual_id_str.parse()?;
+                window_attributes = window_attributes.with_x11_visual(visual_id);
+            },
+            Err(_) => info!("Set the X11_VISUAL_ID env variable to request specific X11 visual"),
+        }
+
+        #[cfg(x11_platform)]
+        match std::env::var("X11_SCREEN_ID") {
+            Ok(screen_id_str) => {
+                info!("Placing the window on X11 screen {screen_id_str}");
+                let screen_id = screen_id_str.parse()?;
+                window_attributes = window_attributes.with_x11_screen(screen_id);
+            },
+            Err(_) => info!(
+                "Set the X11_SCREEN_ID env variable to place the window on non-default screen"
+            ),
+        }
+
        #[cfg(macos_platform)]
        if let Some(tab_id) = _tab_id {
            window_attributes = window_attributes.with_tabbing_identifier(&tab_id);
@@ -141,7 +180,6 @@ impl Application {

        #[cfg(web_platform)]
        {
-            use winit::platform::web::WindowAttributesExtWebSys;
            window_attributes = window_attributes.with_append(true);
        }

@@ -163,7 +201,23 @@ impl Application {
        Ok(window_id)
    }

-    fn handle_action(&mut self, event_loop: &ActiveEventLoop, window_id: WindowId, action: Action) {
+    fn handle_action_from_proxy(&mut self, _event_loop: &dyn ActiveEventLoop, action: Action) {
+        match action {
+            #[cfg(web_platform)]
+            Action::DumpMonitors => self.dump_monitors(_event_loop),
+            Action::Message => {
+                info!("User wake up");
+            },
+            _ => unreachable!("Tried to execute invalid action without `WindowId`"),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn handle_action_with_window(
+        &mut self,
+        event_loop: &dyn ActiveEventLoop,
+        window_id: WindowId,
+        action: Action,
+    ) {
        // let cursor_position = self.cursor_position;
        let window = self.windows.get_mut(&window_id).unwrap();
        info!("Executing action: {action:?}");
@@ -188,16 +242,35 @@ impl Application {
            Action::ToggleResizable => window.toggle_resizable(),
            Action::ToggleDecorations => window.toggle_decorations(),
            Action::ToggleFullscreen => window.toggle_fullscreen(),
+            #[cfg(macos_platform)]
+            Action::ToggleSimpleFullscreen => {
+                window.window.set_simple_fullscreen(!window.window.simple_fullscreen());
+            },
            Action::ToggleMaximize => window.toggle_maximize(),
            Action::ToggleImeInput => window.toggle_ime(),
            Action::Minimize => window.minimize(),
            Action::NextCursor => window.next_cursor(),
-            Action::NextCustomCursor => window.next_custom_cursor(&self.custom_cursors),
+            Action::NextCustomCursor => {
+                if let Err(err) = self.custom_cursors.as_ref().map(|c| window.next_custom_cursor(c))
+                {
+                    error!("Error creating custom cursor: {err}");
+                }
+            },
            #[cfg(web_platform)]
-            Action::UrlCustomCursor => window.url_custom_cursor(event_loop),
+            Action::UrlCustomCursor => {
+                if let Err(err) = window.url_custom_cursor(event_loop) {
+                    error!("Error creating custom cursor from URL: {err}");
+                }
+            },
            #[cfg(web_platform)]
            Action::AnimationCustomCursor => {
-                window.animation_custom_cursor(event_loop, &self.custom_cursors)
+                if let Err(err) = self
+                    .custom_cursors
+                    .as_ref()
+                    .map(|c| window.animation_custom_cursor(event_loop, c))
+                {
+                    error!("Error creating animated custom cursor: {err}");
+                }
            },
            Action::CycleCursorGrab => window.cycle_cursor_grab(),
            Action::DragWindow => window.drag_window(),
@@ -220,10 +293,30 @@ impl Application {
                }
            },
            Action::RequestResize => window.swap_dimensions(),
+            #[cfg(web_platform)]
+            Action::DumpMonitors => {
+                let future = event_loop.request_detailed_monitor_permission();
+                let proxy = event_loop.create_proxy();
+                let sender = self.sender.clone();
+                wasm_bindgen_futures::spawn_local(async move {
+                    if let Err(error) = future.await {
+                        error!("{error}")
+                    }
+
+                    let _ = sender.send(Action::DumpMonitors);
+                    proxy.wake_up();
+                });
+            },
+            #[cfg(not(web_platform))]
+            Action::DumpMonitors => self.dump_monitors(event_loop),
+            Action::Message => {
+                self.sender.send(Action::Message).unwrap();
+                event_loop.create_proxy().wake_up();
+            },
        }
    }

-    fn dump_monitors(&self, event_loop: &ActiveEventLoop) {
+    fn dump_monitors(&self, event_loop: &dyn ActiveEventLoop) {
        info!("Monitors information");
        let primary_monitor = event_loop.primary_monitor();
        for monitor in event_loop.available_monitors() {
@@ -239,27 +332,32 @@ impl Application {
                info!("{intro}: [no name]");
            }

-            let PhysicalSize { width, height } = monitor.size();
-            info!(
-                "  Current mode: {width}x{height}{}",
-                if let Some(m_hz) = monitor.refresh_rate_millihertz() {
-                    format!(" @ {}.{} Hz", m_hz / 1000, m_hz % 1000)
-                } else {
-                    String::new()
-                }
-            );
+            if let Some(current_mode) = monitor.current_video_mode() {
+                let PhysicalSize { width, height } = current_mode.size();
+                let bits =
+                    current_mode.bit_depth().map(|bits| format!("x{bits}")).unwrap_or_default();
+                let m_hz = current_mode
+                    .refresh_rate_millihertz()
+                    .map(|m_hz| format!(" @ {}.{} Hz", m_hz.get() / 1000, m_hz.get() % 1000))
+                    .unwrap_or_default();
+                info!("  {width}x{height}{bits}{m_hz}");
+            }

-            let PhysicalPosition { x, y } = monitor.position();
-            info!("  Position: {x},{y}");
+            if let Some(PhysicalPosition { x, y }) = monitor.position() {
+                info!("  Position: {x},{y}");
+            }

            info!("  Scale factor: {}", monitor.scale_factor());

            info!("  Available modes (width x height x bit-depth):");
            for mode in monitor.video_modes() {
                let PhysicalSize { width, height } = mode.size();
-                let bits = mode.bit_depth();
-                let m_hz = mode.refresh_rate_millihertz();
-                info!("    {width}x{height}x{bits} @ {}.{} Hz", m_hz / 1000, m_hz % 1000);
+                let bits = mode.bit_depth().map(|bits| format!("x{bits}")).unwrap_or_default();
+                let m_hz = mode
+                    .refresh_rate_millihertz()
+                    .map(|m_hz| format!(" @ {}.{} Hz", m_hz.get() / 1000, m_hz.get() % 1000))
+                    .unwrap_or_default();
+                info!("    {width}x{height}{bits}{m_hz}");
            }
        }
    }
@@ -303,13 +401,15 @@ impl Application {
 }

 impl ApplicationHandler for Application {
-    fn proxy_wake_up(&mut self, _event_loop: &ActiveEventLoop) {
-        info!("User wake up");
+    fn proxy_wake_up(&mut self, event_loop: &dyn ActiveEventLoop) {
+        while let Ok(action) = self.receiver.try_recv() {
+            self.handle_action_from_proxy(event_loop, action)
+        }
    }

    fn window_event(
        &mut self,
-        event_loop: &ActiveEventLoop,
+        event_loop: &dyn ActiveEventLoop,
        window_id: WindowId,
        event: WindowEvent,
    ) {
@@ -319,7 +419,7 @@ impl ApplicationHandler for Application {
        };

        match event {
-            WindowEvent::Resized(size) => {
+            WindowEvent::SurfaceResized(size) => {
                window.resize(size);
            },
            WindowEvent::Focused(focused) => {
@@ -372,24 +472,27 @@ impl ApplicationHandler for Application {
                    };

                    if let Some(action) = action {
-                        self.handle_action(event_loop, window_id, action);
+                        self.handle_action_with_window(event_loop, window_id, action);
                    }
                }
            },
-            WindowEvent::MouseInput { button, state, .. } => {
+            WindowEvent::PointerButton { button, state, .. } => {
+                info!("Pointer button {button:?} {state:?}");
                let mods = window.modifiers;
-                if let Some(action) =
-                    state.is_pressed().then(|| Self::process_mouse_binding(button, &mods)).flatten()
+                if let Some(action) = state
+                    .is_pressed()
+                    .then(|| Self::process_mouse_binding(button.mouse_button(), &mods))
+                    .flatten()
                {
-                    self.handle_action(event_loop, window_id, action);
+                    self.handle_action_with_window(event_loop, window_id, action);
                }
            },
-            WindowEvent::CursorLeft { .. } => {
-                info!("Cursor left Window={window_id:?}");
+            WindowEvent::PointerLeft { .. } => {
+                info!("Pointer left Window={window_id:?}");
                window.cursor_left();
            },
-            WindowEvent::CursorMoved { position, .. } => {
-                info!("Moved cursor to {position:?}");
+            WindowEvent::PointerMoved { position, .. } => {
+                info!("Moved pointer to {position:?}");
                window.cursor_moved(position);
            },
            WindowEvent::ActivationTokenDone { token: _token, .. } => {
@@ -440,27 +543,25 @@ impl ApplicationHandler for Application {
            WindowEvent::TouchpadPressure { .. }
            | WindowEvent::HoveredFileCancelled
            | WindowEvent::KeyboardInput { .. }
-            | WindowEvent::CursorEntered { .. }
-            | WindowEvent::AxisMotion { .. }
+            | WindowEvent::PointerEntered { .. }
            | WindowEvent::DroppedFile(_)
            | WindowEvent::HoveredFile(_)
            | WindowEvent::Destroyed
-            | WindowEvent::Touch(_)
            | WindowEvent::Moved(_) => (),
        }
    }

    fn device_event(
        &mut self,
-        _event_loop: &ActiveEventLoop,
-        device_id: DeviceId,
+        _event_loop: &dyn ActiveEventLoop,
+        device_id: Option<DeviceId>,
        event: DeviceEvent,
    ) {
        info!("Device {device_id:?} event: {event:?}");
    }

-    fn resumed(&mut self, event_loop: &ActiveEventLoop) {
-        info!("Resumed the event loop");
+    fn can_create_surfaces(&mut self, event_loop: &dyn ActiveEventLoop) {
+        info!("Ready to create surfaces");
        self.dump_monitors(event_loop);

        // Create initial window.
@@ -469,18 +570,35 @@ impl ApplicationHandler for Application {
        self.print_help();
    }

-    fn about_to_wait(&mut self, event_loop: &ActiveEventLoop) {
+    fn about_to_wait(&mut self, event_loop: &dyn ActiveEventLoop) {
        if self.windows.is_empty() {
            info!("No windows left, exiting...");
            event_loop.exit();
        }
    }

-    #[cfg(not(any(android_platform, ios_platform)))]
-    fn exiting(&mut self, _event_loop: &ActiveEventLoop) {
+    #[cfg(not(android_platform))]
+    fn exiting(&mut self, _event_loop: &dyn ActiveEventLoop) {
        // We must drop the context here.
        self.context = None;
    }
+
+    #[cfg(target_os = "macos")]
+    fn macos_handler(&mut self) -> Option<&mut dyn ApplicationHandlerExtMacOS> {
+        Some(self)
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(target_os = "macos")]
+impl ApplicationHandlerExtMacOS for Application {
+    fn standard_key_binding(
+        &mut self,
+        _event_loop: &dyn ActiveEventLoop,
+        window_id: WindowId,
+        action: &str,
+    ) {
+        info!(?window_id, ?action, "macOS standard key binding");
+    }
 }

 /// State of the window.
@@ -490,10 +608,10 @@ struct WindowState {
    /// Render surface.
    ///
    /// NOTE: This surface must be dropped before the `Window`.
-    #[cfg(not(any(android_platform, ios_platform)))]
-    surface: Surface<DisplayHandle<'static>, Arc<Window>>,
+    #[cfg(not(android_platform))]
+    surface: Surface<DisplayHandle<'static>, Arc<dyn Window>>,
    /// The actual winit Window.
-    window: Arc<Window>,
+    window: Arc<dyn Window>,
    /// The window theme we're drawing with.
    theme: Theme,
    /// Cursor position over the window.
@@ -521,31 +639,31 @@ struct WindowState {
 }

 impl WindowState {
-    fn new(app: &Application, window: Window) -> Result<Self, Box<dyn Error>> {
-        let window = Arc::new(window);
+    fn new(app: &Application, window: Box<dyn Window>) -> Result<Self, Box<dyn Error>> {
+        let window: Arc<dyn Window> = Arc::from(window);

        // SAFETY: the surface is dropped before the `window` which provided it with handle, thus
        // it doesn't outlive it.
-        #[cfg(not(any(android_platform, ios_platform)))]
+        #[cfg(not(android_platform))]
        let surface = Surface::new(app.context.as_ref().unwrap(), Arc::clone(&window))?;

        let theme = window.theme().unwrap_or(Theme::Dark);
        info!("Theme: {theme:?}");
        let named_idx = 0;
-        window.set_cursor(CURSORS[named_idx]);
+        window.set_cursor(CURSORS[named_idx].into());

        // Allow IME out of the box.
        let ime = true;
        window.set_ime_allowed(ime);

-        let size = window.inner_size();
+        let size = window.surface_size();
        let mut state = Self {
            #[cfg(macos_platform)]
            option_as_alt: window.option_as_alt(),
-            custom_idx: app.custom_cursors.len() - 1,
+            custom_idx: app.custom_cursors.as_ref().map(Vec::len).unwrap_or(1) - 1,
            cursor_grab: CursorGrabMode::None,
            named_idx,
-            #[cfg(not(any(android_platform, ios_platform)))]
+            #[cfg(not(android_platform))]
            surface,
            window,
            theme,
@@ -567,7 +685,7 @@ impl WindowState {
        self.ime = !self.ime;
        self.window.set_ime_allowed(self.ime);
        if let Some(position) = self.ime.then_some(self.cursor_position).flatten() {
-            self.window.set_ime_cursor_area(position, PhysicalSize::new(20, 20));
+            self.window.set_ime_cursor_area(position.into(), PhysicalSize::new(20, 20).into());
        }
    }

@@ -578,7 +696,7 @@ impl WindowState {
    pub fn cursor_moved(&mut self, position: PhysicalPosition<f64>) {
        self.cursor_position = Some(position);
        if self.ime {
-            self.window.set_ime_cursor_area(position, PhysicalSize::new(20, 20));
+            self.window.set_ime_cursor_area(position.into(), PhysicalSize::new(20, 20).into());
        }
    }

@@ -612,12 +730,12 @@ impl WindowState {

    /// Toggle resize increments on a window.
    fn toggle_resize_increments(&mut self) {
-        let new_increments = match self.window.resize_increments() {
+        let new_increments = match self.window.surface_resize_increments() {
            Some(_) => None,
-            None => Some(LogicalSize::new(25.0, 25.0)),
+            None => Some(LogicalSize::new(25.0, 25.0).into()),
        };
        info!("Had increments: {}", new_increments.is_none());
-        self.window.set_resize_increments(new_increments);
+        self.window.set_surface_resize_increments(new_increments);
    }

    /// Toggle fullscreen.
@@ -656,22 +774,22 @@ impl WindowState {
        self.window.set_option_as_alt(self.option_as_alt);
    }

-    /// Swap the window dimensions with `request_inner_size`.
+    /// Swap the window dimensions with `request_surface_size`.
    fn swap_dimensions(&mut self) {
-        let old_inner_size = self.window.inner_size();
-        let mut inner_size = old_inner_size;
+        let old_surface_size = self.window.surface_size();
+        let mut surface_size = old_surface_size;

-        mem::swap(&mut inner_size.width, &mut inner_size.height);
-        info!("Requesting resize from {old_inner_size:?} to {inner_size:?}");
+        mem::swap(&mut surface_size.width, &mut surface_size.height);
+        info!("Requesting resize from {old_surface_size:?} to {surface_size:?}");

-        if let Some(new_inner_size) = self.window.request_inner_size(inner_size) {
-            if old_inner_size == new_inner_size {
+        if let Some(new_surface_size) = self.window.request_surface_size(surface_size.into()) {
+            if old_surface_size == new_surface_size {
                info!("Inner size change got ignored");
            } else {
-                self.resize(new_inner_size);
+                self.resize(new_surface_size);
            }
        } else {
-            info!("Request inner size is asynchronous");
+            info!("Requesting surface size is asynchronous");
        }
    }

@@ -691,37 +809,43 @@ impl WindowState {

    /// Custom cursor from an URL.
    #[cfg(web_platform)]
-    fn url_custom_cursor(&mut self, event_loop: &ActiveEventLoop) {
-        let cursor = event_loop.create_custom_cursor(url_custom_cursor());
+    fn url_custom_cursor(
+        &mut self,
+        event_loop: &dyn ActiveEventLoop,
+    ) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
+        let cursor = event_loop.create_custom_cursor(url_custom_cursor())?;

-        self.window.set_cursor(cursor);
+        self.window.set_cursor(cursor.into());
+
+        Ok(())
    }

    /// Custom cursor from a URL.
    #[cfg(web_platform)]
    fn animation_custom_cursor(
        &mut self,
-        event_loop: &ActiveEventLoop,
+        event_loop: &dyn ActiveEventLoop,
        custom_cursors: &[CustomCursor],
-    ) {
+    ) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
        use std::time::Duration;
-        use winit::platform::web::CustomCursorExtWebSys;

        let cursors = vec![
            custom_cursors[0].clone(),
            custom_cursors[1].clone(),
-            event_loop.create_custom_cursor(url_custom_cursor()),
+            event_loop.create_custom_cursor(url_custom_cursor())?,
        ];
        let cursor = CustomCursor::from_animation(Duration::from_secs(3), cursors).unwrap();
-        let cursor = event_loop.create_custom_cursor(cursor);
+        let cursor = event_loop.create_custom_cursor(cursor)?;

-        self.window.set_cursor(cursor);
+        self.window.set_cursor(cursor.into());
+
+        Ok(())
    }

-    /// Resize the window to the new size.
+    /// Resize the surface to the new size.
    fn resize(&mut self, size: PhysicalSize<u32>) {
-        info!("Resized to {size:?}");
-        #[cfg(not(any(android_platform, ios_platform)))]
+        info!("Surface resized to {size:?}");
+        #[cfg(not(android_platform))]
        {
            let (width, height) = match (NonZeroU32::new(size.width), NonZeroU32::new(size.height))
            {
@@ -742,7 +866,7 @@ impl WindowState {
    /// Show window menu.
    fn show_menu(&self) {
        if let Some(position) = self.cursor_position {
-            self.window.show_window_menu(position);
+            self.window.show_window_menu(position.into());
        }
    }

@@ -765,7 +889,7 @@ impl WindowState {
            },
        };

-        let win_size = self.window.inner_size();
+        let win_size = self.window.surface_size();
        let border_size = BORDER_SIZE * self.window.scale_factor();

        let x_direction = if position.x < border_size {
@@ -814,29 +938,49 @@ impl WindowState {
    }

    /// Draw the window contents.
-    #[cfg(not(any(android_platform, ios_platform)))]
+    #[cfg(not(android_platform))]
    fn draw(&mut self) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
        if self.occluded {
            info!("Skipping drawing occluded window={:?}", self.window.id());
            return Ok(());
        }

-        const WHITE: u32 = 0xffffffff;
-        const DARK_GRAY: u32 = 0xff181818;
-
-        let color = match self.theme {
-            Theme::Light => WHITE,
-            Theme::Dark => DARK_GRAY,
-        };
-
        let mut buffer = self.surface.buffer_mut()?;
-        buffer.fill(color);
+
+        // Draw a different color inside the safe area
+        let surface_size = self.window.surface_size();
+        let insets = self.window.safe_area();
+        for y in 0..surface_size.height {
+            for x in 0..surface_size.width {
+                let index = y as usize * surface_size.width as usize + x as usize;
+                if insets.left <= x
+                    && x <= (surface_size.width - insets.right)
+                    && insets.top <= y
+                    && y <= (surface_size.height - insets.bottom)
+                {
+                    // In safe area
+                    buffer[index] = match self.theme {
+                        Theme::Light => 0xffe8e8e8, // Light gray
+                        Theme::Dark => 0xff525252,  // Medium gray
+                    };
+                } else {
+                    // Outside safe area
+                    buffer[index] = match self.theme {
+                        Theme::Light => 0xffffffff, // White
+                        Theme::Dark => 0xff181818,  // Dark gray
+                    };
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Present the buffer
        self.window.pre_present_notify();
        buffer.present()?;
+
        Ok(())
    }

-    #[cfg(any(android_platform, ios_platform))]
+    #[cfg(android_platform)]
    fn draw(&mut self) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
        info!("Drawing but without rendering...");
        Ok(())
@@ -869,6 +1013,8 @@ enum Action {
    ToggleDecorations,
    ToggleResizable,
    ToggleFullscreen,
+    #[cfg(macos_platform)]
+    ToggleSimpleFullscreen,
    ToggleMaximize,
    Minimize,
    NextCursor,
@@ -888,6 +1034,8 @@ enum Action {
    #[cfg(macos_platform)]
    CreateNewTab,
    RequestResize,
+    DumpMonitors,
+    Message,
 }

 impl Action {
@@ -900,6 +1048,8 @@ impl Action {
            Action::ToggleDecorations => "Toggle decorations",
            Action::ToggleResizable => "Toggle window resizable state",
            Action::ToggleFullscreen => "Toggle fullscreen",
+            #[cfg(macos_platform)]
+            Action::ToggleSimpleFullscreen => "Toggle simple fullscreen",
            Action::ToggleMaximize => "Maximize",
            Action::Minimize => "Minimize",
            Action::ToggleResizeIncrements => "Use resize increments when resizing window",
@@ -922,6 +1072,14 @@ impl Action {
            #[cfg(macos_platform)]
            Action::CreateNewTab => "Create new tab",
            Action::RequestResize => "Request a resize",
+            #[cfg(not(web_platform))]
+            Action::DumpMonitors => "Dump monitor information",
+            #[cfg(web_platform)]
+            Action::DumpMonitors => {
+                "Request permission to query detailed monitor information and dump monitor \
+                 information"
+            },
+            Action::Message => "Prints a message through a user wake up",
        }
    }
 }
@@ -944,8 +1102,6 @@ fn decode_cursor(bytes: &[u8]) -> CustomCursorSource {
 fn url_custom_cursor() -> CustomCursorSource {
    use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicU64, Ordering};

-    use winit::platform::web::CustomCursorExtWebSys;
-
    static URL_COUNTER: AtomicU64 = AtomicU64::new(0);

    CustomCursor::from_url(
@@ -1036,6 +1192,8 @@ const KEY_BINDINGS: &[Binding<&'static str>] = &[
    Binding::new("Q", ModifiersState::CONTROL, Action::CloseWindow),
    Binding::new("H", ModifiersState::CONTROL, Action::PrintHelp),
    Binding::new("F", ModifiersState::CONTROL, Action::ToggleFullscreen),
+    #[cfg(macos_platform)]
+    Binding::new("F", ModifiersState::ALT, Action::ToggleSimpleFullscreen),
    Binding::new("D", ModifiersState::CONTROL, Action::ToggleDecorations),
    Binding::new("I", ModifiersState::CONTROL, Action::ToggleImeInput),
    Binding::new("L", ModifiersState::CONTROL, Action::CycleCursorGrab),
@@ -1043,6 +1201,7 @@ const KEY_BINDINGS: &[Binding<&'static str>] = &[
    Binding::new("R", ModifiersState::CONTROL, Action::ToggleResizable),
    Binding::new("R", ModifiersState::ALT, Action::RequestResize),
    // M.
+    Binding::new("M", ModifiersState::CONTROL.union(ModifiersState::ALT), Action::DumpMonitors),
    Binding::new("M", ModifiersState::CONTROL, Action::ToggleMaximize),
    Binding::new("M", ModifiersState::ALT, Action::Minimize),
    // N.
@@ -1071,6 +1230,7 @@ const KEY_BINDINGS: &[Binding<&'static str>] = &[
    Binding::new("T", ModifiersState::SUPER, Action::CreateNewTab),
    #[cfg(macos_platform)]
    Binding::new("O", ModifiersState::CONTROL, Action::CycleOptionAsAlt),
+    Binding::new("S", ModifiersState::CONTROL, Action::Message),
 ];

 const MOUSE_BINDINGS: &[Binding<MouseButton>] = &[
--- a/examples/x11_embed.rs
+++ b/examples/x11_embed.rs
@@ -7,21 +7,21 @@ fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
    use winit::event::WindowEvent;
    use winit::event_loop::{ActiveEventLoop, EventLoop};
    use winit::platform::x11::WindowAttributesExtX11;
-    use winit::window::{Window, WindowId};
+    use winit::window::{Window, WindowAttributes, WindowId};

    #[path = "util/fill.rs"]
    mod fill;

    pub struct XEmbedDemo {
        parent_window_id: u32,
-        window: Option<Window>,
+        window: Option<Box<dyn Window>>,
    }

    impl ApplicationHandler for XEmbedDemo {
-        fn resumed(&mut self, event_loop: &ActiveEventLoop) {
-            let window_attributes = Window::default_attributes()
+        fn can_create_surfaces(&mut self, event_loop: &dyn ActiveEventLoop) {
+            let window_attributes = WindowAttributes::default()
                .with_title("An embedded window!")
-                .with_inner_size(winit::dpi::LogicalSize::new(128.0, 128.0))
+                .with_surface_size(winit::dpi::LogicalSize::new(128.0, 128.0))
                .with_embed_parent_window(self.parent_window_id);

            self.window = Some(event_loop.create_window(window_attributes).unwrap());
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {

        fn window_event(
            &mut self,
-            event_loop: &ActiveEventLoop,
+            event_loop: &dyn ActiveEventLoop,
            _window_id: WindowId,
            event: WindowEvent,
        ) {
@@ -38,13 +38,13 @@ fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
                WindowEvent::CloseRequested => event_loop.exit(),
                WindowEvent::RedrawRequested => {
                    window.pre_present_notify();
-                    fill::fill_window(window);
+                    fill::fill_window(window.as_ref());
                },
                _ => (),
            }
        }

-        fn about_to_wait(&mut self, _event_loop: &ActiveEventLoop) {
+        fn about_to_wait(&mut self, _event_loop: &dyn ActiveEventLoop) {
            self.window.as_ref().unwrap().request_redraw();
        }
    }
@@ -58,8 +58,7 @@ fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
    tracing_subscriber::fmt::init();
    let event_loop = EventLoop::new()?;

-    let mut app = XEmbedDemo { parent_window_id, window: None };
-    event_loop.run_app(&mut app).map_err(Into::into)
+    Ok(event_loop.run_app(XEmbedDemo { parent_window_id, window: None })?)
 }

 #[cfg(not(x11_platform))]
--- a/rustfmt.toml
+++ b/rustfmt.toml
@@ -1,19 +1,20 @@
-format_code_in_doc_comments = true
-match_block_trailing_comma = true
+comment_width = 100
 condense_wildcard_suffixes = true
-use_field_init_shorthand = true
+error_on_unformatted = true
+format_code_in_doc_comments = true
+format_macro_bodies = true
+format_macro_matchers = true
+format_strings = true
+group_imports = "StdExternalCrate"
+hex_literal_case = "Lower"
+imports_granularity = "Module"
+match_block_trailing_comma = true
+newline_style = "Unix"
+normalize_comments = true
 normalize_doc_attributes = true
 overflow_delimited_expr = true
-imports_granularity = "Module"
-use_small_heuristics = "Max"
-format_macro_matchers = true
-error_on_unformatted = true
-format_macro_bodies = true
-hex_literal_case = "Lower"
-normalize_comments = true
 # Some macros break with this.
 reorder_impl_items = false
-newline_style = "Unix"
-format_strings = true
+use_field_init_shorthand = true
+use_small_heuristics = "Max"
 wrap_comments = true
-comment_width = 100
--- a/src/application.rs
+++ b/src/application.rs
@@ -2,6 +2,8 @@

 use crate::event::{DeviceEvent, DeviceId, StartCause, WindowEvent};
 use crate::event_loop::ActiveEventLoop;
+#[cfg(any(docsrs, macos_platform))]
+use crate::platform::macos::ApplicationHandlerExtMacOS;
 use crate::window::WindowId;

 /// The handler of the application events.
@@ -12,75 +14,94 @@ pub trait ApplicationHandler {
    /// events, such as updating frame timing information for benchmarking or checking the
    /// [`StartCause`] to see if a timer set by
    /// [`ControlFlow::WaitUntil`][crate::event_loop::ControlFlow::WaitUntil] has elapsed.
-    fn new_events(&mut self, event_loop: &ActiveEventLoop, cause: StartCause) {
+    fn new_events(&mut self, event_loop: &dyn ActiveEventLoop, cause: StartCause) {
        let _ = (event_loop, cause);
    }

    /// Emitted when the application has been resumed.
    ///
-    /// For consistency, all platforms emit a `Resumed` event even if they don't themselves have a
-    /// formal suspend/resume lifecycle. For systems without a formal suspend/resume lifecycle
-    /// the `Resumed` event is always emitted after the
-    /// [`NewEvents(StartCause::Init)`][StartCause::Init] event.
+    /// See [`suspended()`][Self::suspended].
    ///
-    /// # Portability
+    /// ## Platform-specific
    ///
-    /// It's recommended that applications should only initialize their graphics context and create
-    /// a window after they have received their first `Resumed` event. Some systems
-    /// (specifically Android) won't allow applications to create a render surface until they are
-    /// resumed.
+    /// ### iOS
    ///
-    /// Considering that the implementation of [`Suspended`] and `Resumed` events may be internally
-    /// driven by multiple platform-specific events, and that there may be subtle differences across
-    /// platforms with how these internal events are delivered, it's recommended that applications
-    /// be able to gracefully handle redundant (i.e. back-to-back) [`Suspended`] or `Resumed`
-    /// events.
-    ///
-    /// Also see [`Suspended`] notes.
-    ///
-    /// ## Android
-    ///
-    /// On Android, the `Resumed` event is sent when a new [`SurfaceView`] has been created. This is
-    /// expected to closely correlate with the [`onResume`] lifecycle event but there may
-    /// technically be a discrepancy.
-    ///
-    /// [`onResume`]: https://developer.android.com/reference/android/app/Activity#onResume()
-    ///
-    /// Applications that need to run on Android must wait until they have been `Resumed`
-    /// before they will be able to create a render surface (such as an `EGLSurface`,
-    /// [`VkSurfaceKHR`] or [`wgpu::Surface`]) which depend on having a
-    /// [`SurfaceView`]. Applications must also assume that if they are [`Suspended`], then their
-    /// render surfaces are invalid and should be dropped.
-    ///
-    /// Also see [`Suspended`] notes.
-    ///
-    /// [`SurfaceView`]: https://developer.android.com/reference/android/view/SurfaceView
-    /// [Activity lifecycle]: https://developer.android.com/guide/components/activities/activity-lifecycle
-    /// [`VkSurfaceKHR`]: https://www.khronos.org/registry/vulkan/specs/1.3-extensions/man/html/VkSurfaceKHR.html
-    /// [`wgpu::Surface`]: https://docs.rs/wgpu/latest/wgpu/struct.Surface.html
-    ///
-    /// ## iOS
-    ///
-    /// On iOS, the `Resumed` event is emitted in response to an [`applicationDidBecomeActive`]
-    /// callback which means the application is "active" (according to the
-    /// [iOS application lifecycle]).
+    /// On iOS, the [`resumed()`] method is called in response to an [`applicationDidBecomeActive`]
+    /// callback which means the application is about to transition from the inactive to active
+    /// state (according to the [iOS application lifecycle]).
    ///
    /// [`applicationDidBecomeActive`]: https://developer.apple.com/documentation/uikit/uiapplicationdelegate/1622956-applicationdidbecomeactive
    /// [iOS application lifecycle]: https://developer.apple.com/documentation/uikit/app_and_environment/managing_your_app_s_life_cycle
    ///
-    /// ## Web
+    /// ### Web
    ///
-    /// On Web, the `Resumed` event is emitted in response to a [`pageshow`] event
-    /// with the property [`persisted`] being true, which means that the page is being
-    /// restored from the [`bfcache`] (back/forward cache) - an in-memory cache that
-    /// stores a complete snapshot of a page (including the JavaScript heap) as the
-    /// user is navigating away.
+    /// On Web, the [`resumed()`] method is called in response to a [`pageshow`] event if the
+    /// page is being restored from the [`bfcache`] (back/forward cache) - an in-memory cache
+    /// that stores a complete snapshot of a page (including the JavaScript heap) as the user is
+    /// navigating away.
    ///
    /// [`pageshow`]: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Window/pageshow_event
-    /// [`persisted`]: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/PageTransitionEvent/persisted
    /// [`bfcache`]: https://web.dev/bfcache/
-    /// [`Suspended`]: Self::suspended
-    fn resumed(&mut self, event_loop: &ActiveEventLoop);
+    ///
+    /// ### Android
+    ///
+    /// On Android, the [`resumed()`] method is called when the `Activity` is (again, if after a
+    /// prior [`suspended()`]) being displayed to the user. This is a good place to begin drawing
+    /// visual elements, running animations, etc. It is driven by Android's [`onStart()`] method.
+    ///
+    /// [`onStart()`]: https://developer.android.com/reference/android/app/Activity#onStart()
+    ///
+    /// ### Others
+    ///
+    /// **macOS / Orbital / Wayland / Windows / X11:** Unsupported.
+    ///
+    /// [`resumed()`]: Self::resumed()
+    /// [`suspended()`]: Self::suspended()
+    /// [`exiting()`]: Self::exiting()
+    fn resumed(&mut self, event_loop: &dyn ActiveEventLoop) {
+        let _ = event_loop;
+    }
+
+    /// Emitted from the point onwards the application should create render surfaces.
+    ///
+    /// See [`destroy_surfaces()`].
+    ///
+    /// ## Portability
+    ///
+    /// It's recommended that applications should only initialize their render surfaces after the
+    /// [`can_create_surfaces()`] method is called. Some systems (specifically Android) won't allow
+    /// applications to create a render surface until that point.
+    ///
+    /// For consistency, all platforms call this method even if they don't themselves have a formal
+    /// surface destroy/create lifecycle. For systems without a surface destroy/create lifecycle the
+    /// [`can_create_surfaces()`] event is always emitted after the [`StartCause::Init`] event.
+    ///
+    /// Applications should be able to gracefully handle back-to-back [`can_create_surfaces()`] and
+    /// [`destroy_surfaces()`] calls.
+    ///
+    /// ## Platform-specific
+    ///
+    /// ### Android
+    ///
+    /// On Android, the [`can_create_surfaces()`] method is called when a new [`NativeWindow`]
+    /// (native [`Surface`]) is created which backs the application window. This is expected to
+    /// closely correlate with the [`onStart`] lifecycle event which typically results in a surface
+    /// to be created after the app becomes visible.
+    ///
+    /// Applications that need to run on Android must wait until they have received a surface before
+    /// they will be able to create a render surface (such as an `EGLSurface`, [`VkSurfaceKHR`]
+    /// or [`wgpu::Surface`]) which depend on having a [`NativeWindow`]. Applications must handle
+    /// [`destroy_surfaces()`], where their render surfaces are invalid and should be dropped.
+    ///
+    /// [`NativeWindow`]: https://developer.android.com/ndk/reference/group/a-native-window
+    /// [`Surface`]: https://developer.android.com/reference/android/view/Surface
+    /// [`onStart`]: https://developer.android.com/reference/android/app/Activity#onStart()
+    /// [`VkSurfaceKHR`]: https://www.khronos.org/registry/vulkan/specs/1.3-extensions/man/html/VkSurfaceKHR.html
+    /// [`wgpu::Surface`]: https://docs.rs/wgpu/latest/wgpu/struct.Surface.html
+    ///
+    /// [`can_create_surfaces()`]: Self::can_create_surfaces()
+    /// [`destroy_surfaces()`]: Self::destroy_surfaces()
+    fn can_create_surfaces(&mut self, event_loop: &dyn ActiveEventLoop);

    /// Called after a wake up is requested using [`EventLoopProxy::wake_up()`].
    ///
@@ -115,15 +136,15 @@ pub trait ApplicationHandler {
    /// impl ApplicationHandler for MyApp {
    ///     # fn window_event(
    ///     #     &mut self,
-    ///     #     _event_loop: &ActiveEventLoop,
+    ///     #     _event_loop: &dyn ActiveEventLoop,
    ///     #     _window_id: winit::window::WindowId,
    ///     #     _event: winit::event::WindowEvent,
    ///     # ) {
    ///     # }
    ///     #
-    ///     # fn resumed(&mut self, _event_loop: &ActiveEventLoop) {}
+    ///     # fn can_create_surfaces(&mut self, _event_loop: &dyn ActiveEventLoop) {}
    ///     #
-    ///     fn proxy_wake_up(&mut self, _event_loop: &ActiveEventLoop) {
+    ///     fn proxy_wake_up(&mut self, _event_loop: &dyn ActiveEventLoop) {
    ///         // Iterate current events, since wake-ups may have been merged.
    ///         //
    ///         // Note: We take care not to use `recv` or `iter` here, as those are blocking,
@@ -169,14 +190,14 @@ pub trait ApplicationHandler {
    ///     Ok(())
    /// }
    /// ```
-    fn proxy_wake_up(&mut self, event_loop: &ActiveEventLoop) {
+    fn proxy_wake_up(&mut self, event_loop: &dyn ActiveEventLoop) {
        let _ = event_loop;
    }

    /// Emitted when the OS sends an event to a winit window.
    fn window_event(
        &mut self,
-        event_loop: &ActiveEventLoop,
+        event_loop: &dyn ActiveEventLoop,
        window_id: WindowId,
        event: WindowEvent,
    );
@@ -184,8 +205,8 @@ pub trait ApplicationHandler {
    /// Emitted when the OS sends an event to a device.
    fn device_event(
        &mut self,
-        event_loop: &ActiveEventLoop,
-        device_id: DeviceId,
+        event_loop: &dyn ActiveEventLoop,
+        device_id: Option<DeviceId>,
        event: DeviceEvent,
    ) {
        let _ = (event_loop, device_id, event);
@@ -202,72 +223,90 @@ pub trait ApplicationHandler {
    ///
    /// This is not an ideal event to drive application rendering from and instead applications
    /// should render in response to [`WindowEvent::RedrawRequested`] events.
-    fn about_to_wait(&mut self, event_loop: &ActiveEventLoop) {
+    fn about_to_wait(&mut self, event_loop: &dyn ActiveEventLoop) {
        let _ = event_loop;
    }

    /// Emitted when the application has been suspended.
    ///
-    /// # Portability
+    /// See [`resumed()`][Self::resumed].
    ///
-    /// Not all platforms support the notion of suspending applications, and there may be no
-    /// technical way to guarantee being able to emit a `Suspended` event if the OS has
-    /// no formal application lifecycle (currently only Android, iOS, and Web do). For this reason,
-    /// Winit does not currently try to emit pseudo `Suspended` events before the application
-    /// quits on platforms without an application lifecycle.
+    /// ## Platform-specific
    ///
-    /// Considering that the implementation of `Suspended` and [`Resumed`] events may be internally
-    /// driven by multiple platform-specific events, and that there may be subtle differences across
-    /// platforms with how these internal events are delivered, it's recommended that applications
-    /// be able to gracefully handle redundant (i.e. back-to-back) `Suspended` or [`Resumed`]
-    /// events.
+    /// ### iOS
    ///
-    /// Also see [`Resumed`] notes.
-    ///
-    /// ## Android
-    ///
-    /// On Android, the `Suspended` event is only sent when the application's associated
-    /// [`SurfaceView`] is destroyed. This is expected to closely correlate with the [`onPause`]
-    /// lifecycle event but there may technically be a discrepancy.
-    ///
-    /// [`onPause`]: https://developer.android.com/reference/android/app/Activity#onPause()
-    ///
-    /// Applications that need to run on Android should assume their [`SurfaceView`] has been
-    /// destroyed, which indirectly invalidates any existing render surfaces that may have been
-    /// created outside of Winit (such as an `EGLSurface`, [`VkSurfaceKHR`] or [`wgpu::Surface`]).
-    ///
-    /// After being `Suspended` on Android applications must drop all render surfaces before
-    /// the event callback completes, which may be re-created when the application is next
-    /// [`Resumed`].
-    ///
-    /// [`SurfaceView`]: https://developer.android.com/reference/android/view/SurfaceView
-    /// [Activity lifecycle]: https://developer.android.com/guide/components/activities/activity-lifecycle
-    /// [`VkSurfaceKHR`]: https://www.khronos.org/registry/vulkan/specs/1.3-extensions/man/html/VkSurfaceKHR.html
-    /// [`wgpu::Surface`]: https://docs.rs/wgpu/latest/wgpu/struct.Surface.html
-    ///
-    /// ## iOS
-    ///
-    /// On iOS, the `Suspended` event is currently emitted in response to an
-    /// [`applicationWillResignActive`] callback which means that the application is
-    /// about to transition from the active to inactive state (according to the
-    /// [iOS application lifecycle]).
+    /// On iOS, the [`suspended()`] method is called in response to an
+    /// [`applicationWillResignActive`] callback which means that the application is about to
+    /// transition from the active to inactive state (according to the [iOS application lifecycle]).
    ///
    /// [`applicationWillResignActive`]: https://developer.apple.com/documentation/uikit/uiapplicationdelegate/1622950-applicationwillresignactive
    /// [iOS application lifecycle]: https://developer.apple.com/documentation/uikit/app_and_environment/managing_your_app_s_life_cycle
    ///
-    /// ## Web
+    /// ### Web
    ///
-    /// On Web, the `Suspended` event is emitted in response to a [`pagehide`] event
-    /// with the property [`persisted`] being true, which means that the page is being
-    /// put in the [`bfcache`] (back/forward cache) - an in-memory cache that stores a
-    /// complete snapshot of a page (including the JavaScript heap) as the user is
+    /// On Web, the [`suspended()`] method is called in response to a [`pagehide`] event if the
+    /// page is being stored in the [`bfcache`] (back/forward cache) - an in-memory cache that
+    /// stores a complete snapshot of a page (including the JavaScript heap) as the user is
    /// navigating away.
    ///
    /// [`pagehide`]: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Window/pagehide_event
-    /// [`persisted`]: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/PageTransitionEvent/persisted
    /// [`bfcache`]: https://web.dev/bfcache/
-    /// [`Resumed`]: Self::resumed
-    fn suspended(&mut self, event_loop: &ActiveEventLoop) {
+    ///
+    /// ### Android
+    ///
+    /// On Android, the [`suspended()`] method is called when the `Activity` is no longer visible
+    /// to the user. This is a good place to stop refreshing UI, running animations and other visual
+    /// things. It is driven by Android's [`onStop()`] method.
+    ///
+    /// After this event the application either receives [`resumed()`] again, or [`exiting()`].
+    ///
+    /// [`onStop()`]: https://developer.android.com/reference/android/app/Activity#onStop()
+    ///
+    /// ### Others
+    ///
+    /// **macOS / Orbital / Wayland / Windows / X11:** Unsupported.
+    ///
+    /// [`resumed()`]: Self::resumed()
+    /// [`suspended()`]: Self::suspended()
+    /// [`exiting()`]: Self::exiting()
+    fn suspended(&mut self, event_loop: &dyn ActiveEventLoop) {
+        let _ = event_loop;
+    }
+
+    /// Emitted when the application must destroy its render surfaces.
+    ///
+    /// See [`can_create_surfaces()`] for more details.
+    ///
+    /// ## Platform-specific
+    ///
+    /// ### Android
+    ///
+    /// On Android, the [`destroy_surfaces()`] method is called when the application's
+    /// [`NativeWindow`] (native [`Surface`]) is destroyed. This is expected to closely correlate
+    /// with the [`onStop`] lifecycle event which typically results in the surface to be destroyed
+    /// after the app becomes invisible.
+    ///
+    /// Applications that need to run on Android should assume their [`NativeWindow`] has been
+    /// destroyed, which indirectly invalidates any existing render surfaces that may have been
+    /// created outside of Winit (such as an `EGLSurface`, [`VkSurfaceKHR`] or [`wgpu::Surface`]).
+    ///
+    /// When receiving [`destroy_surfaces()`] Android applications should drop all render surfaces
+    /// before the event callback completes, which may be re-created when the application next
+    /// receives [`can_create_surfaces()`].
+    ///
+    /// [`NativeWindow`]: https://developer.android.com/ndk/reference/group/a-native-window
+    /// [`Surface`]: https://developer.android.com/reference/android/view/Surface
+    /// [`onStop`]: https://developer.android.com/reference/android/app/Activity#onStop()
+    /// [`VkSurfaceKHR`]: https://www.khronos.org/registry/vulkan/specs/1.3-extensions/man/html/VkSurfaceKHR.html
+    /// [`wgpu::Surface`]: https://docs.rs/wgpu/latest/wgpu/struct.Surface.html
+    ///
+    /// ### Others
+    ///
+    /// - **iOS / macOS / Orbital / Wayland / Web / Windows / X11:** Unsupported.
+    ///
+    /// [`can_create_surfaces()`]: Self::can_create_surfaces()
+    /// [`destroy_surfaces()`]: Self::destroy_surfaces()
+    fn destroy_surfaces(&mut self, event_loop: &dyn ActiveEventLoop) {
        let _ = event_loop;
    }

@@ -275,7 +314,7 @@ pub trait ApplicationHandler {
    ///
    /// This is irreversible - if this method is called, it is guaranteed that the event loop
    /// will exit right after.
-    fn exiting(&mut self, event_loop: &ActiveEventLoop) {
+    fn exiting(&mut self, event_loop: &dyn ActiveEventLoop) {
        let _ = event_loop;
    }

@@ -303,31 +342,46 @@ pub trait ApplicationHandler {
    /// ### Others
    ///
    /// - **macOS / Orbital / Wayland / Web / Windows:** Unsupported.
-    fn memory_warning(&mut self, event_loop: &ActiveEventLoop) {
+    fn memory_warning(&mut self, event_loop: &dyn ActiveEventLoop) {
        let _ = event_loop;
    }
+
+    /// The macOS-specific handler.
+    ///
+    /// The return value from this should not change at runtime.
+    #[cfg(any(docsrs, macos_platform))]
+    #[inline(always)]
+    fn macos_handler(&mut self) -> Option<&mut dyn ApplicationHandlerExtMacOS> {
+        None
+    }
 }

+#[deny(clippy::missing_trait_methods)]
 impl<A: ?Sized + ApplicationHandler> ApplicationHandler for &mut A {
    #[inline]
-    fn new_events(&mut self, event_loop: &ActiveEventLoop, cause: StartCause) {
+    fn new_events(&mut self, event_loop: &dyn ActiveEventLoop, cause: StartCause) {
        (**self).new_events(event_loop, cause);
    }

    #[inline]
-    fn resumed(&mut self, event_loop: &ActiveEventLoop) {
+    fn resumed(&mut self, event_loop: &dyn ActiveEventLoop) {
        (**self).resumed(event_loop);
    }

    #[inline]
-    fn proxy_wake_up(&mut self, event_loop: &ActiveEventLoop) {
+    fn can_create_surfaces(&mut self, event_loop: &dyn ActiveEventLoop) {
+        (**self).can_create_surfaces(event_loop);
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn proxy_wake_up(&mut self, event_loop: &dyn ActiveEventLoop) {
        (**self).proxy_wake_up(event_loop);
    }

    #[inline]
    fn window_event(
        &mut self,
-        event_loop: &ActiveEventLoop,
+        event_loop: &dyn ActiveEventLoop,
        window_id: WindowId,
        event: WindowEvent,
    ) {
@@ -337,54 +391,71 @@ impl<A: ?Sized + ApplicationHandler> ApplicationHandler for &mut A {
    #[inline]
    fn device_event(
        &mut self,
-        event_loop: &ActiveEventLoop,
-        device_id: DeviceId,
+        event_loop: &dyn ActiveEventLoop,
+        device_id: Option<DeviceId>,
        event: DeviceEvent,
    ) {
        (**self).device_event(event_loop, device_id, event);
    }

    #[inline]
-    fn about_to_wait(&mut self, event_loop: &ActiveEventLoop) {
+    fn about_to_wait(&mut self, event_loop: &dyn ActiveEventLoop) {
        (**self).about_to_wait(event_loop);
    }

    #[inline]
-    fn suspended(&mut self, event_loop: &ActiveEventLoop) {
+    fn suspended(&mut self, event_loop: &dyn ActiveEventLoop) {
        (**self).suspended(event_loop);
    }

    #[inline]
-    fn exiting(&mut self, event_loop: &ActiveEventLoop) {
+    fn destroy_surfaces(&mut self, event_loop: &dyn ActiveEventLoop) {
+        (**self).destroy_surfaces(event_loop);
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn exiting(&mut self, event_loop: &dyn ActiveEventLoop) {
        (**self).exiting(event_loop);
    }

    #[inline]
-    fn memory_warning(&mut self, event_loop: &ActiveEventLoop) {
+    fn memory_warning(&mut self, event_loop: &dyn ActiveEventLoop) {
        (**self).memory_warning(event_loop);
    }
+
+    #[cfg(any(docsrs, macos_platform))]
+    #[inline]
+    fn macos_handler(&mut self) -> Option<&mut dyn ApplicationHandlerExtMacOS> {
+        (**self).macos_handler()
+    }
 }

+#[deny(clippy::missing_trait_methods)]
 impl<A: ?Sized + ApplicationHandler> ApplicationHandler for Box<A> {
    #[inline]
-    fn new_events(&mut self, event_loop: &ActiveEventLoop, cause: StartCause) {
+    fn new_events(&mut self, event_loop: &dyn ActiveEventLoop, cause: StartCause) {
        (**self).new_events(event_loop, cause);
    }

    #[inline]
-    fn resumed(&mut self, event_loop: &ActiveEventLoop) {
+    fn resumed(&mut self, event_loop: &dyn ActiveEventLoop) {
        (**self).resumed(event_loop);
    }

    #[inline]
-    fn proxy_wake_up(&mut self, event_loop: &ActiveEventLoop) {
+    fn can_create_surfaces(&mut self, event_loop: &dyn ActiveEventLoop) {
+        (**self).can_create_surfaces(event_loop);
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn proxy_wake_up(&mut self, event_loop: &dyn ActiveEventLoop) {
        (**self).proxy_wake_up(event_loop);
    }

    #[inline]
    fn window_event(
        &mut self,
-        event_loop: &ActiveEventLoop,
+        event_loop: &dyn ActiveEventLoop,
        window_id: WindowId,
        event: WindowEvent,
    ) {
@@ -394,30 +465,41 @@ impl<A: ?Sized + ApplicationHandler> ApplicationHandler for Box<A> {
    #[inline]
    fn device_event(
        &mut self,
-        event_loop: &ActiveEventLoop,
-        device_id: DeviceId,
+        event_loop: &dyn ActiveEventLoop,
+        device_id: Option<DeviceId>,
        event: DeviceEvent,
    ) {
        (**self).device_event(event_loop, device_id, event);
    }

    #[inline]
-    fn about_to_wait(&mut self, event_loop: &ActiveEventLoop) {
+    fn about_to_wait(&mut self, event_loop: &dyn ActiveEventLoop) {
        (**self).about_to_wait(event_loop);
    }

    #[inline]
-    fn suspended(&mut self, event_loop: &ActiveEventLoop) {
+    fn suspended(&mut self, event_loop: &dyn ActiveEventLoop) {
        (**self).suspended(event_loop);
    }

    #[inline]
-    fn exiting(&mut self, event_loop: &ActiveEventLoop) {
+    fn destroy_surfaces(&mut self, event_loop: &dyn ActiveEventLoop) {
+        (**self).destroy_surfaces(event_loop);
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn exiting(&mut self, event_loop: &dyn ActiveEventLoop) {
        (**self).exiting(event_loop);
    }

    #[inline]
-    fn memory_warning(&mut self, event_loop: &ActiveEventLoop) {
+    fn memory_warning(&mut self, event_loop: &dyn ActiveEventLoop) {
        (**self).memory_warning(event_loop);
    }
+
+    #[cfg(any(docsrs, macos_platform))]
+    #[inline]
+    fn macos_handler(&mut self) -> Option<&mut dyn ApplicationHandlerExtMacOS> {
+        (**self).macos_handler()
+    }
 }
--- a/src/changelog/unreleased.md
+++ b/src/changelog/unreleased.md
@@ -40,8 +40,49 @@ changelog entry.

 ## Unreleased

+### Added
+
+- Add `ActiveEventLoop::create_proxy()`.
+- On Web, add `ActiveEventLoopExtWeb::is_cursor_lock_raw()` to determine if
+  `DeviceEvent::MouseMotion` is returning raw data, not OS accelerated, when using
+  `CursorGrabMode::Locked`.
+- On Web, implement `MonitorHandle` and `VideoModeHandle`.
+
+  Without prompting the user for permission, only the current monitor is returned. But when
+  prompting and being granted permission through
+  `ActiveEventLoop::request_detailed_monitor_permission()`, access to all monitors and their
+  details is available. Handles created with "detailed monitor permissions" can be used in
+  `Window::set_fullscreen()` as well.
+
+  Keep in mind that handles do not auto-upgrade after permissions are granted and have to be
+  re-created to make full use of this feature.
+- Implement `Clone`, `Copy`, `Debug`, `Deserialize`, `Eq`, `Hash`, `Ord`, `PartialEq`, `PartialOrd`
+  and `Serialize` on many types.
+- Add `MonitorHandle::current_video_mode()`.
+- On Android, the soft keyboard can now be shown using `Window::set_ime_allowed`.
+- Add basic iOS IME support. The soft keyboard can now be shown using `Window::set_ime_allowed`.
+- Add `ApplicationHandlerExtMacOS` trait, and a `macos_handler` method to `ApplicationHandler` which returns a `dyn ApplicationHandlerExtMacOS` which allows for macOS specific extensions to winit.
+- Add a `standard_key_binding` method to the `ApplicationHandlerExtMacOS` trait. This allows handling of standard keybindings such as "go to end of line" on macOS.
+- On macOS, add `WindowExtMacOS::set_borderless_game` and `WindowAttributesExtMacOS::with_borderless_game`
+  to fully disable the menu bar and dock in Borderless Fullscreen as commonly done in games.
+- On macOS, add `WindowExtMacOS::set_unified_titlebar` and `WindowAttributesExtMacOS::with_unified_titlebar`
+  to use a larger style of titlebar.
+- Add `WindowId::into_raw()` and `from_raw()`.
+- Add `PointerKind`, `PointerSource`, `ButtonSource`, `FingerId`, `primary` and `position` to all
+  pointer events as part of the pointer event overhaul.
+- Add `DeviceId::into_raw()` and `from_raw()`.
+- On X11, the `window` example now understands the `X11_VISUAL_ID` and `X11_SCREEN_ID` env
+  variables to test the respective modifiers of window creation.
+- Added `Window::surface_position`, which is the position of the surface inside the window.
+- Added `Window::safe_area`, which describes the area of the surface that is unobstructed.
+- On X11, Wayland, Windows and macOS, improved scancode conversions for more obscure key codes.
+
 ### Changed

+- Change `ActiveEventLoop` to be a trait.
+- Change `Window` to be a trait.
+- `ActiveEventLoop::create_window` now returns `Box<dyn Window>`.
+- `ApplicationHandler` now uses `dyn ActiveEventLoop`.
 - On Web, let events wake up event loop immediately when using `ControlFlow::Poll`.
 - Bump MSRV from `1.70` to `1.73`.
 - Changed `ApplicationHandler::user_event` to `user_wake_up`, removing the
@@ -52,14 +93,126 @@ changelog entry.
  to send specific data to be processed on the main thread.
 - Changed `EventLoopProxy::send_event` to `EventLoopProxy::wake_up`, it now
  only wakes up the loop.
+- On X11, implement smooth resizing through the sync extension API.
+- `ApplicationHandler::can_create|destroy_surfaces()` was split off from
+  `ApplicationHandler::resumed/suspended()`.
+
+  `ApplicationHandler::can_create_surfaces()` should, for portability reasons
+  to Android, be the only place to create render surfaces.
+
+  `ApplicationHandler::resumed/suspended()` are now only emitted by iOS, Web
+  and Android, and now signify actually resuming/suspending the application.
+- Rename `platform::web::*ExtWebSys` to `*ExtWeb`.
+- Change signature of `EventLoop::run_app`, `EventLoopExtPumpEvents::pump_app_events` and
+  `EventLoopExtRunOnDemand::run_app_on_demand` to accept a `impl ApplicationHandler` directly,
+  instead of requiring a `&mut` reference to it.
+- On Web, `Window::canvas()` now returns a reference.
+- On Web, `CursorGrabMode::Locked` now lets `DeviceEvent::MouseMotion` return raw data, not OS
+  accelerated, if the browser supports it.
+- `(Active)EventLoop::create_custom_cursor()` now returns a `Result<CustomCursor, ExternalError>`.
+- Changed how `ModifiersState` is serialized by Serde.
+- `VideoModeHandle::refresh_rate_millihertz()` and `bit_depth()` now return a `Option<NonZero*>`.
+- `MonitorHandle::position()` now returns an `Option`.
+- On iOS and macOS, remove custom application delegates. You are now allowed to override the
+  application delegate yourself.
+- On iOS, no longer act as-if the application successfully open all URLs. Override
+  `application:didFinishLaunchingWithOptions:` and provide the desired behaviour yourself.
+- On X11, remove our dependency on libXcursor. (#3749)
+- Renamed the following APIs to make it clearer that the sizes apply to the underlying surface:
+  - `WindowEvent::Resized` to `SurfaceResized`.
+  - `InnerSizeWriter` to `SurfaceSizeWriter`.
+  - `WindowAttributes.inner_size` to `surface_size`.
+  - `WindowAttributes.min_inner_size` to `min_surface_size`.
+  - `WindowAttributes.max_inner_size` to `max_surface_size`.
+  - `WindowAttributes.resize_increments` to `surface_resize_increments`.
+  - `WindowAttributes::with_inner_size` to `with_surface_size`.
+  - `WindowAttributes::with_min_inner_size` to `with_min_surface_size`.
+  - `WindowAttributes::with_max_inner_size` to `with_max_surface_size`.
+  - `WindowAttributes::with_resize_increments` to `with_surface_resize_increments`.
+  - `Window::inner_size` to `surface_size`.
+  - `Window::request_inner_size` to `request_surface_size`.
+  - `Window::set_min_inner_size` to `set_min_surface_size`.
+  - `Window::set_max_inner_size` to `set_max_surface_size`.
+
+  To migrate, you can probably just replace all instances of `inner_size` with `surface_size` in your codebase.
+- Every event carrying a `DeviceId` now uses `Option<DeviceId>` instead. A `None` value signifies that the
+  device can't be uniquely identified.
+- Pointer `WindowEvent`s were overhauled. The new events can handle any type of pointer, serving as
+  a single pointer input source. Now your application can handle any pointer type without having to
+  explicitly handle e.g. `Touch`:
+  - Rename `CursorMoved` to `PointerMoved`.
+  - Rename `CursorEntered` to `PointerEntered`.
+  - Rename `CursorLeft` to `PointerLeft`.
+  - Rename `MouseInput` to `PointerButton`.
+  - Add `primary` to every `PointerEvent` as a way to identify discard non-primary pointers in a
+    multi-touch interaction.
+  - Add `position` to every `PointerEvent`.
+  - `PointerMoved` is **not sent** after `PointerEntered` anymore.
+  - Remove `Touch`, which is folded into the `Pointer*` events.
+  - New `PointerKind` added to `PointerEntered` and `PointerLeft`, signifying which pointer type is
+    the source of this event.
+  - New `PointerSource` added to `PointerMoved`, similar to `PointerKind` but holding additional
+    data.
+  - New `ButtonSource` added to `PointerButton`, similar to `PointerKind` but holding pointer type
+    specific buttons. Use `ButtonSource::mouse_button()` to easily normalize any pointer button
+    type to a generic mouse button.
+  - New `FingerId` added to `PointerKind::Touch` and `PointerSource::Touch` able to uniquely
+    identify a finger in a multi-touch interaction. Replaces the old `Touch::id`.
+  - In the same spirit rename `DeviceEvent::MouseMotion` to `PointerMotion`.
+  - Remove `Force::Calibrated::altitude_angle`.
+- On X11, use bottom-right corner for IME hotspot in `Window::set_ime_cursor_area`.
+- On macOS and iOS, no longer emit `ScaleFactorChanged` upon window creation.
+- On macOS, no longer emit `Focused` upon window creation.
+- On iOS, emit more events immediately, instead of queuing them.
+- Update `smol_str` to version `0.3`

 ### Removed

- Remove `EventLoop::run`.
- Remove `EventLoopExtRunOnDemand::run_on_demand`.
- Remove `EventLoopExtPumpEvents::pump_events`.
 - Remove `Event`.
+- Remove already deprecated APIs:
+  - `EventLoop::create_window()`
+  - `EventLoop::run`.
+  - `EventLoopBuilder::new()`
+  - `EventLoopExtPumpEvents::pump_events`.
+  - `EventLoopExtRunOnDemand::run_on_demand`.
+  - `VideoMode`
+  - `WindowAttributes::new()`
+  - `Window::set_cursor_icon()`
 - On iOS, remove `platform::ios::EventLoopExtIOS` and related `platform::ios::Idiom` type.

  This feature was incomplete, and the equivalent functionality can be trivially achieved outside
  of `winit` using `objc2-ui-kit` and calling `UIDevice::currentDevice().userInterfaceIdiom()`.
+- On Web, remove unused `platform::web::CustomCursorError::Animation`.
+- Remove the `rwh_04` and `rwh_05` cargo feature and the corresponding `raw-window-handle` v0.4 and
+  v0.5 support. v0.6 remains in place and is enabled by default.
+- Remove `DeviceEvent::Added` and `DeviceEvent::Removed`.
+- Remove `DeviceEvent::Motion` and `WindowEvent::AxisMotion`.
+- Remove `MonitorHandle::size()` and `refresh_rate_millihertz()` in favor of
+  `MonitorHandle::current_video_mode()`.
+- On Android, remove all `MonitorHandle` support instead of emitting false data.
+- Remove `impl From<u64> for WindowId` and `impl From<WindowId> for u64`. Replaced with
+  `WindowId::into_raw()` and `from_raw()`.
+- Remove `dummy()` from `WindowId` and `DeviceId`.
+- Remove `WindowEvent::Touch` and `Touch` in favor of the new `PointerKind`, `PointerSource` and
+ `ButtonSource` as part of the new pointer event overhaul.
+- Remove `Force::altitude_angle`.
+- Removed `Window::inner_position`, use the new `Window::surface_position` instead.
+
+### Fixed
+
+- On Orbital, `MonitorHandle::name()` now returns `None` instead of a dummy name.
+- On macOS, fix `WindowEvent::Moved` sometimes being triggered unnecessarily on resize.
+- On macOS, package manifest definitions of `LSUIElement` will no longer be overridden with the
+  default activation policy, unless explicitly provided during initialization.
+- On macOS, fix crash when calling `drag_window()` without a left click present.
+- On X11, key events forward to IME anyway, even when it's disabled.
+- On Windows, make `ControlFlow::WaitUntil` work more precisely using `CREATE_WAITABLE_TIMER_HIGH_RESOLUTION`.
+- On X11, creating windows on screen that is not the first one (e.g. `DISPLAY=:0.1`) works again.
+- On X11, creating windows while passing `with_x11_screen(non_default_screen)` works again.
+- On X11, fix XInput handling that prevented a new window from getting the focus in some cases.
+- On iOS, fixed `SurfaceResized` and `Window::surface_size` not reporting the size of the actual surface.
+- On macOS, fixed the scancode conversion for audio volume keys.
+- On macOS, fixed the scancode conversion for `IntlBackslash`.
+- On macOS, fixed redundant `SurfaceResized` event at window creation.
+- On macOS, fix crash when pressing Caps Lock in certain configurations.
+- On iOS, fixed `MonitorHandle`'s `PartialEq` and `Hash` implementations.
--- a/src/changelog/v0.20.md
+++ b/src/changelog/v0.20.md
@@ -137,7 +137,7 @@

 - On X11, non-resizable windows now have maximize explicitly disabled.
 - On Windows, support paths longer than MAX_PATH (260 characters) in `WindowEvent::DroppedFile`
-and `WindowEvent::HoveredFile`.
+  and `WindowEvent::HoveredFile`.
 - On Mac, implement `DeviceEvent::Button`.
 - Change `Event::Suspended(true / false)` to `Event::Suspended` and `Event::Resumed`.
 - On X11, fix sanity check which checks that a monitor's reported width and height (in millimeters) are non-zero when calculating the DPI factor.
--- a/src/changelog/v0.30.md
+++ b/src/changelog/v0.30.md
@@ -1,3 +1,32 @@
+## 0.30.5
+
+### Added
+
+- Add `ActiveEventLoop::system_theme()`, returning the current system theme.
+- On Web, implement `Error` for `platform::web::CustomCursorError`.
+- On Android, add `{Active,}EventLoopExtAndroid::android_app()` to access the app used to create the loop.
+
+### Fixed
+
+- On MacOS, fix building with `feature = "rwh_04"`.
+- On Web, pen events are now routed through to `WindowEvent::Cursor*`.
+- On macOS, fix panic when releasing not available monitor.
+- On MacOS, return the system theme in `Window::theme()` if no theme override is set.
+
+## 0.30.4
+
+### Changed
+
+- `DeviceId::dummy()` and `WindowId::dummy()` are no longer marked `unsafe`.
+
+### Fixed
+
+- On Wayland, avoid crashing when compositor is misbehaving.
+- On Web, fix `WindowEvent::Resized` not using `requestAnimationFrame` when sending
+  `WindowEvent::RedrawRequested` and also potentially causing `WindowEvent::RedrawRequested`
+  to not be de-duplicated.
+- Account for different browser engine implementations of pointer movement coordinate space.
+
 ## 0.30.3

 ### Added
--- a/src/changelog/v0.9.md
+++ b/src/changelog/v0.9.md
@@ -3,20 +3,20 @@
 - Added event `WindowEvent::HiDPIFactorChanged`.
 - Added method `MonitorId::get_hidpi_factor`.
 - Deprecated `get_inner_size_pixels` and `get_inner_size_points` methods of `Window` in favor of
-`get_inner_size`.
+  `get_inner_size`.
 - **Breaking:** `EventsLoop` is `!Send` and `!Sync` because of platform-dependant constraints,
  but `Window`, `WindowId`, `DeviceId` and `MonitorId` guaranteed to be `Send`.
 - `MonitorId::get_position` now returns `(i32, i32)` instead of `(u32, u32)`.
 - Rewrite of the wayland backend to use wayland-client-0.11
 - Support for dead keys on wayland for keyboard utf8 input
 - Monitor enumeration on Windows is now implemented using `EnumDisplayMonitors` instead of
-`EnumDisplayDevices`. This changes the value returned by `MonitorId::get_name()`.
+  `EnumDisplayDevices`. This changes the value returned by `MonitorId::get_name()`.
 - On Windows added `MonitorIdExt::hmonitor` method
 - Impl `Clone` for `EventsLoopProxy`
 - `EventsLoop::get_primary_monitor()` on X11 will fallback to any available monitor if no primary is found
 - Support for touch event on wayland
 - `WindowEvent`s `MouseMoved`, `MouseEntered`, and `MouseLeft` have been renamed to
-`CursorMoved`, `CursorEntered`, and `CursorLeft`.
+  `CursorMoved`, `CursorEntered`, and `CursorLeft`.
 - New `DeviceEvent`s added, `MouseMotion` and `MouseWheel`.
 - Send `CursorMoved` event after `CursorEntered` and `Focused` events.
 - Add support for `ModifiersState`, `MouseMove`, `MouseInput`, `MouseMotion` for emscripten backend.
--- a/src/cursor.rs
+++ b/src/cursor.rs
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ impl From<CustomCursor> for Cursor {
 /// ```no_run
 /// # use winit::event_loop::ActiveEventLoop;
 /// # use winit::window::Window;
-/// # fn scope(event_loop: &ActiveEventLoop, window: &Window) {
+/// # fn scope(event_loop: &dyn ActiveEventLoop, window: &dyn Window) {
 /// use winit::window::CustomCursor;
 ///
 /// let w = 10;
@@ -62,13 +62,13 @@ impl From<CustomCursor> for Cursor {
 ///
 /// #[cfg(target_family = "wasm")]
 /// let source = {
-///     use winit::platform::web::CustomCursorExtWebSys;
+///     use winit::platform::web::CustomCursorExtWeb;
 ///     CustomCursor::from_url(String::from("http://localhost:3000/cursor.png"), 0, 0)
 /// };
 ///
-/// let custom_cursor = event_loop.create_custom_cursor(source);
-///
-/// window.set_cursor(custom_cursor.clone());
+/// if let Ok(custom_cursor) = event_loop.create_custom_cursor(source) {
+///     window.set_cursor(custom_cursor.clone().into());
+/// }
 /// # }
 /// ```
 #[derive(Clone, Debug, Eq, Hash, PartialEq)]
@@ -107,13 +107,16 @@ impl CustomCursor {
 /// Source for [`CustomCursor`].
 ///
 /// See [`CustomCursor`] for more details.
-#[derive(Debug)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Eq, Hash, PartialEq)]
 pub struct CustomCursorSource {
+    // Some platforms don't support custom cursors.
+    #[allow(dead_code)]
    pub(crate) inner: PlatformCustomCursorSource,
 }

 /// An error produced when using [`CustomCursor::from_rgba`] with invalid arguments.
-#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
+#[cfg_attr(feature = "serde", derive(serde::Serialize, serde::Deserialize))]
 pub enum BadImage {
    /// Produced when the image dimensions are larger than [`MAX_CURSOR_SIZE`]. This doesn't
    /// guarantee that the cursor will work, but should avoid many platform and device specific
@@ -164,7 +167,7 @@ impl Error for BadImage {}
 /// Platforms export this directly as `PlatformCustomCursorSource` if they need to only work with
 /// images.
 #[allow(dead_code)]
-#[derive(Debug)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Eq, Hash, PartialEq)]
 pub(crate) struct OnlyCursorImageSource(pub(crate) CursorImage);

 #[allow(dead_code)]
@@ -199,7 +202,7 @@ impl PartialEq for OnlyCursorImage {

 impl Eq for OnlyCursorImage {}

-#[derive(Debug)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Eq, Hash, PartialEq)]
 #[allow(dead_code)]
 pub(crate) struct CursorImage {
    pub(crate) rgba: Vec<u8>,
--- a/src/error.rs
+++ b/src/error.rs
@@ -1,44 +1,40 @@
-use std::{error, fmt};
+use std::error::Error;
+use std::fmt::{self, Display};

-use crate::platform_impl;
-
-// TODO: Rename
-/// An error that may be generated when requesting Winit state
-#[derive(Debug)]
-pub enum ExternalError {
-    /// The operation is not supported by the backend.
-    NotSupported(NotSupportedError),
-    /// The operation was ignored.
-    Ignored,
-    /// The OS cannot perform the operation.
-    Os(OsError),
-}
-
-/// The error type for when the requested operation is not supported by the backend.
-#[derive(Clone)]
-pub struct NotSupportedError {
-    _marker: (),
-}
-
-/// The error type for when the OS cannot perform the requested operation.
-#[derive(Debug)]
-pub struct OsError {
-    line: u32,
-    file: &'static str,
-    error: platform_impl::OsError,
-}
-
-/// A general error that may occur while running the Winit event loop
+/// A general error that may occur while running or creating
+/// the event loop.
 #[derive(Debug)]
+#[non_exhaustive]
 pub enum EventLoopError {
-    /// The operation is not supported by the backend.
-    NotSupported(NotSupportedError),
-    /// The OS cannot perform the operation.
-    Os(OsError),
    /// The event loop can't be re-created.
    RecreationAttempt,
    /// Application has exit with an error status.
    ExitFailure(i32),
+    /// Got unspecified OS-specific error during the request.
+    Os(OsError),
+    /// Creating the event loop with the requested configuration is not supported.
+    NotSupported(NotSupportedError),
+}
+
+impl fmt::Display for EventLoopError {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        match self {
+            Self::RecreationAttempt => write!(f, "EventLoop can't be recreated"),
+            Self::Os(err) => err.fmt(f),
+            Self::ExitFailure(status) => write!(f, "Exit Failure: {status}"),
+            Self::NotSupported(err) => err.fmt(f),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Error for EventLoopError {
+    fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> {
+        if let Self::Os(err) = self {
+            err.source()
+        } else {
+            None
+        }
+    }
 }

 impl From<OsError> for EventLoopError {
@@ -47,18 +43,102 @@ impl From<OsError> for EventLoopError {
    }
 }

-impl NotSupportedError {
-    #[inline]
-    #[allow(dead_code)]
-    pub(crate) fn new() -> NotSupportedError {
-        NotSupportedError { _marker: () }
+impl From<NotSupportedError> for EventLoopError {
+    fn from(value: NotSupportedError) -> Self {
+        Self::NotSupported(value)
    }
 }

+/// A general error that may occur during a request to the windowing system.
+#[derive(Debug)]
+#[non_exhaustive]
+pub enum RequestError {
+    /// The request is not supported.
+    NotSupported(NotSupportedError),
+    /// The request was ignored by the operating system.
+    Ignored,
+    /// Got unspecified OS specific error during the request.
+    Os(OsError),
+}
+
+impl Display for RequestError {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        match self {
+            Self::NotSupported(err) => err.fmt(f),
+            Self::Ignored => write!(f, "The request was ignored"),
+            Self::Os(err) => err.fmt(f),
+        }
+    }
+}
+impl Error for RequestError {
+    fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> {
+        if let Self::Os(err) = self {
+            err.source()
+        } else {
+            None
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<NotSupportedError> for RequestError {
+    fn from(value: NotSupportedError) -> Self {
+        Self::NotSupported(value)
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<OsError> for RequestError {
+    fn from(value: OsError) -> Self {
+        Self::Os(value)
+    }
+}
+
+/// The requested operation is not supported.
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct NotSupportedError {
+    /// The reason why a certain operation is not supported.
+    reason: &'static str,
+}
+
+impl NotSupportedError {
+    pub(crate) fn new(reason: &'static str) -> Self {
+        Self { reason }
+    }
+}
+
+impl fmt::Display for NotSupportedError {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        write!(f, "Operation is not supported: {}", self.reason)
+    }
+}
+impl Error for NotSupportedError {}
+
+/// Unclassified error from the OS.
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct OsError {
+    line: u32,
+    file: &'static str,
+    error: Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync + 'static>,
+}
+
 impl OsError {
    #[allow(dead_code)]
-    pub(crate) fn new(line: u32, file: &'static str, error: platform_impl::OsError) -> OsError {
-        OsError { line, file, error }
+    pub(crate) fn new(
+        line: u32,
+        file: &'static str,
+        error: impl Into<Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync + 'static>>,
+    ) -> Self {
+        Self { line, file, error: error.into() }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Display for OsError {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        f.pad(&format!("os error at {}:{}: {}", self.file, self.line, self.error))
+    }
+}
+impl Error for OsError {
+    fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> {
+        Some(self.error.as_ref())
    }
 }

@@ -68,64 +148,3 @@ macro_rules! os_error {
        crate::error::OsError::new(line!(), file!(), $error)
    }};
 }
-
-impl fmt::Display for OsError {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> Result<(), fmt::Error> {
-        f.pad(&format!("os error at {}:{}: {}", self.file, self.line, self.error))
-    }
-}
-
-impl fmt::Display for ExternalError {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> Result<(), fmt::Error> {
-        match self {
-            ExternalError::NotSupported(e) => e.fmt(f),
-            ExternalError::Ignored => write!(f, "Operation was ignored"),
-            ExternalError::Os(e) => e.fmt(f),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl fmt::Debug for NotSupportedError {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> Result<(), fmt::Error> {
-        f.debug_struct("NotSupportedError").finish()
-    }
-}
-
-impl fmt::Display for NotSupportedError {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> Result<(), fmt::Error> {
-        f.pad("the requested operation is not supported by Winit")
-    }
-}
-
-impl fmt::Display for EventLoopError {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> Result<(), fmt::Error> {
-        match self {
-            EventLoopError::RecreationAttempt => write!(f, "EventLoop can't be recreated"),
-            EventLoopError::NotSupported(e) => e.fmt(f),
-            EventLoopError::Os(e) => e.fmt(f),
-            EventLoopError::ExitFailure(status) => write!(f, "Exit Failure: {status}"),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl error::Error for OsError {}
-impl error::Error for ExternalError {}
-impl error::Error for NotSupportedError {}
-impl error::Error for EventLoopError {}
-
-#[cfg(test)]
-#[allow(clippy::redundant_clone)]
-mod tests {
-    use super::*;
-
-    // Eat attributes for testing
-    #[test]
-    fn ensure_fmt_does_not_panic() {
-        let _ = format!("{:?}, {}", NotSupportedError::new(), NotSupportedError::new().clone());
-        let _ = format!(
-            "{:?}, {}",
-            ExternalError::NotSupported(NotSupportedError::new()),
-            ExternalError::NotSupported(NotSupportedError::new())
-        );
-    }
-}
--- a/src/event.rs
+++ b/src/event.rs
--- a/src/event_loop.rs
+++ b/src/event_loop.rs
@@ -13,17 +13,20 @@ use std::marker::PhantomData;
 #[cfg(any(x11_platform, wayland_platform))]
 use std::os::unix::io::{AsFd, AsRawFd, BorrowedFd, RawFd};
 use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicBool, AtomicUsize, Ordering};
-
+use std::sync::Arc;
 #[cfg(not(web_platform))]
 use std::time::{Duration, Instant};
+
+use rwh_06::{DisplayHandle, HandleError, HasDisplayHandle};
 #[cfg(web_platform)]
 use web_time::{Duration, Instant};

 use crate::application::ApplicationHandler;
-use crate::error::{EventLoopError, OsError};
+use crate::error::{EventLoopError, RequestError};
 use crate::monitor::MonitorHandle;
 use crate::platform_impl;
-use crate::window::{CustomCursor, CustomCursorSource, Window, WindowAttributes};
+use crate::utils::AsAny;
+use crate::window::{CustomCursor, CustomCursorSource, Theme, Window, WindowAttributes};

 /// Provides a way to retrieve events from the system and from the windows that were registered to
 /// the events loop.
@@ -45,37 +48,19 @@ pub struct EventLoop {
    pub(crate) _marker: PhantomData<*mut ()>, // Not Send nor Sync
 }

-/// Target that associates windows with an [`EventLoop`].
-///
-/// This type exists to allow you to create new windows while Winit executes
-/// your callback.
-pub struct ActiveEventLoop {
-    pub(crate) p: platform_impl::ActiveEventLoop,
-    pub(crate) _marker: PhantomData<*mut ()>, // Not Send nor Sync
-}
-
 /// Object that allows building the event loop.
 ///
 /// This is used to make specifying options that affect the whole application
 /// easier. But note that constructing multiple event loops is not supported.
 ///
 /// This can be created using [`EventLoop::builder`].
-#[derive(Default)]
+#[derive(Default, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
 pub struct EventLoopBuilder {
    pub(crate) platform_specific: platform_impl::PlatformSpecificEventLoopAttributes,
 }

 static EVENT_LOOP_CREATED: AtomicBool = AtomicBool::new(false);

-impl EventLoopBuilder {
-    /// Start building a new event loop.
-    #[inline]
-    #[deprecated = "use `EventLoop::builder` instead"]
-    pub fn new() -> Self {
-        EventLoop::builder()
-    }
-}
-
 impl EventLoopBuilder {
    /// Builds a new event loop.
    ///
@@ -89,7 +74,7 @@ impl EventLoopBuilder {
    /// Attempting to create the event loop off the main thread will panic. This
    /// restriction isn't strictly necessary on all platforms, but is imposed to
    /// eliminate any nasty surprises when porting to platforms that require it.
-    /// `EventLoopBuilderExt::any_thread` functions are exposed in the relevant
+    /// `EventLoopBuilderExt::with_any_thread` functions are exposed in the relevant
    /// [`platform`] module if the target platform supports creating an event
    /// loop on any thread.
    ///
@@ -132,15 +117,15 @@ impl EventLoopBuilder {
    }
 }

-impl fmt::Debug for EventLoop {
+impl fmt::Debug for EventLoopBuilder {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
-        f.pad("EventLoop { .. }")
+        f.debug_struct("EventLoopBuilder").finish_non_exhaustive()
    }
 }

-impl fmt::Debug for ActiveEventLoop {
+impl fmt::Debug for EventLoop {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
-        f.pad("ActiveEventLoop { .. }")
+        f.debug_struct("EventLoop").finish_non_exhaustive()
    }
 }

@@ -152,7 +137,7 @@ impl fmt::Debug for ActiveEventLoop {
 ///
 /// [`Wait`]: Self::Wait
 /// [`about_to_wait`]: crate::application::ApplicationHandler::about_to_wait
-#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, Default, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, Default, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
 pub enum ControlFlow {
    /// When the current loop iteration finishes, immediately begin a new iteration regardless of
    /// whether or not new events are available to process.
@@ -224,37 +209,38 @@ impl EventLoop {
    ///
    ///   Web applications are recommended to use
    #[cfg_attr(
-        web_platform,
-        doc = "[`EventLoopExtWebSys::spawn_app()`][crate::platform::web::EventLoopExtWebSys::spawn_app()]"
+        any(web_platform, docsrs),
+        doc = "  [`EventLoopExtWeb::spawn_app()`][crate::platform::web::EventLoopExtWeb::spawn_app()]"
    )]
-    #[cfg_attr(not(web_platform), doc = "`EventLoopExtWebSys::spawn()`")]
-    ///   [^1] instead of [`run_app()`] to avoid the need
-    ///   for the Javascript exception trick, and to make it clearer that the event loop runs
-    ///   asynchronously (via the browser's own, internal, event loop) and doesn't block the
-    ///   current thread of execution like it does on other platforms.
+    #[cfg_attr(not(any(web_platform, docsrs)), doc = "  `EventLoopExtWeb::spawn_app()`")]
+    ///   [^1] instead of [`run_app()`] to avoid the need for the Javascript exception trick, and to
+    ///   make   it clearer that the event loop runs asynchronously (via the browser's own,
+    ///   internal, event   loop) and doesn't block the current thread of execution like it does
+    ///   on other platforms.
    ///
    ///   This function won't be available with `target_feature = "exception-handling"`.
    ///
+    /// [^1]: `spawn_app()` is only available on the Web platform.
+    ///
    /// [`set_control_flow()`]: ActiveEventLoop::set_control_flow()
    /// [`run_app()`]: Self::run_app()
-    /// [^1]: `EventLoopExtWebSys::spawn_app()` is only available on Web.
    #[inline]
    #[cfg(not(all(web_platform, target_feature = "exception-handling")))]
-    pub fn run_app<A: ApplicationHandler>(self, app: &mut A) -> Result<(), EventLoopError> {
+    pub fn run_app<A: ApplicationHandler>(self, app: A) -> Result<(), EventLoopError> {
        self.event_loop.run_app(app)
    }

    /// Creates an [`EventLoopProxy`] that can be used to dispatch user events
    /// to the main event loop, possibly from another thread.
    pub fn create_proxy(&self) -> EventLoopProxy {
-        EventLoopProxy { event_loop_proxy: self.event_loop.create_proxy() }
+        self.event_loop.window_target().create_proxy()
    }

    /// Gets a persistent reference to the underlying platform display.
    ///
    /// See the [`OwnedDisplayHandle`] type for more information.
    pub fn owned_display_handle(&self) -> OwnedDisplayHandle {
-        OwnedDisplayHandle { platform: self.event_loop.window_target().p.owned_display_handle() }
+        self.event_loop.window_target().owned_display_handle()
    }

    /// Change if or when [`DeviceEvent`]s are captured.
@@ -268,51 +254,30 @@ impl EventLoop {
            allowed = ?allowed
        )
        .entered();
-
-        self.event_loop.window_target().p.listen_device_events(allowed);
+        self.event_loop.window_target().listen_device_events(allowed)
    }

    /// Sets the [`ControlFlow`].
    pub fn set_control_flow(&self, control_flow: ControlFlow) {
-        self.event_loop.window_target().p.set_control_flow(control_flow)
-    }
-
-    /// Create a window.
-    ///
-    /// Creating window without event loop running often leads to improper window creation;
-    /// use [`ActiveEventLoop::create_window`] instead.
-    #[deprecated = "use `ActiveEventLoop::create_window` instead"]
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn create_window(&self, window_attributes: WindowAttributes) -> Result<Window, OsError> {
-        let _span = tracing::debug_span!(
-            "winit::EventLoop::create_window",
-            window_attributes = ?window_attributes
-        )
-        .entered();
-
-        let window =
-            platform_impl::Window::new(&self.event_loop.window_target().p, window_attributes)?;
-        Ok(Window { window })
+        self.event_loop.window_target().set_control_flow(control_flow);
    }

    /// Create custom cursor.
-    pub fn create_custom_cursor(&self, custom_cursor: CustomCursorSource) -> CustomCursor {
-        self.event_loop.window_target().p.create_custom_cursor(custom_cursor)
+    ///
+    /// ## Platform-specific
+    ///
+    /// **iOS / Android / Orbital:** Unsupported.
+    pub fn create_custom_cursor(
+        &self,
+        custom_cursor: CustomCursorSource,
+    ) -> Result<CustomCursor, RequestError> {
+        self.event_loop.window_target().create_custom_cursor(custom_cursor)
    }
 }

-#[cfg(feature = "rwh_06")]
-impl rwh_06::HasDisplayHandle for EventLoop {
-    fn display_handle(&self) -> Result<rwh_06::DisplayHandle<'_>, rwh_06::HandleError> {
-        rwh_06::HasDisplayHandle::display_handle(self.event_loop.window_target())
-    }
-}
-
-#[cfg(feature = "rwh_05")]
-unsafe impl rwh_05::HasRawDisplayHandle for EventLoop {
-    /// Returns a [`rwh_05::RawDisplayHandle`] for the event loop.
-    fn raw_display_handle(&self) -> rwh_05::RawDisplayHandle {
-        rwh_05::HasRawDisplayHandle::raw_display_handle(self.event_loop.window_target())
+impl HasDisplayHandle for EventLoop {
+    fn display_handle(&self) -> Result<DisplayHandle<'_>, HandleError> {
+        HasDisplayHandle::display_handle(self.event_loop.window_target().rwh_06_handle())
    }
 }

@@ -344,42 +309,45 @@ impl AsRawFd for EventLoop {
    }
 }

-impl ActiveEventLoop {
+pub trait ActiveEventLoop: AsAny {
+    /// Creates an [`EventLoopProxy`] that can be used to dispatch user events
+    /// to the main event loop, possibly from another thread.
+    fn create_proxy(&self) -> EventLoopProxy;
+
    /// Create the window.
    ///
    /// Possible causes of error include denied permission, incompatible system, and lack of memory.
    ///
    /// ## Platform-specific
    ///
-    /// - **Web:** The window is created but not inserted into the web page automatically. Please
-    ///   see the web platform module for more information.
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn create_window(&self, window_attributes: WindowAttributes) -> Result<Window, OsError> {
-        let _span = tracing::debug_span!(
-            "winit::ActiveEventLoop::create_window",
-            window_attributes = ?window_attributes
-        )
-        .entered();
-
-        let window = platform_impl::Window::new(&self.p, window_attributes)?;
-        Ok(Window { window })
-    }
+    /// - **Web:** The window is created but not inserted into the Web page automatically. Please
+    ///   see the Web platform module for more information.
+    fn create_window(
+        &self,
+        window_attributes: WindowAttributes,
+    ) -> Result<Box<dyn Window>, RequestError>;

    /// Create custom cursor.
-    pub fn create_custom_cursor(&self, custom_cursor: CustomCursorSource) -> CustomCursor {
-        let _span = tracing::debug_span!("winit::ActiveEventLoop::create_custom_cursor",).entered();
-
-        self.p.create_custom_cursor(custom_cursor)
-    }
+    ///
+    /// ## Platform-specific
+    ///
+    /// **iOS / Android / Orbital:** Unsupported.
+    fn create_custom_cursor(
+        &self,
+        custom_cursor: CustomCursorSource,
+    ) -> Result<CustomCursor, RequestError>;

    /// Returns the list of all the monitors available on the system.
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn available_monitors(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = MonitorHandle> {
-        let _span = tracing::debug_span!("winit::ActiveEventLoop::available_monitors",).entered();
-
-        #[allow(clippy::useless_conversion)] // false positive on some platforms
-        self.p.available_monitors().into_iter().map(|inner| MonitorHandle { inner })
-    }
+    ///
+    /// ## Platform-specific
+    ///
+    /// **Web:** Only returns the current monitor without
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        any(web_platform, docsrs),
+        doc = "[detailed monitor permissions][crate::platform::web::ActiveEventLoopExtWeb::request_detailed_monitor_permission]."
+    )]
+    #[cfg_attr(not(any(web_platform, docsrs)), doc = "detailed monitor permissions.")]
+    fn available_monitors(&self) -> Box<dyn Iterator<Item = MonitorHandle>>;

    /// Returns the primary monitor of the system.
    ///
@@ -387,13 +355,14 @@ impl ActiveEventLoop {
    ///
    /// ## Platform-specific
    ///
-    /// **Wayland / Web:** Always returns `None`.
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn primary_monitor(&self) -> Option<MonitorHandle> {
-        let _span = tracing::debug_span!("winit::ActiveEventLoop::primary_monitor",).entered();
-
-        self.p.primary_monitor().map(|inner| MonitorHandle { inner })
-    }
+    /// - **Wayland:** Always returns `None`.
+    /// - **Web:** Always returns `None` without
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        any(web_platform, docsrs),
+        doc = "  [detailed monitor permissions][crate::platform::web::ActiveEventLoopExtWeb::request_detailed_monitor_permission]."
+    )]
+    #[cfg_attr(not(any(web_platform, docsrs)), doc = "  detailed monitor permissions.")]
+    fn primary_monitor(&self) -> Option<MonitorHandle>;

    /// Change if or when [`DeviceEvent`]s are captured.
    ///
@@ -406,70 +375,51 @@ impl ActiveEventLoop {
    /// - **Wayland / macOS / iOS / Android / Orbital:** Unsupported.
    ///
    /// [`DeviceEvent`]: crate::event::DeviceEvent
-    pub fn listen_device_events(&self, allowed: DeviceEvents) {
-        let _span = tracing::debug_span!(
-            "winit::ActiveEventLoop::listen_device_events",
-            allowed = ?allowed
-        )
-        .entered();
+    fn listen_device_events(&self, allowed: DeviceEvents);

-        self.p.listen_device_events(allowed);
-    }
+    /// Returns the current system theme.
+    ///
+    /// Returns `None` if it cannot be determined on the current platform.
+    ///
+    /// ## Platform-specific
+    ///
+    /// - **iOS / Android / Wayland / x11 / Orbital:** Unsupported.
+    fn system_theme(&self) -> Option<Theme>;

    /// Sets the [`ControlFlow`].
-    pub fn set_control_flow(&self, control_flow: ControlFlow) {
-        self.p.set_control_flow(control_flow)
-    }
+    fn set_control_flow(&self, control_flow: ControlFlow);

    /// Gets the current [`ControlFlow`].
-    pub fn control_flow(&self) -> ControlFlow {
-        self.p.control_flow()
-    }
+    fn control_flow(&self) -> ControlFlow;

    /// This exits the event loop.
    ///
    /// See [`exiting`][crate::application::ApplicationHandler::exiting].
-    pub fn exit(&self) {
-        let _span = tracing::debug_span!("winit::ActiveEventLoop::exit",).entered();
-
-        self.p.exit()
-    }
+    fn exit(&self);

    /// Returns if the [`EventLoop`] is about to stop.
    ///
    /// See [`exit()`][Self::exit].
-    pub fn exiting(&self) -> bool {
-        self.p.exiting()
-    }
+    fn exiting(&self) -> bool;

    /// Gets a persistent reference to the underlying platform display.
    ///
    /// See the [`OwnedDisplayHandle`] type for more information.
-    pub fn owned_display_handle(&self) -> OwnedDisplayHandle {
-        OwnedDisplayHandle { platform: self.p.owned_display_handle() }
-    }
+    fn owned_display_handle(&self) -> OwnedDisplayHandle;
+
+    /// Get the raw-window-handle handle.
+    fn rwh_06_handle(&self) -> &dyn HasDisplayHandle;
 }

-#[cfg(feature = "rwh_06")]
-impl rwh_06::HasDisplayHandle for ActiveEventLoop {
-    fn display_handle(&self) -> Result<rwh_06::DisplayHandle<'_>, rwh_06::HandleError> {
-        let raw = self.p.raw_display_handle_rwh_06()?;
-        // SAFETY: The display will never be deallocated while the event loop is alive.
-        Ok(unsafe { rwh_06::DisplayHandle::borrow_raw(raw) })
-    }
-}
-
-#[cfg(feature = "rwh_05")]
-unsafe impl rwh_05::HasRawDisplayHandle for ActiveEventLoop {
-    /// Returns a [`rwh_05::RawDisplayHandle`] for the event loop.
-    fn raw_display_handle(&self) -> rwh_05::RawDisplayHandle {
-        self.p.raw_display_handle_rwh_05()
+impl HasDisplayHandle for dyn ActiveEventLoop + '_ {
+    fn display_handle(&self) -> Result<DisplayHandle<'_>, HandleError> {
+        self.rwh_06_handle().display_handle()
    }
 }

 /// A proxy for the underlying display handle.
 ///
-/// The purpose of this type is to provide a cheaply clonable handle to the underlying
+/// The purpose of this type is to provide a cheaply cloneable handle to the underlying
 /// display handle. This is often used by graphics APIs to connect to the underlying APIs.
 /// It is difficult to keep a handle to the [`EventLoop`] type or the [`ActiveEventLoop`]
 /// type. In contrast, this type involves no lifetimes and can be persisted for as long as
@@ -481,42 +431,53 @@ unsafe impl rwh_05::HasRawDisplayHandle for ActiveEventLoop {
 /// - A reference-counted pointer to the underlying type.
 #[derive(Clone)]
 pub struct OwnedDisplayHandle {
-    #[cfg_attr(not(any(feature = "rwh_05", feature = "rwh_06")), allow(dead_code))]
-    platform: platform_impl::OwnedDisplayHandle,
+    pub(crate) handle: Arc<dyn HasDisplayHandle>,
+}
+
+impl OwnedDisplayHandle {
+    pub(crate) fn new(handle: Arc<dyn HasDisplayHandle>) -> Self {
+        Self { handle }
+    }
+}
+
+impl HasDisplayHandle for OwnedDisplayHandle {
+    fn display_handle(&self) -> Result<DisplayHandle<'_>, HandleError> {
+        self.handle.display_handle()
+    }
 }

 impl fmt::Debug for OwnedDisplayHandle {
-    #[inline]
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
        f.debug_struct("OwnedDisplayHandle").finish_non_exhaustive()
    }
 }

-#[cfg(feature = "rwh_06")]
-impl rwh_06::HasDisplayHandle for OwnedDisplayHandle {
-    #[inline]
-    fn display_handle(&self) -> Result<rwh_06::DisplayHandle<'_>, rwh_06::HandleError> {
-        let raw = self.platform.raw_display_handle_rwh_06()?;
-
-        // SAFETY: The underlying display handle should be safe.
-        let handle = unsafe { rwh_06::DisplayHandle::borrow_raw(raw) };
-
-        Ok(handle)
+impl PartialEq for OwnedDisplayHandle {
+    fn eq(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {
+        match (self.display_handle(), other.display_handle()) {
+            (Ok(lhs), Ok(rhs)) => lhs == rhs,
+            _ => false,
+        }
    }
 }

-#[cfg(feature = "rwh_05")]
-unsafe impl rwh_05::HasRawDisplayHandle for OwnedDisplayHandle {
-    #[inline]
-    fn raw_display_handle(&self) -> rwh_05::RawDisplayHandle {
-        self.platform.raw_display_handle_rwh_05()
-    }
+impl Eq for OwnedDisplayHandle {}
+
+pub(crate) trait EventLoopProxyProvider: Send + Sync {
+    /// See [`EventLoopProxy::wake_up`] for details.
+    fn wake_up(&self);
 }

 /// Control the [`EventLoop`], possibly from a different thread, without referencing it directly.
 #[derive(Clone)]
 pub struct EventLoopProxy {
-    event_loop_proxy: platform_impl::EventLoopProxy,
+    pub(crate) proxy: Arc<dyn EventLoopProxyProvider>,
+}
+
+impl fmt::Debug for EventLoopProxy {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        f.debug_struct("EventLoopProxy").finish_non_exhaustive()
+    }
 }

 impl EventLoopProxy {
@@ -536,18 +497,17 @@ impl EventLoopProxy {
    ///
    /// [#3687]: https://github.com/rust-windowing/winit/pull/3687
    pub fn wake_up(&self) {
-        self.event_loop_proxy.wake_up();
+        self.proxy.wake_up();
    }
-}

-impl fmt::Debug for EventLoopProxy {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
-        f.pad("EventLoopProxy { .. }")
+    pub(crate) fn new(proxy: Arc<dyn EventLoopProxyProvider>) -> Self {
+        Self { proxy }
    }
 }

 /// Control when device events are captured.
 #[derive(Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord, Hash, Debug, Default)]
+#[cfg_attr(feature = "serde", derive(serde::Serialize, serde::Deserialize))]
 pub enum DeviceEvents {
    /// Report device events regardless of window focus.
    Always,
@@ -567,7 +527,7 @@ pub enum DeviceEvents {
 /// containing [`AsyncRequestSerial`] and some closure associated with it.
 /// Then once event is arriving the working list is being traversed and a job
 /// executed and removed from the list.
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
 pub struct AsyncRequestSerial {
    serial: usize,
 }
--- a/src/icon.rs
+++ b/src/icon.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
-use crate::platform_impl::PlatformIcon;
 use std::error::Error;
 use std::{fmt, io, mem};

+use crate::platform_impl::PlatformIcon;
+
 #[repr(C)]
 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub(crate) struct Pixel {
@@ -49,15 +50,15 @@ impl fmt::Display for BadIcon {

 impl Error for BadIcon {}

-#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
 pub(crate) struct RgbaIcon {
    pub(crate) rgba: Vec<u8>,
    pub(crate) width: u32,
    pub(crate) height: u32,
 }

-/// For platforms which don't have window icons (e.g. web)
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
+/// For platforms which don't have window icons (e.g. Web)
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
 pub(crate) struct NoIcon;

 #[allow(dead_code)] // These are not used on every platform
@@ -93,7 +94,7 @@ mod constructors {
 }

 /// An icon used for the window titlebar, taskbar, etc.
-#[derive(Clone)]
+#[derive(Clone, Eq, Hash, PartialEq)]
 pub struct Icon {
    pub(crate) inner: PlatformIcon,
 }
--- a/src/keyboard.rs
+++ b/src/keyboard.rs
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ pub use smol_str::SmolStr;
 /// haven't mapped for you yet, this lets you use use [`KeyCode`] to:
 ///
 /// - Correctly match key press and release events.
-/// - On non-web platforms, support assigning keybinds to virtually any key through a UI.
+/// - On non-Web platforms, support assigning keybinds to virtually any key through a UI.
 #[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord, Hash)]
 #[cfg_attr(feature = "serde", derive(Serialize, Deserialize))]
 pub enum NativeKeyCode {
@@ -1568,10 +1568,15 @@ impl NamedKey {
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ```
+    /// # #[cfg(web_platform)]
+    /// # wasm_bindgen_test::wasm_bindgen_test_configure!(run_in_browser);
+    /// # #[cfg_attr(web_platform, wasm_bindgen_test::wasm_bindgen_test)]
+    /// # fn main() {
    /// use winit::keyboard::NamedKey;
    ///
    /// assert_eq!(NamedKey::Enter.to_text(), Some("\r"));
    /// assert_eq!(NamedKey::F20.to_text(), None);
+    /// # }
    /// ```
    pub fn to_text(&self) -> Option<&str> {
        match self {
@@ -1591,11 +1596,16 @@ impl Key {
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ```
+    /// # #[cfg(web_platform)]
+    /// # wasm_bindgen_test::wasm_bindgen_test_configure!(run_in_browser);
+    /// # #[cfg_attr(web_platform, wasm_bindgen_test::wasm_bindgen_test)]
+    /// # fn main() {
    /// use winit::keyboard::{Key, NamedKey};
    ///
    /// assert_eq!(Key::Character("a".into()).to_text(), Some("a"));
    /// assert_eq!(Key::Named(NamedKey::Enter).to_text(), Some("\r"));
    /// assert_eq!(Key::Named(NamedKey::F20).to_text(), None);
+    /// # }
    /// ```
    pub fn to_text(&self) -> Option<&str> {
        match self {
@@ -1618,7 +1628,7 @@ impl Key {
 ///
 /// [`location`]: ../event/struct.KeyEvent.html#structfield.location
 /// [`KeyEvent`]: crate::event::KeyEvent
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Hash, PartialOrd, Ord)]
 #[cfg_attr(feature = "serde", derive(Serialize, Deserialize))]
 pub enum KeyLocation {
    /// The key is in its "normal" location on the keyboard.
@@ -1690,6 +1700,7 @@ bitflags! {
    ///
    /// Each flag represents a modifier and is set if this modifier is active.
    #[derive(Default, Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord, Hash)]
+    #[cfg_attr(feature = "serde", derive(Serialize, Deserialize))]
    pub struct ModifiersState: u32 {
        /// The "shift" key.
        const SHIFT = 0b100;
@@ -1725,7 +1736,8 @@ impl ModifiersState {
 }

 /// The state of the particular modifiers key.
-#[derive(Default, Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[derive(Default, Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Hash, PartialOrd, Ord)]
+#[cfg_attr(feature = "serde", derive(Serialize, Deserialize))]
 pub enum ModifiersKeyState {
    /// The particular key is pressed.
    Pressed,
@@ -1744,6 +1756,7 @@ pub enum ModifiersKeyState {
 // on macOS due to their AltGr/Option situation.
 bitflags! {
    #[derive(Default, Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
+    #[cfg_attr(feature = "serde", derive(Serialize, Deserialize))]
    pub(crate) struct ModifiersKeys: u8 {
        const LSHIFT   = 0b0000_0001;
        const RSHIFT   = 0b0000_0010;
@@ -1755,50 +1768,3 @@ bitflags! {
        const RSUPER   = 0b1000_0000;
    }
 }
-
-#[cfg(feature = "serde")]
-mod modifiers_serde {
-    use super::ModifiersState;
-    use serde::{Deserialize, Deserializer, Serialize, Serializer};
-
-    #[derive(Default, Serialize, Deserialize)]
-    #[serde(default)]
-    #[serde(rename = "ModifiersState")]
-    pub struct ModifiersStateSerialize {
-        pub shift_key: bool,
-        pub control_key: bool,
-        pub alt_key: bool,
-        pub super_key: bool,
-    }
-
-    impl Serialize for ModifiersState {
-        fn serialize<S>(&self, serializer: S) -> Result<S::Ok, S::Error>
-        where
-            S: Serializer,
-        {
-            let s = ModifiersStateSerialize {
-                shift_key: self.shift_key(),
-                control_key: self.control_key(),
-                alt_key: self.alt_key(),
-                super_key: self.super_key(),
-            };
-            s.serialize(serializer)
-        }
-    }
-
-    impl<'de> Deserialize<'de> for ModifiersState {
-        fn deserialize<D>(deserializer: D) -> Result<Self, D::Error>
-        where
-            D: Deserializer<'de>,
-        {
-            let ModifiersStateSerialize { shift_key, control_key, alt_key, super_key } =
-                ModifiersStateSerialize::deserialize(deserializer)?;
-            let mut m = ModifiersState::empty();
-            m.set(ModifiersState::SHIFT, shift_key);
-            m.set(ModifiersState::CONTROL, control_key);
-            m.set(ModifiersState::ALT, alt_key);
-            m.set(ModifiersState::SUPER, super_key);
-            Ok(m)
-        }
-    }
-}
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,59 @@
 //! Winit is a cross-platform window creation and event loop management library.
 //!
+//! # Usage
+//!
+//! `winit` can be added to `Cargo.toml` as a dependency. It can be added via `cargo add`.
+//!
+//! ```bash
+//! $ cargo add winit
+//! ```
+//!
+//! To only enable the X11 backend on Free Unix[^unix] systems, disable default features
+//! and enable the `x11` feature.
+//!
+//! ```bash
+//! $ cargo add winit --no-default-features --features x11
+//! ```
+//!
+//! To only enable the Wayland backend on Free Unix systems, disable default features
+//! and enable the `wayland` feature.
+//!
+//! ```bash
+//! $ cargo add winit --no-default-features --features wayland
+//! ```
+//!
+//! These features have no effect on systems that are not Free Unix.
+//!
+//! ## Dependencies
+//!
+//! Dependencies on non-system libraries is managed through Cargo. For the X11
+//! backend, the following Ubuntu packages or their equivalents must[^must] be installed.
+//!
+//! - `libx11-dev`
+//! - `libxcb1-dev`
+//! - `libxi-dev`
+//! - `libxcbcommon-dev`
+//! - `libxcbcommon-x11-dev`
+//!
+//! For the Wayland backend, the following Ubuntu packages or their equivalents
+//! must be installed.
+//!
+//! - `libwayland-dev`
+//! - `libxcbcommon-dev`
+//! - `libfontconfig` (only with `sctk-adwaita` feature)
+//! - `freetype` (only with `sctk-adwaita` feature)
+//!
+//! The "dev" packages are only needed for building binaries that use `winit`. On
+//! deployed system the non-`dev` equivalents need to be installed.
+//!
+//! The other backends (Windows, macOS, etc) do not have any dependencies on system libraries
+//! that don't already come with the operating system. However, note that the Windows backend
+//! only supports Windows 10 and above, and the macOS backend only supports macOS
+//! 10.14 and above.
+//!
+//! [^unix]: Unix systems outside of Android and Apple, like Linux or FreeBSD.
+//! [^must]: This is not a "must" when the "dlopen" features are enabled
+//!
 //! # Building windows
 //!
 //! Before you can create a [`Window`], you first need to build an [`EventLoop`]. This is done with
@@ -7,7 +61,12 @@
 //!
 //! ```no_run
 //! use winit::event_loop::EventLoop;
-//! let event_loop = EventLoop::new().unwrap();
+//!
+//! # // Intentionally use `fn main` for clarity
+//! fn main() {
+//!     let event_loop = EventLoop::new().unwrap();
+//!     // ...
+//! }
 //! ```
 //!
 //! Then you create a [`Window`] with [`create_window`].
@@ -26,7 +85,7 @@
 //! will run until [`exit()`] is used, at which point [`exiting()`] is called.
 //!
 //! Winit no longer uses a `EventLoop::poll_events() -> impl Iterator<Event>`-based event loop
-//! model, since that can't be implemented properly on some platforms (e.g web, iOS) and works
+//! model, since that can't be implemented properly on some platforms (e.g Web, iOS) and works
 //! poorly on most other platforms. However, this model can be re-implemented to an extent with
 #![cfg_attr(
    any(windows_platform, macos_platform, android_platform, x11_platform, wayland_platform),
@@ -44,19 +103,19 @@
 //! use winit::application::ApplicationHandler;
 //! use winit::event::WindowEvent;
 //! use winit::event_loop::{ActiveEventLoop, ControlFlow, EventLoop};
-//! use winit::window::{Window, WindowId};
+//! use winit::window::{Window, WindowId, WindowAttributes};
 //!
 //! #[derive(Default)]
 //! struct App {
-//!     window: Option<Window>,
+//!     window: Option<Box<dyn Window>>,
 //! }
 //!
 //! impl ApplicationHandler for App {
-//!     fn resumed(&mut self, event_loop: &ActiveEventLoop) {
-//!         self.window = Some(event_loop.create_window(Window::default_attributes()).unwrap());
+//!     fn can_create_surfaces(&mut self, event_loop: &dyn ActiveEventLoop) {
+//!         self.window = Some(event_loop.create_window(WindowAttributes::default()).unwrap());
 //!     }
 //!
-//!     fn window_event(&mut self, event_loop: &ActiveEventLoop, id: WindowId, event: WindowEvent) {
+//!     fn window_event(&mut self, event_loop: &dyn ActiveEventLoop, id: WindowId, event: WindowEvent) {
 //!         match event {
 //!             WindowEvent::CloseRequested => {
 //!                 println!("The close button was pressed; stopping");
@@ -83,19 +142,22 @@
 //!     }
 //! }
 //!
-//! let event_loop = EventLoop::new().unwrap();
+//! # // Intentionally use `fn main` for clarity
+//! fn main() {
+//!     let event_loop = EventLoop::new().unwrap();
 //!
-//! // ControlFlow::Poll continuously runs the event loop, even if the OS hasn't
-//! // dispatched any events. This is ideal for games and similar applications.
-//! event_loop.set_control_flow(ControlFlow::Poll);
+//!     // ControlFlow::Poll continuously runs the event loop, even if the OS hasn't
+//!     // dispatched any events. This is ideal for games and similar applications.
+//!     event_loop.set_control_flow(ControlFlow::Poll);
 //!
-//! // ControlFlow::Wait pauses the event loop if no events are available to process.
-//! // This is ideal for non-game applications that only update in response to user
-//! // input, and uses significantly less power/CPU time than ControlFlow::Poll.
-//! event_loop.set_control_flow(ControlFlow::Wait);
+//!     // ControlFlow::Wait pauses the event loop if no events are available to process.
+//!     // This is ideal for non-game applications that only update in response to user
+//!     // input, and uses significantly less power/CPU time than ControlFlow::Poll.
+//!     event_loop.set_control_flow(ControlFlow::Wait);
 //!
-//! let mut app = App::default();
-//! event_loop.run_app(&mut app);
+//!     let mut app = App::default();
+//!     event_loop.run_app(&mut app);
+//! }
 //! ```
 //!
 //! [`WindowEvent`] has a [`WindowId`] member. In multi-window environments, it should be
@@ -115,6 +177,45 @@
 //! [`visible` set to `false`][crate::window::WindowAttributes::with_visible] and explicitly make
 //! the window visible only once you're ready to render into it.
 //!
+//! There is another important concept you need to know about when drawing: the "safe area". This
+//! can be accessed with [`Window::safe_area`], and describes a rectangle in the surface that is not
+//! obscured by notches, the status bar, and so on. You should be drawing your background and
+//! non-important content on the entire surface, but restrict important content (such as
+//! interactable UIs, text, etc.) to only being drawn inside the safe area.
+//!
+//! [`Window::safe_area`]: crate::window::Window::safe_area
+//!
+//! # Coordinate systems
+//!
+//! Windowing systems use many different coordinate systems, and this is reflected in Winit as well;
+//! there are "desktop coordinates", which is the coordinates of a window or monitor relative to the
+//! desktop at large, "window coordinates" which is the coordinates of the surface, relative to the
+//! window, and finally "surface coordinates", which is the coordinates relative to the drawn
+//! surface. All of these coordinates are relative to the top-left corner of their respective
+//! origin.
+//!
+//! Most of the functionality in Winit works with surface coordinates, so usually you only need to
+//! concern yourself with those. In case you need to convert to some other coordinate system, Winit
+//! provides [`Window::surface_position`] and [`Window::surface_size`] to describe the surface's
+//! location in window coordinates, and Winit provides [`Window::outer_position`] and
+//! [`Window::outer_size`] to describe the window's location in desktop coordinates. Using these
+//! methods, you should be able to convert a position in one coordinate system to another.
+//!
+//! An overview of how these four methods fit together can be seen in the image below:
+#![doc = concat!("\n\n", include_str!("../docs/res/coordinate-systems-desktop.svg"), "\n\n")] // Rustfmt removes \n, adding them like this works around that.
+//! On mobile, the situation is usually a bit different; because of the smaller screen space,
+//! windows usually fill the whole screen at a time, and as such there is _rarely_ a difference
+//! between these three coordinate systems, although you should still strive to handle this, as
+//! they're still relevant in more niche area such as Mac Catalyst, or multi-tasking on tablets.
+//!
+//! This is illustrated in the image below, along with the safe area since it's often relevant on
+//! mobile.
+#![doc = concat!("\n\n", include_str!("../docs/res/coordinate-systems-mobile.svg"), "\n\n")] // Rustfmt removes \n, adding them like this works around that.
+//! [`Window::surface_position`]: crate::window::Window::surface_position
+//! [`Window::surface_size`]: crate::window::Window::surface_size
+//! [`Window::outer_position`]: crate::window::Window::outer_position
+//! [`Window::outer_size`]: crate::window::Window::outer_size
+//!
 //! # UI scaling
 //!
 //! UI scaling is important, go read the docs for the [`dpi`] crate for an
@@ -140,8 +241,6 @@
 //!
 //! * `x11` (enabled by default): On Unix platforms, enables the X11 backend.
 //! * `wayland` (enabled by default): On Unix platforms, enables the Wayland backend.
-//! * `rwh_04`: Implement `raw-window-handle v0.4` traits.
-//! * `rwh_05`: Implement `raw-window-handle v0.5` traits.
 //! * `rwh_06`: Implement `raw-window-handle v0.6` traits.
 //! * `serde`: Enables serialization/deserialization of certain types with [Serde](https://crates.io/crates/serde).
 //! * `mint`: Enables mint (math interoperability standard types) conversions.
@@ -149,6 +248,62 @@
 //! See the [`platform`] module for documentation on platform-specific cargo
 //! features.
 //!
+//! # Platform/Architecture Support
+//!
+//! Platform support on `winit` has two tiers: Tier 1 and Tier 2.
+//!
+//! - Tier 1 is **guaranteed to work**. Targets in this tier are actively tested both in CI and by
+//!   maintainers.
+//! - Tier 2 is **guaranteed to build**. Code compilation is tested in CI, but deeper testing is not
+//!   done.
+//!
+//! Please open an issue if you would like to add a Tier 2 target, or if you would
+//! like a Tier 2 target moved to Tier 1.
+//!
+//! ## Tier 1 Targets
+//!
+//! |Target Name                    |Target Triple                       |APIs           |
+//! |-------------------------------|------------------------------------|---------------|
+//! |32-Bit x86 Windows with MSVC   |`i686-pc-windows-msvc`              |Win32          |
+//! |64-Bit x86 Windows with MSVC   |`x86_64-pc-windows-msvc`            |Win32          |
+//! |32-Bit x86 Windows with glibc  |`i686-pc-windows-gnu`               |Win32          |
+//! |64-Bit x86 Windows with glibc  |`x86_64-pc-windows-gnu`             |Win32          |
+//! |32-Bit x86 Linux with glibc    |`i686-unknown-linux-gnu`            |X11, Wayland   |
+//! |64-Bit x86 Linux with glibc    |`x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu`          |X11, Wayland   |
+//! |64-Bit ARM Android             |`aarch64-linux-android`             |Android        |
+//! |64-Bit x86 Redox OS            |`x86_64-unknown-redox`              |Orbital        |
+//! |32-Bit x86 Redox OS            |`i686-unknown-redox`                |Orbital        |
+//! |64-Bit ARM Redox OS            |`aarch64-unknown-redox`             |Orbital        |
+//! |64-bit x64 macOS               |`x86_64-apple-darwin`               |AppKit         |
+//! |64-bit ARM macOS               |`aarch64-apple-darwin`              |AppKit         |
+//! |32-bit Wasm Web browser        |`wasm32-unknown-unknown`            |`wasm-bindgen` |
+//!
+//! ## Tier 2 Targets
+//!
+//! |Target Name                         |Target Triple                       |APIs           |
+//! |------------------------------------|------------------------------------|---------------|
+//! |64-Bit ARM Windows with MSVC        |`aarch64-pc-windows-msvc`           |Win32          |
+//! |32-Bit x86 Windows 7 with MSVC      |`i686-win7-windows-msvc`            |Win32          |
+//! |64-Bit x86 Windows 7 with MSVC      |`x86_64-win7-windows-msvc`          |Win32          |
+//! |64-bit x86 Linux with Musl          |`x86_64-unknown-linux-musl`         |X11, Wayland   |
+//! |64-bit x86 Linux with 32-bit glibc  |`x86_64-unknown-linux-gnux32`       |X11, Wayland   |
+//! |64-bit x86 Android                  |`x86_64-linux-android`              |Android        |
+//! |64-bit x64 iOS                      |`x86_64-apple-ios`                  |UIKit          |
+//! |64-bit ARM iOS                      |`aarch64-apple-ios`                 |UIKit          |
+//! |64-bit ARM Mac Catalyst             |`aarch64-apple-ios-macabi`          |UIKit          |
+//! |32-bit x86 Android                  |`i686-linux-android`                |Android        |
+//! |64-bit x86 FreeBSD                  |`x86_64-unknown-freebsd`            |X11, Wayland   |
+//! |64-bit x86 NetBSD                   |`x86_64-unknown-netbsd`             |X11            |
+//! |32-bit x86 Linux with Musl          |`i686-unknown-linux-musl`           |X11, Wayland   |
+//! |64-bit RISC-V Linux with glibc      |`riscv64gc-unknown-linux-gnu`       |X11, Wayland   |
+//! |64-bit ARM Linux with glibc         |`aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu`         |X11, Wayland   |
+//! |64-bit ARM Linux with Musl          |`aarch64-unknown-linux-musl`        |X11, Wayland   |
+//! |64-bit PowerPC Linux with glibc     |`powerpc64le-unknown-linux-gnu`     |X11, Wayland   |
+//! |32-Bit ARM Linux with glibc         |`armv5te-unknown-linux-gnueabi`     |X11, Wayland   |
+//! |64-Bit Linux on IBM Supercomputers  |`s390x-unknown-linux-gnu`           |X11, Wayland   |
+//! |32-bit ARM Android                  |`arm-linux-androideabi`             |Android        |
+//! |64-bit SPARC Linux with glibc       |`sparc64-unknown-linux-gnu`         |X11, Wayland   |
+//!
 //! [`EventLoop`]: event_loop::EventLoop
 //! [`EventLoop::new()`]: event_loop::EventLoop::new
 //! [`EventLoop::run_app()`]: event_loop::EventLoop::run_app
@@ -176,17 +331,12 @@
 // doc
 #![cfg_attr(docsrs, feature(doc_auto_cfg, doc_cfg_hide), doc(cfg_hide(doc, docsrs)))]
 #![allow(clippy::missing_safety_doc)]
-
-#[cfg(feature = "rwh_04")]
-pub use rwh_04 as raw_window_handle_04;
-#[cfg(feature = "rwh_05")]
-pub use rwh_05 as raw_window_handle_05;
-#[cfg(feature = "rwh_06")]
-pub use rwh_06 as raw_window_handle;
+#![warn(clippy::uninlined_format_args)]

 // Re-export DPI types so that users don't have to put it in Cargo.toml.
 #[doc(inline)]
 pub use dpi;
+pub use rwh_06 as raw_window_handle;

 pub mod application;
 #[cfg(any(doc, doctest, test))]
--- a/src/monitor.rs
+++ b/src/monitor.rs
@@ -1,20 +1,12 @@
 //! Types useful for interacting with a user's monitors.
-//!
-//! If you want to get basic information about a monitor, you can use the
-//! [`MonitorHandle`] type. This is retrieved from one of the following
-//! methods, which return an iterator of [`MonitorHandle`]:
-//! - [`ActiveEventLoop::available_monitors`][crate::event_loop::ActiveEventLoop::available_monitors].
-//! - [`Window::available_monitors`][crate::window::Window::available_monitors].
+use std::num::{NonZeroU16, NonZeroU32};
+
 use crate::dpi::{PhysicalPosition, PhysicalSize};
 use crate::platform_impl;

-/// Deprecated! Use `VideoModeHandle` instead.
-#[deprecated = "Renamed to `VideoModeHandle`"]
-pub type VideoMode = VideoModeHandle;
-
-/// Describes a fullscreen video mode of a monitor.
+/// A handle to a fullscreen video mode of a specific monitor.
 ///
-/// Can be acquired with [`MonitorHandle::video_modes`].
+/// This can be acquired with [`MonitorHandle::video_modes`].
 #[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
 pub struct VideoModeHandle {
    pub(crate) video_mode: platform_impl::VideoModeHandle,
@@ -48,7 +40,10 @@ impl Ord for VideoModeHandle {
 }

 impl VideoModeHandle {
-    /// Returns the resolution of this video mode.
+    /// Returns the resolution of this video mode. This **must not** be used to create your
+    /// rendering surface. Use [`Window::surface_size()`] instead.
+    ///
+    /// [`Window::surface_size()`]: crate::window::Window::surface_size
    #[inline]
    pub fn size(&self) -> PhysicalSize<u32> {
        self.video_mode.size()
@@ -57,19 +52,14 @@ impl VideoModeHandle {
    /// Returns the bit depth of this video mode, as in how many bits you have
    /// available per color. This is generally 24 bits or 32 bits on modern
    /// systems, depending on whether the alpha channel is counted or not.
-    ///
-    /// ## Platform-specific
-    ///
-    /// - **Wayland / Orbital:** Always returns 32.
-    /// - **iOS:** Always returns 32.
    #[inline]
-    pub fn bit_depth(&self) -> u16 {
+    pub fn bit_depth(&self) -> Option<NonZeroU16> {
        self.video_mode.bit_depth()
    }

    /// Returns the refresh rate of this video mode in mHz.
    #[inline]
-    pub fn refresh_rate_millihertz(&self) -> u32 {
+    pub fn refresh_rate_millihertz(&self) -> Option<NonZeroU32> {
        self.video_mode.refresh_rate_millihertz()
    }

@@ -85,59 +75,93 @@ impl std::fmt::Display for VideoModeHandle {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
        write!(
            f,
-            "{}x{} @ {} mHz ({} bpp)",
+            "{}x{} {}{}",
            self.size().width,
            self.size().height,
-            self.refresh_rate_millihertz(),
-            self.bit_depth()
+            self.refresh_rate_millihertz().map(|rate| format!("@ {rate} mHz ")).unwrap_or_default(),
+            self.bit_depth().map(|bit_depth| format!("({bit_depth} bpp)")).unwrap_or_default(),
        )
    }
 }

 /// Handle to a monitor.
 ///
-/// Allows you to retrieve information about a given monitor and can be used in [`Window`] creation.
+/// Allows you to retrieve basic information and metadata about a monitor.
+///
+/// Can be used in [`Window`] creation to place the window on a specific
+/// monitor.
+///
+/// This can be retrieved from one of the following methods, which return an
+/// iterator of [`MonitorHandle`]s:
+/// - [`ActiveEventLoop::available_monitors`](crate::event_loop::ActiveEventLoop::available_monitors).
+/// - [`Window::available_monitors`](crate::window::Window::available_monitors).
+///
+/// ## Platform-specific
+///
+/// **Web:** A [`MonitorHandle`] created without
+#[cfg_attr(
+    any(web_platform, docsrs),
+    doc = "[detailed monitor permissions][crate::platform::web::ActiveEventLoopExtWeb::request_detailed_monitor_permission]."
+)]
+#[cfg_attr(not(any(web_platform, docsrs)), doc = "detailed monitor permissions.")]
+/// will always represent the current monitor the browser window is in instead of a specific
+/// monitor. See
+#[cfg_attr(
+    any(web_platform, docsrs),
+    doc = "[`MonitorHandleExtWeb::is_detailed()`][crate::platform::web::MonitorHandleExtWeb::is_detailed]"
+)]
+#[cfg_attr(not(any(web_platform, docsrs)), doc = "`MonitorHandleExtWeb::is_detailed()`")]
+/// to check.
 ///
 /// [`Window`]: crate::window::Window
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord)]
+#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash, PartialOrd, Ord)]
 pub struct MonitorHandle {
    pub(crate) inner: platform_impl::MonitorHandle,
 }

+impl std::fmt::Debug for MonitorHandle {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        self.inner.fmt(f)
+    }
+}
+
 impl MonitorHandle {
    /// Returns a human-readable name of the monitor.
    ///
    /// Returns `None` if the monitor doesn't exist anymore.
+    ///
+    /// ## Platform-specific
+    ///
+    /// **Web:** Always returns [`None`] without
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        any(web_platform, docsrs),
+        doc = "[detailed monitor permissions][crate::platform::web::ActiveEventLoopExtWeb::request_detailed_monitor_permission]."
+    )]
+    #[cfg_attr(not(any(web_platform, docsrs)), doc = "detailed monitor permissions.")]
    #[inline]
    pub fn name(&self) -> Option<String> {
        self.inner.name()
    }

-    /// Returns the monitor's resolution.
+    /// Returns the top-left corner position of the monitor in desktop coordinates.
+    ///
+    /// This position is in the same coordinate system as [`Window::outer_position`].
+    ///
+    /// [`Window::outer_position`]: crate::window::Window::outer_position
+    ///
+    /// ## Platform-specific
+    ///
+    /// **Web:** Always returns [`None`] without
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        any(web_platform, docsrs),
+        doc = "[detailed monitor permissions][crate::platform::web::ActiveEventLoopExtWeb::request_detailed_monitor_permission]."
+    )]
+    #[cfg_attr(not(any(web_platform, docsrs)), doc = "detailed monitor permissions.")]
    #[inline]
-    pub fn size(&self) -> PhysicalSize<u32> {
-        self.inner.size()
-    }
-
-    /// Returns the top-left corner position of the monitor relative to the larger full
-    /// screen area.
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn position(&self) -> PhysicalPosition<i32> {
+    pub fn position(&self) -> Option<PhysicalPosition<i32>> {
        self.inner.position()
    }

-    /// The monitor refresh rate used by the system.
-    ///
-    /// Return `Some` if succeed, or `None` if failed, which usually happens when the monitor
-    /// the window is on is removed.
-    ///
-    /// When using exclusive fullscreen, the refresh rate of the [`VideoModeHandle`] that was
-    /// used to enter fullscreen should be used instead.
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn refresh_rate_millihertz(&self) -> Option<u32> {
-        self.inner.refresh_rate_millihertz()
-    }
-
    /// Returns the scale factor of the underlying monitor. To map logical pixels to physical
    /// pixels and vice versa, use [`Window::scale_factor`].
    ///
@@ -148,18 +172,27 @@ impl MonitorHandle {
    /// - **X11:** Can be overridden using the `WINIT_X11_SCALE_FACTOR` environment variable.
    /// - **Wayland:** May differ from [`Window::scale_factor`].
    /// - **Android:** Always returns 1.0.
+    /// - **Web:** Always returns `0.0` without
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        any(web_platform, docsrs),
+        doc = "  [detailed monitor permissions][crate::platform::web::ActiveEventLoopExtWeb::request_detailed_monitor_permission]."
+    )]
+    #[cfg_attr(not(any(web_platform, docsrs)), doc = "  detailed monitor permissions.")]
    ///
+    #[rustfmt::skip]
    /// [`Window::scale_factor`]: crate::window::Window::scale_factor
    #[inline]
    pub fn scale_factor(&self) -> f64 {
        self.inner.scale_factor()
    }

+    /// Returns the currently active video mode of this monitor.
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn current_video_mode(&self) -> Option<VideoModeHandle> {
+        self.inner.current_video_mode().map(|video_mode| VideoModeHandle { video_mode })
+    }
+
    /// Returns all fullscreen video modes supported by this monitor.
-    ///
-    /// ## Platform-specific
-    ///
-    /// - **Web:** Always returns an empty iterator
    #[inline]
    pub fn video_modes(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = VideoModeHandle> {
        self.inner.video_modes().map(|video_mode| VideoModeHandle { video_mode })
--- a/src/platform/android.rs
+++ b/src/platform/android.rs
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@
 //! If your application is currently based on `NativeActivity` via the `ndk-glue` crate and building
 //! with `cargo apk`, then the minimal changes would be:
 //! 1. Remove `ndk-glue` from your `Cargo.toml`
-//! 2. Enable the `"android-native-activity"` feature for Winit: `winit = { version = "0.30.3",
+//! 2. Enable the `"android-native-activity"` feature for Winit: `winit = { version = "0.30.5",
 //!    features = [ "android-native-activity" ] }`
 //! 3. Add an `android_main` entrypoint (as above), instead of using the '`[ndk_glue::main]` proc
 //!    macro from `ndk-macros` (optionally add a dependency on `android_logger` and initialize
@@ -70,18 +70,27 @@
 //! 4. Pass a clone of the `AndroidApp` that your application receives to Winit when building your
 //!    event loop (as shown above).

+use self::activity::{AndroidApp, ConfigurationRef, Rect};
 use crate::event_loop::{ActiveEventLoop, EventLoop, EventLoopBuilder};
 use crate::window::{Window, WindowAttributes};

-use self::activity::{AndroidApp, ConfigurationRef, Rect};
-
 /// Additional methods on [`EventLoop`] that are specific to Android.
-pub trait EventLoopExtAndroid {}
+pub trait EventLoopExtAndroid {
+    /// Get the [`AndroidApp`] which was used to create this event loop.
+    fn android_app(&self) -> &AndroidApp;
+}

-impl EventLoopExtAndroid for EventLoop {}
+impl EventLoopExtAndroid for EventLoop {
+    fn android_app(&self) -> &AndroidApp {
+        &self.event_loop.android_app
+    }
+}

 /// Additional methods on [`ActiveEventLoop`] that are specific to Android.
-pub trait ActiveEventLoopExtAndroid {}
+pub trait ActiveEventLoopExtAndroid {
+    /// Get the [`AndroidApp`] which was used to create this event loop.
+    fn android_app(&self) -> &AndroidApp;
+}

 /// Additional methods on [`Window`] that are specific to Android.
 pub trait WindowExtAndroid {
@@ -90,17 +99,25 @@ pub trait WindowExtAndroid {
    fn config(&self) -> ConfigurationRef;
 }

-impl WindowExtAndroid for Window {
+impl WindowExtAndroid for dyn Window + '_ {
    fn content_rect(&self) -> Rect {
-        self.window.content_rect()
+        let window = self.as_any().downcast_ref::<crate::platform_impl::Window>().unwrap();
+        window.content_rect()
    }

    fn config(&self) -> ConfigurationRef {
-        self.window.config()
+        let window = self.as_any().downcast_ref::<crate::platform_impl::Window>().unwrap();
+        window.config()
    }
 }

-impl ActiveEventLoopExtAndroid for ActiveEventLoop {}
+impl ActiveEventLoopExtAndroid for dyn ActiveEventLoop + '_ {
+    fn android_app(&self) -> &AndroidApp {
+        let event_loop =
+            self.as_any().downcast_ref::<crate::platform_impl::ActiveEventLoop>().unwrap();
+        &event_loop.app
+    }
+}

 /// Additional methods on [`WindowAttributes`] that are specific to Android.
 pub trait WindowAttributesExtAndroid {}
@@ -108,9 +125,9 @@ pub trait WindowAttributesExtAndroid {}
 impl WindowAttributesExtAndroid for WindowAttributes {}

 pub trait EventLoopBuilderExtAndroid {
-    /// Associates the `AndroidApp` that was passed to `android_main()` with the event loop
+    /// Associates the [`AndroidApp`] that was passed to `android_main()` with the event loop
    ///
-    /// This must be called on Android since the `AndroidApp` is not global state.
+    /// This must be called on Android since the [`AndroidApp`] is not global state.
    fn with_android_app(&mut self, app: AndroidApp) -> &mut Self;

    /// Calling this will mark the volume keys to be manually handled by the application
@@ -147,7 +164,7 @@ impl EventLoopBuilderExtAndroid for EventLoopBuilder {
 /// depending on the `android_activity` crate, and instead consume the API that
 /// is re-exported by Winit.
 ///
-/// For compatibility applications should then import the `AndroidApp` type for
+/// For compatibility applications should then import the [`AndroidApp`] type for
 /// their `android_main(app: AndroidApp)` function like:
 /// ```rust
 /// #[cfg(target_os = "android")]
--- a/src/platform/ios.rs
+++ b/src/platform/ios.rs
@@ -1,51 +1,79 @@
 //! # iOS / UIKit
 //!
-//! Winit has an OS requirement of iOS 8 or higher, and is regularly tested on
-//! iOS 9.3.
+//! Winit has [the same iOS version requirements as `rustc`][rustc-ios-version], although it's
+//! frequently only tested on newer iOS versions.
 //!
-//! iOS's main `UIApplicationMain` does some init work that's required by all
-//! UI-related code (see issue [#1705]). It is best to create your windows
-//! inside `Event::Resumed`.
+//! [rustc-ios-version]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/rustc/platform-support/apple-ios.html#os-version
 //!
-//! [#1705]: https://github.com/rust-windowing/winit/issues/1705
+//! ## Running on Mac Catalyst
 //!
-//! ## Building app
+//! Mac Catalyst allows running applications using UIKit on macOS, which can be very useful for
+//! testing. See [`rustc`'s documentation on Mac Catalyst][rustc-mac-catalyst] for details on how to
+//! use these targets. To use these with Winit, you'll need to bundle your application before
+//! running it, otherwise UIKit will exit with an error.
 //!
-//! To build ios app you will need rustc built for this targets:
+//! To run e.g. the `window` example in the Winit repository, you can use [`cargo-bundle`] as
+//! follows:
 //!
-//!  - armv7-apple-ios
-//!  - armv7s-apple-ios
-//!  - i386-apple-ios
-//!  - aarch64-apple-ios
-//!  - x86_64-apple-ios
-//!
-//! Then
-//!
-//! ```
-//! cargo build --target=...
-//! ```
-//! The simplest way to integrate your app into xcode environment is to build it
-//! as a static library. Wrap your main function and export it.
-//!
-//! ```rust, ignore
-//! #[no_mangle]
-//! pub extern fn start_winit_app() {
-//!     start_inner()
-//! }
-//!
-//! fn start_inner() {
-//!    ...
-//! }
+//! ```console
+//! $ cargo +nightly bundle --format=ios --target=aarch64-apple-ios-macabi --example=window
+//! $ ./target/aarch64-apple-ios-macabi/debug/examples/bundle/ios/winit.app/window
 //! ```
 //!
-//! Compile project and then drag resulting .a into Xcode project. Add winit.h to xcode.
+//! [rustc-mac-catalyst]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/rustc/platform-support/apple-ios-macabi.html
+//! [`cargo-bundle`]: https://github.com/burtonageo/cargo-bundle
 //!
-//! ```ignore
-//! void start_winit_app();
+//! ## Introduction to building an app
+//!
+//! Building and running your application in the iOS simulator, or on a real device, is a bit more
+//! complicated than Mac Catalyst - fundamentally, you must use Xcode, since the binary needs to be
+//! bundled, signed, notarized and uploaded to the device (there is [an open source work-in-progress
+//! on re-implementing parts of this][apple-platform-rs], but the user-story around it is not yet
+//! clear).
+//!
+//! This means that you're left with effectively two options: Use a tool that manages the Xcode
+//! configuration for you, or use Xcode directly. [`cargo-dinghy`] and [`cargo-mobile2`] are notable
+//! projects in the ecosystem that attempt the former, and [`cargo-xcode`] is an excellent project
+//! that attempts the latter. We will also attempt to describe here how you would go about using
+//! Xcode directly:
+//!
+//! First off, you'll need the correct Rust targets, see [`rustc`'s documentation on iOS][rustc-ios]
+//! for details. Nowadays, the correct targets are usually `aarch64-apple-ios-sim` for the
+//! simulator, and `aarch64-apple-ios` for the actual device.
+//!
+//! Next, create a new Xcode project using the "App" template. The exact configuration does not
+//! really matter, as we're going to delete most of it, since it's tailored for Objective-C and/or
+//! Swift, and Rust/Winit is neither. Specifically, we need to delete:
+//! - Everything relating to storyboards (unless you want to use e.g. a launch screen). This
+//!   includes the relevant keys in `Info.plist`.
+//! - All the generated C header, Objective-C and/or Swift files.
+//!
+//! Now that we have a fairly clean slate that we can build upon, you can add a "run script" build
+//! phase to your Xcode target, which will get invoked instead of the "compile sources" and "link
+//! binary" steps. The basic script should look something like:
+//!
+//! ```sh
+//! # Build desired targets based on `ARCHS` environment variable
+//! cargo build --target=aarch64-apple-ios --target=armv7s-apple-ios
+//! # Merge these with `lipo`, and place the result in "$TARGET_BUILD_DIR/$EXECUTABLE_PATH", which
+//! # is understood by Xcode
+//! lipo "$TARGET_BUILD_DIR/$EXECUTABLE_PATH" target/aarch64-apple-ios/debug/my_app target/armv7s-apple-ios/debug/my_app
 //! ```
 //!
-//! Use start_winit_app inside your xcode's main function.
+//! Note that this is very much the overall idea; the script needs to be much more involved to
+//! properly deal with different target architectures, invoking `lipo` when needed, incremental
+//! rebuild change detection, and so on. `cargo-xcode` has a script [here][cargo-xcode-script] that
+//! handles most of this complexity, you might be able to build upon that.
 //!
+//! Apologies that we're not able to provide you with more than this; work is in-progress on
+//! improving the situation, but it's slow-going.
+//!
+//! [apple-platform-rs]: https://github.com/indygreg/apple-platform-rs
+//! [`cargo-dinghy`]: https://github.com/sonos/dinghy
+//! [`cargo-mobile2`]: https://github.com/tauri-apps/cargo-mobile2
+//! [`cargo-xcode`]: https://crates.io/crates/cargo-xcode
+//! [rustc-ios]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/rustc/platform-support/apple-ios.html
+//! [cargo-xcode-script]: https://gitlab.com/kornelski/cargo-xcode/-/blob/main/src/xcodebuild.sh
 //!
 //! ## App lifecycle and events
 //!
@@ -63,9 +91,22 @@
 //! opengl will result in segfault.
 //!
 //! Also note that app may not receive the LoopExiting event if suspended; it might be SIGKILL'ed.
+//!
+//! ## Custom `UIApplicationDelegate`
+//!
+//! Winit usually handles everything related to the lifecycle events of the application. Sometimes,
+//! though, you might want to access some of the more niche stuff that [the application
+//! delegate][app-delegate] provides. This functionality is not exposed directly in Winit, since it
+//! would increase the API surface by quite a lot. Instead, Winit guarantees that it will not
+//! register an application delegate, so you can set up a custom one in a nib file instead.
+//!
+//! [app-delegate]: https://developer.apple.com/documentation/uikit/uiapplicationdelegate?language=objc

 use std::os::raw::c_void;

+#[cfg(feature = "serde")]
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+
 use crate::monitor::{MonitorHandle, VideoModeHandle};
 use crate::window::{Window, WindowAttributes};

@@ -168,42 +209,49 @@ pub trait WindowExtIOS {
    fn recognize_rotation_gesture(&self, should_recognize: bool);
 }

-impl WindowExtIOS for Window {
+impl WindowExtIOS for dyn Window + '_ {
    #[inline]
    fn set_scale_factor(&self, scale_factor: f64) {
-        self.window.maybe_queue_on_main(move |w| w.set_scale_factor(scale_factor))
+        let window = self.as_any().downcast_ref::<crate::platform_impl::Window>().unwrap();
+        window.maybe_wait_on_main(move |w| w.set_scale_factor(scale_factor));
    }

    #[inline]
    fn set_valid_orientations(&self, valid_orientations: ValidOrientations) {
-        self.window.maybe_queue_on_main(move |w| w.set_valid_orientations(valid_orientations))
+        let window = self.as_any().downcast_ref::<crate::platform_impl::Window>().unwrap();
+        window.maybe_wait_on_main(move |w| w.set_valid_orientations(valid_orientations));
    }

    #[inline]
    fn set_prefers_home_indicator_hidden(&self, hidden: bool) {
-        self.window.maybe_queue_on_main(move |w| w.set_prefers_home_indicator_hidden(hidden))
+        let window = self.as_any().downcast_ref::<crate::platform_impl::Window>().unwrap();
+        window.maybe_wait_on_main(move |w| w.set_prefers_home_indicator_hidden(hidden));
    }

    #[inline]
    fn set_preferred_screen_edges_deferring_system_gestures(&self, edges: ScreenEdge) {
-        self.window.maybe_queue_on_main(move |w| {
+        let window = self.as_any().downcast_ref::<crate::platform_impl::Window>().unwrap();
+        window.maybe_wait_on_main(move |w| {
            w.set_preferred_screen_edges_deferring_system_gestures(edges)
-        })
+        });
    }

    #[inline]
    fn set_prefers_status_bar_hidden(&self, hidden: bool) {
-        self.window.maybe_queue_on_main(move |w| w.set_prefers_status_bar_hidden(hidden))
+        let window = self.as_any().downcast_ref::<crate::platform_impl::Window>().unwrap();
+        window.maybe_wait_on_main(move |w| w.set_prefers_status_bar_hidden(hidden));
    }

    #[inline]
    fn set_preferred_status_bar_style(&self, status_bar_style: StatusBarStyle) {
-        self.window.maybe_queue_on_main(move |w| w.set_preferred_status_bar_style(status_bar_style))
+        let window = self.as_any().downcast_ref::<crate::platform_impl::Window>().unwrap();
+        window.maybe_wait_on_main(move |w| w.set_preferred_status_bar_style(status_bar_style))
    }

    #[inline]
    fn recognize_pinch_gesture(&self, should_recognize: bool) {
-        self.window.maybe_queue_on_main(move |w| w.recognize_pinch_gesture(should_recognize));
+        let window = self.as_any().downcast_ref::<crate::platform_impl::Window>().unwrap();
+        window.maybe_wait_on_main(move |w| w.recognize_pinch_gesture(should_recognize));
    }

    #[inline]
@@ -213,7 +261,8 @@ impl WindowExtIOS for Window {
        minimum_number_of_touches: u8,
        maximum_number_of_touches: u8,
    ) {
-        self.window.maybe_queue_on_main(move |w| {
+        let window = self.as_any().downcast_ref::<crate::platform_impl::Window>().unwrap();
+        window.maybe_wait_on_main(move |w| {
            w.recognize_pan_gesture(
                should_recognize,
                minimum_number_of_touches,
@@ -224,12 +273,14 @@ impl WindowExtIOS for Window {

    #[inline]
    fn recognize_doubletap_gesture(&self, should_recognize: bool) {
-        self.window.maybe_queue_on_main(move |w| w.recognize_doubletap_gesture(should_recognize));
+        let window = self.as_any().downcast_ref::<crate::platform_impl::Window>().unwrap();
+        window.maybe_wait_on_main(move |w| w.recognize_doubletap_gesture(should_recognize));
    }

    #[inline]
    fn recognize_rotation_gesture(&self, should_recognize: bool) {
-        self.window.maybe_queue_on_main(move |w| w.recognize_rotation_gesture(should_recognize));
+        let window = self.as_any().downcast_ref::<crate::platform_impl::Window>().unwrap();
+        window.maybe_wait_on_main(move |w| w.recognize_rotation_gesture(should_recognize));
    }
 }

@@ -355,6 +406,7 @@ impl MonitorHandleExtIOS for MonitorHandle {

 /// Valid orientations for a particular [`Window`].
 #[derive(Default, Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
+#[cfg_attr(feature = "serde", derive(Serialize, Deserialize))]
 pub enum ValidOrientations {
    /// Excludes `PortraitUpsideDown` on iphone
    #[default]
@@ -371,6 +423,7 @@ bitflags::bitflags! {
    ///
    /// [edges]: https://developer.apple.com/documentation/uikit/uirectedge?language=objc
    #[derive(Default, Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
+    #[cfg_attr(feature = "serde", derive(Serialize, Deserialize))]
    pub struct ScreenEdge: u8 {
        const NONE   = 0;
        const TOP    = 1 << 0;
@@ -382,7 +435,8 @@ bitflags::bitflags! {
    }
 }

-#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Default, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Default, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
+#[cfg_attr(feature = "serde", derive(Serialize, Deserialize))]
 pub enum StatusBarStyle {
    #[default]
    Default,
--- a/src/platform/macos.rs
+++ b/src/platform/macos.rs
@@ -1,27 +1,84 @@
 //! # macOS / AppKit
 //!
-//! Winit has an OS requirement of macOS 10.11 or higher (same as Rust
-//! itself), and is regularly tested on macOS 10.14.
+//! Winit has [the same macOS version requirements as `rustc`][rustc-macos-version], and is tested
+//! once in a while on as low as macOS 10.14.
 //!
-//! A lot of functionality expects the application to be ready before you
-//! start doing anything; this includes creating windows, fetching monitors,
-//! drawing, and so on, see issues [#2238], [#2051] and [#2087].
+//! [rustc-macos-version]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/rustc/platform-support/apple-darwin.html#os-version
 //!
-//! If you encounter problems, you should try doing your initialization inside
-//! `Event::Resumed`.
+//! ## Custom `NSApplicationDelegate`
 //!
-//! [#2238]: https://github.com/rust-windowing/winit/issues/2238
-//! [#2051]: https://github.com/rust-windowing/winit/issues/2051
-//! [#2087]: https://github.com/rust-windowing/winit/issues/2087
+//! Winit usually handles everything related to the lifecycle events of the application. Sometimes,
+//! though, you might want to do more niche stuff, such as [handle when the user re-activates the
+//! application][reopen]. Such functionality is not exposed directly in Winit, since it would
+//! increase the API surface by quite a lot.
+//!
+//! [reopen]: https://developer.apple.com/documentation/appkit/nsapplicationdelegate/1428638-applicationshouldhandlereopen?language=objc
+//!
+//! Instead, Winit guarantees that it will not register an application delegate, so the solution is
+//! to register your own application delegate, as outlined in the following example (see
+//! `objc2-app-kit` for more detailed information).
+#![cfg_attr(target_os = "macos", doc = "```")]
+#![cfg_attr(not(target_os = "macos"), doc = "```ignore")]
+//! use objc2::rc::Retained;
+//! use objc2::runtime::ProtocolObject;
+//! use objc2::{declare_class, msg_send_id, mutability, ClassType, DeclaredClass};
+//! use objc2_app_kit::{NSApplication, NSApplicationDelegate};
+//! use objc2_foundation::{NSArray, NSURL, MainThreadMarker, NSObject, NSObjectProtocol};
+//! use winit::event_loop::EventLoop;
+//!
+//! declare_class!(
+//!     struct AppDelegate;
+//!
+//!     unsafe impl ClassType for AppDelegate {
+//!         type Super = NSObject;
+//!         type Mutability = mutability::MainThreadOnly;
+//!         const NAME: &'static str = "MyAppDelegate";
+//!     }
+//!
+//!     impl DeclaredClass for AppDelegate {}
+//!
+//!     unsafe impl NSObjectProtocol for AppDelegate {}
+//!
+//!     unsafe impl NSApplicationDelegate for AppDelegate {
+//!         #[method(application:openURLs:)]
+//!         fn application_openURLs(&self, application: &NSApplication, urls: &NSArray<NSURL>) {
+//!             // Note: To specifically get `application:openURLs:` to work, you _might_
+//!             // have to bundle your application. This is not done in this example.
+//!             println!("open urls: {application:?}, {urls:?}");
+//!         }
+//!     }
+//! );
+//!
+//! impl AppDelegate {
+//!     fn new(mtm: MainThreadMarker) -> Retained<Self> {
+//!         unsafe { msg_send_id![super(mtm.alloc().set_ivars(())), init] }
+//!     }
+//! }
+//!
+//! fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
+//!     let event_loop = EventLoop::new()?;
+//!
+//!     let mtm = MainThreadMarker::new().unwrap();
+//!     let delegate = AppDelegate::new(mtm);
+//!     // Important: Call `sharedApplication` after `EventLoop::new`,
+//!     // doing it before is not yet supported.
+//!     let app = NSApplication::sharedApplication(mtm);
+//!     app.setDelegate(Some(ProtocolObject::from_ref(&*delegate)));
+//!
+//!     // event_loop.run_app(&mut my_app);
+//!     Ok(())
+//! }
+//! ```

 use std::os::raw::c_void;

 #[cfg(feature = "serde")]
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};

+use crate::application::ApplicationHandler;
 use crate::event_loop::{ActiveEventLoop, EventLoopBuilder};
 use crate::monitor::MonitorHandle;
-use crate::window::{Window, WindowAttributes};
+use crate::window::{Window, WindowAttributes, WindowId};

 /// Additional methods on [`Window`] that are specific to MacOS.
 pub trait WindowExtMacOS {
@@ -35,6 +92,9 @@ pub trait WindowExtMacOS {
    /// This is how fullscreen used to work on macOS in versions before Lion.
    /// And allows the user to have a fullscreen window without using another
    /// space or taking control over the entire monitor.
+    ///
+    /// Make sure you only draw your important content inside the safe area so that it does not
+    /// overlap with the notch on newer devices, see [`Window::safe_area`] for details.
    fn set_simple_fullscreen(&self, fullscreen: bool) -> bool;

    /// Returns whether or not the window has shadow.
@@ -94,82 +154,134 @@ pub trait WindowExtMacOS {

    /// Getter for the [`WindowExtMacOS::set_option_as_alt`].
    fn option_as_alt(&self) -> OptionAsAlt;
+
+    /// Disable the Menu Bar and Dock in Borderless Fullscreen mode. Useful for games.
+    fn set_borderless_game(&self, borderless_game: bool);
+
+    /// Getter for the [`WindowExtMacOS::set_borderless_game`].
+    fn is_borderless_game(&self) -> bool;
+
+    /// Makes the titlebar bigger, effectively adding more space around the
+    /// window controls if the titlebar is invisible.
+    fn set_unified_titlebar(&self, unified_titlebar: bool);
+
+    /// Getter for the [`WindowExtMacOS::set_unified_titlebar`].
+    fn unified_titlebar(&self) -> bool;
 }

-impl WindowExtMacOS for Window {
+impl WindowExtMacOS for dyn Window + '_ {
    #[inline]
    fn simple_fullscreen(&self) -> bool {
-        self.window.maybe_wait_on_main(|w| w.simple_fullscreen())
+        let window = self.as_any().downcast_ref::<crate::platform_impl::Window>().unwrap();
+        window.maybe_wait_on_main(|w| w.simple_fullscreen())
    }

    #[inline]
    fn set_simple_fullscreen(&self, fullscreen: bool) -> bool {
-        self.window.maybe_wait_on_main(move |w| w.set_simple_fullscreen(fullscreen))
+        let window = self.as_any().downcast_ref::<crate::platform_impl::Window>().unwrap();
+        window.maybe_wait_on_main(move |w| w.set_simple_fullscreen(fullscreen))
    }

    #[inline]
    fn has_shadow(&self) -> bool {
-        self.window.maybe_wait_on_main(|w| w.has_shadow())
+        let window = self.as_any().downcast_ref::<crate::platform_impl::Window>().unwrap();
+        window.maybe_wait_on_main(|w| w.has_shadow())
    }

    #[inline]
    fn set_has_shadow(&self, has_shadow: bool) {
-        self.window.maybe_queue_on_main(move |w| w.set_has_shadow(has_shadow))
+        let window = self.as_any().downcast_ref::<crate::platform_impl::Window>().unwrap();
+        window.maybe_wait_on_main(move |w| w.set_has_shadow(has_shadow));
    }

    #[inline]
    fn set_tabbing_identifier(&self, identifier: &str) {
-        self.window.maybe_wait_on_main(|w| w.set_tabbing_identifier(identifier))
+        let window = self.as_any().downcast_ref::<crate::platform_impl::Window>().unwrap();
+        window.maybe_wait_on_main(|w| w.set_tabbing_identifier(identifier))
    }

    #[inline]
    fn tabbing_identifier(&self) -> String {
-        self.window.maybe_wait_on_main(|w| w.tabbing_identifier())
+        let window = self.as_any().downcast_ref::<crate::platform_impl::Window>().unwrap();
+        window.maybe_wait_on_main(|w| w.tabbing_identifier())
    }

    #[inline]
    fn select_next_tab(&self) {
-        self.window.maybe_queue_on_main(|w| w.select_next_tab())
+        let window = self.as_any().downcast_ref::<crate::platform_impl::Window>().unwrap();
+        window.maybe_wait_on_main(|w| w.select_next_tab());
    }

    #[inline]
    fn select_previous_tab(&self) {
-        self.window.maybe_queue_on_main(|w| w.select_previous_tab())
+        let window = self.as_any().downcast_ref::<crate::platform_impl::Window>().unwrap();
+        window.maybe_wait_on_main(|w| w.select_previous_tab());
    }

    #[inline]
    fn select_tab_at_index(&self, index: usize) {
-        self.window.maybe_queue_on_main(move |w| w.select_tab_at_index(index))
+        let window = self.as_any().downcast_ref::<crate::platform_impl::Window>().unwrap();
+        window.maybe_wait_on_main(move |w| w.select_tab_at_index(index));
    }

    #[inline]
    fn num_tabs(&self) -> usize {
-        self.window.maybe_wait_on_main(|w| w.num_tabs())
+        let window = self.as_any().downcast_ref::<crate::platform_impl::Window>().unwrap();
+        window.maybe_wait_on_main(|w| w.num_tabs())
    }

    #[inline]
    fn is_document_edited(&self) -> bool {
-        self.window.maybe_wait_on_main(|w| w.is_document_edited())
+        let window = self.as_any().downcast_ref::<crate::platform_impl::Window>().unwrap();
+        window.maybe_wait_on_main(|w| w.is_document_edited())
    }

    #[inline]
    fn set_document_edited(&self, edited: bool) {
-        self.window.maybe_queue_on_main(move |w| w.set_document_edited(edited))
+        let window = self.as_any().downcast_ref::<crate::platform_impl::Window>().unwrap();
+        window.maybe_wait_on_main(move |w| w.set_document_edited(edited));
    }

    #[inline]
    fn set_option_as_alt(&self, option_as_alt: OptionAsAlt) {
-        self.window.maybe_queue_on_main(move |w| w.set_option_as_alt(option_as_alt))
+        let window = self.as_any().downcast_ref::<crate::platform_impl::Window>().unwrap();
+        window.maybe_wait_on_main(move |w| w.set_option_as_alt(option_as_alt));
    }

    #[inline]
    fn option_as_alt(&self) -> OptionAsAlt {
-        self.window.maybe_wait_on_main(|w| w.option_as_alt())
+        let window = self.as_any().downcast_ref::<crate::platform_impl::Window>().unwrap();
+        window.maybe_wait_on_main(|w| w.option_as_alt())
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn set_borderless_game(&self, borderless_game: bool) {
+        let window = self.as_any().downcast_ref::<crate::platform_impl::Window>().unwrap();
+        window.maybe_wait_on_main(|w| w.set_borderless_game(borderless_game))
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn is_borderless_game(&self) -> bool {
+        let window = self.as_any().downcast_ref::<crate::platform_impl::Window>().unwrap();
+        window.maybe_wait_on_main(|w| w.is_borderless_game())
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn set_unified_titlebar(&self, unified_titlebar: bool) {
+        let window = self.as_any().downcast_ref::<crate::platform_impl::Window>().unwrap();
+        window.maybe_wait_on_main(|w| w.set_unified_titlebar(unified_titlebar))
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn unified_titlebar(&self) -> bool {
+        let window = self.as_any().downcast_ref::<crate::platform_impl::Window>().unwrap();
+        window.maybe_wait_on_main(|w| w.unified_titlebar())
    }
 }

 /// Corresponds to `NSApplicationActivationPolicy`.
 #[derive(Debug, Default, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
+#[cfg_attr(feature = "serde", derive(Serialize, Deserialize))]
 pub enum ActivationPolicy {
    /// Corresponds to `NSApplicationActivationPolicyRegular`.
    #[default]
@@ -216,6 +328,10 @@ pub trait WindowAttributesExtMacOS {
    ///
    /// See [`WindowExtMacOS::set_option_as_alt`] for details on what this means if set.
    fn with_option_as_alt(self, option_as_alt: OptionAsAlt) -> Self;
+    /// See [`WindowExtMacOS::set_borderless_game`] for details on what this means if set.
+    fn with_borderless_game(self, borderless_game: bool) -> Self;
+    /// See [`WindowExtMacOS::set_unified_titlebar`] for details on what this means if set.
+    fn with_unified_titlebar(self, unified_titlebar: bool) -> Self;
 }

 impl WindowAttributesExtMacOS for WindowAttributes {
@@ -284,23 +400,38 @@ impl WindowAttributesExtMacOS for WindowAttributes {
        self.platform_specific.option_as_alt = option_as_alt;
        self
    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn with_borderless_game(mut self, borderless_game: bool) -> Self {
+        self.platform_specific.borderless_game = borderless_game;
+        self
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn with_unified_titlebar(mut self, unified_titlebar: bool) -> Self {
+        self.platform_specific.unified_titlebar = unified_titlebar;
+        self
+    }
 }

 pub trait EventLoopBuilderExtMacOS {
-    /// Sets the activation policy for the application.
+    /// Sets the activation policy for the application. If used, this will override
+    /// any relevant settings provided in the package manifest.
+    /// For instance, `with_activation_policy(ActivationPolicy::Regular)` will prevent
+    /// the application from running as an "agent", even if LSUIElement is set to true.
    ///
-    /// It is set to [`ActivationPolicy::Regular`] by default.
+    /// If unused, the Winit will honor the package manifest.
    ///
    /// # Example
    ///
    /// Set the activation policy to "accessory".
    ///
    /// ```
-    /// use winit::event_loop::EventLoopBuilder;
+    /// use winit::event_loop::EventLoop;
    /// #[cfg(target_os = "macos")]
    /// use winit::platform::macos::{ActivationPolicy, EventLoopBuilderExtMacOS};
    ///
-    /// let mut builder = EventLoopBuilder::new();
+    /// let mut builder = EventLoop::builder();
    /// #[cfg(target_os = "macos")]
    /// builder.with_activation_policy(ActivationPolicy::Accessory);
    /// # if false { // We can't test this part
@@ -318,11 +449,11 @@ pub trait EventLoopBuilderExtMacOS {
    /// Disable creating a default menubar.
    ///
    /// ```
-    /// use winit::event_loop::EventLoopBuilder;
+    /// use winit::event_loop::EventLoop;
    /// #[cfg(target_os = "macos")]
    /// use winit::platform::macos::EventLoopBuilderExtMacOS;
    ///
-    /// let mut builder = EventLoopBuilder::new();
+    /// let mut builder = EventLoop::builder();
    /// #[cfg(target_os = "macos")]
    /// builder.with_default_menu(false);
    /// # if false { // We can't test this part
@@ -341,7 +472,7 @@ pub trait EventLoopBuilderExtMacOS {
 impl EventLoopBuilderExtMacOS for EventLoopBuilder {
    #[inline]
    fn with_activation_policy(&mut self, activation_policy: ActivationPolicy) -> &mut Self {
-        self.platform_specific.activation_policy = activation_policy;
+        self.platform_specific.activation_policy = Some(activation_policy);
        self
    }

@@ -395,28 +526,44 @@ pub trait ActiveEventLoopExtMacOS {
    fn allows_automatic_window_tabbing(&self) -> bool;
 }

-impl ActiveEventLoopExtMacOS for ActiveEventLoop {
+impl ActiveEventLoopExtMacOS for dyn ActiveEventLoop + '_ {
    fn hide_application(&self) {
-        self.p.hide_application()
+        let event_loop = self
+            .as_any()
+            .downcast_ref::<crate::platform_impl::ActiveEventLoop>()
+            .expect("non macOS event loop on macOS");
+        event_loop.hide_application()
    }

    fn hide_other_applications(&self) {
-        self.p.hide_other_applications()
+        let event_loop = self
+            .as_any()
+            .downcast_ref::<crate::platform_impl::ActiveEventLoop>()
+            .expect("non macOS event loop on macOS");
+        event_loop.hide_other_applications()
    }

    fn set_allows_automatic_window_tabbing(&self, enabled: bool) {
-        self.p.set_allows_automatic_window_tabbing(enabled);
+        let event_loop = self
+            .as_any()
+            .downcast_ref::<crate::platform_impl::ActiveEventLoop>()
+            .expect("non macOS event loop on macOS");
+        event_loop.set_allows_automatic_window_tabbing(enabled);
    }

    fn allows_automatic_window_tabbing(&self) -> bool {
-        self.p.allows_automatic_window_tabbing()
+        let event_loop = self
+            .as_any()
+            .downcast_ref::<crate::platform_impl::ActiveEventLoop>()
+            .expect("non macOS event loop on macOS");
+        event_loop.allows_automatic_window_tabbing()
    }
 }

 /// Option as alt behavior.
 ///
 /// The default is `None`.
-#[derive(Default, Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[derive(Default, Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
 #[cfg_attr(feature = "serde", derive(Serialize, Deserialize))]
 pub enum OptionAsAlt {
    /// The left `Option` key is treated as `Alt`.
@@ -432,3 +579,52 @@ pub enum OptionAsAlt {
    #[default]
    None,
 }
+
+/// Additional events on [`ApplicationHandler`] that are specific to macOS.
+///
+/// This can be registered with [`ApplicationHandler::macos_handler`].
+pub trait ApplicationHandlerExtMacOS: ApplicationHandler {
+    /// The system interpreted a keypress as a standard key binding command.
+    ///
+    /// Examples include inserting tabs and newlines, or moving the insertion point, see
+    /// [`NSStandardKeyBindingResponding`] for the full list of key bindings. They are often text
+    /// editing related.
+    ///
+    /// This corresponds to the [`doCommandBySelector:`] method on `NSTextInputClient`.
+    ///
+    /// The `action` parameter contains the string representation of the selector. Examples include
+    /// `"insertBacktab:"`, `"indent:"` and `"noop:"`.
+    ///
+    /// # Example
+    ///
+    /// ```ignore
+    /// impl ApplicationHandlerExtMacOS for App {
+    ///     fn standard_key_binding(
+    ///         &mut self,
+    ///         event_loop: &dyn ActiveEventLoop,
+    ///         window_id: WindowId,
+    ///         action: &str,
+    ///     ) {
+    ///         match action {
+    ///             "moveBackward:" => self.cursor.position -= 1,
+    ///             "moveForward:" => self.cursor.position += 1,
+    ///             _ => {} // Ignore other actions
+    ///         }
+    ///     }
+    /// }
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// [`NSStandardKeyBindingResponding`]: https://developer.apple.com/documentation/appkit/nsstandardkeybindingresponding?language=objc
+    /// [`doCommandBySelector:`]: https://developer.apple.com/documentation/appkit/nstextinputclient/1438256-docommandbyselector?language=objc
+    #[doc(alias = "doCommandBySelector:")]
+    fn standard_key_binding(
+        &mut self,
+        event_loop: &dyn ActiveEventLoop,
+        window_id: WindowId,
+        action: &str,
+    ) {
+        let _ = event_loop;
+        let _ = window_id;
+        let _ = action;
+    }
+}
--- a/src/platform/mod.rs
+++ b/src/platform/mod.rs
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ pub mod windows;
 #[cfg(any(x11_platform, docsrs))]
 pub mod x11;

+#[allow(unused_imports)]
 #[cfg(any(
    windows_platform,
    macos_platform,
--- a/src/platform/pump_events.rs
+++ b/src/platform/pump_events.rs
@@ -48,18 +48,18 @@ pub trait EventLoopExtPumpEvents {
    /// - `RedrawRequested` events, used to schedule rendering.
    ///
    ///     macOS for example uses a `drawRect` callback to drive rendering
-    /// within applications and expects rendering to be finished before
-    /// the `drawRect` callback returns.
+    ///     within applications and expects rendering to be finished before
+    ///     the `drawRect` callback returns.
    ///
    ///     For portability it's strongly recommended that applications should
-    /// keep their rendering inside the closure provided to Winit.
+    ///     keep their rendering inside the closure provided to Winit.
    /// - Any lifecycle events, such as `Suspended` / `Resumed`.
    ///
    ///     The handling of these events needs to be synchronized with the
-    /// operating system and it would never be appropriate to buffer a
-    /// notification that your application has been suspended or resumed and
-    /// then handled that later since there would always be a chance that
-    /// other lifecycle events occur while the event is buffered.
+    ///     operating system and it would never be appropriate to buffer a
+    ///     notification that your application has been suspended or resumed and
+    ///     then handled that later since there would always be a chance that
+    ///     other lifecycle events occur while the event is buffered.
    ///
    /// ## Supported Platforms
    ///
@@ -70,13 +70,13 @@ pub trait EventLoopExtPumpEvents {
    ///
    /// ## Unsupported Platforms
    ///
-    /// - **Web:**  This API is fundamentally incompatible with the event-based way in which
-    /// Web browsers work because it's not possible to have a long-running external
-    /// loop that would block the browser and there is nothing that can be
-    /// polled to ask for new new events. Events are delivered via callbacks based
-    /// on an event loop that is internal to the browser itself.
+    /// - **Web:**  This API is fundamentally incompatible with the event-based way in which Web
+    ///   browsers work because it's not possible to have a long-running external loop that would
+    ///   block the browser and there is nothing that can be polled to ask for new new events.
+    ///   Events are delivered via callbacks based on an event loop that is internal to the browser
+    ///   itself.
    /// - **iOS:** It's not possible to stop and start an `NSApplication` repeatedly on iOS so
-    /// there's no way to support the same approach to polling as on MacOS.
+    ///   there's no way to support the same approach to polling as on MacOS.
    ///
    /// ## Platform-specific
    ///
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ pub trait EventLoopExtPumpEvents {
    fn pump_app_events<A: ApplicationHandler>(
        &mut self,
        timeout: Option<Duration>,
-        app: &mut A,
+        app: A,
    ) -> PumpStatus;
 }

@@ -110,13 +110,14 @@ impl EventLoopExtPumpEvents for EventLoop {
    fn pump_app_events<A: ApplicationHandler>(
        &mut self,
        timeout: Option<Duration>,
-        app: &mut A,
+        app: A,
    ) -> PumpStatus {
        self.event_loop.pump_app_events(timeout, app)
    }
 }

 /// The return status for `pump_events`
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Eq, Hash, PartialEq)]
 pub enum PumpStatus {
    /// Continue running external loop.
    Continue,
--- a/src/platform/run_on_demand.rs
+++ b/src/platform/run_on_demand.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,10 @@
 use crate::application::ApplicationHandler;
 use crate::error::EventLoopError;
-use crate::event_loop::{ActiveEventLoop, EventLoop};
-
+use crate::event_loop::EventLoop;
 #[cfg(doc)]
-use crate::{platform::pump_events::EventLoopExtPumpEvents, window::Window};
+use crate::{
+    event_loop::ActiveEventLoop, platform::pump_events::EventLoopExtPumpEvents, window::Window,
+};

 /// Additional methods on [`EventLoop`] to return control flow to the caller.
 pub trait EventLoopExtRunOnDemand {
@@ -30,7 +31,13 @@ pub trait EventLoopExtRunOnDemand {
    /// # Caveats
    /// - This extension isn't available on all platforms, since it's not always possible to return
    ///   to the caller (specifically this is impossible on iOS and Web - though with the Web
-    ///   backend it is possible to use `EventLoopExtWebSys::spawn()`[^1] more than once instead).
+    ///   backend it is possible to use
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        any(web_platform, docsrs),
+        doc = "  [`EventLoopExtWeb::spawn_app()`][crate::platform::web::EventLoopExtWeb::spawn_app()]"
+    )]
+    #[cfg_attr(not(any(web_platform, docsrs)), doc = "  `EventLoopExtWeb::spawn_app()`")]
+    ///   [^1] more than once instead).
    /// - No [`Window`] state can be carried between separate runs of the event loop.
    ///
    /// You are strongly encouraged to use [`EventLoop::run_app()`] for portability, unless you
@@ -48,34 +55,20 @@ pub trait EventLoopExtRunOnDemand {
    ///   block the browser and there is nothing that can be polled to ask for new events. Events
    ///   are delivered via callbacks based on an event loop that is internal to the browser itself.
    /// - **iOS:** It's not possible to stop and start an `UIApplication` repeatedly on iOS.
-    #[cfg_attr(not(web_platform), doc = "[^1]: `spawn()` is only available on `wasm` platforms.")]
-    #[rustfmt::skip]
+    ///
+    /// [^1]: `spawn_app()` is only available on the Web platforms.
    ///
    /// [`exit()`]: ActiveEventLoop::exit()
    /// [`set_control_flow()`]: ActiveEventLoop::set_control_flow()
-    fn run_app_on_demand<A: ApplicationHandler>(
-        &mut self,
-        app: &mut A,
-    ) -> Result<(), EventLoopError>;
+    fn run_app_on_demand<A: ApplicationHandler>(&mut self, app: A) -> Result<(), EventLoopError>;
 }

 impl EventLoopExtRunOnDemand for EventLoop {
-    fn run_app_on_demand<A: ApplicationHandler>(
-        &mut self,
-        app: &mut A,
-    ) -> Result<(), EventLoopError> {
-        self.event_loop.window_target().clear_exit();
+    fn run_app_on_demand<A: ApplicationHandler>(&mut self, app: A) -> Result<(), EventLoopError> {
        self.event_loop.run_app_on_demand(app)
    }
 }

-impl ActiveEventLoop {
-    /// Clear exit status.
-    pub(crate) fn clear_exit(&self) {
-        self.p.clear_exit()
-    }
-}
-
 /// ```compile_fail
 /// use winit::event_loop::EventLoop;
 /// use winit::platform::run_on_demand::EventLoopExtRunOnDemand;
--- a/src/platform/startup_notify.rs
+++ b/src/platform/startup_notify.rs
@@ -23,8 +23,10 @@

 use std::env;

-use crate::error::NotSupportedError;
+use crate::error::{NotSupportedError, RequestError};
 use crate::event_loop::{ActiveEventLoop, AsyncRequestSerial};
+#[cfg(wayland_platform)]
+use crate::platform::wayland::ActiveEventLoopExtWayland;
 use crate::window::{ActivationToken, Window, WindowAttributes};

 /// The variable which is used mostly on X11.
@@ -44,7 +46,7 @@ pub trait WindowExtStartupNotify {
    /// Request a new activation token.
    ///
    /// The token will be delivered inside
-    fn request_activation_token(&self) -> Result<AsyncRequestSerial, NotSupportedError>;
+    fn request_activation_token(&self) -> Result<AsyncRequestSerial, RequestError>;
 }

 pub trait WindowAttributesExtStartupNotify {
@@ -55,22 +57,37 @@ pub trait WindowAttributesExtStartupNotify {
    fn with_activation_token(self, token: ActivationToken) -> Self;
 }

-impl EventLoopExtStartupNotify for ActiveEventLoop {
+impl EventLoopExtStartupNotify for dyn ActiveEventLoop + '_ {
    fn read_token_from_env(&self) -> Option<ActivationToken> {
-        match self.p {
-            #[cfg(wayland_platform)]
-            crate::platform_impl::ActiveEventLoop::Wayland(_) => env::var(WAYLAND_VAR),
-            #[cfg(x11_platform)]
-            crate::platform_impl::ActiveEventLoop::X(_) => env::var(X11_VAR),
+        #[cfg(x11_platform)]
+        let _is_wayland = false;
+        #[cfg(wayland_platform)]
+        let _is_wayland = self.is_wayland();
+
+        if _is_wayland {
+            env::var(WAYLAND_VAR).ok().map(ActivationToken::_new)
+        } else {
+            env::var(X11_VAR).ok().map(ActivationToken::_new)
        }
-        .ok()
-        .map(ActivationToken::_new)
    }
 }

-impl WindowExtStartupNotify for Window {
-    fn request_activation_token(&self) -> Result<AsyncRequestSerial, NotSupportedError> {
-        self.window.request_activation_token()
+impl WindowExtStartupNotify for dyn Window + '_ {
+    fn request_activation_token(&self) -> Result<AsyncRequestSerial, RequestError> {
+        #[cfg(wayland_platform)]
+        if let Some(window) = self.as_any().downcast_ref::<crate::platform_impl::wayland::Window>()
+        {
+            return window.request_activation_token();
+        }
+
+        #[cfg(x11_platform)]
+        if let Some(window) =
+            self.as_any().downcast_ref::<crate::platform_impl::x11::window::Window>()
+        {
+            return window.request_activation_token();
+        }
+
+        Err(NotSupportedError::new("startup notify is not supported").into())
    }
 }

--- a/src/platform/wayland.rs
+++ b/src/platform/wayland.rs
@@ -15,9 +15,8 @@
 //! * `wayland-csd-adwaita-notitle`.
 use crate::event_loop::{ActiveEventLoop, EventLoop, EventLoopBuilder};
 use crate::monitor::MonitorHandle;
-use crate::window::{Window, WindowAttributes};
-
 pub use crate::window::Theme;
+use crate::window::{Window as CoreWindow, WindowAttributes};

 /// Additional methods on [`ActiveEventLoop`] that are specific to Wayland.
 pub trait ActiveEventLoopExtWayland {
@@ -25,10 +24,10 @@ pub trait ActiveEventLoopExtWayland {
    fn is_wayland(&self) -> bool;
 }

-impl ActiveEventLoopExtWayland for ActiveEventLoop {
+impl ActiveEventLoopExtWayland for dyn ActiveEventLoop + '_ {
    #[inline]
    fn is_wayland(&self) -> bool {
-        self.p.is_wayland()
+        self.as_any().downcast_ref::<crate::platform_impl::wayland::ActiveEventLoop>().is_some()
    }
 }

@@ -72,9 +71,11 @@ impl EventLoopBuilderExtWayland for EventLoopBuilder {
 }

 /// Additional methods on [`Window`] that are specific to Wayland.
+///
+/// [`Window`]: crate::window::Window
 pub trait WindowExtWayland {}

-impl WindowExtWayland for Window {}
+impl WindowExtWayland for dyn CoreWindow + '_ {}

 /// Additional methods on [`WindowAttributes`] that are specific to Wayland.
 pub trait WindowAttributesExtWayland {
--- a/src/platform/web.rs
+++ b/src/platform/web.rs
@@ -1,24 +1,23 @@
 //! # Web
 //!
-//! The officially supported browsers are Chrome, Firefox and Safari 13.1+,
-//! though forks of these should work fine.
+//! Winit supports running in Browsers by compiling to WebAssembly with
+//! [`wasm-bindgen`][wasm_bindgen]. For information on using Rust on WebAssembly, check out the
+//! [Rust and WebAssembly book].
 //!
-//! Winit supports compiling to the `wasm32-unknown-unknown` target with
-//! `web-sys`.
+//! The officially supported browsers are Chrome, Firefox and Safari 13.1+, though forks of these
+//! should work fine.
 //!
-//! On the web platform, a Winit window is backed by a `<canvas>` element. You
-//! can either [provide Winit with a `<canvas>` element][with_canvas], or
-//! [let Winit create a `<canvas>` element which you can then retrieve][get]
-//! and insert it into the DOM yourself.
+//! On the Web platform, a Winit [`Window`] is backed by a [`HTMLCanvasElement`][canvas]. Winit will
+//! create that canvas for you or you can [provide your own][with_canvas]. Then you can either let
+//! Winit [insert it into the DOM for you][insert], or [retrieve the canvas][get] and insert it
+//! yourself.
 //!
-//! Currently, there is no example code using Winit on Web, see [#3473]. For
-//! information on using Rust on WebAssembly, check out the [Rust and
-//! WebAssembly book].
-//!
-//! [with_canvas]: WindowAttributesExtWebSys::with_canvas
-//! [get]: WindowExtWebSys::canvas
-//! [#3473]: https://github.com/rust-windowing/winit/issues/3473
-//! [Rust and WebAssembly book]: https://rustwasm.github.io/book/
+//! [canvas]: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/HTMLCanvasElement
+//! [with_canvas]: WindowAttributesExtWeb::with_canvas
+//! [get]: WindowExtWeb::canvas
+//! [insert]: WindowAttributesExtWeb::with_append
+#![cfg_attr(not(web_platform), doc = "[wasm_bindgen]: https://docs.rs/wasm-bindgen")]
+//! [Rust and WebAssembly book]: https://rustwasm.github.io/book
 //!
 //! ## CSS properties
 //!
@@ -28,21 +27,21 @@
 //! - [`padding`](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/padding)
 //!
 //! The following APIs can't take them into account and will therefore provide inaccurate results:
-//! - [`WindowEvent::Resized`] and [`Window::(set_)inner_size()`]
+//! - [`WindowEvent::SurfaceResized`] and [`Window::(set_)surface_size()`]
 //! - [`WindowEvent::Occluded`]
-//! - [`WindowEvent::CursorMoved`], [`WindowEvent::CursorEntered`], [`WindowEvent::CursorLeft`], and
-//!   [`WindowEvent::Touch`].
+//! - [`WindowEvent::PointerMoved`], [`WindowEvent::PointerEntered`] and
+//!   [`WindowEvent::PointerLeft`].
 //! - [`Window::set_outer_position()`]
 //!
-//! [`WindowEvent::Resized`]: crate::event::WindowEvent::Resized
-//! [`Window::(set_)inner_size()`]: crate::window::Window::inner_size
+//! [`WindowEvent::SurfaceResized`]: crate::event::WindowEvent::SurfaceResized
+//! [`Window::(set_)surface_size()`]: crate::window::Window::surface_size
 //! [`WindowEvent::Occluded`]: crate::event::WindowEvent::Occluded
-//! [`WindowEvent::CursorMoved`]: crate::event::WindowEvent::CursorMoved
-//! [`WindowEvent::CursorEntered`]: crate::event::WindowEvent::CursorEntered
-//! [`WindowEvent::CursorLeft`]: crate::event::WindowEvent::CursorLeft
-//! [`WindowEvent::Touch`]: crate::event::WindowEvent::Touch
+//! [`WindowEvent::PointerMoved`]: crate::event::WindowEvent::PointerMoved
+//! [`WindowEvent::PointerEntered`]: crate::event::WindowEvent::PointerEntered
+//! [`WindowEvent::PointerLeft`]: crate::event::WindowEvent::PointerLeft
 //! [`Window::set_outer_position()`]: crate::window::Window::set_outer_position

+use std::cell::Ref;
 use std::error::Error;
 use std::fmt::{self, Display, Formatter};
 use std::future::Future;
@@ -50,29 +49,38 @@ use std::pin::Pin;
 use std::task::{Context, Poll};
 use std::time::Duration;

+#[cfg(feature = "serde")]
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 #[cfg(web_platform)]
 use web_sys::HtmlCanvasElement;

 use crate::application::ApplicationHandler;
 use crate::cursor::CustomCursorSource;
+use crate::error::NotSupportedError;
 use crate::event_loop::{ActiveEventLoop, EventLoop};
-#[cfg(web_platform)]
-use crate::platform_impl::CustomCursorFuture as PlatformCustomCursorFuture;
+use crate::monitor::MonitorHandle;
 use crate::platform_impl::PlatformCustomCursorSource;
+#[cfg(web_platform)]
+use crate::platform_impl::{
+    CustomCursorFuture as PlatformCustomCursorFuture,
+    HasMonitorPermissionFuture as PlatformHasMonitorPermissionFuture,
+    MonitorPermissionFuture as PlatformMonitorPermissionFuture,
+    OrientationLockFuture as PlatformOrientationLockFuture,
+};
 use crate::window::{CustomCursor, Window, WindowAttributes};

 #[cfg(not(web_platform))]
 #[doc(hidden)]
 pub struct HtmlCanvasElement;

-pub trait WindowExtWebSys {
+pub trait WindowExtWeb {
    /// Only returns the canvas if called from inside the window context (the
    /// main thread).
-    fn canvas(&self) -> Option<HtmlCanvasElement>;
+    fn canvas(&self) -> Option<Ref<'_, HtmlCanvasElement>>;

    /// Returns [`true`] if calling `event.preventDefault()` is enabled.
    ///
-    /// See [`Window::set_prevent_default()`] for more details.
+    /// See [`WindowExtWeb::set_prevent_default()`] for more details.
    fn prevent_default(&self) -> bool;

    /// Sets whether `event.preventDefault()` should be called on events on the
@@ -84,28 +92,52 @@ pub trait WindowExtWebSys {
    /// Some events are impossible to prevent. E.g. Firefox allows to access the native browser
    /// context menu with Shift+Rightclick.
    fn set_prevent_default(&self, prevent_default: bool);
+
+    /// Returns whether using [`CursorGrabMode::Locked`] returns raw, un-accelerated mouse input.
+    ///
+    /// This is the same as [`ActiveEventLoopExtWeb::is_cursor_lock_raw()`], and is provided for
+    /// convenience.
+    ///
+    /// [`CursorGrabMode::Locked`]: crate::window::CursorGrabMode::Locked
+    fn is_cursor_lock_raw(&self) -> bool;
 }

-impl WindowExtWebSys for Window {
+impl WindowExtWeb for dyn Window + '_ {
    #[inline]
-    fn canvas(&self) -> Option<HtmlCanvasElement> {
-        self.window.canvas()
+    fn canvas(&self) -> Option<Ref<'_, HtmlCanvasElement>> {
+        self.as_any()
+            .downcast_ref::<crate::platform_impl::Window>()
+            .expect("non Web window on Web")
+            .canvas()
    }

    fn prevent_default(&self) -> bool {
-        self.window.prevent_default()
+        self.as_any()
+            .downcast_ref::<crate::platform_impl::Window>()
+            .expect("non Web window on Web")
+            .prevent_default()
    }

    fn set_prevent_default(&self, prevent_default: bool) {
-        self.window.set_prevent_default(prevent_default)
+        self.as_any()
+            .downcast_ref::<crate::platform_impl::Window>()
+            .expect("non Web window on Web")
+            .set_prevent_default(prevent_default)
+    }
+
+    fn is_cursor_lock_raw(&self) -> bool {
+        self.as_any()
+            .downcast_ref::<crate::platform_impl::Window>()
+            .expect("non Web window on Web")
+            .is_cursor_lock_raw()
    }
 }

-pub trait WindowAttributesExtWebSys {
+pub trait WindowAttributesExtWeb {
    /// Pass an [`HtmlCanvasElement`] to be used for this [`Window`]. If [`None`],
    /// [`WindowAttributes::default()`] will create one.
    ///
-    /// In any case, the canvas won't be automatically inserted into the web page.
+    /// In any case, the canvas won't be automatically inserted into the Web page.
    ///
    /// [`None`] by default.
    #[cfg_attr(not(web_platform), doc = "", doc = "[`HtmlCanvasElement`]: #only-available-on-wasm")]
@@ -114,7 +146,7 @@ pub trait WindowAttributesExtWebSys {
    /// Sets whether `event.preventDefault()` should be called on events on the
    /// canvas that have side effects.
    ///
-    /// See [`Window::set_prevent_default()`] for more details.
+    /// See [`WindowExtWeb::set_prevent_default()`] for more details.
    ///
    /// Enabled by default.
    fn with_prevent_default(self, prevent_default: bool) -> Self;
@@ -125,13 +157,13 @@ pub trait WindowAttributesExtWebSys {
    /// Enabled by default.
    fn with_focusable(self, focusable: bool) -> Self;

-    /// On window creation, append the canvas element to the web page if it isn't already.
+    /// On window creation, append the canvas element to the Web page if it isn't already.
    ///
    /// Disabled by default.
    fn with_append(self, append: bool) -> Self;
 }

-impl WindowAttributesExtWebSys for WindowAttributes {
+impl WindowAttributesExtWeb for WindowAttributes {
    fn with_canvas(mut self, canvas: Option<HtmlCanvasElement>) -> Self {
        self.platform_specific.set_canvas(canvas);
        self
@@ -153,8 +185,8 @@ impl WindowAttributesExtWebSys for WindowAttributes {
    }
 }

-/// Additional methods on `EventLoop` that are specific to the web.
-pub trait EventLoopExtWebSys {
+/// Additional methods on `EventLoop` that are specific to the Web.
+pub trait EventLoopExtWeb {
    /// Initializes the winit event loop.
    ///
    /// Unlike
@@ -176,7 +208,7 @@ pub trait EventLoopExtWebSys {
        not(all(web_platform, target_feature = "exception-handling")),
        doc = "[`run_app()`]: EventLoop::run_app()"
    )]
-    /// [^1]: `run_app()` is _not_ available on WASM when the target supports `exception-handling`.
+    /// [^1]: `run_app()` is _not_ available on Wasm when the target supports `exception-handling`.
    fn spawn_app<A: ApplicationHandler + 'static>(self, app: A);

    /// Sets the strategy for [`ControlFlow::Poll`].
@@ -206,9 +238,31 @@ pub trait EventLoopExtWebSys {
    ///
    /// [`ControlFlow::WaitUntil`]: crate::event_loop::ControlFlow::WaitUntil
    fn wait_until_strategy(&self) -> WaitUntilStrategy;
+
+    /// Returns if the users device has multiple screens. Useful to check before prompting the user
+    /// with [`EventLoopExtWeb::request_detailed_monitor_permission()`].
+    ///
+    /// Browsers might always return [`false`] to reduce fingerprinting.
+    fn has_multiple_screens(&self) -> Result<bool, NotSupportedError>;
+
+    /// Prompts the user for permission to query detailed information about available monitors. The
+    /// returned [`MonitorPermissionFuture`] can be dropped without aborting the request.
+    ///
+    /// Check [`EventLoopExtWeb::has_multiple_screens()`] before unnecessarily prompting the user
+    /// for such permissions.
+    ///
+    /// [`MonitorHandle`]s don't automatically make use of this after permission is granted. New
+    /// [`MonitorHandle`]s have to be created instead.
+    fn request_detailed_monitor_permission(&self) -> MonitorPermissionFuture;
+
+    /// Returns whether the user has given permission to access detailed monitor information.
+    ///
+    /// [`MonitorHandle`]s don't automatically make use of detailed monitor information after
+    /// permission is granted. New [`MonitorHandle`]s have to be created instead.
+    fn has_detailed_monitor_permission(&self) -> HasMonitorPermissionFuture;
 }

-impl EventLoopExtWebSys for EventLoop {
+impl EventLoopExtWeb for EventLoop {
    fn spawn_app<A: ApplicationHandler + 'static>(self, app: A) {
        self.event_loop.spawn_app(app);
    }
@@ -228,9 +282,21 @@ impl EventLoopExtWebSys for EventLoop {
    fn wait_until_strategy(&self) -> WaitUntilStrategy {
        self.event_loop.wait_until_strategy()
    }
+
+    fn has_multiple_screens(&self) -> Result<bool, NotSupportedError> {
+        self.event_loop.has_multiple_screens()
+    }
+
+    fn request_detailed_monitor_permission(&self) -> MonitorPermissionFuture {
+        MonitorPermissionFuture(self.event_loop.request_detailed_monitor_permission())
+    }
+
+    fn has_detailed_monitor_permission(&self) -> HasMonitorPermissionFuture {
+        HasMonitorPermissionFuture(self.event_loop.has_detailed_monitor_permission())
+    }
 }

-pub trait ActiveEventLoopExtWebSys {
+pub trait ActiveEventLoopExtWeb {
    /// Sets the strategy for [`ControlFlow::Poll`].
    ///
    /// See [`PollStrategy`].
@@ -262,37 +328,121 @@ pub trait ActiveEventLoopExtWebSys {
    /// Async version of [`ActiveEventLoop::create_custom_cursor()`] which waits until the
    /// cursor has completely finished loading.
    fn create_custom_cursor_async(&self, source: CustomCursorSource) -> CustomCursorFuture;
+
+    /// Returns whether using [`CursorGrabMode::Locked`] returns raw, un-accelerated mouse input.
+    ///
+    /// [`CursorGrabMode::Locked`]: crate::window::CursorGrabMode::Locked
+    fn is_cursor_lock_raw(&self) -> bool;
+
+    /// Returns if the users device has multiple screens. Useful to check before prompting the user
+    /// with [`EventLoopExtWeb::request_detailed_monitor_permission()`].
+    ///
+    /// Browsers might always return [`false`] to reduce fingerprinting.
+    fn has_multiple_screens(&self) -> Result<bool, NotSupportedError>;
+
+    /// Prompts the user for permission to query detailed information about available monitors. The
+    /// returned [`MonitorPermissionFuture`] can be dropped without aborting the request.
+    ///
+    /// Check [`EventLoopExtWeb::has_multiple_screens()`] before unnecessarily prompting the user
+    /// for such permissions.
+    ///
+    /// [`MonitorHandle`]s don't automatically make use of this after permission is granted. New
+    /// [`MonitorHandle`]s have to be created instead.
+    fn request_detailed_monitor_permission(&self) -> MonitorPermissionFuture;
+
+    /// Returns whether the user has given permission to access detailed monitor information.
+    ///
+    /// [`MonitorHandle`]s don't automatically make use of detailed monitor information after
+    /// permission is granted. New [`MonitorHandle`]s have to be created instead.
+    fn has_detailed_monitor_permission(&self) -> bool;
 }

-impl ActiveEventLoopExtWebSys for ActiveEventLoop {
+impl ActiveEventLoopExtWeb for dyn ActiveEventLoop + '_ {
    #[inline]
    fn create_custom_cursor_async(&self, source: CustomCursorSource) -> CustomCursorFuture {
-        self.p.create_custom_cursor_async(source)
+        let event_loop = self
+            .as_any()
+            .downcast_ref::<crate::platform_impl::ActiveEventLoop>()
+            .expect("non Web event loop on Web");
+        event_loop.create_custom_cursor_async(source)
    }

    #[inline]
    fn set_poll_strategy(&self, strategy: PollStrategy) {
-        self.p.set_poll_strategy(strategy);
+        let event_loop = self
+            .as_any()
+            .downcast_ref::<crate::platform_impl::ActiveEventLoop>()
+            .expect("non Web event loop on Web");
+        event_loop.set_poll_strategy(strategy);
    }

    #[inline]
    fn poll_strategy(&self) -> PollStrategy {
-        self.p.poll_strategy()
+        let event_loop = self
+            .as_any()
+            .downcast_ref::<crate::platform_impl::ActiveEventLoop>()
+            .expect("non Web event loop on Web");
+        event_loop.poll_strategy()
    }

    #[inline]
    fn set_wait_until_strategy(&self, strategy: WaitUntilStrategy) {
-        self.p.set_wait_until_strategy(strategy);
+        let event_loop = self
+            .as_any()
+            .downcast_ref::<crate::platform_impl::ActiveEventLoop>()
+            .expect("non Web event loop on Web");
+        event_loop.set_wait_until_strategy(strategy);
    }

    #[inline]
    fn wait_until_strategy(&self) -> WaitUntilStrategy {
-        self.p.wait_until_strategy()
+        let event_loop = self
+            .as_any()
+            .downcast_ref::<crate::platform_impl::ActiveEventLoop>()
+            .expect("non Web event loop on Web");
+        event_loop.wait_until_strategy()
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn is_cursor_lock_raw(&self) -> bool {
+        let event_loop = self
+            .as_any()
+            .downcast_ref::<crate::platform_impl::ActiveEventLoop>()
+            .expect("non Web event loop on Web");
+        event_loop.is_cursor_lock_raw()
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn has_multiple_screens(&self) -> Result<bool, NotSupportedError> {
+        let event_loop = self
+            .as_any()
+            .downcast_ref::<crate::platform_impl::ActiveEventLoop>()
+            .expect("non Web event loop on Web");
+        event_loop.has_multiple_screens()
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn request_detailed_monitor_permission(&self) -> MonitorPermissionFuture {
+        let event_loop = self
+            .as_any()
+            .downcast_ref::<crate::platform_impl::ActiveEventLoop>()
+            .expect("non Web event loop on Web");
+        MonitorPermissionFuture(event_loop.request_detailed_monitor_permission())
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn has_detailed_monitor_permission(&self) -> bool {
+        let event_loop = self
+            .as_any()
+            .downcast_ref::<crate::platform_impl::ActiveEventLoop>()
+            .expect("non Web event loop on Web");
+        event_loop.has_detailed_monitor_permission()
    }
 }

 /// Strategy used for [`ControlFlow::Poll`][crate::event_loop::ControlFlow::Poll].
-#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Default, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Default, Eq, Hash, PartialEq)]
+#[cfg_attr(feature = "serde", derive(Serialize, Deserialize))]
 pub enum PollStrategy {
    /// Uses [`Window.requestIdleCallback()`] to queue the next event loop. If not available
    /// this will fallback to [`setTimeout()`].
@@ -318,7 +468,8 @@ pub enum PollStrategy {
 }

 /// Strategy used for [`ControlFlow::WaitUntil`][crate::event_loop::ControlFlow::WaitUntil].
-#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Default, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Default, Eq, Hash, PartialEq)]
+#[cfg_attr(feature = "serde", derive(Serialize, Deserialize))]
 pub enum WaitUntilStrategy {
    /// Uses the [Prioritized Task Scheduling API] to queue the next event loop. If not available
    /// this will fallback to [`setTimeout()`].
@@ -340,7 +491,7 @@ pub enum WaitUntilStrategy {
    Worker,
 }

-pub trait CustomCursorExtWebSys {
+pub trait CustomCursorExtWeb {
    /// Returns if this cursor is an animation.
    fn is_animation(&self) -> bool;

@@ -359,7 +510,7 @@ pub trait CustomCursorExtWebSys {
    ) -> Result<CustomCursorSource, BadAnimation>;
 }

-impl CustomCursorExtWebSys for CustomCursor {
+impl CustomCursorExtWeb for CustomCursor {
    fn is_animation(&self) -> bool {
        self.inner.animation
    }
@@ -387,7 +538,8 @@ impl CustomCursorExtWebSys for CustomCursor {
 }

 /// An error produced when using [`CustomCursor::from_animation`] with invalid arguments.
-#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Eq, Hash, PartialEq)]
+#[cfg_attr(feature = "serde", derive(Serialize, Deserialize))]
 pub enum BadAnimation {
    /// Produced when no cursors were supplied.
    Empty,
@@ -399,7 +551,7 @@ impl fmt::Display for BadAnimation {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
        match self {
            Self::Empty => write!(f, "No cursors supplied"),
-            Self::Animation => write!(f, "A supplied cursor is an animtion"),
+            Self::Animation => write!(f, "A supplied cursor is an animation"),
        }
    }
 }
@@ -420,11 +572,11 @@ impl Future for CustomCursorFuture {
    }
 }

-#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, Eq, Hash, PartialEq)]
+#[cfg_attr(feature = "serde", derive(Serialize, Deserialize))]
 pub enum CustomCursorError {
    Blob,
    Decode(String),
-    Animation,
 }

 impl Display for CustomCursorError {
@@ -432,9 +584,198 @@ impl Display for CustomCursorError {
        match self {
            Self::Blob => write!(f, "failed to create `Blob`"),
            Self::Decode(error) => write!(f, "failed to decode image: {error}"),
-            Self::Animation => {
-                write!(f, "found `CustomCursor` that is an animation when building an animation")
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Error for CustomCursorError {}
+
+#[cfg(not(web_platform))]
+struct PlatformMonitorPermissionFuture;
+
+/// Can be dropped without aborting the request for detailed monitor permissions.
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct MonitorPermissionFuture(pub(crate) PlatformMonitorPermissionFuture);
+
+impl Future for MonitorPermissionFuture {
+    type Output = Result<(), MonitorPermissionError>;
+
+    fn poll(mut self: Pin<&mut Self>, cx: &mut Context<'_>) -> Poll<Self::Output> {
+        Pin::new(&mut self.0).poll(cx)
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Eq, Hash, PartialEq)]
+pub enum MonitorPermissionError {
+    /// User has explicitly denied permission to query detailed monitor information.
+    Denied,
+    /// User has not decided to give permission to query detailed monitor information.
+    Prompt,
+    /// Browser does not support detailed monitor information.
+    Unsupported,
+}
+
+impl Display for MonitorPermissionError {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        match self {
+            MonitorPermissionError::Denied => write!(
+                f,
+                "User has explicitly denied permission to query detailed monitor information"
+            ),
+            MonitorPermissionError::Prompt => write!(
+                f,
+                "User has not decided to give permission to query detailed monitor information"
+            ),
+            MonitorPermissionError::Unsupported => {
+                write!(f, "Browser does not support detailed monitor information")
            },
        }
    }
 }
+
+impl Error for MonitorPermissionError {}
+
+#[cfg(not(web_platform))]
+struct PlatformHasMonitorPermissionFuture;
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct HasMonitorPermissionFuture(PlatformHasMonitorPermissionFuture);
+
+impl Future for HasMonitorPermissionFuture {
+    type Output = bool;
+
+    fn poll(mut self: Pin<&mut Self>, cx: &mut Context<'_>) -> Poll<Self::Output> {
+        Pin::new(&mut self.0).poll(cx)
+    }
+}
+
+/// Additional methods on [`MonitorHandle`] that are specific to the Web.
+pub trait MonitorHandleExtWeb {
+    /// Returns whether the screen is internal to the device or external.
+    ///
+    /// External devices are generally manufactured separately from the device they are attached to
+    /// and can be connected and disconnected as needed, whereas internal screens are part of
+    /// the device and not intended to be disconnected.
+    fn is_internal(&self) -> Option<bool>;
+
+    /// Returns screen orientation data for this monitor.
+    fn orientation(&self) -> OrientationData;
+
+    /// Lock the screen orientation. The returned [`OrientationLockFuture`] can be dropped without
+    /// aborting the request.
+    ///
+    /// Will fail if another locking call is in progress.
+    fn request_lock(&self, orientation: OrientationLock) -> OrientationLockFuture;
+
+    /// Unlock the screen orientation.
+    ///
+    /// Will fail if a locking call is in progress.
+    fn unlock(&self) -> Result<(), OrientationLockError>;
+
+    /// Returns whether this [`MonitorHandle`] was created using detailed monitor permissions. If
+    /// [`false`] will always represent the current monitor the browser window is in instead of a
+    /// specific monitor.
+    ///
+    /// See [`ActiveEventLoopExtWeb::request_detailed_monitor_permission()`].
+    fn is_detailed(&self) -> bool;
+}
+
+impl MonitorHandleExtWeb for MonitorHandle {
+    fn is_internal(&self) -> Option<bool> {
+        self.inner.is_internal()
+    }
+
+    fn orientation(&self) -> OrientationData {
+        self.inner.orientation()
+    }
+
+    fn request_lock(&self, orientation_lock: OrientationLock) -> OrientationLockFuture {
+        OrientationLockFuture(self.inner.request_lock(orientation_lock))
+    }
+
+    fn unlock(&self) -> Result<(), OrientationLockError> {
+        self.inner.unlock()
+    }
+
+    fn is_detailed(&self) -> bool {
+        self.inner.is_detailed()
+    }
+}
+
+/// Screen orientation data.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Eq, Hash, PartialEq)]
+pub struct OrientationData {
+    /// The orientation.
+    pub orientation: Orientation,
+    /// [`true`] if the [`orientation`](Self::orientation) is flipped upside down.
+    pub flipped: bool,
+    /// The most natural orientation for the screen. Computer monitors are commonly naturally
+    /// landscape mode, while mobile phones are commonly naturally portrait mode.
+    pub natural: Orientation,
+}
+
+/// Screen orientation.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Eq, Hash, PartialEq)]
+pub enum Orientation {
+    /// The screen's aspect ratio has a width greater than the height.
+    Landscape,
+    /// The screen's aspect ratio has a height greater than the width.
+    Portrait,
+}
+
+/// Screen orientation lock options. Reoresents which orientations a user can use.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Eq, Hash, PartialEq)]
+pub enum OrientationLock {
+    /// User is free to use any orientation.
+    Any,
+    /// User is locked to the most upright natural orientation for the screen. Computer monitors
+    /// are commonly naturally landscape mode, while mobile phones are commonly
+    /// naturally portrait mode.
+    Natural,
+    /// User is locked to landscape mode.
+    Landscape {
+        /// - [`None`]: User is locked to both upright or upside down landscape mode.
+        /// - [`true`]: User is locked to upright landscape mode.
+        /// - [`false`]: User is locked to upside down landscape mode.
+        flipped: Option<bool>,
+    },
+    /// User is locked to portrait mode.
+    Portrait {
+        /// - [`None`]: User is locked to both upright or upside down portrait mode.
+        /// - [`true`]: User is locked to upright portrait mode.
+        /// - [`false`]: User is locked to upside down portrait mode.
+        flipped: Option<bool>,
+    },
+}
+
+#[cfg(not(web_platform))]
+struct PlatformOrientationLockFuture;
+
+/// Can be dropped without aborting the request to lock the screen.
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct OrientationLockFuture(PlatformOrientationLockFuture);
+
+impl Future for OrientationLockFuture {
+    type Output = Result<(), OrientationLockError>;
+
+    fn poll(mut self: Pin<&mut Self>, cx: &mut Context<'_>) -> Poll<Self::Output> {
+        Pin::new(&mut self.0).poll(cx)
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Eq, Hash, PartialEq)]
+pub enum OrientationLockError {
+    Unsupported,
+    Busy,
+}
+
+impl Display for OrientationLockError {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        match self {
+            Self::Unsupported => write!(f, "Locking the screen orientation is not supported"),
+            Self::Busy => write!(f, "Another locking call is in progress"),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Error for OrientationLockError {}
--- a/src/platform/windows.rs
+++ b/src/platform/windows.rs
@@ -4,8 +4,14 @@
 //! tested regularly.
 use std::borrow::Borrow;
 use std::ffi::c_void;
+use std::ops::Deref;
 use std::path::Path;

+#[cfg(feature = "serde")]
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+#[cfg(windows_platform)]
+use windows_sys::Win32::Foundation::HANDLE;
+
 use crate::dpi::PhysicalSize;
 use crate::event::DeviceId;
 use crate::event_loop::EventLoopBuilder;
@@ -25,6 +31,7 @@ pub type HMONITOR = isize;
 ///
 /// [`DWM_SYSTEMBACKDROP_TYPE docs`]: https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/api/dwmapi/ne-dwmapi-dwm_systembackdrop_type
 #[derive(Debug, Default, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
+#[cfg_attr(feature = "serde", derive(Serialize, Deserialize))]
 pub enum BackdropType {
    /// Corresponds to `DWMSBT_AUTO`.
    ///
@@ -54,6 +61,7 @@ pub enum BackdropType {
 /// Describes a color used by Windows
 #[repr(transparent)]
 #[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, Eq, PartialEq, Hash)]
+#[cfg_attr(feature = "serde", derive(Serialize, Deserialize))]
 pub struct Color(u32);

 impl Color {
@@ -82,6 +90,7 @@ impl Default for Color {
 /// [`DWM_WINDOW_CORNER_PREFERENCE docs`]: https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/api/dwmapi/ne-dwmapi-dwm_window_corner_preference
 #[repr(i32)]
 #[derive(Debug, Default, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
+#[cfg_attr(feature = "serde", derive(Serialize, Deserialize))]
 pub enum CornerPreference {
    /// Corresponds to `DWMWCP_DEFAULT`.
    ///
@@ -108,51 +117,25 @@ pub enum CornerPreference {
 /// A wrapper around a [`Window`] that ignores thread-specific window handle limitations.
 ///
 /// See [`WindowBorrowExtWindows::any_thread`] for more information.
-#[derive(Debug)]
-pub struct AnyThread<W>(W);
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+pub struct AnyThread<W: Window>(W);

-impl<W: Borrow<Window>> AnyThread<W> {
+impl<W: Window> AnyThread<W> {
    /// Get a reference to the inner window.
    #[inline]
-    pub fn get_ref(&self) -> &Window {
-        self.0.borrow()
-    }
-
-    /// Get a reference to the inner object.
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn inner(&self) -> &W {
+    pub fn get_ref(&self) -> &dyn Window {
        &self.0
    }
-
-    /// Unwrap and get the inner window.
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn into_inner(self) -> W {
-        self.0
-    }
 }

-impl<W: Borrow<Window>> AsRef<Window> for AnyThread<W> {
-    fn as_ref(&self) -> &Window {
-        self.get_ref()
-    }
-}
-
-impl<W: Borrow<Window>> Borrow<Window> for AnyThread<W> {
-    fn borrow(&self) -> &Window {
-        self.get_ref()
-    }
-}
-
-impl<W: Borrow<Window>> std::ops::Deref for AnyThread<W> {
-    type Target = Window;
-
+impl<W: Window> Deref for AnyThread<W> {
+    type Target = W;
    fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target {
-        self.get_ref()
+        &self.0
    }
 }

-#[cfg(feature = "rwh_06")]
-impl<W: Borrow<Window>> rwh_06::HasWindowHandle for AnyThread<W> {
+impl<W: Window> rwh_06::HasWindowHandle for AnyThread<W> {
    fn window_handle(&self) -> Result<rwh_06::WindowHandle<'_>, rwh_06::HandleError> {
        // SAFETY: The top level user has asserted this is only used safely.
        unsafe { self.get_ref().window_handle_any_thread() }
@@ -183,11 +166,11 @@ pub trait EventLoopBuilderExtWindows {
    /// Disable process-wide DPI awareness.
    ///
    /// ```
-    /// use winit::event_loop::EventLoopBuilder;
+    /// use winit::event_loop::EventLoop;
    /// #[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
    /// use winit::platform::windows::EventLoopBuilderExtWindows;
    ///
-    /// let mut builder = EventLoopBuilder::new();
+    /// let mut builder = EventLoop::builder();
    /// #[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
    /// builder.with_dpi_aware(false);
    /// # if false { // We can't test this part
@@ -203,11 +186,11 @@ pub trait EventLoopBuilderExtWindows {
    ///
    /// ```
    /// # use windows_sys::Win32::UI::WindowsAndMessaging::{ACCEL, CreateAcceleratorTableW, TranslateAcceleratorW, DispatchMessageW, TranslateMessage, MSG};
-    /// use winit::event_loop::EventLoopBuilder;
+    /// use winit::event_loop::EventLoop;
    /// #[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
    /// use winit::platform::windows::EventLoopBuilderExtWindows;
    ///
-    /// let mut builder = EventLoopBuilder::new();
+    /// let mut builder = EventLoop::builder();
    /// #[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
    /// builder.with_msg_hook(|msg|{
    ///     let msg = msg as *const MSG;
@@ -335,8 +318,9 @@ pub trait WindowExtWindows {
    ///
    /// ```no_run
    /// # use winit::window::Window;
-    /// # fn scope(window: Window) {
+    /// # fn scope(window: Box<dyn Window>) {
    /// use std::thread;
+    ///
    /// use winit::platform::windows::WindowExtWindows;
    /// use winit::raw_window_handle::HasWindowHandle;
    ///
@@ -352,41 +336,46 @@ pub trait WindowExtWindows {
    /// });
    /// # }
    /// ```
-    #[cfg(feature = "rwh_06")]
    unsafe fn window_handle_any_thread(
        &self,
    ) -> Result<rwh_06::WindowHandle<'_>, rwh_06::HandleError>;
 }

-impl WindowExtWindows for Window {
+impl WindowExtWindows for dyn Window + '_ {
    #[inline]
    fn set_enable(&self, enabled: bool) {
-        self.window.set_enable(enabled)
+        let window = self.as_any().downcast_ref::<crate::platform_impl::Window>().unwrap();
+        window.set_enable(enabled)
    }

    #[inline]
    fn set_taskbar_icon(&self, taskbar_icon: Option<Icon>) {
-        self.window.set_taskbar_icon(taskbar_icon)
+        let window = self.as_any().downcast_ref::<crate::platform_impl::Window>().unwrap();
+        window.set_taskbar_icon(taskbar_icon)
    }

    #[inline]
    fn set_skip_taskbar(&self, skip: bool) {
-        self.window.set_skip_taskbar(skip)
+        let window = self.as_any().downcast_ref::<crate::platform_impl::Window>().unwrap();
+        window.set_skip_taskbar(skip)
    }

    #[inline]
    fn set_undecorated_shadow(&self, shadow: bool) {
-        self.window.set_undecorated_shadow(shadow)
+        let window = self.as_any().downcast_ref::<crate::platform_impl::Window>().unwrap();
+        window.set_undecorated_shadow(shadow)
    }

    #[inline]
    fn set_system_backdrop(&self, backdrop_type: BackdropType) {
-        self.window.set_system_backdrop(backdrop_type)
+        let window = self.as_any().downcast_ref::<crate::platform_impl::Window>().unwrap();
+        window.set_system_backdrop(backdrop_type)
    }

    #[inline]
    fn set_border_color(&self, color: Option<Color>) {
-        self.window.set_border_color(color.unwrap_or(Color::NONE))
+        let window = self.as_any().downcast_ref::<crate::platform_impl::Window>().unwrap();
+        window.set_border_color(color.unwrap_or(Color::NONE))
    }

    #[inline]
@@ -394,25 +383,28 @@ impl WindowExtWindows for Window {
        // The windows docs don't mention NONE as a valid options but it works in practice and is
        // useful to circumvent the Windows option "Show accent color on title bars and
        // window borders"
-        self.window.set_title_background_color(color.unwrap_or(Color::NONE))
+        let window = self.as_any().downcast_ref::<crate::platform_impl::Window>().unwrap();
+        window.set_title_background_color(color.unwrap_or(Color::NONE))
    }

    #[inline]
    fn set_title_text_color(&self, color: Color) {
-        self.window.set_title_text_color(color)
+        let window = self.as_any().downcast_ref::<crate::platform_impl::Window>().unwrap();
+        window.set_title_text_color(color)
    }

    #[inline]
    fn set_corner_preference(&self, preference: CornerPreference) {
-        self.window.set_corner_preference(preference)
+        let window = self.as_any().downcast_ref::<crate::platform_impl::Window>().unwrap();
+        window.set_corner_preference(preference)
    }

-    #[cfg(feature = "rwh_06")]
    unsafe fn window_handle_any_thread(
        &self,
    ) -> Result<rwh_06::WindowHandle<'_>, rwh_06::HandleError> {
+        let window = self.as_any().downcast_ref::<crate::platform_impl::Window>().unwrap();
        unsafe {
-            let handle = self.window.rwh_06_no_thread_check()?;
+            let handle = window.rwh_06_no_thread_check()?;

            // SAFETY: The handle is valid in this context.
            Ok(rwh_06::WindowHandle::borrow_raw(handle))
@@ -423,7 +415,7 @@ impl WindowExtWindows for Window {
 /// Additional methods for anything that dereference to [`Window`].
 ///
 /// [`Window`]: crate::window::Window
-pub trait WindowBorrowExtWindows: Borrow<Window> + Sized {
+pub trait WindowBorrowExtWindows: Borrow<dyn Window> + Sized {
    /// Create an object that allows accessing the inner window handle in a thread-unsafe way.
    ///
    /// It is possible to call [`window_handle_any_thread`] to get around Windows's thread
@@ -439,15 +431,18 @@ pub trait WindowBorrowExtWindows: Borrow<Window> + Sized {
    /// It is the responsibility of the user to only pass the window handle into thread-safe
    /// Win32 APIs.
    ///
-    /// [`window_handle_any_thread`]: WindowExtWindows::window_handle_any_thread
    /// [`Window`]: crate::window::Window
    /// [`HasWindowHandle`]: rwh_06::HasWindowHandle
-    unsafe fn any_thread(self) -> AnyThread<Self> {
+    /// [`window_handle_any_thread`]: WindowExtWindows::window_handle_any_thread
+    unsafe fn any_thread(self) -> AnyThread<Self>
+    where
+        Self: Window,
+    {
        AnyThread(self)
    }
 }

-impl<W: Borrow<Window> + Sized> WindowBorrowExtWindows for W {}
+impl<W: Borrow<dyn Window> + Sized> WindowBorrowExtWindows for W {}

 /// Additional methods on `WindowAttributes` that are specific to Windows.
 #[allow(rustdoc::broken_intra_doc_links)]
@@ -652,10 +647,15 @@ pub trait DeviceIdExtWindows {
    fn persistent_identifier(&self) -> Option<String>;
 }

+#[cfg(windows_platform)]
 impl DeviceIdExtWindows for DeviceId {
-    #[inline]
    fn persistent_identifier(&self) -> Option<String> {
-        self.0.persistent_identifier()
+        let raw_id = self.into_raw();
+        if raw_id != 0 {
+            crate::platform_impl::raw_input::get_raw_input_device_name(raw_id as HANDLE)
+        } else {
+            None
+        }
    }
 }

--- a/src/platform/x11.rs
+++ b/src/platform/x11.rs
@@ -2,11 +2,10 @@
 #[cfg(feature = "serde")]
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};

+use crate::dpi::Size;
 use crate::event_loop::{ActiveEventLoop, EventLoop, EventLoopBuilder};
 use crate::monitor::MonitorHandle;
-use crate::window::{Window, WindowAttributes};
-
-use crate::dpi::Size;
+use crate::window::{Window as CoreWindow, WindowAttributes};

 /// X window type. Maps directly to
 /// [`_NET_WM_WINDOW_TYPE`](https://specifications.freedesktop.org/wm-spec/wm-spec-1.5.html).
@@ -81,9 +80,7 @@ pub type XWindow = u32;
 #[inline]
 pub fn register_xlib_error_hook(hook: XlibErrorHook) {
    // Append new hook.
-    unsafe {
-        crate::platform_impl::XLIB_ERROR_HOOKS.lock().unwrap().push(hook);
-    }
+    crate::platform_impl::XLIB_ERROR_HOOKS.lock().unwrap().push(hook);
 }

 /// Additional methods on [`ActiveEventLoop`] that are specific to X11.
@@ -92,10 +89,10 @@ pub trait ActiveEventLoopExtX11 {
    fn is_x11(&self) -> bool;
 }

-impl ActiveEventLoopExtX11 for ActiveEventLoop {
+impl ActiveEventLoopExtX11 for dyn ActiveEventLoop + '_ {
    #[inline]
    fn is_x11(&self) -> bool {
-        !self.p.is_wayland()
+        self.as_any().downcast_ref::<crate::platform_impl::x11::ActiveEventLoop>().is_some()
    }
 }

@@ -139,9 +136,11 @@ impl EventLoopBuilderExtX11 for EventLoopBuilder {
 }

 /// Additional methods on [`Window`] that are specific to X11.
+///
+/// [`Window`]: crate::window::Window
 pub trait WindowExtX11 {}

-impl WindowExtX11 for Window {}
+impl WindowExtX11 for dyn CoreWindow {}

 /// Additional methods on [`WindowAttributes`] that are specific to X11.
 pub trait WindowAttributesExtX11 {
@@ -170,13 +169,13 @@ pub trait WindowAttributesExtX11 {
    ///
    /// ```
    /// # use winit::dpi::{LogicalSize, PhysicalSize};
-    /// # use winit::window::Window;
+    /// # use winit::window::{Window, WindowAttributes};
    /// # use winit::platform::x11::WindowAttributesExtX11;
    /// // Specify the size in logical dimensions like this:
-    /// Window::default_attributes().with_base_size(LogicalSize::new(400.0, 200.0));
+    /// WindowAttributes::default().with_base_size(LogicalSize::new(400.0, 200.0));
    ///
    /// // Or specify the size in physical dimensions like this:
-    /// Window::default_attributes().with_base_size(PhysicalSize::new(400, 200));
+    /// WindowAttributes::default().with_base_size(PhysicalSize::new(400, 200));
    /// ```
    fn with_base_size<S: Into<Size>>(self, base_size: S) -> Self;

@@ -185,12 +184,12 @@ pub trait WindowAttributesExtX11 {
    /// # Example
    ///
    /// ```no_run
-    /// use winit::window::Window;
+    /// use winit::window::{Window, WindowAttributes};
    /// use winit::event_loop::ActiveEventLoop;
    /// use winit::platform::x11::{XWindow, WindowAttributesExtX11};
-    /// # fn create_window(event_loop: &ActiveEventLoop) -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
+    /// # fn create_window(event_loop: &dyn ActiveEventLoop) -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
    /// let parent_window_id = std::env::args().nth(1).unwrap().parse::<XWindow>()?;
-    /// let window_attributes = Window::default_attributes().with_embed_parent_window(parent_window_id);
+    /// let window_attributes = WindowAttributes::default().with_embed_parent_window(parent_window_id);
    /// let window = event_loop.create_window(window_attributes)?;
    /// # Ok(()) }
    /// ```
--- a/src/platform_impl/android/mod.rs
+++ b/src/platform_impl/android/mod.rs
--- a/src/platform_impl/apple/appkit/app.rs
+++ b/src/platform_impl/apple/appkit/app.rs
@@ -1,11 +1,12 @@
 #![allow(clippy::unnecessary_cast)]

+use std::rc::Rc;
+
 use objc2::{declare_class, msg_send, mutability, ClassType, DeclaredClass};
 use objc2_app_kit::{NSApplication, NSEvent, NSEventModifierFlags, NSEventType, NSResponder};
 use objc2_foundation::{MainThreadMarker, NSObject};

-use super::app_state::ApplicationDelegate;
-use super::DEVICE_ID;
+use super::app_state::AppState;
 use crate::event::{DeviceEvent, ElementState};

 declare_class!(
@@ -38,15 +39,15 @@ declare_class!(
                    key_window.sendEvent(event);
                }
            } else {
-                let delegate = ApplicationDelegate::get(MainThreadMarker::from(self));
-                maybe_dispatch_device_event(&delegate, event);
+                let app_state = AppState::get(MainThreadMarker::from(self));
+                maybe_dispatch_device_event(&app_state, event);
                unsafe { msg_send![super(self), sendEvent: event] }
            }
        }
    }
 );

-fn maybe_dispatch_device_event(delegate: &ApplicationDelegate, event: &NSEvent) {
+fn maybe_dispatch_device_event(app_state: &Rc<AppState>, event: &NSEvent) {
    let event_type = unsafe { event.r#type() };
    #[allow(non_upper_case_globals)]
    match event_type {
@@ -57,27 +58,9 @@ fn maybe_dispatch_device_event(delegate: &ApplicationDelegate, event: &NSEvent)
            let delta_x = unsafe { event.deltaX() } as f64;
            let delta_y = unsafe { event.deltaY() } as f64;

-            if delta_x != 0.0 {
-                delegate.maybe_queue_with_handler(move |app, event_loop| {
-                    app.device_event(event_loop, DEVICE_ID, DeviceEvent::Motion {
-                        axis: 0,
-                        value: delta_x,
-                    });
-                });
-            }
-
-            if delta_y != 0.0 {
-                delegate.maybe_queue_with_handler(move |app, event_loop| {
-                    app.device_event(event_loop, DEVICE_ID, DeviceEvent::Motion {
-                        axis: 1,
-                        value: delta_y,
-                    });
-                })
-            }
-
            if delta_x != 0.0 || delta_y != 0.0 {
-                delegate.maybe_queue_with_handler(move |app, event_loop| {
-                    app.device_event(event_loop, DEVICE_ID, DeviceEvent::MouseMotion {
+                app_state.maybe_queue_with_handler(move |app, event_loop| {
+                    app.device_event(event_loop, None, DeviceEvent::PointerMotion {
                        delta: (delta_x, delta_y),
                    });
                });
@@ -85,8 +68,8 @@ fn maybe_dispatch_device_event(delegate: &ApplicationDelegate, event: &NSEvent)
        },
        NSEventType::LeftMouseDown | NSEventType::RightMouseDown | NSEventType::OtherMouseDown => {
            let button = unsafe { event.buttonNumber() } as u32;
-            delegate.maybe_queue_with_handler(move |app, event_loop| {
-                app.device_event(event_loop, DEVICE_ID, DeviceEvent::Button {
+            app_state.maybe_queue_with_handler(move |app, event_loop| {
+                app.device_event(event_loop, None, DeviceEvent::Button {
                    button,
                    state: ElementState::Pressed,
                });
@@ -94,8 +77,8 @@ fn maybe_dispatch_device_event(delegate: &ApplicationDelegate, event: &NSEvent)
        },
        NSEventType::LeftMouseUp | NSEventType::RightMouseUp | NSEventType::OtherMouseUp => {
            let button = unsafe { event.buttonNumber() } as u32;
-            delegate.maybe_queue_with_handler(move |app, event_loop| {
-                app.device_event(event_loop, DEVICE_ID, DeviceEvent::Button {
+            app_state.maybe_queue_with_handler(move |app, event_loop| {
+                app.device_event(event_loop, None, DeviceEvent::Button {
                    button,
                    state: ElementState::Released,
                });
--- a/src/platform_impl/apple/appkit/app_state.rs
+++ b/src/platform_impl/apple/appkit/app_state.rs
@@ -1,32 +1,30 @@
-use std::cell::{Cell, RefCell};
+use std::cell::{Cell, OnceCell, RefCell};
 use std::mem;
-use std::rc::Weak;
-use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicBool, Ordering as AtomicOrdering};
+use std::rc::{Rc, Weak};
+use std::sync::atomic::Ordering as AtomicOrdering;
 use std::sync::Arc;
 use std::time::Instant;

-use objc2::rc::Retained;
-use objc2::{declare_class, msg_send_id, mutability, ClassType, DeclaredClass};
-use objc2_app_kit::{NSApplication, NSApplicationActivationPolicy, NSApplicationDelegate};
-use objc2_foundation::{MainThreadMarker, NSNotification, NSObject, NSObjectProtocol};
+use objc2_app_kit::{NSApplication, NSApplicationActivationPolicy, NSRunningApplication};
+use objc2_foundation::{MainThreadMarker, NSNotification};

+use super::super::event_handler::EventHandler;
+use super::event_loop::{stop_app_immediately, ActiveEventLoop, EventLoopProxy, PanicInfo};
+use super::menu;
+use super::observer::{EventLoopWaker, RunLoop};
 use crate::application::ApplicationHandler;
 use crate::event::{StartCause, WindowEvent};
-use crate::event_loop::{ActiveEventLoop as RootActiveEventLoop, ControlFlow};
-use crate::window::WindowId as RootWindowId;
-
-use super::event_handler::EventHandler;
-use super::event_loop::{stop_app_immediately, ActiveEventLoop, PanicInfo};
-use super::observer::{EventLoopWaker, RunLoop};
-use super::{menu, WindowId};
+use crate::event_loop::ControlFlow;
+use crate::window::WindowId;

 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub(super) struct AppState {
-    activation_policy: NSApplicationActivationPolicy,
+    mtm: MainThreadMarker,
+    activation_policy: Option<NSApplicationActivationPolicy>,
    default_menu: bool,
    activate_ignoring_other_apps: bool,
    run_loop: RunLoop,
-    proxy_wake_up: Arc<AtomicBool>,
+    event_loop_proxy: Arc<EventLoopProxy>,
    event_handler: EventHandler,
    stop_on_launch: Cell<bool>,
    stop_before_wait: Cell<bool>,
@@ -47,46 +45,34 @@ pub(super) struct AppState {
    // as such should be careful to not add fields that, in turn, strongly reference those.
 }

-declare_class!(
-    #[derive(Debug)]
-    pub(super) struct ApplicationDelegate;
+// TODO(madsmtm): Use `MainThreadBound` once that is possible in `static`s.
+struct StaticMainThreadBound<T>(T);

-    unsafe impl ClassType for ApplicationDelegate {
-        type Super = NSObject;
-        type Mutability = mutability::MainThreadOnly;
-        const NAME: &'static str = "WinitApplicationDelegate";
+impl<T> StaticMainThreadBound<T> {
+    const fn get(&self, _mtm: MainThreadMarker) -> &T {
+        &self.0
    }
+}

-    impl DeclaredClass for ApplicationDelegate {
-        type Ivars = AppState;
-    }
+unsafe impl<T> Send for StaticMainThreadBound<T> {}
+unsafe impl<T> Sync for StaticMainThreadBound<T> {}

-    unsafe impl NSObjectProtocol for ApplicationDelegate {}
+// SAFETY: Creating `StaticMainThreadBound` in a `const` context, where there is no concept of the
+// main thread.
+static GLOBAL: StaticMainThreadBound<OnceCell<Rc<AppState>>> =
+    StaticMainThreadBound(OnceCell::new());

-    unsafe impl NSApplicationDelegate for ApplicationDelegate {
-        #[method(applicationDidFinishLaunching:)]
-        fn app_did_finish_launching(&self, notification: &NSNotification) {
-            self.did_finish_launching(notification)
-        }
-
-        #[method(applicationWillTerminate:)]
-        fn app_will_terminate(&self, notification: &NSNotification) {
-            self.will_terminate(notification)
-        }
-    }
-);
-
-impl ApplicationDelegate {
-    pub(super) fn new(
+impl AppState {
+    pub(super) fn setup_global(
        mtm: MainThreadMarker,
-        activation_policy: NSApplicationActivationPolicy,
-        proxy_wake_up: Arc<AtomicBool>,
+        activation_policy: Option<NSApplicationActivationPolicy>,
        default_menu: bool,
        activate_ignoring_other_apps: bool,
-    ) -> Retained<Self> {
-        let this = mtm.alloc().set_ivars(AppState {
+    ) -> Rc<Self> {
+        let this = Rc::new(AppState {
+            mtm,
            activation_policy,
-            proxy_wake_up,
+            event_loop_proxy: Arc::new(EventLoopProxy::new()),
            default_menu,
            activate_ignoring_other_apps,
            run_loop: RunLoop::main(mtm),
@@ -104,33 +90,56 @@ impl ApplicationDelegate {
            wait_timeout: Cell::new(None),
            pending_redraw: RefCell::new(vec![]),
        });
-        unsafe { msg_send_id![super(this), init] }
+
+        GLOBAL.get(mtm).set(this.clone()).expect("application state can only be set once");
+        this
    }

-    // NOTE: This will, globally, only be run once, no matter how many
-    // `EventLoop`s the user creates.
-    fn did_finish_launching(&self, _notification: &NSNotification) {
-        trace_scope!("applicationDidFinishLaunching:");
-        self.ivars().is_launched.set(true);
+    pub fn get(mtm: MainThreadMarker) -> Rc<Self> {
+        GLOBAL
+            .get(mtm)
+            .get()
+            .expect("tried to get application state before it was registered")
+            .clone()
+    }

-        let mtm = MainThreadMarker::from(self);
-        let app = NSApplication::sharedApplication(mtm);
+    // NOTE: This notification will, globally, only be emitted once,
+    // no matter how many `EventLoop`s the user creates.
+    pub fn did_finish_launching(self: &Rc<Self>, _notification: &NSNotification) {
+        trace_scope!("NSApplicationDidFinishLaunchingNotification");
+        self.is_launched.set(true);
+
+        let app = NSApplication::sharedApplication(self.mtm);
        // We need to delay setting the activation policy and activating the app
        // until `applicationDidFinishLaunching` has been called. Otherwise the
        // menu bar is initially unresponsive on macOS 10.15.
-        app.setActivationPolicy(self.ivars().activation_policy);
+        if let Some(activation_policy) = self.activation_policy {
+            app.setActivationPolicy(activation_policy);
+        } else {
+            // If no activation policy is explicitly provided, and the application
+            // is bundled, do not set the activation policy at all, to allow the
+            // package manifest to define the behavior via LSUIElement.
+            //
+            // See:
+            // - https://github.com/rust-windowing/winit/issues/261
+            // - https://github.com/rust-windowing/winit/issues/3958
+            let is_bundled =
+                unsafe { NSRunningApplication::currentApplication().bundleIdentifier().is_some() };
+            if !is_bundled {
+                app.setActivationPolicy(NSApplicationActivationPolicy::Regular);
+            }
+        }

-        window_activation_hack(&app);
        #[allow(deprecated)]
-        app.activateIgnoringOtherApps(self.ivars().activate_ignoring_other_apps);
+        app.activateIgnoringOtherApps(self.activate_ignoring_other_apps);

-        if self.ivars().default_menu {
+        if self.default_menu {
            // The menubar initialization should be before the `NewEvents` event, to allow
            // overriding of the default menu even if it's created
            menu::initialize(&app);
        }

-        self.ivars().waker.borrow_mut().start();
+        self.waker.borrow_mut().start();

        self.set_is_running(true);
        self.dispatch_init_events();
@@ -140,73 +149,65 @@ impl ApplicationDelegate {
        //
        // In this case we still want to consider Winit's `EventLoop` to be "running",
        // so we call `start_running()` above.
-        if self.ivars().stop_on_launch.get() {
+        if self.stop_on_launch.get() {
            // NOTE: the original idea had been to only stop the underlying `RunLoop`
            // for the app but that didn't work as expected (`-[NSApplication run]`
            // effectively ignored the attempt to stop the RunLoop and re-started it).
            //
            // So we return from `pump_events` by stopping the application.
-            let app = NSApplication::sharedApplication(mtm);
+            let app = NSApplication::sharedApplication(self.mtm);
            stop_app_immediately(&app);
        }
    }

-    fn will_terminate(&self, _notification: &NSNotification) {
-        trace_scope!("applicationWillTerminate:");
+    pub fn will_terminate(self: &Rc<Self>, _notification: &NSNotification) {
+        trace_scope!("NSApplicationWillTerminateNotification");
        // TODO: Notify every window that it will be destroyed, like done in iOS?
        self.internal_exit();
    }

-    pub fn get(mtm: MainThreadMarker) -> Retained<Self> {
-        let app = NSApplication::sharedApplication(mtm);
-        let delegate =
-            unsafe { app.delegate() }.expect("a delegate was not configured on the application");
-        if delegate.is_kind_of::<Self>() {
-            // SAFETY: Just checked that the delegate is an instance of `ApplicationDelegate`
-            unsafe { Retained::cast(delegate) }
-        } else {
-            panic!("tried to get a delegate that was not the one Winit has registered")
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Place the event handler in the application delegate for the duration
+    /// Place the event handler in the application state for the duration
    /// of the given closure.
    pub fn set_event_handler<R>(
        &self,
        handler: &mut dyn ApplicationHandler,
        closure: impl FnOnce() -> R,
    ) -> R {
-        self.ivars().event_handler.set(handler, closure)
+        self.event_handler.set(handler, closure)
+    }
+
+    pub fn event_loop_proxy(&self) -> &Arc<EventLoopProxy> {
+        &self.event_loop_proxy
    }

    /// If `pump_events` is called to progress the event loop then we
    /// bootstrap the event loop via `-[NSApplication run]` but will use
    /// `CFRunLoopRunInMode` for subsequent calls to `pump_events`.
    pub fn set_stop_on_launch(&self) {
-        self.ivars().stop_on_launch.set(true);
+        self.stop_on_launch.set(true);
    }

    pub fn set_stop_before_wait(&self, value: bool) {
-        self.ivars().stop_before_wait.set(value)
+        self.stop_before_wait.set(value)
    }

    pub fn set_stop_after_wait(&self, value: bool) {
-        self.ivars().stop_after_wait.set(value)
+        self.stop_after_wait.set(value)
    }

    pub fn set_stop_on_redraw(&self, value: bool) {
-        self.ivars().stop_on_redraw.set(value)
+        self.stop_on_redraw.set(value)
    }

    pub fn set_wait_timeout(&self, value: Option<Instant>) {
-        self.ivars().wait_timeout.set(value)
+        self.wait_timeout.set(value)
    }

    /// Clears the `running` state and resets the `control_flow` state when an `EventLoop` exits.
    ///
    /// NOTE: that if the `NSApplication` has been launched then that state is preserved,
    /// and we won't need to re-launch the app if subsequent EventLoops are run.
-    pub fn internal_exit(&self) {
+    pub fn internal_exit(self: &Rc<Self>) {
        self.with_handler(|app, event_loop| {
            app.exiting(event_loop);
        });
@@ -219,68 +220,67 @@ impl ApplicationDelegate {
    }

    pub fn is_launched(&self) -> bool {
-        self.ivars().is_launched.get()
+        self.is_launched.get()
    }

    pub fn set_is_running(&self, value: bool) {
-        self.ivars().is_running.set(value)
+        self.is_running.set(value)
    }

    pub fn is_running(&self) -> bool {
-        self.ivars().is_running.get()
+        self.is_running.get()
    }

    pub fn exit(&self) {
-        self.ivars().exit.set(true)
+        self.exit.set(true)
    }

    pub fn clear_exit(&self) {
-        self.ivars().exit.set(false)
+        self.exit.set(false)
    }

    pub fn exiting(&self) -> bool {
-        self.ivars().exit.get()
+        self.exit.get()
    }

    pub fn set_control_flow(&self, value: ControlFlow) {
-        self.ivars().control_flow.set(value)
+        self.control_flow.set(value)
    }

    pub fn control_flow(&self) -> ControlFlow {
-        self.ivars().control_flow.get()
+        self.control_flow.get()
    }

-    pub fn handle_redraw(&self, window_id: WindowId) {
-        let mtm = MainThreadMarker::from(self);
+    pub fn handle_redraw(self: &Rc<Self>, window_id: WindowId) {
        // Redraw request might come out of order from the OS.
        // -> Don't go back into the event handler when our callstack originates from there
-        if !self.ivars().event_handler.in_use() {
+        if !self.event_handler.in_use() {
            self.with_handler(|app, event_loop| {
-                app.window_event(event_loop, RootWindowId(window_id), WindowEvent::RedrawRequested);
+                app.window_event(event_loop, window_id, WindowEvent::RedrawRequested);
            });

            // `pump_events` will request to stop immediately _after_ dispatching RedrawRequested
            // events as a way to ensure that `pump_events` can't block an external loop
            // indefinitely
-            if self.ivars().stop_on_redraw.get() {
-                let app = NSApplication::sharedApplication(mtm);
+            if self.stop_on_redraw.get() {
+                let app = NSApplication::sharedApplication(self.mtm);
                stop_app_immediately(&app);
            }
        }
    }

    pub fn queue_redraw(&self, window_id: WindowId) {
-        let mut pending_redraw = self.ivars().pending_redraw.borrow_mut();
+        let mut pending_redraw = self.pending_redraw.borrow_mut();
        if !pending_redraw.contains(&window_id) {
            pending_redraw.push(window_id);
        }
-        self.ivars().run_loop.wakeup();
+        self.run_loop.wakeup();
    }

    #[track_caller]
    pub fn maybe_queue_with_handler(
-        &self,
-        callback: impl FnOnce(&mut dyn ApplicationHandler, &RootActiveEventLoop) + 'static,
+        self: &Rc<Self>,
+        callback: impl FnOnce(&mut dyn ApplicationHandler, &ActiveEventLoop) + 'static,
    ) {
        // Most programmer actions in AppKit (e.g. change window fullscreen, set focused, etc.)
        // result in an event being queued, and applied at a later point.
@@ -288,12 +288,12 @@ impl ApplicationDelegate {
        // However, it is not documented which actions do this, and which ones are done immediately,
        // so to make sure that we don't encounter re-entrancy issues, we first check if we're
        // currently handling another event, and if we are, we queue the event instead.
-        if !self.ivars().event_handler.in_use() {
+        if !self.event_handler.in_use() {
            self.with_handler(callback);
        } else {
            tracing::debug!("had to queue event since another is currently being handled");
-            let this = self.retain();
-            self.ivars().run_loop.queue_closure(move || {
+            let this = Rc::clone(self);
+            self.run_loop.queue_closure(move || {
                this.with_handler(callback);
            });
        }
@@ -301,38 +301,38 @@ impl ApplicationDelegate {

    #[track_caller]
    fn with_handler(
-        &self,
-        callback: impl FnOnce(&mut dyn ApplicationHandler, &RootActiveEventLoop),
+        self: &Rc<Self>,
+        callback: impl FnOnce(&mut dyn ApplicationHandler, &ActiveEventLoop),
    ) {
-        let event_loop = ActiveEventLoop::new_root(self.retain());
-        self.ivars().event_handler.handle(callback, &event_loop);
+        let event_loop = ActiveEventLoop { app_state: Rc::clone(self), mtm: self.mtm };
+        self.event_handler.handle(|app| callback(app, &event_loop));
    }

    /// dispatch `NewEvents(Init)` + `Resumed`
-    pub fn dispatch_init_events(&self) {
+    pub fn dispatch_init_events(self: &Rc<Self>) {
        self.with_handler(|app, event_loop| app.new_events(event_loop, StartCause::Init));
-        // NB: For consistency all platforms must emit a 'resumed' event even though macOS
-        // applications don't themselves have a formal suspend/resume lifecycle.
-        self.with_handler(|app, event_loop| app.resumed(event_loop));
+        // NB: For consistency all platforms must call `can_create_surfaces` even though macOS
+        // applications don't themselves have a formal surface destroy/create lifecycle.
+        self.with_handler(|app, event_loop| app.can_create_surfaces(event_loop));
    }

    // Called by RunLoopObserver after finishing waiting for new events
-    pub fn wakeup(&self, panic_info: Weak<PanicInfo>) {
-        let mtm = MainThreadMarker::from(self);
+    pub fn wakeup(self: &Rc<Self>, panic_info: Weak<PanicInfo>) {
        let panic_info = panic_info
            .upgrade()
            .expect("The panic info must exist here. This failure indicates a developer error.");

-        if panic_info.is_panicking() || !self.is_running() {
+        // Return when in event handler due to https://github.com/rust-windowing/winit/issues/1779
+        if panic_info.is_panicking() || !self.event_handler.ready() || !self.is_running() {
            return;
        }

-        if self.ivars().stop_after_wait.get() {
-            let app = NSApplication::sharedApplication(mtm);
+        if self.stop_after_wait.get() {
+            let app = NSApplication::sharedApplication(self.mtm);
            stop_app_immediately(&app);
        }

-        let start = self.ivars().start_time.get().unwrap();
+        let start = self.start_time.get().unwrap();
        let cause = match self.control_flow() {
            ControlFlow::Poll => StartCause::Poll,
            ControlFlow::Wait => StartCause::WaitCancelled { start, requested_resume: None },
@@ -349,24 +349,26 @@ impl ApplicationDelegate {
    }

    // Called by RunLoopObserver before waiting for new events
-    pub fn cleared(&self, panic_info: Weak<PanicInfo>) {
-        let mtm = MainThreadMarker::from(self);
+    pub fn cleared(self: &Rc<Self>, panic_info: Weak<PanicInfo>) {
        let panic_info = panic_info
            .upgrade()
            .expect("The panic info must exist here. This failure indicates a developer error.");

-        if panic_info.is_panicking() || !self.is_running() {
+        // Return when in event handler due to https://github.com/rust-windowing/winit/issues/1779
+        // XXX: how does it make sense that `event_handler.ready()` can ever return `false` here if
+        // we're about to return to the `CFRunLoop` to poll for new events?
+        if panic_info.is_panicking() || !self.event_handler.ready() || !self.is_running() {
            return;
        }

-        if self.ivars().proxy_wake_up.swap(false, AtomicOrdering::Relaxed) {
+        if self.event_loop_proxy.wake_up.swap(false, AtomicOrdering::Relaxed) {
            self.with_handler(|app, event_loop| app.proxy_wake_up(event_loop));
        }

-        let redraw = mem::take(&mut *self.ivars().pending_redraw.borrow_mut());
+        let redraw = mem::take(&mut *self.pending_redraw.borrow_mut());
        for window_id in redraw {
            self.with_handler(|app, event_loop| {
-                app.window_event(event_loop, RootWindowId(window_id), WindowEvent::RedrawRequested);
+                app.window_event(event_loop, window_id, WindowEvent::RedrawRequested);
            });
        }
        self.with_handler(|app, event_loop| {
@@ -374,22 +376,22 @@ impl ApplicationDelegate {
        });

        if self.exiting() {
-            let app = NSApplication::sharedApplication(mtm);
+            let app = NSApplication::sharedApplication(self.mtm);
            stop_app_immediately(&app);
        }

-        if self.ivars().stop_before_wait.get() {
-            let app = NSApplication::sharedApplication(mtm);
+        if self.stop_before_wait.get() {
+            let app = NSApplication::sharedApplication(self.mtm);
            stop_app_immediately(&app);
        }
-        self.ivars().start_time.set(Some(Instant::now()));
-        let wait_timeout = self.ivars().wait_timeout.get(); // configured by pump_events
+        self.start_time.set(Some(Instant::now()));
+        let wait_timeout = self.wait_timeout.get(); // configured by pump_events
        let app_timeout = match self.control_flow() {
            ControlFlow::Wait => None,
            ControlFlow::Poll => Some(Instant::now()),
            ControlFlow::WaitUntil(instant) => Some(instant),
        };
-        self.ivars().waker.borrow_mut().start_at(min_timeout(wait_timeout, app_timeout));
+        self.waker.borrow_mut().start_at(min_timeout(wait_timeout, app_timeout));
    }
 }

@@ -399,26 +401,3 @@ impl ApplicationDelegate {
 fn min_timeout(a: Option<Instant>, b: Option<Instant>) -> Option<Instant> {
    a.map_or(b, |a_timeout| b.map_or(Some(a_timeout), |b_timeout| Some(a_timeout.min(b_timeout))))
 }
-
-/// A hack to make activation of multiple windows work when creating them before
-/// `applicationDidFinishLaunching:` / `Event::Event::NewEvents(StartCause::Init)`.
-///
-/// Alternative to this would be the user calling `window.set_visible(true)` in
-/// `StartCause::Init`.
-///
-/// If this becomes too bothersome to maintain, it can probably be removed
-/// without too much damage.
-fn window_activation_hack(app: &NSApplication) {
-    // TODO: Proper ordering of the windows
-    app.windows().into_iter().for_each(|window| {
-        // Call `makeKeyAndOrderFront` if it was called on the window in `WinitWindow::new`
-        // This way we preserve the user's desired initial visibility status
-        // TODO: Also filter on the type/"level" of the window, and maybe other things?
-        if window.isVisible() {
-            tracing::trace!("Activating visible window");
-            window.makeKeyAndOrderFront(None);
-        } else {
-            tracing::trace!("Skipping activating invisible window");
-        }
-    })
-}
--- a/src/platform_impl/apple/appkit/cursor.rs
+++ b/src/platform_impl/apple/appkit/cursor.rs
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ use objc2_foundation::{
 };

 use crate::cursor::{CursorImage, OnlyCursorImageSource};
+use crate::error::RequestError;
 use crate::window::CursorIcon;

 #[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
@@ -23,12 +24,12 @@ unsafe impl Send for CustomCursor {}
 unsafe impl Sync for CustomCursor {}

 impl CustomCursor {
-    pub(crate) fn new(cursor: OnlyCursorImageSource) -> CustomCursor {
-        Self(cursor_from_image(&cursor.0))
+    pub(crate) fn new(cursor: OnlyCursorImageSource) -> Result<CustomCursor, RequestError> {
+        cursor_from_image(&cursor.0).map(Self)
    }
 }

-pub(crate) fn cursor_from_image(cursor: &CursorImage) -> Retained<NSCursor> {
+pub(crate) fn cursor_from_image(cursor: &CursorImage) -> Result<Retained<NSCursor>, RequestError> {
    let width = cursor.width;
    let height = cursor.height;

@@ -45,8 +46,8 @@ pub(crate) fn cursor_from_image(cursor: &CursorImage) -> Retained<NSCursor> {
            NSDeviceRGBColorSpace,
            width as isize * 4,
            32,
-        ).unwrap()
-    };
+        )
+    }.ok_or_else(|| os_error!("parent view should be installed in a window"))?;
    let bitmap_data = unsafe { slice::from_raw_parts_mut(bitmap.bitmapData(), cursor.rgba.len()) };
    bitmap_data.copy_from_slice(&cursor.rgba);

@@ -57,7 +58,7 @@ pub(crate) fn cursor_from_image(cursor: &CursorImage) -> Retained<NSCursor> {

    let hotspot = NSPoint::new(cursor.hotspot_x as f64, cursor.hotspot_y as f64);

-    NSCursor::initWithImage_hotSpot(NSCursor::alloc(), &image, hotspot)
+    Ok(NSCursor::initWithImage_hotSpot(NSCursor::alloc(), &image, hotspot))
 }

 pub(crate) fn default_cursor() -> Retained<NSCursor> {
--- a/src/platform_impl/apple/appkit/event.rs
+++ b/src/platform_impl/apple/appkit/event.rs
@@ -92,17 +92,12 @@ fn get_logical_key_char(ns_event: &NSEvent, modifierless_chars: &str) -> Key {
 /// Create `KeyEvent` for the given `NSEvent`.
 ///
 /// This function shouldn't be called when the IME input is in process.
-pub(crate) fn create_key_event(
-    ns_event: &NSEvent,
-    is_press: bool,
-    is_repeat: bool,
-    key_override: Option<PhysicalKey>,
-) -> KeyEvent {
+pub(crate) fn create_key_event(ns_event: &NSEvent, is_press: bool, is_repeat: bool) -> KeyEvent {
    use ElementState::{Pressed, Released};
    let state = if is_press { Pressed } else { Released };

    let scancode = unsafe { ns_event.keyCode() };
-    let mut physical_key = key_override.unwrap_or_else(|| scancode_to_physicalkey(scancode as u32));
+    let mut physical_key = scancode_to_physicalkey(scancode as u32);

    // NOTE: The logical key should heed both SHIFT and ALT if possible.
    // For instance:
@@ -111,20 +106,15 @@ pub(crate) fn create_key_event(
    // * Pressing CTRL SHIFT A: logical key should also be "A"
    // This is not easy to tease out of `NSEvent`, but we do our best.

-    let text_with_all_modifiers: Option<SmolStr> = if key_override.is_some() {
+    let characters = unsafe { ns_event.characters() }.map(|s| s.to_string()).unwrap_or_default();
+    let text_with_all_modifiers = if characters.is_empty() {
        None
    } else {
-        let characters =
-            unsafe { ns_event.characters() }.map(|s| s.to_string()).unwrap_or_default();
-        if characters.is_empty() {
-            None
-        } else {
-            if matches!(physical_key, PhysicalKey::Unidentified(_)) {
-                // The key may be one of the funky function keys
-                physical_key = extra_function_key_to_code(scancode, &characters);
-            }
-            Some(SmolStr::new(characters))
+        if matches!(physical_key, PhysicalKey::Unidentified(_)) {
+            // The key may be one of the funky function keys
+            physical_key = extra_function_key_to_code(scancode, &characters);
        }
+        Some(SmolStr::new(characters))
    };

    let key_from_code = code_to_key(physical_key, scancode);
@@ -377,6 +367,7 @@ pub(crate) fn physicalkey_to_scancode(physical_key: PhysicalKey) -> Option<u32>
        KeyCode::KeyX => Some(0x07),
        KeyCode::KeyC => Some(0x08),
        KeyCode::KeyV => Some(0x09),
+        KeyCode::IntlBackslash => Some(0x0a),
        KeyCode::KeyB => Some(0x0b),
        KeyCode::KeyQ => Some(0x0c),
        KeyCode::KeyW => Some(0x0d),
@@ -422,18 +413,21 @@ pub(crate) fn physicalkey_to_scancode(physical_key: PhysicalKey) -> Option<u32>
        KeyCode::SuperRight => Some(0x36),
        KeyCode::SuperLeft => Some(0x37),
        KeyCode::ShiftLeft => Some(0x38),
+        KeyCode::CapsLock => Some(0x39),
        KeyCode::AltLeft => Some(0x3a),
        KeyCode::ControlLeft => Some(0x3b),
        KeyCode::ShiftRight => Some(0x3c),
        KeyCode::AltRight => Some(0x3d),
        KeyCode::ControlRight => Some(0x3e),
+        KeyCode::Fn => Some(0x3f),
        KeyCode::F17 => Some(0x40),
        KeyCode::NumpadDecimal => Some(0x41),
        KeyCode::NumpadMultiply => Some(0x43),
        KeyCode::NumpadAdd => Some(0x45),
        KeyCode::NumLock => Some(0x47),
-        KeyCode::AudioVolumeUp => Some(0x49),
-        KeyCode::AudioVolumeDown => Some(0x4a),
+        KeyCode::AudioVolumeUp => Some(0x48),
+        KeyCode::AudioVolumeDown => Some(0x49),
+        KeyCode::AudioVolumeMute => Some(0x4a),
        KeyCode::NumpadDivide => Some(0x4b),
        KeyCode::NumpadEnter => Some(0x4c),
        KeyCode::NumpadSubtract => Some(0x4e),
@@ -452,17 +446,22 @@ pub(crate) fn physicalkey_to_scancode(physical_key: PhysicalKey) -> Option<u32>
        KeyCode::Numpad8 => Some(0x5b),
        KeyCode::Numpad9 => Some(0x5c),
        KeyCode::IntlYen => Some(0x5d),
+        KeyCode::IntlRo => Some(0x5e),
+        KeyCode::NumpadComma => Some(0x5f),
        KeyCode::F5 => Some(0x60),
        KeyCode::F6 => Some(0x61),
        KeyCode::F7 => Some(0x62),
        KeyCode::F3 => Some(0x63),
        KeyCode::F8 => Some(0x64),
        KeyCode::F9 => Some(0x65),
+        KeyCode::Lang2 => Some(0x66),
        KeyCode::F11 => Some(0x67),
+        KeyCode::Lang1 => Some(0x68),
        KeyCode::F13 => Some(0x69),
        KeyCode::F16 => Some(0x6a),
        KeyCode::F14 => Some(0x6b),
        KeyCode::F10 => Some(0x6d),
+        KeyCode::ContextMenu => Some(0x6e),
        KeyCode::F12 => Some(0x6f),
        KeyCode::F15 => Some(0x71),
        KeyCode::Insert => Some(0x72),
@@ -478,11 +477,26 @@ pub(crate) fn physicalkey_to_scancode(physical_key: PhysicalKey) -> Option<u32>
        KeyCode::ArrowRight => Some(0x7c),
        KeyCode::ArrowDown => Some(0x7d),
        KeyCode::ArrowUp => Some(0x7e),
+        KeyCode::Power => Some(0x7f),
        _ => None,
    }
 }

 pub(crate) fn scancode_to_physicalkey(scancode: u32) -> PhysicalKey {
+    // Follows what Chromium and Firefox do:
+    // https://chromium.googlesource.com/chromium/src.git/+/3e1a26c44c024d97dc9a4c09bbc6a2365398ca2c/ui/events/keycodes/dom/dom_code_data.inc
+    // https://searchfox.org/mozilla-central/rev/c597e9c789ad36af84a0370d395be066b7dc94f4/widget/NativeKeyToDOMCodeName.h
+    //
+    // See also:
+    // Carbon.framework/Versions/A/Frameworks/HIToolbox.framework/Versions/A/Headers/Events.h
+    //
+    // Also see https://developer.apple.com/documentation/appkit/function-key-unicode-values:
+    //
+    // > the system handles some function keys at a lower level and your app never sees them.
+    // > Examples include the Volume Up key, Volume Down key, Volume Mute key, Eject key, and
+    // > Function key found on many Macs.
+    //
+    // So the handling of some of these is mostly for show.
    PhysicalKey::Code(match scancode {
        0x00 => KeyCode::KeyA,
        0x01 => KeyCode::KeyS,
@@ -494,7 +508,11 @@ pub(crate) fn scancode_to_physicalkey(scancode: u32) -> PhysicalKey {
        0x07 => KeyCode::KeyX,
        0x08 => KeyCode::KeyC,
        0x09 => KeyCode::KeyV,
-        // 0x0a => World 1,
+        // This key is typically located near LeftShift key, roughly the same location as backquote
+        // (`) on Windows' US layout.
+        //
+        // The keycap varies on international keyboards.
+        0x0a => KeyCode::IntlBackslash,
        0x0b => KeyCode::KeyB,
        0x0c => KeyCode::KeyQ,
        0x0d => KeyCode::KeyW,
@@ -536,7 +554,7 @@ pub(crate) fn scancode_to_physicalkey(scancode: u32) -> PhysicalKey {
        0x31 => KeyCode::Space,
        0x32 => KeyCode::Backquote,
        0x33 => KeyCode::Backspace,
-        // 0x34 => unknown,
+        // 0x34 => unknown, // kVK_Powerbook_KeypadEnter
        0x35 => KeyCode::Escape,
        0x36 => KeyCode::SuperRight,
        0x37 => KeyCode::SuperLeft,
@@ -555,15 +573,10 @@ pub(crate) fn scancode_to_physicalkey(scancode: u32) -> PhysicalKey {
        // 0x44 => unknown,
        0x45 => KeyCode::NumpadAdd,
        // 0x46 => unknown,
-        0x47 => KeyCode::NumLock,
-        // 0x48 => KeyCode::NumpadClear,
-
-        // TODO: (Artur) for me, kVK_VolumeUp is 0x48
-        // macOS 10.11
-        // /System/Library/Frameworks/Carbon.framework/Versions/A/Frameworks/HIToolbox.framework/
-        // Versions/A/Headers/Events.h
-        0x49 => KeyCode::AudioVolumeUp,
-        0x4a => KeyCode::AudioVolumeDown,
+        0x47 => KeyCode::NumLock, // kVK_ANSI_KeypadClear
+        0x48 => KeyCode::AudioVolumeUp,
+        0x49 => KeyCode::AudioVolumeDown,
+        0x4a => KeyCode::AudioVolumeMute,
        0x4b => KeyCode::NumpadDivide,
        0x4c => KeyCode::NumpadEnter,
        // 0x4d => unknown,
@@ -583,23 +596,23 @@ pub(crate) fn scancode_to_physicalkey(scancode: u32) -> PhysicalKey {
        0x5b => KeyCode::Numpad8,
        0x5c => KeyCode::Numpad9,
        0x5d => KeyCode::IntlYen,
-        // 0x5e => JIS Ro,
-        // 0x5f => unknown,
+        0x5e => KeyCode::IntlRo,
+        0x5f => KeyCode::NumpadComma,
        0x60 => KeyCode::F5,
        0x61 => KeyCode::F6,
        0x62 => KeyCode::F7,
        0x63 => KeyCode::F3,
        0x64 => KeyCode::F8,
        0x65 => KeyCode::F9,
-        // 0x66 => JIS Eisuu (macOS),
+        0x66 => KeyCode::Lang2,
        0x67 => KeyCode::F11,
-        // 0x68 => JIS Kanna (macOS),
+        0x68 => KeyCode::Lang1,
        0x69 => KeyCode::F13,
        0x6a => KeyCode::F16,
        0x6b => KeyCode::F14,
        // 0x6c => unknown,
        0x6d => KeyCode::F10,
-        // 0x6e => unknown,
+        0x6e => KeyCode::ContextMenu,
        0x6f => KeyCode::F12,
        // 0x70 => unknown,
        0x71 => KeyCode::F15,
@@ -616,11 +629,7 @@ pub(crate) fn scancode_to_physicalkey(scancode: u32) -> PhysicalKey {
        0x7c => KeyCode::ArrowRight,
        0x7d => KeyCode::ArrowDown,
        0x7e => KeyCode::ArrowUp,
-        // 0x7f =>  unknown,
-
-        // 0xA is the caret (^) an macOS's German QERTZ layout. This key is at the same location as
-        // backquote (`) on Windows' US layout.
-        0xa => KeyCode::Backquote,
+        0x7f => KeyCode::Power, // On 10.7 and 10.8 only
        _ => return PhysicalKey::Unidentified(NativeKeyCode::MacOS(scancode as u16)),
    })
 }
--- a/src/platform_impl/apple/appkit/event_loop.rs
+++ b/src/platform_impl/apple/appkit/event_loop.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,5 @@
 use std::any::Any;
 use std::cell::Cell;
-use std::collections::VecDeque;
-use std::marker::PhantomData;
 use std::os::raw::c_void;
 use std::panic::{catch_unwind, resume_unwind, RefUnwindSafe, UnwindSafe};
 use std::ptr;
@@ -12,27 +10,37 @@ use std::time::{Duration, Instant};

 use core_foundation::base::{CFIndex, CFRelease};
 use core_foundation::runloop::{
-    kCFRunLoopDefaultMode, CFRunLoopAddSource, CFRunLoopGetMain, CFRunLoopSourceContext,
+    kCFRunLoopCommonModes, CFRunLoopAddSource, CFRunLoopGetMain, CFRunLoopSourceContext,
    CFRunLoopSourceCreate, CFRunLoopSourceRef, CFRunLoopSourceSignal, CFRunLoopWakeUp,
 };
 use objc2::rc::{autoreleasepool, Retained};
-use objc2::runtime::ProtocolObject;
-use objc2::{msg_send_id, ClassType};
-use objc2_app_kit::{NSApplication, NSApplicationActivationPolicy, NSWindow};
-use objc2_foundation::{MainThreadMarker, NSObjectProtocol};
+use objc2::{msg_send_id, sel, ClassType};
+use objc2_app_kit::{
+    NSApplication, NSApplicationActivationPolicy, NSApplicationDidFinishLaunchingNotification,
+    NSApplicationWillTerminateNotification, NSWindow,
+};
+use objc2_foundation::{MainThreadMarker, NSNotificationCenter, NSObject, NSObjectProtocol};
+use rwh_06::HasDisplayHandle;

+use super::super::notification_center::create_observer;
 use super::app::WinitApplication;
-use super::app_state::ApplicationDelegate;
+use super::app_state::AppState;
 use super::cursor::CustomCursor;
 use super::event::dummy_event;
-use super::monitor::{self, MonitorHandle};
+use super::monitor;
 use super::observer::setup_control_flow_observers;
 use crate::application::ApplicationHandler;
-use crate::error::EventLoopError;
-use crate::event_loop::{ActiveEventLoop as RootWindowTarget, ControlFlow, DeviceEvents};
+use crate::error::{EventLoopError, RequestError};
+use crate::event_loop::{
+    ActiveEventLoop as RootActiveEventLoop, ControlFlow, DeviceEvents,
+    EventLoopProxy as CoreEventLoopProxy, EventLoopProxyProvider,
+    OwnedDisplayHandle as CoreOwnedDisplayHandle,
+};
+use crate::monitor::MonitorHandle as RootMonitorHandle;
 use crate::platform::macos::ActivationPolicy;
 use crate::platform::pump_events::PumpStatus;
-use crate::window::{CustomCursor as RootCustomCursor, CustomCursorSource};
+use crate::platform_impl::Window;
+use crate::window::{CustomCursor as RootCustomCursor, CustomCursorSource, Theme};

 #[derive(Default)]
 pub struct PanicInfo {
@@ -66,77 +74,11 @@ impl PanicInfo {

 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub struct ActiveEventLoop {
-    delegate: Retained<ApplicationDelegate>,
+    pub(super) app_state: Rc<AppState>,
    pub(super) mtm: MainThreadMarker,
 }

 impl ActiveEventLoop {
-    pub(super) fn new_root(delegate: Retained<ApplicationDelegate>) -> RootWindowTarget {
-        let mtm = MainThreadMarker::from(&*delegate);
-        let p = Self { delegate, mtm };
-        RootWindowTarget { p, _marker: PhantomData }
-    }
-
-    pub(super) fn app_delegate(&self) -> &ApplicationDelegate {
-        &self.delegate
-    }
-
-    pub fn create_custom_cursor(&self, source: CustomCursorSource) -> RootCustomCursor {
-        RootCustomCursor { inner: CustomCursor::new(source.inner) }
-    }
-
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn available_monitors(&self) -> VecDeque<MonitorHandle> {
-        monitor::available_monitors()
-    }
-
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn primary_monitor(&self) -> Option<MonitorHandle> {
-        let monitor = monitor::primary_monitor();
-        Some(monitor)
-    }
-
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn listen_device_events(&self, _allowed: DeviceEvents) {}
-
-    #[cfg(feature = "rwh_05")]
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn raw_display_handle_rwh_05(&self) -> rwh_05::RawDisplayHandle {
-        rwh_05::RawDisplayHandle::AppKit(rwh_05::AppKitDisplayHandle::empty())
-    }
-
-    #[cfg(feature = "rwh_06")]
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn raw_display_handle_rwh_06(
-        &self,
-    ) -> Result<rwh_06::RawDisplayHandle, rwh_06::HandleError> {
-        Ok(rwh_06::RawDisplayHandle::AppKit(rwh_06::AppKitDisplayHandle::new()))
-    }
-
-    pub(crate) fn set_control_flow(&self, control_flow: ControlFlow) {
-        self.delegate.set_control_flow(control_flow)
-    }
-
-    pub(crate) fn control_flow(&self) -> ControlFlow {
-        self.delegate.control_flow()
-    }
-
-    pub(crate) fn exit(&self) {
-        self.delegate.exit()
-    }
-
-    pub(crate) fn clear_exit(&self) {
-        self.delegate.clear_exit()
-    }
-
-    pub(crate) fn exiting(&self) -> bool {
-        self.delegate.exiting()
-    }
-
-    pub(crate) fn owned_display_handle(&self) -> OwnedDisplayHandle {
-        OwnedDisplayHandle
-    }
-
    pub(crate) fn hide_application(&self) {
        NSApplication::sharedApplication(self.mtm).hide(None)
    }
@@ -154,38 +96,107 @@ impl ActiveEventLoop {
    }
 }

+impl RootActiveEventLoop for ActiveEventLoop {
+    fn create_proxy(&self) -> CoreEventLoopProxy {
+        CoreEventLoopProxy::new(self.app_state.event_loop_proxy().clone())
+    }
+
+    fn create_window(
+        &self,
+        window_attributes: crate::window::WindowAttributes,
+    ) -> Result<Box<dyn crate::window::Window>, RequestError> {
+        Ok(Box::new(Window::new(self, window_attributes)?))
+    }
+
+    fn create_custom_cursor(
+        &self,
+        source: CustomCursorSource,
+    ) -> Result<RootCustomCursor, RequestError> {
+        Ok(RootCustomCursor { inner: CustomCursor::new(source.inner)? })
+    }
+
+    fn available_monitors(&self) -> Box<dyn Iterator<Item = RootMonitorHandle>> {
+        Box::new(monitor::available_monitors().into_iter().map(|inner| RootMonitorHandle { inner }))
+    }
+
+    fn primary_monitor(&self) -> Option<crate::monitor::MonitorHandle> {
+        let monitor = monitor::primary_monitor();
+        Some(RootMonitorHandle { inner: monitor })
+    }
+
+    fn listen_device_events(&self, _allowed: DeviceEvents) {}
+
+    fn system_theme(&self) -> Option<Theme> {
+        let app = NSApplication::sharedApplication(self.mtm);
+
+        if app.respondsToSelector(sel!(effectiveAppearance)) {
+            Some(super::window_delegate::appearance_to_theme(&app.effectiveAppearance()))
+        } else {
+            Some(Theme::Light)
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn set_control_flow(&self, control_flow: ControlFlow) {
+        self.app_state.set_control_flow(control_flow)
+    }
+
+    fn control_flow(&self) -> ControlFlow {
+        self.app_state.control_flow()
+    }
+
+    fn exit(&self) {
+        self.app_state.exit()
+    }
+
+    fn exiting(&self) -> bool {
+        self.app_state.exiting()
+    }
+
+    fn owned_display_handle(&self) -> CoreOwnedDisplayHandle {
+        CoreOwnedDisplayHandle::new(Arc::new(OwnedDisplayHandle))
+    }
+
+    fn rwh_06_handle(&self) -> &dyn rwh_06::HasDisplayHandle {
+        self
+    }
+}
+
+impl rwh_06::HasDisplayHandle for ActiveEventLoop {
+    fn display_handle(&self) -> Result<rwh_06::DisplayHandle<'_>, rwh_06::HandleError> {
+        let raw = rwh_06::RawDisplayHandle::AppKit(rwh_06::AppKitDisplayHandle::new());
+        unsafe { Ok(rwh_06::DisplayHandle::borrow_raw(raw)) }
+    }
+}
+
 pub struct EventLoop {
    /// Store a reference to the application for convenience.
    ///
    /// We intentionally don't store `WinitApplication` since we want to have
    /// the possibility of swapping that out at some point.
    app: Retained<NSApplication>,
-    /// The application delegate that we've registered.
-    ///
-    /// The delegate is only weakly referenced by NSApplication, so we must
-    /// keep it around here as well.
-    delegate: Retained<ApplicationDelegate>,
+    app_state: Rc<AppState>,

-    proxy_wake_up: Arc<AtomicBool>,
-
-    window_target: RootWindowTarget,
+    window_target: ActiveEventLoop,
    panic_info: Rc<PanicInfo>,
+
+    // Since macOS 10.11, we no longer need to remove the observers before they are deallocated;
+    // the system instead cleans it up next time it would have posted a notification to it.
+    //
+    // Though we do still need to keep the observers around to prevent them from being deallocated.
+    _did_finish_launching_observer: Retained<NSObject>,
+    _will_terminate_observer: Retained<NSObject>,
 }

 #[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
 pub(crate) struct PlatformSpecificEventLoopAttributes {
-    pub(crate) activation_policy: ActivationPolicy,
+    pub(crate) activation_policy: Option<ActivationPolicy>,
    pub(crate) default_menu: bool,
    pub(crate) activate_ignoring_other_apps: bool,
 }

 impl Default for PlatformSpecificEventLoopAttributes {
    fn default() -> Self {
-        Self {
-            activation_policy: Default::default(), // Regular
-            default_menu: true,
-            activate_ignoring_other_apps: true,
-        }
+        Self { activation_policy: None, default_menu: true, activate_ignoring_other_apps: true }
    }
 }

@@ -207,45 +218,63 @@ impl EventLoop {
        }

        let activation_policy = match attributes.activation_policy {
-            ActivationPolicy::Regular => NSApplicationActivationPolicy::Regular,
-            ActivationPolicy::Accessory => NSApplicationActivationPolicy::Accessory,
-            ActivationPolicy::Prohibited => NSApplicationActivationPolicy::Prohibited,
+            None => None,
+            Some(ActivationPolicy::Regular) => Some(NSApplicationActivationPolicy::Regular),
+            Some(ActivationPolicy::Accessory) => Some(NSApplicationActivationPolicy::Accessory),
+            Some(ActivationPolicy::Prohibited) => Some(NSApplicationActivationPolicy::Prohibited),
        };

-        let proxy_wake_up = Arc::new(AtomicBool::new(false));
-
-        let delegate = ApplicationDelegate::new(
+        let app_state = AppState::setup_global(
            mtm,
            activation_policy,
-            proxy_wake_up.clone(),
            attributes.default_menu,
            attributes.activate_ignoring_other_apps,
        );

-        autoreleasepool(|_| {
-            app.setDelegate(Some(ProtocolObject::from_ref(&*delegate)));
-        });
+        let center = unsafe { NSNotificationCenter::defaultCenter() };
+
+        let weak_app_state = Rc::downgrade(&app_state);
+        let _did_finish_launching_observer = create_observer(
+            &center,
+            // `applicationDidFinishLaunching:`
+            unsafe { NSApplicationDidFinishLaunchingNotification },
+            move |notification| {
+                if let Some(app_state) = weak_app_state.upgrade() {
+                    app_state.did_finish_launching(notification);
+                }
+            },
+        );
+
+        let weak_app_state = Rc::downgrade(&app_state);
+        let _will_terminate_observer = create_observer(
+            &center,
+            // `applicationWillTerminate:`
+            unsafe { NSApplicationWillTerminateNotification },
+            move |notification| {
+                if let Some(app_state) = weak_app_state.upgrade() {
+                    app_state.will_terminate(notification);
+                }
+            },
+        );

        let panic_info: Rc<PanicInfo> = Default::default();
        setup_control_flow_observers(mtm, Rc::downgrade(&panic_info));

        Ok(EventLoop {
            app,
-            delegate: delegate.clone(),
-            window_target: RootWindowTarget {
-                p: ActiveEventLoop { delegate, mtm },
-                _marker: PhantomData,
-            },
-            proxy_wake_up,
+            app_state: app_state.clone(),
+            window_target: ActiveEventLoop { app_state, mtm },
            panic_info,
+            _did_finish_launching_observer,
+            _will_terminate_observer,
        })
    }

-    pub fn window_target(&self) -> &RootWindowTarget {
+    pub fn window_target(&self) -> &dyn RootActiveEventLoop {
        &self.window_target
    }

-    pub fn run_app<A: ApplicationHandler>(mut self, app: &mut A) -> Result<(), EventLoopError> {
+    pub fn run_app<A: ApplicationHandler>(mut self, app: A) -> Result<(), EventLoopError> {
        self.run_app_on_demand(app)
    }

@@ -255,20 +284,21 @@ impl EventLoop {
    // redundant wake ups.
    pub fn run_app_on_demand<A: ApplicationHandler>(
        &mut self,
-        app: &mut A,
+        mut app: A,
    ) -> Result<(), EventLoopError> {
-        self.delegate.set_event_handler(app, || {
+        self.app_state.clear_exit();
+        self.app_state.set_event_handler(&mut app, || {
            autoreleasepool(|_| {
                // clear / normalize pump_events state
-                self.delegate.set_wait_timeout(None);
-                self.delegate.set_stop_before_wait(false);
-                self.delegate.set_stop_after_wait(false);
-                self.delegate.set_stop_on_redraw(false);
+                self.app_state.set_wait_timeout(None);
+                self.app_state.set_stop_before_wait(false);
+                self.app_state.set_stop_after_wait(false);
+                self.app_state.set_stop_on_redraw(false);

-                if self.delegate.is_launched() {
-                    debug_assert!(!self.delegate.is_running());
-                    self.delegate.set_is_running(true);
-                    self.delegate.dispatch_init_events();
+                if self.app_state.is_launched() {
+                    debug_assert!(!self.app_state.is_running());
+                    self.app_state.set_is_running(true);
+                    self.app_state.dispatch_init_events();
                }

                // SAFETY: We do not run the application re-entrantly
@@ -283,7 +313,7 @@ impl EventLoop {
                    resume_unwind(panic);
                }

-                self.delegate.internal_exit()
+                self.app_state.internal_exit()
            })
        });

@@ -293,49 +323,49 @@ impl EventLoop {
    pub fn pump_app_events<A: ApplicationHandler>(
        &mut self,
        timeout: Option<Duration>,
-        app: &mut A,
+        mut app: A,
    ) -> PumpStatus {
-        self.delegate.set_event_handler(app, || {
+        self.app_state.set_event_handler(&mut app, || {
            autoreleasepool(|_| {
                // As a special case, if the application hasn't been launched yet then we at least
                // run the loop until it has fully launched.
-                if !self.delegate.is_launched() {
-                    debug_assert!(!self.delegate.is_running());
+                if !self.app_state.is_launched() {
+                    debug_assert!(!self.app_state.is_running());

-                    self.delegate.set_stop_on_launch();
+                    self.app_state.set_stop_on_launch();
                    // SAFETY: We do not run the application re-entrantly
                    unsafe { self.app.run() };

                    // Note: we dispatch `NewEvents(Init)` + `Resumed` events after the application
                    // has launched
-                } else if !self.delegate.is_running() {
+                } else if !self.app_state.is_running() {
                    // Even though the application may have been launched, it's possible we aren't
                    // running if the `EventLoop` was run before and has since
                    // exited. This indicates that we just starting to re-run
                    // the same `EventLoop` again.
-                    self.delegate.set_is_running(true);
-                    self.delegate.dispatch_init_events();
+                    self.app_state.set_is_running(true);
+                    self.app_state.dispatch_init_events();
                } else {
                    // Only run for as long as the given `Duration` allows so we don't block the
                    // external loop.
                    match timeout {
                        Some(Duration::ZERO) => {
-                            self.delegate.set_wait_timeout(None);
-                            self.delegate.set_stop_before_wait(true);
+                            self.app_state.set_wait_timeout(None);
+                            self.app_state.set_stop_before_wait(true);
                        },
                        Some(duration) => {
-                            self.delegate.set_stop_before_wait(false);
+                            self.app_state.set_stop_before_wait(false);
                            let timeout = Instant::now() + duration;
-                            self.delegate.set_wait_timeout(Some(timeout));
-                            self.delegate.set_stop_after_wait(true);
+                            self.app_state.set_wait_timeout(Some(timeout));
+                            self.app_state.set_stop_after_wait(true);
                        },
                        None => {
-                            self.delegate.set_wait_timeout(None);
-                            self.delegate.set_stop_before_wait(false);
-                            self.delegate.set_stop_after_wait(true);
+                            self.app_state.set_wait_timeout(None);
+                            self.app_state.set_stop_before_wait(false);
+                            self.app_state.set_stop_after_wait(true);
                        },
                    }
-                    self.delegate.set_stop_on_redraw(true);
+                    self.app_state.set_stop_on_redraw(true);
                    // SAFETY: We do not run the application re-entrantly
                    unsafe { self.app.run() };
                }
@@ -349,8 +379,8 @@ impl EventLoop {
                    resume_unwind(panic);
                }

-                if self.delegate.exiting() {
-                    self.delegate.internal_exit();
+                if self.app_state.exiting() {
+                    self.app_state.internal_exit();
                    PumpStatus::Exit(0)
                } else {
                    PumpStatus::Continue
@@ -358,28 +388,14 @@ impl EventLoop {
            })
        })
    }
-
-    pub fn create_proxy(&self) -> EventLoopProxy {
-        EventLoopProxy::new(self.proxy_wake_up.clone())
-    }
 }

-#[derive(Clone)]
 pub(crate) struct OwnedDisplayHandle;

-impl OwnedDisplayHandle {
-    #[cfg(feature = "rwh_05")]
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn raw_display_handle_rwh_05(&self) -> rwh_05::RawDisplayHandle {
-        rwh_05::AppKitDisplayHandle::empty().into()
-    }
-
-    #[cfg(feature = "rwh_06")]
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn raw_display_handle_rwh_06(
-        &self,
-    ) -> Result<rwh_06::RawDisplayHandle, rwh_06::HandleError> {
-        Ok(rwh_06::AppKitDisplayHandle::new().into())
+impl HasDisplayHandle for OwnedDisplayHandle {
+    fn display_handle(&self) -> Result<rwh_06::DisplayHandle<'_>, rwh_06::HandleError> {
+        let raw = rwh_06::RawDisplayHandle::AppKit(rwh_06::AppKitDisplayHandle::new());
+        unsafe { Ok(rwh_06::DisplayHandle::borrow_raw(raw)) }
    }
 }

@@ -418,8 +434,9 @@ pub fn stop_app_on_panic<F: FnOnce() -> R + UnwindSafe, R>(
    }
 }

+#[derive(Debug)]
 pub struct EventLoopProxy {
-    proxy_wake_up: Arc<AtomicBool>,
+    pub(crate) wake_up: AtomicBool,
    source: CFRunLoopSourceRef,
 }

@@ -434,14 +451,8 @@ impl Drop for EventLoopProxy {
    }
 }

-impl Clone for EventLoopProxy {
-    fn clone(&self) -> Self {
-        EventLoopProxy::new(self.proxy_wake_up.clone())
-    }
-}
-
 impl EventLoopProxy {
-    fn new(proxy_wake_up: Arc<AtomicBool>) -> Self {
+    pub(crate) fn new() -> Self {
        unsafe {
            // just wake up the eventloop
            extern "C" fn event_loop_proxy_handler(_: *const c_void) {}
@@ -462,17 +473,19 @@ impl EventLoopProxy {
                perform: event_loop_proxy_handler,
            };
            let source = CFRunLoopSourceCreate(ptr::null_mut(), CFIndex::MAX - 1, &mut context);
-            CFRunLoopAddSource(rl, source, kCFRunLoopDefaultMode);
+            CFRunLoopAddSource(rl, source, kCFRunLoopCommonModes);
            CFRunLoopWakeUp(rl);

-            EventLoopProxy { proxy_wake_up, source }
+            EventLoopProxy { wake_up: AtomicBool::new(false), source }
        }
    }
+}

-    pub fn wake_up(&self) {
-        self.proxy_wake_up.store(true, AtomicOrdering::Relaxed);
+impl EventLoopProxyProvider for EventLoopProxy {
+    fn wake_up(&self) {
+        self.wake_up.store(true, AtomicOrdering::Relaxed);
        unsafe {
-            // let the main thread know there's a new event
+            // Let the main thread know there's a new event.
            CFRunLoopSourceSignal(self.source);
            let rl = CFRunLoopGetMain();
            CFRunLoopWakeUp(rl);
--- a/src/platform_impl/apple/appkit/mod.rs
+++ b/src/platform_impl/apple/appkit/mod.rs
@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@ mod app;
 mod app_state;
 mod cursor;
 mod event;
-mod event_handler;
 mod event_loop;
 mod ffi;
 mod menu;
@@ -15,47 +14,14 @@ mod view;
 mod window;
 mod window_delegate;

-use std::fmt;
-
+pub(crate) use self::cursor::CustomCursor as PlatformCustomCursor;
 pub(crate) use self::event::{physicalkey_to_scancode, scancode_to_physicalkey, KeyEventExtra};
 pub(crate) use self::event_loop::{
-    ActiveEventLoop, EventLoop, EventLoopProxy, OwnedDisplayHandle,
-    PlatformSpecificEventLoopAttributes,
+    ActiveEventLoop, EventLoop, PlatformSpecificEventLoopAttributes,
 };
 pub(crate) use self::monitor::{MonitorHandle, VideoModeHandle};
-pub(crate) use self::window::WindowId;
-pub(crate) use self::window_delegate::PlatformSpecificWindowAttributes;
-use crate::event::DeviceId as RootDeviceId;
-
-pub(crate) use self::cursor::CustomCursor as PlatformCustomCursor;
 pub(crate) use self::window::Window;
+pub(crate) use self::window_delegate::PlatformSpecificWindowAttributes;
 pub(crate) use crate::cursor::OnlyCursorImageSource as PlatformCustomCursorSource;
 pub(crate) use crate::icon::NoIcon as PlatformIcon;
 pub(crate) use crate::platform_impl::Fullscreen;
-
-#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord, Hash)]
-pub struct DeviceId;
-
-impl DeviceId {
-    pub const unsafe fn dummy() -> Self {
-        DeviceId
-    }
-}
-
-// Constant device ID; to be removed when if backend is updated to report real device IDs.
-pub(crate) const DEVICE_ID: RootDeviceId = RootDeviceId(DeviceId);
-
-#[derive(Debug)]
-pub enum OsError {
-    CGError(core_graphics::base::CGError),
-    CreationError(&'static str),
-}
-
-impl fmt::Display for OsError {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
-        match self {
-            OsError::CGError(e) => f.pad(&format!("CGError {e}")),
-            OsError::CreationError(e) => f.pad(e),
-        }
-    }
-}
--- a/src/platform_impl/apple/appkit/monitor.rs
+++ b/src/platform_impl/apple/appkit/monitor.rs
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@

 use std::collections::VecDeque;
 use std::fmt;
+use std::num::{NonZeroU16, NonZeroU32};

 use core_foundation::array::{CFArrayGetCount, CFArrayGetValueAtIndex};
 use core_foundation::base::{CFRelease, TCFType};
@@ -20,8 +21,8 @@ use crate::dpi::{LogicalPosition, PhysicalPosition, PhysicalSize};
 #[derive(Clone)]
 pub struct VideoModeHandle {
    size: PhysicalSize<u32>,
-    bit_depth: u16,
-    refresh_rate_millihertz: u32,
+    bit_depth: Option<NonZeroU16>,
+    refresh_rate_millihertz: Option<NonZeroU32>,
    pub(crate) monitor: MonitorHandle,
    pub(crate) native_mode: NativeDisplayMode,
 }
@@ -80,15 +81,47 @@ impl Clone for NativeDisplayMode {
 }

 impl VideoModeHandle {
+    fn new(
+        monitor: MonitorHandle,
+        mode: NativeDisplayMode,
+        refresh_rate_millihertz: Option<NonZeroU32>,
+    ) -> Self {
+        unsafe {
+            let pixel_encoding =
+                CFString::wrap_under_create_rule(ffi::CGDisplayModeCopyPixelEncoding(mode.0))
+                    .to_string();
+            let bit_depth = if pixel_encoding.eq_ignore_ascii_case(ffi::IO32BitDirectPixels) {
+                32
+            } else if pixel_encoding.eq_ignore_ascii_case(ffi::IO16BitDirectPixels) {
+                16
+            } else if pixel_encoding.eq_ignore_ascii_case(ffi::kIO30BitDirectPixels) {
+                30
+            } else {
+                unimplemented!()
+            };
+
+            VideoModeHandle {
+                size: PhysicalSize::new(
+                    ffi::CGDisplayModeGetPixelWidth(mode.0) as u32,
+                    ffi::CGDisplayModeGetPixelHeight(mode.0) as u32,
+                ),
+                refresh_rate_millihertz,
+                bit_depth: NonZeroU16::new(bit_depth),
+                monitor: monitor.clone(),
+                native_mode: mode,
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
    pub fn size(&self) -> PhysicalSize<u32> {
        self.size
    }

-    pub fn bit_depth(&self) -> u16 {
+    pub fn bit_depth(&self) -> Option<NonZeroU16> {
        self.bit_depth
    }

-    pub fn refresh_rate_millihertz(&self) -> u32 {
+    pub fn refresh_rate_millihertz(&self) -> Option<NonZeroU32> {
        self.refresh_rate_millihertz
    }

@@ -158,10 +191,8 @@ impl fmt::Debug for MonitorHandle {
        f.debug_struct("MonitorHandle")
            .field("name", &self.name())
            .field("native_identifier", &self.native_identifier())
-            .field("size", &self.size())
            .field("position", &self.position())
            .field("scale_factor", &self.scale_factor())
-            .field("refresh_rate_millihertz", &self.refresh_rate_millihertz())
            .finish_non_exhaustive()
    }
 }
@@ -184,22 +215,14 @@ impl MonitorHandle {
        self.0
    }

-    pub fn size(&self) -> PhysicalSize<u32> {
-        let MonitorHandle(display_id) = *self;
-        let display = CGDisplay::new(display_id);
-        let height = display.pixels_high();
-        let width = display.pixels_wide();
-        PhysicalSize::from_logical::<_, f64>((width as f64, height as f64), self.scale_factor())
-    }
-
    #[inline]
-    pub fn position(&self) -> PhysicalPosition<i32> {
+    pub fn position(&self) -> Option<PhysicalPosition<i32>> {
        // This is already in screen coordinates. If we were using `NSScreen`,
        // then a conversion would've been needed:
        // flip_window_screen_coordinates(self.ns_screen(mtm)?.frame())
        let bounds = unsafe { CGDisplayBounds(self.native_identifier()) };
        let position = LogicalPosition::new(bounds.origin.x, bounds.origin.y);
-        position.to_physical(self.scale_factor())
+        Some(position.to_physical(self.scale_factor()))
    }

    pub fn scale_factor(&self) -> f64 {
@@ -211,34 +234,20 @@ impl MonitorHandle {
        })
    }

-    pub fn refresh_rate_millihertz(&self) -> Option<u32> {
-        unsafe {
-            let current_display_mode = NativeDisplayMode(CGDisplayCopyDisplayMode(self.0) as _);
-            let refresh_rate = ffi::CGDisplayModeGetRefreshRate(current_display_mode.0);
-            if refresh_rate > 0.0 {
-                return Some((refresh_rate * 1000.0).round() as u32);
-            }
+    fn refresh_rate_millihertz(&self) -> Option<NonZeroU32> {
+        let current_display_mode =
+            NativeDisplayMode(unsafe { CGDisplayCopyDisplayMode(self.0) } as _);
+        refresh_rate_millihertz(self.0, &current_display_mode)
+    }

-            let mut display_link = std::ptr::null_mut();
-            if ffi::CVDisplayLinkCreateWithCGDisplay(self.0, &mut display_link)
-                != ffi::kCVReturnSuccess
-            {
-                return None;
-            }
-            let time = ffi::CVDisplayLinkGetNominalOutputVideoRefreshPeriod(display_link);
-            ffi::CVDisplayLinkRelease(display_link);
-
-            // This value is indefinite if an invalid display link was specified
-            if time.flags & ffi::kCVTimeIsIndefinite != 0 {
-                return None;
-            }
-
-            (time.time_scale as i64).checked_div(time.time_value).map(|v| (v * 1000) as u32)
-        }
+    pub fn current_video_mode(&self) -> Option<VideoModeHandle> {
+        let mode = NativeDisplayMode(unsafe { CGDisplayCopyDisplayMode(self.0) } as _);
+        let refresh_rate_millihertz = refresh_rate_millihertz(self.0, &mode);
+        Some(VideoModeHandle::new(self.clone(), mode, refresh_rate_millihertz))
    }

    pub fn video_modes(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = VideoModeHandle> {
-        let refresh_rate_millihertz = self.refresh_rate_millihertz().unwrap_or(0);
+        let refresh_rate_millihertz = self.refresh_rate_millihertz();
        let monitor = self.clone();

        unsafe {
@@ -263,34 +272,16 @@ impl MonitorHandle {
                // CGDisplayModeGetRefreshRate returns 0.0 for any display that
                // isn't a CRT
                let refresh_rate_millihertz = if cg_refresh_rate_hertz > 0 {
-                    (cg_refresh_rate_hertz * 1000) as u32
+                    NonZeroU32::new((cg_refresh_rate_hertz * 1000) as u32)
                } else {
                    refresh_rate_millihertz
                };

-                let pixel_encoding =
-                    CFString::wrap_under_create_rule(ffi::CGDisplayModeCopyPixelEncoding(mode))
-                        .to_string();
-                let bit_depth = if pixel_encoding.eq_ignore_ascii_case(ffi::IO32BitDirectPixels) {
-                    32
-                } else if pixel_encoding.eq_ignore_ascii_case(ffi::IO16BitDirectPixels) {
-                    16
-                } else if pixel_encoding.eq_ignore_ascii_case(ffi::kIO30BitDirectPixels) {
-                    30
-                } else {
-                    unimplemented!()
-                };
-
-                VideoModeHandle {
-                    size: PhysicalSize::new(
-                        ffi::CGDisplayModeGetPixelWidth(mode) as u32,
-                        ffi::CGDisplayModeGetPixelHeight(mode) as u32,
-                    ),
+                VideoModeHandle::new(
+                    monitor.clone(),
+                    NativeDisplayMode(mode),
                    refresh_rate_millihertz,
-                    bit_depth,
-                    monitor: monitor.clone(),
-                    native_mode: NativeDisplayMode(mode),
-                }
+                )
            })
        }
    }
@@ -349,3 +340,29 @@ pub(crate) fn flip_window_screen_coordinates(frame: NSRect) -> NSPoint {
    let y = main_screen_height - frame.size.height - frame.origin.y;
    NSPoint::new(frame.origin.x, y)
 }
+
+fn refresh_rate_millihertz(id: CGDirectDisplayID, mode: &NativeDisplayMode) -> Option<NonZeroU32> {
+    unsafe {
+        let refresh_rate = ffi::CGDisplayModeGetRefreshRate(mode.0);
+        if refresh_rate > 0.0 {
+            return NonZeroU32::new((refresh_rate * 1000.0).round() as u32);
+        }
+
+        let mut display_link = std::ptr::null_mut();
+        if ffi::CVDisplayLinkCreateWithCGDisplay(id, &mut display_link) != ffi::kCVReturnSuccess {
+            return None;
+        }
+        let time = ffi::CVDisplayLinkGetNominalOutputVideoRefreshPeriod(display_link);
+        ffi::CVDisplayLinkRelease(display_link);
+
+        // This value is indefinite if an invalid display link was specified
+        if time.flags & ffi::kCVTimeIsIndefinite != 0 {
+            return None;
+        }
+
+        (time.time_scale as i64)
+            .checked_div(time.time_value)
+            .map(|v| (v * 1000) as u32)
+            .and_then(NonZeroU32::new)
+    }
+}
--- a/src/platform_impl/apple/appkit/observer.rs
+++ b/src/platform_impl/apple/appkit/observer.rs
@@ -13,8 +13,8 @@ use block2::Block;
 use core_foundation::base::{CFIndex, CFOptionFlags, CFRelease, CFTypeRef};
 use core_foundation::date::CFAbsoluteTimeGetCurrent;
 use core_foundation::runloop::{
-    kCFRunLoopAfterWaiting, kCFRunLoopBeforeWaiting, kCFRunLoopDefaultMode, kCFRunLoopExit,
-    CFRunLoopActivity, CFRunLoopAddObserver, CFRunLoopAddTimer, CFRunLoopGetMain,
+    kCFRunLoopAfterWaiting, kCFRunLoopBeforeWaiting, kCFRunLoopCommonModes, kCFRunLoopDefaultMode,
+    kCFRunLoopExit, CFRunLoopActivity, CFRunLoopAddObserver, CFRunLoopAddTimer, CFRunLoopGetMain,
    CFRunLoopObserverCallBack, CFRunLoopObserverContext, CFRunLoopObserverCreate,
    CFRunLoopObserverRef, CFRunLoopRef, CFRunLoopTimerCreate, CFRunLoopTimerInvalidate,
    CFRunLoopTimerRef, CFRunLoopTimerSetNextFireDate, CFRunLoopWakeUp,
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ use core_foundation::runloop::{
 use objc2_foundation::MainThreadMarker;
 use tracing::error;

-use super::app_state::ApplicationDelegate;
+use super::app_state::AppState;
 use super::event_loop::{stop_app_on_panic, PanicInfo};
 use super::ffi;

@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ extern "C" fn control_flow_begin_handler(
            match activity {
                kCFRunLoopAfterWaiting => {
                    // trace!("Triggered `CFRunLoopAfterWaiting`");
-                    ApplicationDelegate::get(MainThreadMarker::new().unwrap()).wakeup(panic_info);
+                    AppState::get(MainThreadMarker::new().unwrap()).wakeup(panic_info);
                    // trace!("Completed `CFRunLoopAfterWaiting`");
                },
                _ => unreachable!(),
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ extern "C" fn control_flow_end_handler(
            match activity {
                kCFRunLoopBeforeWaiting => {
                    // trace!("Triggered `CFRunLoopBeforeWaiting`");
-                    ApplicationDelegate::get(MainThreadMarker::new().unwrap()).cleared(panic_info);
+                    AppState::get(MainThreadMarker::new().unwrap()).cleared(panic_info);
                    // trace!("Completed `CFRunLoopBeforeWaiting`");
                },
                kCFRunLoopExit => (), // unimplemented!(), // not expected to ever happen
@@ -129,7 +129,7 @@ impl RunLoop {
                context,
            )
        };
-        unsafe { CFRunLoopAddObserver(self.0, observer, kCFRunLoopDefaultMode) };
+        unsafe { CFRunLoopAddObserver(self.0, observer, kCFRunLoopCommonModes) };
    }

    /// Submit a closure to run on the main thread as the next step in the run loop, before other
@@ -267,7 +267,7 @@ impl EventLoopWaker {
                wakeup_main_loop,
                ptr::null_mut(),
            );
-            CFRunLoopAddTimer(CFRunLoopGetMain(), timer, kCFRunLoopDefaultMode);
+            CFRunLoopAddTimer(CFRunLoopGetMain(), timer, kCFRunLoopCommonModes);
            Self { timer, start_instant: Instant::now(), next_fire_date: None }
        }
    }
--- a/src/platform_impl/apple/appkit/view.rs
+++ b/src/platform_impl/apple/appkit/view.rs
@@ -2,36 +2,35 @@
 use std::cell::{Cell, RefCell};
 use std::collections::{HashMap, VecDeque};
 use std::ptr;
+use std::rc::Rc;

-use objc2::rc::{Retained, WeakId};
+use objc2::rc::Retained;
 use objc2::runtime::{AnyObject, Sel};
-use objc2::{declare_class, msg_send_id, mutability, sel, ClassType, DeclaredClass};
+use objc2::{declare_class, msg_send_id, mutability, ClassType, DeclaredClass};
 use objc2_app_kit::{
    NSApplication, NSCursor, NSEvent, NSEventPhase, NSResponder, NSTextInputClient,
-    NSTrackingRectTag, NSView, NSViewFrameDidChangeNotification,
+    NSTrackingRectTag, NSView,
 };
 use objc2_foundation::{
    MainThreadMarker, NSArray, NSAttributedString, NSAttributedStringKey, NSCopying,
-    NSMutableAttributedString, NSNotFound, NSNotificationCenter, NSObject, NSObjectProtocol,
-    NSPoint, NSRange, NSRect, NSSize, NSString, NSUInteger,
+    NSMutableAttributedString, NSNotFound, NSObject, NSObjectProtocol, NSPoint, NSRange, NSRect,
+    NSSize, NSString, NSUInteger,
 };

-use super::app_state::ApplicationDelegate;
+use super::app_state::AppState;
 use super::cursor::{default_cursor, invisible_cursor};
 use super::event::{
    code_to_key, code_to_location, create_key_event, event_mods, lalt_pressed, ralt_pressed,
-    scancode_to_physicalkey,
+    scancode_to_physicalkey, KeyEventExtra,
 };
 use super::window::WinitWindow;
-use super::DEVICE_ID;
 use crate::dpi::{LogicalPosition, LogicalSize};
 use crate::event::{
-    DeviceEvent, ElementState, Ime, Modifiers, MouseButton, MouseScrollDelta, TouchPhase,
-    WindowEvent,
+    DeviceEvent, ElementState, Ime, KeyEvent, Modifiers, MouseButton, MouseScrollDelta,
+    PointerKind, PointerSource, TouchPhase, WindowEvent,
 };
 use crate::keyboard::{Key, KeyCode, KeyLocation, ModifiersState, NamedKey};
 use crate::platform::macos::OptionAsAlt;
-use crate::window::WindowId as RootWindowId;

 #[derive(Debug)]
 struct CursorState {
@@ -112,7 +111,7 @@ fn get_left_modifier_code(key: &Key) -> KeyCode {
 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub struct ViewState {
    /// Strong reference to the global application state.
-    app_delegate: Retained<ApplicationDelegate>,
+    app_state: Rc<AppState>,

    cursor_state: RefCell<CursorState>,
    ime_position: Cell<NSPoint>,
@@ -135,9 +134,6 @@ pub struct ViewState {
    marked_text: RefCell<Retained<NSMutableAttributedString>>,
    accepts_first_mouse: bool,

-    // Weak reference because the window keeps a strong reference to the view
-    _ns_window: WeakId<WinitWindow>,
-
    /// The state of the `Option` as `Alt`.
    option_as_alt: Cell<OptionAsAlt>,
 }
@@ -178,9 +174,10 @@ declare_class!(
            self.ivars().tracking_rect.set(Some(tracking_rect));
        }

-        #[method(frameDidChange:)]
-        fn frame_did_change(&self, _event: &NSEvent) {
-            trace_scope!("frameDidChange:");
+        // Not a normal method on `NSView`, it's triggered by `NSViewFrameDidChangeNotification`.
+        #[method(viewFrameDidChangeNotification:)]
+        fn frame_did_change(&self, _notification: Option<&AnyObject>) {
+            trace_scope!("NSViewFrameDidChangeNotification");
            if let Some(tracking_rect) = self.ivars().tracking_rect.take() {
                self.removeTrackingRect(tracking_rect);
            }
@@ -197,17 +194,14 @@ declare_class!(
            // 2. Even when a window resize does occur on a new tabbed window, it contains the wrong size (includes tab height).
            let logical_size = LogicalSize::new(rect.size.width as f64, rect.size.height as f64);
            let size = logical_size.to_physical::<u32>(self.scale_factor());
-            self.queue_event(WindowEvent::Resized(size));
+            self.queue_event(WindowEvent::SurfaceResized(size));
        }

        #[method(drawRect:)]
        fn draw_rect(&self, _rect: NSRect) {
            trace_scope!("drawRect:");

-            // It's a workaround for https://github.com/rust-windowing/winit/issues/2640, don't replace with `self.window_id()`.
-            if let Some(window) = self.ivars()._ns_window.load() {
-                self.ivars().app_delegate.handle_redraw(window.id());
-            }
+            self.ivars().app_state.handle_redraw(self.window().id());

            // This is a direct subclass of NSView, no need to call superclass' drawRect:
        }
@@ -400,7 +394,7 @@ declare_class!(
                unsafe { &*string }.to_string()
            };

-            let is_control = string.chars().next().map_or(false, |c| c.is_control());
+            let is_control = string.chars().next().is_some_and(|c| c.is_control());

            // Commit only if we have marked text.
            if unsafe { self.hasMarkedText() } && self.is_ime_enabled() && !is_control {
@@ -413,8 +407,9 @@ declare_class!(
        // Basically, we're sent this message whenever a keyboard event that doesn't generate a "human
        // readable" character happens, i.e. newlines, tabs, and Ctrl+C.
        #[method(doCommandBySelector:)]
-        fn do_command_by_selector(&self, _command: Sel) {
+        fn do_command_by_selector(&self, command: Sel) {
            trace_scope!("doCommandBySelector:");
+
            // We shouldn't forward any character from just committed text, since we'll end up sending
            // it twice with some IMEs like Korean one. We'll also always send `Enter` in that case,
            // which is not desired given it was used to confirm IME input.
@@ -429,6 +424,18 @@ declare_class!(
                // Leave preedit so that we also report the key-up for this key.
                self.ivars().ime_state.set(ImeState::Ground);
            }
+
+            // Send command action to user if they requested it.
+            let window_id = self.window().id();
+            self.ivars().app_state.maybe_queue_with_handler(move |app, event_loop| {
+                if let Some(handler) = app.macos_handler() {
+                    handler.standard_key_binding(event_loop, window_id, command.name());
+                }
+            });
+
+            // The documentation for `-[NSTextInputClient doCommandBySelector:]` clearly states that
+            // we should not be forwarding this event up the responder chain, so no calling `super`
+            // here either.
        }
    }

@@ -483,9 +490,9 @@ declare_class!(
            };

            if !had_ime_input || self.ivars().forward_key_to_app.get() {
-                let key_event = create_key_event(&event, true, unsafe { event.isARepeat() }, None);
+                let key_event = create_key_event(&event, true, unsafe { event.isARepeat() });
                self.queue_event(WindowEvent::KeyboardInput {
-                    device_id: DEVICE_ID,
+                    device_id: None,
                    event: key_event,
                    is_synthetic: false,
                });
@@ -505,8 +512,8 @@ declare_class!(
                ImeState::Ground | ImeState::Disabled
            ) {
                self.queue_event(WindowEvent::KeyboardInput {
-                    device_id: DEVICE_ID,
-                    event: create_key_event(&event, false, false, None),
+                    device_id: None,
+                    event: create_key_event(&event, false, false),
                    is_synthetic: false,
                });
            }
@@ -553,10 +560,10 @@ declare_class!(
                .expect("could not find current event");

            self.update_modifiers(&event, false);
-            let event = create_key_event(&event, true, unsafe { event.isARepeat() }, None);
+            let event = create_key_event(&event, true, unsafe { event.isARepeat() });

            self.queue_event(WindowEvent::KeyboardInput {
-                device_id: DEVICE_ID,
+                device_id: None,
                event,
                is_synthetic: false,
            });
@@ -638,19 +645,30 @@ declare_class!(
        }

        #[method(mouseEntered:)]
-        fn mouse_entered(&self, _event: &NSEvent) {
+        fn mouse_entered(&self, event: &NSEvent) {
            trace_scope!("mouseEntered:");
-            self.queue_event(WindowEvent::CursorEntered {
-                device_id: DEVICE_ID,
+
+            let position = self.mouse_view_point(event).to_physical(self.scale_factor());
+
+            self.queue_event(WindowEvent::PointerEntered {
+                device_id: None,
+                primary: true,
+                position,
+                kind: PointerKind::Mouse,
            });
        }

        #[method(mouseExited:)]
-        fn mouse_exited(&self, _event: &NSEvent) {
+        fn mouse_exited(&self, event: &NSEvent) {
            trace_scope!("mouseExited:");

-            self.queue_event(WindowEvent::CursorLeft {
-                device_id: DEVICE_ID,
+            let position = self.mouse_view_point(event).to_physical(self.scale_factor());
+
+            self.queue_event(WindowEvent::PointerLeft {
+                device_id: None,
+                primary: true,
+                position: Some(position),
+                kind: PointerKind::Mouse,
            });
        }

@@ -687,11 +705,11 @@ declare_class!(

            self.update_modifiers(event, false);

-            self.ivars().app_delegate.maybe_queue_with_handler(move |app, event_loop|
-                app.device_event(event_loop, DEVICE_ID, DeviceEvent::MouseWheel { delta })
+            self.ivars().app_state.maybe_queue_with_handler(move |app, event_loop|
+                app.device_event(event_loop, None, DeviceEvent::MouseWheel { delta })
            );
            self.queue_event(WindowEvent::MouseWheel {
-                device_id: DEVICE_ID,
+                device_id: None,
                delta,
                phase,
            });
@@ -713,7 +731,7 @@ declare_class!(
            };

            self.queue_event(WindowEvent::PinchGesture {
-                device_id: DEVICE_ID,
+                device_id: None,
                delta: unsafe { event.magnification() },
                phase,
            });
@@ -726,7 +744,7 @@ declare_class!(
            self.mouse_motion(event);

            self.queue_event(WindowEvent::DoubleTapGesture {
-                device_id: DEVICE_ID,
+                device_id: None,
            });
        }

@@ -746,7 +764,7 @@ declare_class!(
            };

            self.queue_event(WindowEvent::RotationGesture {
-                device_id: DEVICE_ID,
+                device_id: None,
                delta: unsafe { event.rotation() },
                phase,
            });
@@ -757,7 +775,7 @@ declare_class!(
            trace_scope!("pressureChangeWithEvent:");

            self.queue_event(WindowEvent::TouchpadPressure {
-                device_id: DEVICE_ID,
+                device_id: None,
                pressure: unsafe { event.pressure() },
                stage: unsafe { event.stage() } as i64,
            });
@@ -782,14 +800,13 @@ declare_class!(

 impl WinitView {
    pub(super) fn new(
-        app_delegate: &ApplicationDelegate,
-        window: &WinitWindow,
+        app_state: &Rc<AppState>,
        accepts_first_mouse: bool,
        option_as_alt: OptionAsAlt,
+        mtm: MainThreadMarker,
    ) -> Retained<Self> {
-        let mtm = MainThreadMarker::from(window);
        let this = mtm.alloc().set_ivars(ViewState {
-            app_delegate: app_delegate.retain(),
+            app_state: Rc::clone(app_state),
            cursor_state: Default::default(),
            ime_position: Default::default(),
            ime_size: Default::default(),
@@ -802,39 +819,29 @@ impl WinitView {
            forward_key_to_app: Default::default(),
            marked_text: Default::default(),
            accepts_first_mouse,
-            _ns_window: WeakId::new(&window.retain()),
            option_as_alt: Cell::new(option_as_alt),
        });
        let this: Retained<Self> = unsafe { msg_send_id![super(this), init] };

-        this.setPostsFrameChangedNotifications(true);
-        let notification_center = unsafe { NSNotificationCenter::defaultCenter() };
-        unsafe {
-            notification_center.addObserver_selector_name_object(
-                &this,
-                sel!(frameDidChange:),
-                Some(NSViewFrameDidChangeNotification),
-                Some(&this),
-            )
-        }
-
        *this.ivars().input_source.borrow_mut() = this.current_input_source();

        this
    }

    fn window(&self) -> Retained<WinitWindow> {
-        // TODO: Simply use `window` property on `NSView`.
-        // That only returns a window _after_ the view has been attached though!
-        // (which is incompatible with `frameDidChange:`)
-        //
-        // unsafe { msg_send_id![self, window] }
-        self.ivars()._ns_window.load().expect("view to have a window")
+        let window = (**self).window().expect("view must be installed in a window");
+
+        if !window.isKindOfClass(WinitWindow::class()) {
+            unreachable!("view installed in non-WinitWindow");
+        }
+
+        // SAFETY: Just checked that the window is `WinitWindow`
+        unsafe { Retained::cast(window) }
    }

    fn queue_event(&self, event: WindowEvent) {
-        let window_id = RootWindowId(self.window().id());
-        self.ivars().app_delegate.maybe_queue_with_handler(move |app, event_loop| {
+        let window_id = self.window().id();
+        self.ivars().app_state.maybe_queue_with_handler(move |app, event_loop| {
            app.window_event(event_loop, window_id, event);
        });
    }
@@ -939,22 +946,36 @@ impl WinitView {
                let scancode = unsafe { ns_event.keyCode() };
                let physical_key = scancode_to_physicalkey(scancode as u32);

-                // We'll correct the `is_press` later.
-                let mut event = create_key_event(ns_event, false, false, Some(physical_key));
-
-                let key = code_to_key(physical_key, scancode);
+                let logical_key = code_to_key(physical_key, scancode);
                // Ignore processing of unknown modifiers because we can't determine whether
                // it was pressed or release reliably.
-                let Some(event_modifier) = key_to_modifier(&key) else {
+                //
+                // Furthermore, sometimes normal keys are reported inside flagsChanged:, such as
+                // when holding Caps Lock while pressing another key, see:
+                // https://github.com/alacritty/alacritty/issues/8268
+                let Some(event_modifier) = key_to_modifier(&logical_key) else {
                    break 'send_event;
                };
-                event.physical_key = physical_key;
-                event.logical_key = key.clone();
-                event.location = code_to_location(physical_key);
+
+                let mut event = KeyEvent {
+                    location: code_to_location(physical_key),
+                    logical_key: logical_key.clone(),
+                    physical_key,
+                    repeat: false,
+                    // We'll correct this later.
+                    state: Pressed,
+                    text: None,
+                    platform_specific: KeyEventExtra {
+                        text_with_all_modifiers: None,
+                        key_without_modifiers: logical_key.clone(),
+                    },
+                };
+
                let location_mask = ModLocationMask::from_location(event.location);

                let mut phys_mod_state = self.ivars().phys_modifiers.borrow_mut();
-                let phys_mod = phys_mod_state.entry(key).or_insert(ModLocationMask::empty());
+                let phys_mod =
+                    phys_mod_state.entry(logical_key).or_insert(ModLocationMask::empty());

                let is_active = current_modifiers.state().contains(event_modifier);
                let mut events = VecDeque::with_capacity(2);
@@ -971,7 +992,7 @@ impl WinitView {
                        event.location = KeyLocation::Left;
                        event.physical_key = get_left_modifier_code(&event.logical_key).into();
                        events.push_back(WindowEvent::KeyboardInput {
-                            device_id: DEVICE_ID,
+                            device_id: None,
                            event,
                            is_synthetic: false,
                        });
@@ -980,7 +1001,7 @@ impl WinitView {
                        event.location = KeyLocation::Right;
                        event.physical_key = get_right_modifier_code(&event.logical_key).into();
                        events.push_back(WindowEvent::KeyboardInput {
-                            device_id: DEVICE_ID,
+                            device_id: None,
                            event,
                            is_synthetic: false,
                        });
@@ -1011,7 +1032,7 @@ impl WinitView {
                    }

                    events.push_back(WindowEvent::KeyboardInput {
-                        device_id: DEVICE_ID,
+                        device_id: None,
                        event,
                        is_synthetic: false,
                    });
@@ -1033,20 +1054,22 @@ impl WinitView {
    }

    fn mouse_click(&self, event: &NSEvent, button_state: ElementState) {
+        let position = self.mouse_view_point(event).to_physical(self.scale_factor());
        let button = mouse_button(event);

        self.update_modifiers(event, false);

-        self.queue_event(WindowEvent::MouseInput {
-            device_id: DEVICE_ID,
+        self.queue_event(WindowEvent::PointerButton {
+            device_id: None,
+            primary: true,
            state: button_state,
-            button,
+            position,
+            button: button.into(),
        });
    }

    fn mouse_motion(&self, event: &NSEvent) {
-        let window_point = unsafe { event.locationInWindow() };
-        let view_point = self.convertPoint_fromView(window_point, None);
+        let view_point = self.mouse_view_point(event);
        let frame = self.frame();

        if view_point.x.is_sign_negative()
@@ -1061,15 +1084,22 @@ impl WinitView {
            }
        }

-        let view_point = LogicalPosition::new(view_point.x, view_point.y);
-
        self.update_modifiers(event, false);

-        self.queue_event(WindowEvent::CursorMoved {
-            device_id: DEVICE_ID,
+        self.queue_event(WindowEvent::PointerMoved {
+            device_id: None,
+            primary: true,
            position: view_point.to_physical(self.scale_factor()),
+            source: PointerSource::Mouse,
        });
    }
+
+    fn mouse_view_point(&self, event: &NSEvent) -> LogicalPosition<f64> {
+        let window_point = unsafe { event.locationInWindow() };
+        let view_point = self.convertPoint_fromView(window_point, None);
+
+        LogicalPosition::new(view_point.x, view_point.y)
+    }
 }

 /// Get the mouse button from the NSEvent.
--- a/src/platform_impl/apple/appkit/window.rs
+++ b/src/platform_impl/apple/appkit/window.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 #![allow(clippy::unnecessary_cast)]

+use dpi::{Position, Size};
 use objc2::rc::{autoreleasepool, Retained};
 use objc2::{declare_class, mutability, ClassType, DeclaredClass};
 use objc2_app_kit::{NSResponder, NSWindow};
@@ -7,8 +8,12 @@ use objc2_foundation::{MainThreadBound, MainThreadMarker, NSObject};

 use super::event_loop::ActiveEventLoop;
 use super::window_delegate::WindowDelegate;
-use crate::error::OsError as RootOsError;
-use crate::window::WindowAttributes;
+use crate::error::RequestError;
+use crate::monitor::MonitorHandle as CoreMonitorHandle;
+use crate::window::{
+    Cursor, Fullscreen, Icon, ImePurpose, Theme, UserAttentionType, Window as CoreWindow,
+    WindowAttributes, WindowButtons, WindowId, WindowLevel,
+};

 pub(crate) struct Window {
    window: MainThreadBound<Retained<WinitWindow>>,
@@ -16,32 +21,20 @@ pub(crate) struct Window {
    delegate: MainThreadBound<Retained<WindowDelegate>>,
 }

-impl Drop for Window {
-    fn drop(&mut self) {
-        self.window.get_on_main(|window| autoreleasepool(|_| window.close()))
-    }
-}
-
 impl Window {
    pub(crate) fn new(
        window_target: &ActiveEventLoop,
        attributes: WindowAttributes,
-    ) -> Result<Self, RootOsError> {
+    ) -> Result<Self, RequestError> {
        let mtm = window_target.mtm;
-        let delegate = autoreleasepool(|_| {
-            WindowDelegate::new(window_target.app_delegate(), attributes, mtm)
-        })?;
+        let delegate =
+            autoreleasepool(|_| WindowDelegate::new(&window_target.app_state, attributes, mtm))?;
        Ok(Window {
            window: MainThreadBound::new(delegate.window().retain(), mtm),
            delegate: MainThreadBound::new(delegate, mtm),
        })
    }

-    pub(crate) fn maybe_queue_on_main(&self, f: impl FnOnce(&WindowDelegate) + Send + 'static) {
-        // For now, don't actually do queuing, since it may be less predictable
-        self.maybe_wait_on_main(f)
-    }
-
    pub(crate) fn maybe_wait_on_main<R: Send>(
        &self,
        f: impl FnOnce(&WindowDelegate) -> R + Send,
@@ -49,7 +42,6 @@ impl Window {
        self.delegate.get_on_main(|delegate| f(delegate))
    }

-    #[cfg(feature = "rwh_06")]
    #[inline]
    pub(crate) fn raw_window_handle_rwh_06(
        &self,
@@ -61,7 +53,6 @@ impl Window {
        }
    }

-    #[cfg(feature = "rwh_06")]
    #[inline]
    pub(crate) fn raw_display_handle_rwh_06(
        &self,
@@ -70,24 +61,274 @@ impl Window {
    }
 }

-#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord, Hash)]
-pub struct WindowId(pub usize);
+impl Drop for Window {
+    fn drop(&mut self) {
+        // Restore the video mode.
+        if matches!(self.fullscreen(), Some(Fullscreen::Exclusive(_))) {
+            self.set_fullscreen(None);
+        }

-impl WindowId {
-    pub const unsafe fn dummy() -> Self {
-        Self(0)
+        self.window.get_on_main(|window| autoreleasepool(|_| window.close()))
    }
 }

-impl From<WindowId> for u64 {
-    fn from(window_id: WindowId) -> Self {
-        window_id.0 as u64
+impl rwh_06::HasDisplayHandle for Window {
+    fn display_handle(&self) -> Result<rwh_06::DisplayHandle<'_>, rwh_06::HandleError> {
+        let raw = self.raw_display_handle_rwh_06()?;
+        unsafe { Ok(rwh_06::DisplayHandle::borrow_raw(raw)) }
    }
 }

-impl From<u64> for WindowId {
-    fn from(raw_id: u64) -> Self {
-        Self(raw_id as usize)
+impl rwh_06::HasWindowHandle for Window {
+    fn window_handle(&self) -> Result<rwh_06::WindowHandle<'_>, rwh_06::HandleError> {
+        let raw = self.raw_window_handle_rwh_06()?;
+        unsafe { Ok(rwh_06::WindowHandle::borrow_raw(raw)) }
+    }
+}
+
+impl CoreWindow for Window {
+    fn id(&self) -> crate::window::WindowId {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.id())
+    }
+
+    fn scale_factor(&self) -> f64 {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.scale_factor())
+    }
+
+    fn request_redraw(&self) {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.request_redraw());
+    }
+
+    fn pre_present_notify(&self) {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.pre_present_notify());
+    }
+
+    fn reset_dead_keys(&self) {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.reset_dead_keys());
+    }
+
+    fn surface_position(&self) -> dpi::PhysicalPosition<i32> {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.surface_position())
+    }
+
+    fn outer_position(&self) -> Result<dpi::PhysicalPosition<i32>, RequestError> {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.outer_position())
+    }
+
+    fn set_outer_position(&self, position: Position) {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.set_outer_position(position));
+    }
+
+    fn surface_size(&self) -> dpi::PhysicalSize<u32> {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.surface_size())
+    }
+
+    fn request_surface_size(&self, size: Size) -> Option<dpi::PhysicalSize<u32>> {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.request_surface_size(size))
+    }
+
+    fn outer_size(&self) -> dpi::PhysicalSize<u32> {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.outer_size())
+    }
+
+    fn safe_area(&self) -> dpi::PhysicalInsets<u32> {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.safe_area())
+    }
+
+    fn set_min_surface_size(&self, min_size: Option<Size>) {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.set_min_surface_size(min_size))
+    }
+
+    fn set_max_surface_size(&self, max_size: Option<Size>) {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.set_max_surface_size(max_size));
+    }
+
+    fn surface_resize_increments(&self) -> Option<dpi::PhysicalSize<u32>> {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.surface_resize_increments())
+    }
+
+    fn set_surface_resize_increments(&self, increments: Option<Size>) {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.set_surface_resize_increments(increments));
+    }
+
+    fn set_title(&self, title: &str) {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.set_title(title));
+    }
+
+    fn set_transparent(&self, transparent: bool) {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.set_transparent(transparent));
+    }
+
+    fn set_blur(&self, blur: bool) {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.set_blur(blur));
+    }
+
+    fn set_visible(&self, visible: bool) {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.set_visible(visible));
+    }
+
+    fn is_visible(&self) -> Option<bool> {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.is_visible())
+    }
+
+    fn set_resizable(&self, resizable: bool) {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.set_resizable(resizable))
+    }
+
+    fn is_resizable(&self) -> bool {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.is_resizable())
+    }
+
+    fn set_enabled_buttons(&self, buttons: WindowButtons) {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.set_enabled_buttons(buttons))
+    }
+
+    fn enabled_buttons(&self) -> WindowButtons {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.enabled_buttons())
+    }
+
+    fn set_minimized(&self, minimized: bool) {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.set_minimized(minimized));
+    }
+
+    fn is_minimized(&self) -> Option<bool> {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.is_minimized())
+    }
+
+    fn set_maximized(&self, maximized: bool) {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.set_maximized(maximized));
+    }
+
+    fn is_maximized(&self) -> bool {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.is_maximized())
+    }
+
+    fn set_fullscreen(&self, fullscreen: Option<Fullscreen>) {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.set_fullscreen(fullscreen.map(Into::into)))
+    }
+
+    fn fullscreen(&self) -> Option<Fullscreen> {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.fullscreen().map(Into::into))
+    }
+
+    fn set_decorations(&self, decorations: bool) {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.set_decorations(decorations));
+    }
+
+    fn is_decorated(&self) -> bool {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.is_decorated())
+    }
+
+    fn set_window_level(&self, level: WindowLevel) {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.set_window_level(level));
+    }
+
+    fn set_window_icon(&self, window_icon: Option<Icon>) {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.set_window_icon(window_icon));
+    }
+
+    fn set_ime_cursor_area(&self, position: Position, size: Size) {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.set_ime_cursor_area(position, size));
+    }
+
+    fn set_ime_allowed(&self, allowed: bool) {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.set_ime_allowed(allowed));
+    }
+
+    fn set_ime_purpose(&self, purpose: ImePurpose) {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.set_ime_purpose(purpose));
+    }
+
+    fn focus_window(&self) {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.focus_window());
+    }
+
+    fn has_focus(&self) -> bool {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.has_focus())
+    }
+
+    fn request_user_attention(&self, request_type: Option<UserAttentionType>) {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.request_user_attention(request_type));
+    }
+
+    fn set_theme(&self, theme: Option<Theme>) {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.set_theme(theme));
+    }
+
+    fn theme(&self) -> Option<Theme> {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.theme())
+    }
+
+    fn set_content_protected(&self, protected: bool) {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.set_content_protected(protected));
+    }
+
+    fn title(&self) -> String {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.title())
+    }
+
+    fn set_cursor(&self, cursor: Cursor) {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.set_cursor(cursor));
+    }
+
+    fn set_cursor_position(&self, position: Position) -> Result<(), RequestError> {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.set_cursor_position(position))
+    }
+
+    fn set_cursor_grab(&self, mode: crate::window::CursorGrabMode) -> Result<(), RequestError> {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.set_cursor_grab(mode))
+    }
+
+    fn set_cursor_visible(&self, visible: bool) {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.set_cursor_visible(visible))
+    }
+
+    fn drag_window(&self) -> Result<(), RequestError> {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.drag_window())
+    }
+
+    fn drag_resize_window(
+        &self,
+        direction: crate::window::ResizeDirection,
+    ) -> Result<(), RequestError> {
+        Ok(self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.drag_resize_window(direction))?)
+    }
+
+    fn show_window_menu(&self, position: Position) {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.show_window_menu(position))
+    }
+
+    fn set_cursor_hittest(&self, hittest: bool) -> Result<(), RequestError> {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.set_cursor_hittest(hittest));
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn current_monitor(&self) -> Option<CoreMonitorHandle> {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| {
+            delegate.current_monitor().map(|inner| CoreMonitorHandle { inner })
+        })
+    }
+
+    fn available_monitors(&self) -> Box<dyn Iterator<Item = CoreMonitorHandle>> {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| {
+            Box::new(
+                delegate.available_monitors().into_iter().map(|inner| CoreMonitorHandle { inner }),
+            )
+        })
+    }
+
+    fn primary_monitor(&self) -> Option<CoreMonitorHandle> {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| {
+            delegate.primary_monitor().map(|inner| CoreMonitorHandle { inner })
+        })
+    }
+
+    fn rwh_06_display_handle(&self) -> &dyn rwh_06::HasDisplayHandle {
+        self
+    }
+
+    fn rwh_06_window_handle(&self) -> &dyn rwh_06::HasWindowHandle {
+        self
    }
 }

@@ -121,6 +362,6 @@ declare_class!(

 impl WinitWindow {
    pub(super) fn id(&self) -> WindowId {
-        WindowId(self as *const Self as usize)
+        WindowId::from_raw(self as *const Self as usize)
    }
 }
--- a/src/platform_impl/apple/appkit/window_delegate.rs
+++ b/src/platform_impl/apple/appkit/window_delegate.rs
@@ -3,9 +3,10 @@ use std::cell::{Cell, RefCell};
 use std::collections::VecDeque;
 use std::ffi::c_void;
 use std::ptr;
+use std::rc::Rc;
 use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex};

-use core_graphics::display::{CGDisplay, CGPoint};
+use core_graphics::display::CGDisplay;
 use monitor::VideoModeHandle;
 use objc2::rc::{autoreleasepool, Retained};
 use objc2::runtime::{AnyObject, ProtocolObject};
@@ -14,35 +15,39 @@ use objc2_app_kit::{
    NSAppKitVersionNumber, NSAppKitVersionNumber10_12, NSAppearance, NSAppearanceCustomization,
    NSAppearanceNameAqua, NSApplication, NSApplicationPresentationOptions, NSBackingStoreType,
    NSColor, NSDraggingDestination, NSFilenamesPboardType, NSPasteboard,
-    NSRequestUserAttentionType, NSScreen, NSView, NSWindowButton, NSWindowDelegate,
-    NSWindowFullScreenButton, NSWindowLevel, NSWindowOcclusionState, NSWindowOrderingMode,
-    NSWindowSharingType, NSWindowStyleMask, NSWindowTabbingMode, NSWindowTitleVisibility,
+    NSRequestUserAttentionType, NSScreen, NSToolbar, NSView, NSViewFrameDidChangeNotification,
+    NSWindowButton, NSWindowDelegate, NSWindowFullScreenButton, NSWindowLevel,
+    NSWindowOcclusionState, NSWindowOrderingMode, NSWindowSharingType, NSWindowStyleMask,
+    NSWindowTabbingMode, NSWindowTitleVisibility, NSWindowToolbarStyle,
 };
 use objc2_foundation::{
-    ns_string, CGFloat, MainThreadMarker, NSArray, NSCopying, NSDictionary, NSKeyValueChangeKey,
-    NSKeyValueChangeNewKey, NSKeyValueChangeOldKey, NSKeyValueObservingOptions, NSObject,
-    NSObjectNSDelayedPerforming, NSObjectNSKeyValueObserverRegistration, NSObjectProtocol, NSPoint,
-    NSRect, NSSize, NSString,
+    ns_string, CGFloat, MainThreadMarker, NSArray, NSCopying, NSDictionary, NSEdgeInsets,
+    NSKeyValueChangeKey, NSKeyValueChangeNewKey, NSKeyValueChangeOldKey,
+    NSKeyValueObservingOptions, NSNotificationCenter, NSObject, NSObjectNSDelayedPerforming,
+    NSObjectNSKeyValueObserverRegistration, NSObjectProtocol, NSPoint, NSRect, NSSize, NSString,
 };
 use tracing::{trace, warn};

-use super::app_state::ApplicationDelegate;
+use super::app_state::AppState;
 use super::cursor::cursor_from_icon;
 use super::monitor::{self, flip_window_screen_coordinates, get_display_id};
 use super::observer::RunLoop;
 use super::view::WinitView;
 use super::window::WinitWindow;
-use super::{ffi, Fullscreen, MonitorHandle, OsError, WindowId};
-use crate::dpi::{LogicalPosition, LogicalSize, PhysicalPosition, PhysicalSize, Position, Size};
-use crate::error::{ExternalError, NotSupportedError, OsError as RootOsError};
-use crate::event::{InnerSizeWriter, WindowEvent};
+use super::{ffi, Fullscreen, MonitorHandle};
+use crate::dpi::{
+    LogicalInsets, LogicalPosition, LogicalSize, PhysicalInsets, PhysicalPosition, PhysicalSize,
+    Position, Size,
+};
+use crate::error::{NotSupportedError, RequestError};
+use crate::event::{SurfaceSizeWriter, WindowEvent};
 use crate::platform::macos::{OptionAsAlt, WindowExtMacOS};
 use crate::window::{
    Cursor, CursorGrabMode, Icon, ImePurpose, ResizeDirection, Theme, UserAttentionType,
-    WindowAttributes, WindowButtons, WindowId as RootWindowId, WindowLevel,
+    WindowAttributes, WindowButtons, WindowId, WindowLevel,
 };

-#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq)]
 pub struct PlatformSpecificWindowAttributes {
    pub movable_by_window_background: bool,
    pub titlebar_transparent: bool,
@@ -55,6 +60,8 @@ pub struct PlatformSpecificWindowAttributes {
    pub accepts_first_mouse: bool,
    pub tabbing_identifier: Option<String>,
    pub option_as_alt: OptionAsAlt,
+    pub borderless_game: bool,
+    pub unified_titlebar: bool,
 }

 impl Default for PlatformSpecificWindowAttributes {
@@ -72,6 +79,8 @@ impl Default for PlatformSpecificWindowAttributes {
            accepts_first_mouse: true,
            tabbing_identifier: None,
            option_as_alt: Default::default(),
+            borderless_game: false,
+            unified_titlebar: false,
        }
    }
 }
@@ -79,20 +88,20 @@ impl Default for PlatformSpecificWindowAttributes {
 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub(crate) struct State {
    /// Strong reference to the global application state.
-    app_delegate: Retained<ApplicationDelegate>,
+    app_state: Rc<AppState>,

    window: Retained<WinitWindow>,

    // During `windowDidResize`, we use this to only send Moved if the position changed.
    //
-    // This is expressed in native screen coordinates.
-    previous_position: Cell<Option<NSPoint>>,
+    // This is expressed in desktop coordinates, and flipped to match Winit's coordinate system.
+    previous_position: Cell<NSPoint>,

    // Used to prevent redundant events.
    previous_scale_factor: Cell<f64>,

    /// The current resize increments for the window content.
-    resize_increments: Cell<NSSize>,
+    surface_resize_increments: Cell<NSSize>,
    /// Whether the window is showing decorations.
    decorations: Cell<bool>,
    resizable: Cell<bool>,
@@ -120,6 +129,7 @@ pub(crate) struct State {
    standard_frame: Cell<Option<NSRect>>,
    is_simple_fullscreen: Cell<bool>,
    saved_style: Cell<Option<NSWindowStyleMask>>,
+    is_borderless_game: Cell<bool>,
 }

 declare_class!(
@@ -160,7 +170,7 @@ declare_class!(
        #[method(windowDidResize:)]
        fn window_did_resize(&self, _: Option<&AnyObject>) {
            trace_scope!("windowDidResize:");
-            // NOTE: WindowEvent::Resized is reported in frameDidChange.
+            // NOTE: WindowEvent::SurfaceResized is reported using NSViewFrameDidChangeNotification.
            self.emit_move_event();
        }

@@ -168,7 +178,7 @@ declare_class!(
        fn window_will_start_live_resize(&self, _: Option<&AnyObject>) {
            trace_scope!("windowWillStartLiveResize:");

-            let increments = self.ivars().resize_increments.get();
+            let increments = self.ivars().surface_resize_increments.get();
            self.set_resize_increments_inner(increments);
        }

@@ -214,10 +224,10 @@ declare_class!(
            trace_scope!("windowDidResignKey:");
            // It happens rather often, e.g. when the user is Cmd+Tabbing, that the
            // NSWindowDelegate will receive a didResignKey event despite no event
-            // being received when the modifiers are released.  This is because
+            // being received when the modifiers are released. This is because
            // flagsChanged events are received by the NSView instead of the
            // NSWindowDelegate, and as a result a tracked modifiers state can quite
-            // easily fall out of synchrony with reality.  This requires us to emit
+            // easily fall out of synchrony with reality. This requires us to emit
            // a synthetic ModifiersChanged event when we lose focus.
            self.view().reset_modifiers();

@@ -435,9 +445,15 @@ declare_class!(
            // NOTE: We don't _really_ need to check the key path, as there should only be one, but
            // in the future we might want to observe other key paths.
            if key_path == Some(ns_string!("effectiveAppearance")) {
-                let change = change.expect("requested a change dictionary in `addObserver`, but none was provided");
-                let old = change.get(unsafe { NSKeyValueChangeOldKey }).expect("requested change dictionary did not contain `NSKeyValueChangeOldKey`");
-                let new = change.get(unsafe { NSKeyValueChangeNewKey }).expect("requested change dictionary did not contain `NSKeyValueChangeNewKey`");
+                let change = change.expect(
+                    "requested a change dictionary in `addObserver`, but none was provided",
+                );
+                let old = change
+                    .get(unsafe { NSKeyValueChangeOldKey })
+                    .expect("requested change dictionary did not contain `NSKeyValueChangeOldKey`");
+                let new = change
+                    .get(unsafe { NSKeyValueChangeNewKey })
+                    .expect("requested change dictionary did not contain `NSKeyValueChangeNewKey`");

                // SAFETY: The value of `effectiveAppearance` is `NSAppearance`
                let old: *const AnyObject = old;
@@ -482,7 +498,7 @@ impl Drop for WindowDelegate {
 }

 fn new_window(
-    app_delegate: &ApplicationDelegate,
+    app_state: &Rc<AppState>,
    attrs: &WindowAttributes,
    mtm: MainThreadMarker,
 ) -> Option<Retained<WinitWindow>> {
@@ -501,7 +517,7 @@ fn new_window(
                let scale_factor = NSScreen::mainScreen(mtm)
                    .map(|screen| screen.backingScaleFactor() as f64)
                    .unwrap_or(1.0);
-                let size = match attrs.inner_size {
+                let size = match attrs.surface_size {
                    Some(size) => {
                        let size = size.to_logical(scale_factor);
                        NSSize::new(size.width, size.height)
@@ -554,9 +570,20 @@ fn new_window(
        }

        if attrs.platform_specific.fullsize_content_view {
+            // NOTE: If we decide to add an option to change this at runtime, we must emit a
+            // `SurfaceResized` event to let applications know that the safe area changed.
+            //
+            // An alternative would be to add a `WindowEvent::SafeAreaChanged` event, this could be
+            // done with an observer on `safeAreaRect` / `contentLayoutRect`, see:
+            // <https://github.com/rust-windowing/winit/issues/3911>
            masks |= NSWindowStyleMask::FullSizeContentView;
        }

+        // NOTE: This should only be created after the application has started launching,
+        // (`applicationWillFinishLaunching:` at the earliest), otherwise you'll run into very
+        // confusing issues with the window not being properly activated.
+        //
+        // Winit ensures this by not allowing access to `ActiveEventLoop` before handling events.
        let window: Option<Retained<WinitWindow>> = unsafe {
            msg_send_id![
                super(mtm.alloc().set_ivars(())),
@@ -607,6 +634,14 @@ fn new_window(
        if attrs.platform_specific.movable_by_window_background {
            window.setMovableByWindowBackground(true);
        }
+        if attrs.platform_specific.unified_titlebar {
+            unsafe {
+                // The toolbar style is ignored if there is no toolbar, so it is
+                // necessary to add one.
+                window.setToolbar(Some(&NSToolbar::new(mtm)));
+                window.setToolbarStyle(NSWindowToolbarStyle::Unified);
+            }
+        }

        if !attrs.enabled_buttons.contains(WindowButtons::MAXIMIZE) {
            if let Some(button) = window.standardWindowButton(NSWindowButton::NSWindowZoomButton) {
@@ -622,10 +657,10 @@ fn new_window(
        }

        let view = WinitView::new(
-            app_delegate,
-            &window,
+            app_state,
            attrs.platform_specific.accepts_first_mouse,
            attrs.platform_specific.option_as_alt,
+            mtm,
        );

        // The default value of `setWantsBestResolutionOpenGLSurface:` was `false` until
@@ -647,6 +682,23 @@ fn new_window(
        window.setContentView(Some(&view));
        window.setInitialFirstResponder(Some(&view));

+        // Configure the view to send notifications whenever its frame rectangle changes.
+        //
+        // We explicitly do this _after_ setting the view as the content view of the window, to
+        // avoid a resize event when creating the window.
+        view.setPostsFrameChangedNotifications(true);
+        // `setPostsFrameChangedNotifications` posts the notification immediately, so register the
+        // observer _after_, again so that the event isn't triggered initially.
+        let notification_center = unsafe { NSNotificationCenter::defaultCenter() };
+        unsafe {
+            notification_center.addObserver_selector_name_object(
+                &view,
+                sel!(viewFrameDidChangeNotification:),
+                Some(NSViewFrameDidChangeNotification),
+                Some(&view),
+            )
+        }
+
        if attrs.transparent {
            window.setOpaque(false);
            // See `set_transparent` for details on why we do this.
@@ -665,23 +717,22 @@ fn new_window(

 impl WindowDelegate {
    pub(super) fn new(
-        app_delegate: &ApplicationDelegate,
+        app_state: &Rc<AppState>,
        attrs: WindowAttributes,
        mtm: MainThreadMarker,
-    ) -> Result<Retained<Self>, RootOsError> {
-        let window = new_window(app_delegate, &attrs, mtm)
-            .ok_or_else(|| os_error!(OsError::CreationError("couldn't create `NSWindow`")))?;
+    ) -> Result<Retained<Self>, RequestError> {
+        let window = new_window(app_state, &attrs, mtm)
+            .ok_or_else(|| os_error!("couldn't create `NSWindow`"))?;

-        #[cfg(feature = "rwh_06")]
        match attrs.parent_window.map(|handle| handle.0) {
            Some(rwh_06::RawWindowHandle::AppKit(handle)) => {
                // SAFETY: Caller ensures the pointer is valid or NULL
                // Unwrap is fine, since the pointer comes from `NonNull`.
                let parent_view: Retained<NSView> =
                    unsafe { Retained::retain(handle.ns_view.as_ptr().cast()) }.unwrap();
-                let parent = parent_view.window().ok_or_else(|| {
-                    os_error!(OsError::CreationError("parent view should be installed in a window"))
-                })?;
+                let parent = parent_view
+                    .window()
+                    .ok_or_else(|| os_error!("parent view should be installed in a window"))?;

                // SAFETY: We know that there are no parent -> child -> parent cycles since the only
                // place in `winit` where we allow making a window a child window is
@@ -694,13 +745,15 @@ impl WindowDelegate {
            None => (),
        }

-        let resize_increments =
-            match attrs.resize_increments.map(|i| i.to_logical(window.backingScaleFactor() as _)) {
-                Some(LogicalSize { width, height }) if width >= 1. && height >= 1. => {
-                    NSSize::new(width, height)
-                },
-                _ => NSSize::new(1., 1.),
-            };
+        let surface_resize_increments = match attrs
+            .surface_resize_increments
+            .map(|i| i.to_logical(window.backingScaleFactor() as _))
+        {
+            Some(LogicalSize { width, height }) if width >= 1. && height >= 1. => {
+                NSSize::new(width, height)
+            },
+            _ => NSSize::new(1., 1.),
+        };

        let scale_factor = window.backingScaleFactor() as _;

@@ -709,11 +762,11 @@ impl WindowDelegate {
        }

        let delegate = mtm.alloc().set_ivars(State {
-            app_delegate: app_delegate.retain(),
+            app_state: Rc::clone(app_state),
            window: window.retain(),
-            previous_position: Cell::new(None),
+            previous_position: Cell::new(flip_window_screen_coordinates(window.frame())),
            previous_scale_factor: Cell::new(scale_factor),
-            resize_increments: Cell::new(resize_increments),
+            surface_resize_increments: Cell::new(surface_resize_increments),
            decorations: Cell::new(attrs.decorations),
            resizable: Cell::new(attrs.resizable),
            maximized: Cell::new(attrs.maximized),
@@ -725,15 +778,10 @@ impl WindowDelegate {
            standard_frame: Cell::new(None),
            is_simple_fullscreen: Cell::new(false),
            saved_style: Cell::new(None),
+            is_borderless_game: Cell::new(attrs.platform_specific.borderless_game),
        });
        let delegate: Retained<WindowDelegate> = unsafe { msg_send_id![super(delegate), init] };

-        if scale_factor != 1.0 {
-            let delegate = delegate.clone();
-            RunLoop::main(mtm).queue_closure(move || {
-                delegate.handle_scale_factor_changed(scale_factor);
-            });
-        }
        window.setDelegate(Some(ProtocolObject::from_ref(&*delegate)));

        // Listen for theme change event.
@@ -753,21 +801,17 @@ impl WindowDelegate {
            delegate.set_blur(attrs.blur);
        }

-        if let Some(dim) = attrs.min_inner_size {
-            delegate.set_min_inner_size(Some(dim));
+        if let Some(dim) = attrs.min_surface_size {
+            delegate.set_min_surface_size(Some(dim));
        }
-        if let Some(dim) = attrs.max_inner_size {
-            delegate.set_max_inner_size(Some(dim));
+        if let Some(dim) = attrs.max_surface_size {
+            delegate.set_max_surface_size(Some(dim));
        }

        delegate.set_window_level(attrs.window_level);

        delegate.set_cursor(attrs.cursor);

-        // XXX Send `Focused(false)` right after creating the window delegate, so we won't
-        // obscure the real focused events on the startup.
-        delegate.queue_event(WindowEvent::Focused(false));
-
        // Set fullscreen mode after we setup everything
        delegate.set_fullscreen(attrs.fullscreen.map(Into::into));

@@ -807,8 +851,8 @@ impl WindowDelegate {
    }

    pub(crate) fn queue_event(&self, event: WindowEvent) {
-        let window_id = RootWindowId(self.window().id());
-        self.ivars().app_delegate.maybe_queue_with_handler(move |app, event_loop| {
+        let window_id = self.window().id();
+        self.ivars().app_state.maybe_queue_with_handler(move |app, event_loop| {
            app.window_event(event_loop, window_id, event);
        });
    }
@@ -820,30 +864,29 @@ impl WindowDelegate {
        let content_size = LogicalSize::new(content_size.width, content_size.height);

        let suggested_size = content_size.to_physical(scale_factor);
-        let new_inner_size = Arc::new(Mutex::new(suggested_size));
+        let new_surface_size = Arc::new(Mutex::new(suggested_size));
        self.queue_event(WindowEvent::ScaleFactorChanged {
            scale_factor,
-            inner_size_writer: InnerSizeWriter::new(Arc::downgrade(&new_inner_size)),
+            surface_size_writer: SurfaceSizeWriter::new(Arc::downgrade(&new_surface_size)),
        });
-        let physical_size = *new_inner_size.lock().unwrap();
-        drop(new_inner_size);
+        let physical_size = *new_surface_size.lock().unwrap();
+        drop(new_surface_size);

        if physical_size != suggested_size {
            let logical_size = physical_size.to_logical(scale_factor);
            let size = NSSize::new(logical_size.width, logical_size.height);
            window.setContentSize(size);
        }
-        self.queue_event(WindowEvent::Resized(physical_size));
+        self.queue_event(WindowEvent::SurfaceResized(physical_size));
    }

    fn emit_move_event(&self) {
-        let frame = self.window().frame();
-        if self.ivars().previous_position.get() == Some(frame.origin) {
+        let position = flip_window_screen_coordinates(self.window().frame());
+        if self.ivars().previous_position.get() == position {
            return;
        }
-        self.ivars().previous_position.set(Some(frame.origin));
+        self.ivars().previous_position.set(position);

-        let position = flip_window_screen_coordinates(frame);
        let position =
            LogicalPosition::new(position.x, position.y).to_physical(self.scale_factor());
        self.queue_event(WindowEvent::Moved(position));
@@ -907,21 +950,34 @@ impl WindowDelegate {
    }

    pub fn request_redraw(&self) {
-        self.ivars().app_delegate.queue_redraw(self.window().id());
+        self.ivars().app_state.queue_redraw(self.window().id());
    }

    #[inline]
    pub fn pre_present_notify(&self) {}

-    pub fn outer_position(&self) -> Result<PhysicalPosition<i32>, NotSupportedError> {
+    pub fn outer_position(&self) -> Result<PhysicalPosition<i32>, RequestError> {
        let position = flip_window_screen_coordinates(self.window().frame());
        Ok(LogicalPosition::new(position.x, position.y).to_physical(self.scale_factor()))
    }

-    pub fn inner_position(&self) -> Result<PhysicalPosition<i32>, NotSupportedError> {
-        let content_rect = self.window().contentRectForFrameRect(self.window().frame());
-        let position = flip_window_screen_coordinates(content_rect);
-        Ok(LogicalPosition::new(position.x, position.y).to_physical(self.scale_factor()))
+    pub fn surface_position(&self) -> PhysicalPosition<i32> {
+        // The calculation here is a bit awkward because we've gotta reconcile the
+        // different origins (Winit prefers top-left vs. NSWindow's bottom-left),
+        // and I couldn't find a built-in way to do so.
+
+        // The position of the window and the view, both in Winit screen coordinates.
+        let window_position = flip_window_screen_coordinates(self.window().frame());
+        let view_position = flip_window_screen_coordinates(
+            self.window().contentRectForFrameRect(self.window().frame()),
+        );
+
+        // And use that to convert the view position to window coordinates.
+        let surface_position =
+            NSPoint::new(view_position.x - window_position.x, view_position.y - window_position.y);
+
+        let logical = LogicalPosition::new(surface_position.x, surface_position.y);
+        logical.to_physical(self.scale_factor())
    }

    pub fn set_outer_position(&self, position: Position) {
@@ -934,7 +990,7 @@ impl WindowDelegate {
    }

    #[inline]
-    pub fn inner_size(&self) -> PhysicalSize<u32> {
+    pub fn surface_size(&self) -> PhysicalSize<u32> {
        let content_rect = self.window().contentRectForFrameRect(self.window().frame());
        let logical = LogicalSize::new(content_rect.size.width, content_rect.size.height);
        logical.to_physical(self.scale_factor())
@@ -947,15 +1003,46 @@ impl WindowDelegate {
        logical.to_physical(self.scale_factor())
    }

+    pub fn safe_area(&self) -> PhysicalInsets<u32> {
+        // Only available on macOS 11.0
+        let insets = if self.view().respondsToSelector(sel!(safeAreaInsets)) {
+            // Includes NSWindowStyleMask::FullSizeContentView by default, and the notch because
+            // we've set it up with `additionalSafeAreaInsets`.
+            unsafe { self.view().safeAreaInsets() }
+        } else {
+            // If `safeAreaInsets` is not available, we'll have to do the calculation ourselves.
+
+            let window_rect = unsafe {
+                self.window().convertRectFromScreen(
+                    self.window().contentRectForFrameRect(self.window().frame()),
+                )
+            };
+            // This includes NSWindowStyleMask::FullSizeContentView.
+            let layout_rect = unsafe { self.window().contentLayoutRect() };
+
+            // Calculate the insets from window coordinates in AppKit's coordinate system.
+            NSEdgeInsets {
+                top: (window_rect.size.height + window_rect.origin.y)
+                    - (layout_rect.size.height + layout_rect.origin.y),
+                left: layout_rect.origin.x - window_rect.origin.x,
+                bottom: layout_rect.origin.y - window_rect.origin.y,
+                right: (window_rect.size.width + window_rect.origin.x)
+                    - (layout_rect.size.width + layout_rect.origin.x),
+            }
+        };
+        let insets = LogicalInsets::new(insets.top, insets.left, insets.bottom, insets.right);
+        insets.to_physical(self.scale_factor())
+    }
+
    #[inline]
-    pub fn request_inner_size(&self, size: Size) -> Option<PhysicalSize<u32>> {
+    pub fn request_surface_size(&self, size: Size) -> Option<PhysicalSize<u32>> {
        let scale_factor = self.scale_factor();
        let size = size.to_logical(scale_factor);
        self.window().setContentSize(NSSize::new(size.width, size.height));
        None
    }

-    pub fn set_min_inner_size(&self, dimensions: Option<Size>) {
+    pub fn set_min_surface_size(&self, dimensions: Option<Size>) {
        let dimensions =
            dimensions.unwrap_or(Size::Logical(LogicalSize { width: 0.0, height: 0.0 }));
        let min_size = dimensions.to_logical::<CGFloat>(self.scale_factor());
@@ -974,7 +1061,7 @@ impl WindowDelegate {
        self.window().setContentSize(current_size);
    }

-    pub fn set_max_inner_size(&self, dimensions: Option<Size>) {
+    pub fn set_max_surface_size(&self, dimensions: Option<Size>) {
        let dimensions = dimensions.unwrap_or(Size::Logical(LogicalSize {
            width: f32::MAX as f64,
            height: f32::MAX as f64,
@@ -996,8 +1083,8 @@ impl WindowDelegate {
        self.window().setContentSize(current_size);
    }

-    pub fn resize_increments(&self) -> Option<PhysicalSize<u32>> {
-        let increments = self.ivars().resize_increments.get();
+    pub fn surface_resize_increments(&self) -> Option<PhysicalSize<u32>> {
+        let increments = self.ivars().surface_resize_increments.get();
        let (w, h) = (increments.width, increments.height);
        if w > 1.0 || h > 1.0 {
            Some(LogicalSize::new(w, h).to_physical(self.scale_factor()))
@@ -1006,9 +1093,9 @@ impl WindowDelegate {
        }
    }

-    pub fn set_resize_increments(&self, increments: Option<Size>) {
+    pub fn set_surface_resize_increments(&self, increments: Option<Size>) {
        // XXX the resize increments are only used during live resizes.
-        self.ivars().resize_increments.set(
+        self.ivars().surface_resize_increments.set(
            increments
                .map(|increments| {
                    let logical = increments.to_logical::<f64>(self.scale_factor());
@@ -1113,18 +1200,18 @@ impl WindowDelegate {
    }

    #[inline]
-    pub fn set_cursor_grab(&self, mode: CursorGrabMode) -> Result<(), ExternalError> {
+    pub fn set_cursor_grab(&self, mode: CursorGrabMode) -> Result<(), RequestError> {
        let associate_mouse_cursor = match mode {
            CursorGrabMode::Locked => false,
            CursorGrabMode::None => true,
            CursorGrabMode::Confined => {
-                return Err(ExternalError::NotSupported(NotSupportedError::new()))
+                return Err(NotSupportedError::new("confined cursor is not supported").into())
            },
        };

        // TODO: Do this for real https://stackoverflow.com/a/40922095/5435443
        CGDisplay::associate_mouse_and_mouse_cursor_position(associate_mouse_cursor)
-            .map_err(|status| ExternalError::Os(os_error!(OsError::CGError(status))))
+            .map_err(|status| os_error!(format!("CGError {status}")).into())
    }

    #[inline]
@@ -1142,43 +1229,42 @@ impl WindowDelegate {
    }

    #[inline]
-    pub fn set_cursor_position(&self, cursor_position: Position) -> Result<(), ExternalError> {
-        let physical_window_position = self.inner_position().unwrap();
-        let scale_factor = self.scale_factor();
-        let window_position = physical_window_position.to_logical::<CGFloat>(scale_factor);
-        let logical_cursor_position = cursor_position.to_logical::<CGFloat>(scale_factor);
-        let point = CGPoint {
-            x: logical_cursor_position.x + window_position.x,
-            y: logical_cursor_position.y + window_position.y,
+    pub fn set_cursor_position(&self, cursor_position: Position) -> Result<(), RequestError> {
+        let content_rect = self.window().contentRectForFrameRect(self.window().frame());
+        let window_position = flip_window_screen_coordinates(content_rect);
+        let cursor_position = cursor_position.to_logical::<CGFloat>(self.scale_factor());
+        let point = core_graphics::display::CGPoint {
+            x: window_position.x + cursor_position.x,
+            y: window_position.y + cursor_position.y,
        };
        CGDisplay::warp_mouse_cursor_position(point)
-            .map_err(|e| ExternalError::Os(os_error!(OsError::CGError(e))))?;
+            .map_err(|status| os_error!(format!("CGError {status}")))?;
        CGDisplay::associate_mouse_and_mouse_cursor_position(true)
-            .map_err(|e| ExternalError::Os(os_error!(OsError::CGError(e))))?;
+            .map_err(|status| os_error!(format!("CGError {status}")))?;

        Ok(())
    }

    #[inline]
-    pub fn drag_window(&self) -> Result<(), ExternalError> {
+    pub fn drag_window(&self) -> Result<(), RequestError> {
        let mtm = MainThreadMarker::from(self);
-        let event = NSApplication::sharedApplication(mtm).currentEvent().unwrap();
+        let event =
+            NSApplication::sharedApplication(mtm).currentEvent().ok_or(RequestError::Ignored)?;
        self.window().performWindowDragWithEvent(&event);
        Ok(())
    }

    #[inline]
-    pub fn drag_resize_window(&self, _direction: ResizeDirection) -> Result<(), ExternalError> {
-        Err(ExternalError::NotSupported(NotSupportedError::new()))
+    pub fn drag_resize_window(&self, _direction: ResizeDirection) -> Result<(), NotSupportedError> {
+        Err(NotSupportedError::new("drag_resize_window is not supported"))
    }

    #[inline]
    pub fn show_window_menu(&self, _position: Position) {}

    #[inline]
-    pub fn set_cursor_hittest(&self, hittest: bool) -> Result<(), ExternalError> {
+    pub fn set_cursor_hittest(&self, hittest: bool) {
        self.window().setIgnoresMouseEvents(!hittest);
-        Ok(())
    }

    pub(crate) fn is_zoomed(&self) -> bool {
@@ -1411,7 +1497,7 @@ impl WindowDelegate {
        }

        match (old_fullscreen, fullscreen) {
-            (None, Some(_)) => {
+            (None, Some(fullscreen)) => {
                // `toggleFullScreen` doesn't work if the `StyleMask` is none, so we
                // set a normal style temporarily. The previous state will be
                // restored in `WindowDelegate::window_did_exit_fullscreen`.
@@ -1421,6 +1507,17 @@ impl WindowDelegate {
                    self.set_style_mask(required);
                    self.ivars().saved_style.set(Some(curr_mask));
                }
+
+                // In borderless games, we want to disable the dock and menu bar
+                // by setting the presentation options. We do this here rather than in
+                // `window:willUseFullScreenPresentationOptions` because for some reason
+                // the menu bar remains interactable despite being hidden.
+                if self.is_borderless_game() && matches!(fullscreen, Fullscreen::Borderless(_)) {
+                    let presentation_options = NSApplicationPresentationOptions::NSApplicationPresentationHideDock
+                            | NSApplicationPresentationOptions::NSApplicationPresentationHideMenuBar;
+                    app.setPresentationOptions(presentation_options);
+                }
+
                toggle_fullscreen(self.window());
            },
            (Some(Fullscreen::Borderless(_)), None) => {
@@ -1428,13 +1525,7 @@ impl WindowDelegate {
                toggle_fullscreen(self.window());
            },
            (Some(Fullscreen::Exclusive(ref video_mode)), None) => {
-                unsafe {
-                    ffi::CGRestorePermanentDisplayConfiguration();
-                    assert_eq!(
-                        ffi::CGDisplayRelease(video_mode.monitor().native_identifier()),
-                        ffi::kCGErrorSuccess
-                    );
-                };
+                restore_and_release_display(&video_mode.monitor());
                toggle_fullscreen(self.window());
            },
            (Some(Fullscreen::Borderless(_)), Some(Fullscreen::Exclusive(_))) => {
@@ -1465,13 +1556,7 @@ impl WindowDelegate {
                );
                app.setPresentationOptions(presentation_options);

-                unsafe {
-                    ffi::CGRestorePermanentDisplayConfiguration();
-                    assert_eq!(
-                        ffi::CGDisplayRelease(video_mode.monitor().native_identifier()),
-                        ffi::kCGErrorSuccess
-                    );
-                };
+                restore_and_release_display(&video_mode.monitor());

                // Restore the normal window level following the Borderless fullscreen
                // `CGShieldingWindowLevel() + 1` hack.
@@ -1610,31 +1695,6 @@ impl WindowDelegate {
        Some(monitor)
    }

-    #[cfg(feature = "rwh_04")]
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn raw_window_handle_rwh_04(&self) -> rwh_04::RawWindowHandle {
-        let mut window_handle = rwh_04::AppKitHandle::empty();
-        window_handle.ns_window = self.window() as *const WinitWindow as *mut _;
-        window_handle.ns_view = Retained::as_ptr(&self.contentView().unwrap()) as *mut _;
-        rwh_04::RawWindowHandle::AppKit(window_handle)
-    }
-
-    #[cfg(feature = "rwh_05")]
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn raw_window_handle_rwh_05(&self) -> rwh_05::RawWindowHandle {
-        let mut window_handle = rwh_05::AppKitWindowHandle::empty();
-        window_handle.ns_window = self.window() as *const WinitWindow as *mut _;
-        window_handle.ns_view = Retained::as_ptr(&self.view()) as *mut _;
-        rwh_05::RawWindowHandle::AppKit(window_handle)
-    }
-
-    #[cfg(feature = "rwh_05")]
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn raw_display_handle_rwh_05(&self) -> rwh_05::RawDisplayHandle {
-        rwh_05::RawDisplayHandle::AppKit(rwh_05::AppKitDisplayHandle::empty())
-    }
-
-    #[cfg(feature = "rwh_06")]
    #[inline]
    pub fn raw_window_handle_rwh_06(&self) -> rwh_06::RawWindowHandle {
        let window_handle = rwh_06::AppKitWindowHandle::new({
@@ -1659,14 +1719,18 @@ impl WindowDelegate {
    }

    pub fn theme(&self) -> Option<Theme> {
-        // Note: We could choose between returning the value of `effectiveAppearance` or
-        // `appearance`, depending on what the user is asking about:
-        // - "how should I render on this particular frame".
-        // - "what is the configuration for this window".
-        //
-        // We choose the latter for consistency with the `set_theme` call, though it might also be
-        // useful to expose the former.
-        Some(appearance_to_theme(unsafe { &*self.window().appearance()? }))
+        unsafe { self.window().appearance() }
+            .map(|appearance| appearance_to_theme(&appearance))
+            .or_else(|| {
+                let mtm = MainThreadMarker::from(self);
+                let app = NSApplication::sharedApplication(mtm);
+
+                if app.respondsToSelector(sel!(effectiveAppearance)) {
+                    Some(super::window_delegate::appearance_to_theme(&app.effectiveAppearance()))
+                } else {
+                    Some(Theme::Light)
+                }
+            })
    }

    pub fn set_theme(&self, theme: Option<Theme>) {
@@ -1691,6 +1755,21 @@ impl WindowDelegate {
    }
 }

+fn restore_and_release_display(monitor: &MonitorHandle) {
+    let available_monitors = monitor::available_monitors();
+    if available_monitors.contains(monitor) {
+        unsafe {
+            ffi::CGRestorePermanentDisplayConfiguration();
+            assert_eq!(ffi::CGDisplayRelease(monitor.native_identifier()), ffi::kCGErrorSuccess);
+        };
+    } else {
+        warn!(
+            monitor = monitor.name(),
+            "Tried to restore exclusive fullscreen on a monitor that is no longer available"
+        );
+    }
+}
+
 impl WindowExtMacOS for WindowDelegate {
    #[inline]
    fn simple_fullscreen(&self) -> bool {
@@ -1738,12 +1817,15 @@ impl WindowExtMacOS for WindowDelegate {
            let screen = self.window().screen().expect("expected screen to be available");
            self.window().setFrame_display(screen.frame(), true);

+            // Configure the safe area rectangle, to ensure that we don't obscure the notch.
+            if NSScreen::class().responds_to(sel!(safeAreaInsets)) {
+                unsafe { self.view().setAdditionalSafeAreaInsets(screen.safeAreaInsets()) };
+            }
+
            // Fullscreen windows can't be resized, minimized, or moved
            self.toggle_style_mask(NSWindowStyleMask::Miniaturizable, false);
            self.toggle_style_mask(NSWindowStyleMask::Resizable, false);
            self.window().setMovable(false);
-
-            true
        } else {
            let new_mask = self.saved_style();
            self.set_style_mask(new_mask);
@@ -1756,11 +1838,22 @@ impl WindowExtMacOS for WindowDelegate {
                app.setPresentationOptions(presentation_opts);
            }

+            if NSScreen::class().responds_to(sel!(safeAreaInsets)) {
+                unsafe {
+                    self.view().setAdditionalSafeAreaInsets(NSEdgeInsets {
+                        top: 0.0,
+                        left: 0.0,
+                        bottom: 0.0,
+                        right: 0.0,
+                    });
+                }
+            }
+
            self.window().setFrame_display(frame, true);
            self.window().setMovable(true);
-
-            true
        }
+
+        true
    }

    #[inline]
@@ -1824,6 +1917,42 @@ impl WindowExtMacOS for WindowDelegate {
    fn option_as_alt(&self) -> OptionAsAlt {
        self.view().option_as_alt()
    }
+
+    fn set_borderless_game(&self, borderless_game: bool) {
+        self.ivars().is_borderless_game.set(borderless_game);
+    }
+
+    fn is_borderless_game(&self) -> bool {
+        self.ivars().is_borderless_game.get()
+    }
+
+    fn set_unified_titlebar(&self, unified_titlebar: bool) {
+        let window = self.window();
+
+        if unified_titlebar {
+            let mtm = MainThreadMarker::from(self);
+
+            unsafe {
+                // The toolbar style is ignored if there is no toolbar, so it is
+                // necessary to add one.
+                window.setToolbar(Some(&NSToolbar::new(mtm)));
+                window.setToolbarStyle(NSWindowToolbarStyle::Unified);
+            }
+        } else {
+            unsafe {
+                window.setToolbar(None);
+                window.setToolbarStyle(NSWindowToolbarStyle::Automatic);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn unified_titlebar(&self) -> bool {
+        let window = self.window();
+
+        unsafe {
+            window.toolbar().is_some() && window.toolbarStyle() == NSWindowToolbarStyle::Unified
+        }
+    }
 }

 const DEFAULT_STANDARD_FRAME: NSRect =
@@ -1834,7 +1963,7 @@ fn dark_appearance_name() -> &'static NSString {
    ns_string!("NSAppearanceNameDarkAqua")
 }

-fn appearance_to_theme(appearance: &NSAppearance) -> Theme {
+pub fn appearance_to_theme(appearance: &NSAppearance) -> Theme {
    let best_match = appearance.bestMatchFromAppearancesWithNames(&NSArray::from_id_slice(&[
        unsafe { NSAppearanceNameAqua.copy() },
        dark_appearance_name().copy(),
--- a/src/platform_impl/apple/appkit/event_handler.rs
+++ b/src/platform_impl/apple/appkit/event_handler.rs
@@ -2,8 +2,9 @@ use std::cell::RefCell;
 use std::{fmt, mem};

 use crate::application::ApplicationHandler;
-use crate::event_loop::ActiveEventLoop as RootActiveEventLoop;

+/// A helper type for storing a reference to `ApplicationHandler`, allowing interior mutable access
+/// to it within the execution of a closure.
 #[derive(Default)]
 pub(crate) struct EventHandler {
    /// This can be in the following states:
@@ -100,15 +101,16 @@ impl EventHandler {
        // soundness.
    }

+    #[cfg(target_os = "macos")]
    pub(crate) fn in_use(&self) -> bool {
        self.inner.try_borrow().is_err()
    }

-    pub(crate) fn handle(
-        &self,
-        callback: impl FnOnce(&mut dyn ApplicationHandler, &RootActiveEventLoop),
-        event_loop: &RootActiveEventLoop,
-    ) {
+    pub(crate) fn ready(&self) -> bool {
+        matches!(self.inner.try_borrow().as_deref(), Ok(Some(_)))
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn handle(&self, callback: impl FnOnce(&mut dyn ApplicationHandler)) {
        match self.inner.try_borrow_mut().as_deref_mut() {
            Ok(Some(user_app)) => {
                // It is important that we keep the reference borrowed here,
@@ -117,10 +119,10 @@ impl EventHandler {
                //
                // If the handler unwinds, the `RefMut` will ensure that the
                // handler is no longer borrowed.
-                callback(*user_app, event_loop);
+                callback(*user_app);
            },
            Ok(None) => {
-                // `NSApplication`, our app delegate and this handler are all
+                // `NSApplication`, our app state and this handler are all
                // global state and so it's not impossible that we could get
                // an event after the application has exited the `EventLoop`.
                tracing::error!("tried to run event handler, but no handler was set");
--- a/src/platform_impl/apple/mod.rs
+++ b/src/platform_impl/apple/mod.rs
@@ -2,10 +2,14 @@

 #[cfg(target_os = "macos")]
 mod appkit;
+mod event_handler;
+mod notification_center;
 #[cfg(not(target_os = "macos"))]
 mod uikit;

+#[allow(unused_imports)]
 #[cfg(target_os = "macos")]
 pub use self::appkit::*;
+#[allow(unused_imports)]
 #[cfg(not(target_os = "macos"))]
 pub use self::uikit::*;
--- a/src/platform_impl/apple/notification_center.rs
+++ b/src/platform_impl/apple/notification_center.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+use std::ptr::NonNull;
+
+use block2::RcBlock;
+use objc2::rc::Retained;
+use objc2_foundation::{NSNotification, NSNotificationCenter, NSNotificationName, NSObject};
+
+/// Observe the given notification.
+///
+/// This is used in Winit as an alternative to declaring an application delegate, as we want to
+/// give the user full control over those.
+pub fn create_observer(
+    center: &NSNotificationCenter,
+    name: &NSNotificationName,
+    handler: impl Fn(&NSNotification) + 'static,
+) -> Retained<NSObject> {
+    let block = RcBlock::new(move |notification: NonNull<NSNotification>| {
+        handler(unsafe { notification.as_ref() });
+    });
+    unsafe {
+        center.addObserverForName_object_queue_usingBlock(
+            Some(name),
+            None, // No sender filter
+            None, // No queue, run on posting thread (i.e. main thread)
+            &block,
+        )
+    }
+}
--- a/src/platform_impl/apple/uikit/app_delegate.rs
+++ b/src/platform_impl/apple/uikit/app_delegate.rs
@@ -1,60 +0,0 @@
-use objc2::{declare_class, mutability, ClassType, DeclaredClass};
-use objc2_foundation::{MainThreadMarker, NSObject};
-use objc2_ui_kit::UIApplication;
-
-use super::app_state::{self, send_occluded_event_for_all_windows, EventWrapper};
-use crate::event::Event;
-
-declare_class!(
-    pub struct AppDelegate;
-
-    unsafe impl ClassType for AppDelegate {
-        type Super = NSObject;
-        type Mutability = mutability::InteriorMutable;
-        const NAME: &'static str = "WinitApplicationDelegate";
-    }
-
-    impl DeclaredClass for AppDelegate {}
-
-    // UIApplicationDelegate protocol
-    unsafe impl AppDelegate {
-        #[method(application:didFinishLaunchingWithOptions:)]
-        fn did_finish_launching(&self, _application: &UIApplication, _: *mut NSObject) -> bool {
-            app_state::did_finish_launching(MainThreadMarker::new().unwrap());
-            true
-        }
-
-        #[method(applicationDidBecomeActive:)]
-        fn did_become_active(&self, _application: &UIApplication) {
-            let mtm = MainThreadMarker::new().unwrap();
-            app_state::handle_nonuser_event(mtm, EventWrapper::StaticEvent(Event::Resumed))
-        }
-
-        #[method(applicationWillResignActive:)]
-        fn will_resign_active(&self, _application: &UIApplication) {
-            let mtm = MainThreadMarker::new().unwrap();
-            app_state::handle_nonuser_event(mtm, EventWrapper::StaticEvent(Event::Suspended))
-        }
-
-        #[method(applicationWillEnterForeground:)]
-        fn will_enter_foreground(&self, application: &UIApplication) {
-            send_occluded_event_for_all_windows(application, false);
-        }
-
-        #[method(applicationDidEnterBackground:)]
-        fn did_enter_background(&self, application: &UIApplication) {
-            send_occluded_event_for_all_windows(application, true);
-        }
-
-        #[method(applicationWillTerminate:)]
-        fn will_terminate(&self, application: &UIApplication) {
-            app_state::terminated(application);
-        }
-
-        #[method(applicationDidReceiveMemoryWarning:)]
-        fn did_receive_memory_warning(&self, _application: &UIApplication) {
-            let mtm = MainThreadMarker::new().unwrap();
-            app_state::handle_nonuser_event(mtm, EventWrapper::StaticEvent(Event::MemoryWarning))
-        }
-    }
-);
--- a/src/platform_impl/apple/uikit/app_state.rs
+++ b/src/platform_impl/apple/uikit/app_state.rs
@@ -1,32 +1,35 @@
 #![deny(unused_results)]

-use std::cell::{RefCell, RefMut};
+use std::cell::{OnceCell, RefCell, RefMut};
 use std::collections::HashSet;
 use std::os::raw::c_void;
+use std::sync::atomic::Ordering;
 use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex, OnceLock};
 use std::time::Instant;
-use std::{fmt, mem, ptr};
+use std::{mem, ptr};

 use core_foundation::base::CFRelease;
 use core_foundation::date::CFAbsoluteTimeGetCurrent;
 use core_foundation::runloop::{
-    kCFRunLoopDefaultMode, CFRunLoopAddTimer, CFRunLoopGetMain, CFRunLoopRef, CFRunLoopTimerCreate,
+    kCFRunLoopCommonModes, CFRunLoopAddTimer, CFRunLoopGetMain, CFRunLoopRef, CFRunLoopTimerCreate,
    CFRunLoopTimerInvalidate, CFRunLoopTimerRef, CFRunLoopTimerSetNextFireDate,
 };
 use objc2::rc::Retained;
-use objc2::runtime::AnyObject;
-use objc2::{msg_send, sel};
+use objc2::sel;
 use objc2_foundation::{
    CGRect, CGSize, MainThreadMarker, NSInteger, NSObjectProtocol, NSOperatingSystemVersion,
    NSProcessInfo,
 };
 use objc2_ui_kit::{UIApplication, UICoordinateSpace, UIView, UIWindow};

+use super::super::event_handler::EventHandler;
 use super::window::WinitUIWindow;
+use super::{ActiveEventLoop, EventLoopProxy};
+use crate::application::ApplicationHandler;
 use crate::dpi::PhysicalSize;
-use crate::event::{Event, InnerSizeWriter, StartCause, WindowEvent};
-use crate::event_loop::{ActiveEventLoop as RootActiveEventLoop, ControlFlow};
-use crate::window::WindowId as RootWindowId;
+use crate::event::{StartCause, SurfaceSizeWriter, WindowEvent};
+use crate::event_loop::ControlFlow;
+use crate::window::WindowId;

 macro_rules! bug {
    ($($msg:tt)*) => {
@@ -40,30 +43,34 @@ macro_rules! bug_assert {
    };
 }

-pub(crate) struct EventLoopHandler {
-    #[allow(clippy::type_complexity)]
-    pub(crate) handler: Box<dyn FnMut(Event, &RootActiveEventLoop)>,
-    pub(crate) event_loop: RootActiveEventLoop,
-}
+/// Get the global event handler for the application.
+///
+/// This is stored separately from AppState, since AppState needs to be accessible while the handler
+/// is executing.
+fn get_handler(mtm: MainThreadMarker) -> &'static EventHandler {
+    // TODO(madsmtm): Use `MainThreadBound` once that is possible in `static`s.
+    struct StaticMainThreadBound<T>(T);

-impl fmt::Debug for EventLoopHandler {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
-        f.debug_struct("EventLoopHandler")
-            .field("handler", &"...")
-            .field("event_loop", &self.event_loop)
-            .finish()
+    impl<T> StaticMainThreadBound<T> {
+        const fn get(&self, _mtm: MainThreadMarker) -> &T {
+            &self.0
+        }
    }
-}

-impl EventLoopHandler {
-    fn handle_event(&mut self, event: Event) {
-        (self.handler)(event, &self.event_loop)
-    }
+    unsafe impl<T> Send for StaticMainThreadBound<T> {}
+    unsafe impl<T> Sync for StaticMainThreadBound<T> {}
+
+    // SAFETY: Creating `StaticMainThreadBound` in a `const` context, where there is no concept
+    // of the main thread.
+    static GLOBAL: StaticMainThreadBound<OnceCell<EventHandler>> =
+        StaticMainThreadBound(OnceCell::new());
+
+    GLOBAL.get(mtm).get_or_init(EventHandler::new)
 }

 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub(crate) enum EventWrapper {
-    StaticEvent(Event),
+    Window { window_id: WindowId, event: WindowEvent },
    ScaleFactorChanged(ScaleFactorChanged),
 }

@@ -74,20 +81,9 @@ pub struct ScaleFactorChanged {
    pub(super) scale_factor: f64,
 }

-enum UserCallbackTransitionResult<'a> {
-    Success {
-        handler: EventLoopHandler,
-        active_control_flow: ControlFlow,
-        processing_redraws: bool,
-    },
-    ReentrancyPrevented {
-        queued_events: &'a mut Vec<EventWrapper>,
-    },
-}
-
-impl Event {
+impl EventWrapper {
    fn is_redraw(&self) -> bool {
-        matches!(self, Event::WindowEvent { event: WindowEvent::RedrawRequested, .. })
+        matches!(self, Self::Window { event: WindowEvent::RedrawRequested, .. })
    }
 }

@@ -95,38 +91,20 @@ impl Event {
 #[derive(Debug)]
 #[must_use = "dropping `AppStateImpl` without inspecting it is probably a bug"]
 enum AppStateImpl {
-    NotLaunched {
-        queued_windows: Vec<Retained<WinitUIWindow>>,
-        queued_events: Vec<EventWrapper>,
-        queued_gpu_redraws: HashSet<Retained<WinitUIWindow>>,
-    },
-    Launching {
-        queued_windows: Vec<Retained<WinitUIWindow>>,
-        queued_events: Vec<EventWrapper>,
-        queued_handler: EventLoopHandler,
+    Initial {
        queued_gpu_redraws: HashSet<Retained<WinitUIWindow>>,
    },
    ProcessingEvents {
-        handler: EventLoopHandler,
        queued_gpu_redraws: HashSet<Retained<WinitUIWindow>>,
        active_control_flow: ControlFlow,
    },
-    // special state to deal with reentrancy and prevent mutable aliasing.
-    InUserCallback {
-        queued_events: Vec<EventWrapper>,
-        queued_gpu_redraws: HashSet<Retained<WinitUIWindow>>,
-    },
    ProcessingRedraws {
-        handler: EventLoopHandler,
        active_control_flow: ControlFlow,
    },
    Waiting {
-        waiting_handler: EventLoopHandler,
        start: Instant,
    },
-    PollFinished {
-        waiting_handler: EventLoopHandler,
-    },
+    PollFinished,
    Terminated,
 }

@@ -135,6 +113,8 @@ pub(crate) struct AppState {
    app_state: Option<AppStateImpl>,
    control_flow: ControlFlow,
    waker: EventLoopWaker,
+    event_loop_proxy: Arc<EventLoopProxy>,
+    queued_events: Vec<EventWrapper>,
 }

 impl AppState {
@@ -144,6 +124,8 @@ impl AppState {
        // must be mut because plain `static` requires `Sync`
        static mut APP_STATE: RefCell<Option<AppState>> = RefCell::new(None);

+        #[allow(unknown_lints)] // New lint below
+        #[allow(static_mut_refs)] // TODO: Use `MainThreadBound` instead.
        let mut guard = unsafe { APP_STATE.borrow_mut() };
        if guard.is_none() {
            #[inline(never)]
@@ -151,13 +133,11 @@ impl AppState {
            fn init_guard(guard: &mut RefMut<'static, Option<AppState>>) {
                let waker = EventLoopWaker::new(unsafe { CFRunLoopGetMain() });
                **guard = Some(AppState {
-                    app_state: Some(AppStateImpl::NotLaunched {
-                        queued_windows: Vec::new(),
-                        queued_events: Vec::new(),
-                        queued_gpu_redraws: HashSet::new(),
-                    }),
+                    app_state: Some(AppStateImpl::Initial { queued_gpu_redraws: HashSet::new() }),
                    control_flow: ControlFlow::default(),
                    waker,
+                    event_loop_proxy: Arc::new(EventLoopProxy::new()),
+                    queued_events: Vec::new(),
                });
            }
            init_guard(&mut guard);
@@ -203,154 +183,61 @@ impl AppState {
    }

    fn has_launched(&self) -> bool {
-        !matches!(self.state(), AppStateImpl::NotLaunched { .. } | AppStateImpl::Launching { .. })
+        !matches!(self.state(), AppStateImpl::Initial { .. })
    }

    fn has_terminated(&self) -> bool {
        matches!(self.state(), AppStateImpl::Terminated)
    }

-    fn will_launch_transition(&mut self, queued_handler: EventLoopHandler) {
-        let (queued_windows, queued_events, queued_gpu_redraws) = match self.take_state() {
-            AppStateImpl::NotLaunched { queued_windows, queued_events, queued_gpu_redraws } => {
-                (queued_windows, queued_events, queued_gpu_redraws)
-            },
-            s => bug!("unexpected state {:?}", s),
-        };
-        self.set_state(AppStateImpl::Launching {
-            queued_windows,
-            queued_events,
-            queued_handler,
-            queued_gpu_redraws,
-        });
-    }
-
-    fn did_finish_launching_transition(
-        &mut self,
-    ) -> (Vec<Retained<WinitUIWindow>>, Vec<EventWrapper>) {
-        let (windows, events, handler, queued_gpu_redraws) = match self.take_state() {
-            AppStateImpl::Launching {
-                queued_windows,
-                queued_events,
-                queued_handler,
-                queued_gpu_redraws,
-            } => (queued_windows, queued_events, queued_handler, queued_gpu_redraws),
+    fn did_finish_launching_transition(&mut self) {
+        let queued_gpu_redraws = match self.take_state() {
+            AppStateImpl::Initial { queued_gpu_redraws } => queued_gpu_redraws,
            s => bug!("unexpected state {:?}", s),
        };
        self.set_state(AppStateImpl::ProcessingEvents {
-            handler,
            active_control_flow: self.control_flow,
            queued_gpu_redraws,
        });
-        (windows, events)
    }

-    fn wakeup_transition(&mut self) -> Option<EventWrapper> {
+    fn wakeup_transition(&mut self) -> Option<StartCause> {
        // before `AppState::did_finish_launching` is called, pretend there is no running
        // event loop.
        if !self.has_launched() || self.has_terminated() {
            return None;
        }

-        let (handler, event) = match (self.control_flow, self.take_state()) {
-            (ControlFlow::Poll, AppStateImpl::PollFinished { waiting_handler }) => {
-                (waiting_handler, EventWrapper::StaticEvent(Event::NewEvents(StartCause::Poll)))
+        let start_cause = match (self.control_flow, self.take_state()) {
+            (ControlFlow::Poll, AppStateImpl::PollFinished) => StartCause::Poll,
+            (ControlFlow::Wait, AppStateImpl::Waiting { start }) => {
+                StartCause::WaitCancelled { start, requested_resume: None }
            },
-            (ControlFlow::Wait, AppStateImpl::Waiting { waiting_handler, start }) => (
-                waiting_handler,
-                EventWrapper::StaticEvent(Event::NewEvents(StartCause::WaitCancelled {
-                    start,
-                    requested_resume: None,
-                })),
-            ),
-            (
-                ControlFlow::WaitUntil(requested_resume),
-                AppStateImpl::Waiting { waiting_handler, start },
-            ) => {
-                let event = if Instant::now() >= requested_resume {
-                    EventWrapper::StaticEvent(Event::NewEvents(StartCause::ResumeTimeReached {
-                        start,
-                        requested_resume,
-                    }))
+            (ControlFlow::WaitUntil(requested_resume), AppStateImpl::Waiting { start }) => {
+                if Instant::now() >= requested_resume {
+                    StartCause::ResumeTimeReached { start, requested_resume }
                } else {
-                    EventWrapper::StaticEvent(Event::NewEvents(StartCause::WaitCancelled {
-                        start,
-                        requested_resume: Some(requested_resume),
-                    }))
-                };
-                (waiting_handler, event)
+                    StartCause::WaitCancelled { start, requested_resume: Some(requested_resume) }
+                }
            },
            s => bug!("`EventHandler` unexpectedly woke up {:?}", s),
        };

        self.set_state(AppStateImpl::ProcessingEvents {
-            handler,
            queued_gpu_redraws: Default::default(),
            active_control_flow: self.control_flow,
        });
-        Some(event)
-    }
-
-    fn try_user_callback_transition(&mut self) -> UserCallbackTransitionResult<'_> {
-        // If we're not able to process an event due to recursion or `Init` not having been sent out
-        // yet, then queue the events up.
-        match self.state_mut() {
-            &mut AppStateImpl::Launching { ref mut queued_events, .. }
-            | &mut AppStateImpl::NotLaunched { ref mut queued_events, .. }
-            | &mut AppStateImpl::InUserCallback { ref mut queued_events, .. } => {
-                // A lifetime cast: early returns are not currently handled well with NLL, but
-                // polonius handles them well. This transmute is a safe workaround.
-                return unsafe {
-                    mem::transmute::<
-                        UserCallbackTransitionResult<'_>,
-                        UserCallbackTransitionResult<'_>,
-                    >(UserCallbackTransitionResult::ReentrancyPrevented {
-                        queued_events,
-                    })
-                };
-            },
-
-            &mut AppStateImpl::ProcessingEvents { .. }
-            | &mut AppStateImpl::ProcessingRedraws { .. } => {},
-
-            s @ &mut AppStateImpl::PollFinished { .. }
-            | s @ &mut AppStateImpl::Waiting { .. }
-            | s @ &mut AppStateImpl::Terminated => {
-                bug!("unexpected attempted to process an event {:?}", s)
-            },
-        }
-
-        let (handler, queued_gpu_redraws, active_control_flow, processing_redraws) = match self
-            .take_state()
-        {
-            AppStateImpl::Launching { .. }
-            | AppStateImpl::NotLaunched { .. }
-            | AppStateImpl::InUserCallback { .. } => unreachable!(),
-            AppStateImpl::ProcessingEvents { handler, queued_gpu_redraws, active_control_flow } => {
-                (handler, queued_gpu_redraws, active_control_flow, false)
-            },
-            AppStateImpl::ProcessingRedraws { handler, active_control_flow } => {
-                (handler, Default::default(), active_control_flow, true)
-            },
-            AppStateImpl::PollFinished { .. }
-            | AppStateImpl::Waiting { .. }
-            | AppStateImpl::Terminated => unreachable!(),
-        };
-        self.set_state(AppStateImpl::InUserCallback {
-            queued_events: Vec::new(),
-            queued_gpu_redraws,
-        });
-        UserCallbackTransitionResult::Success { handler, active_control_flow, processing_redraws }
+        Some(start_cause)
    }

    fn main_events_cleared_transition(&mut self) -> HashSet<Retained<WinitUIWindow>> {
-        let (handler, queued_gpu_redraws, active_control_flow) = match self.take_state() {
-            AppStateImpl::ProcessingEvents { handler, queued_gpu_redraws, active_control_flow } => {
-                (handler, queued_gpu_redraws, active_control_flow)
+        let (queued_gpu_redraws, active_control_flow) = match self.take_state() {
+            AppStateImpl::ProcessingEvents { queued_gpu_redraws, active_control_flow } => {
+                (queued_gpu_redraws, active_control_flow)
            },
            s => bug!("unexpected state {:?}", s),
        };
-        self.set_state(AppStateImpl::ProcessingRedraws { handler, active_control_flow });
+        self.set_state(AppStateImpl::ProcessingRedraws { active_control_flow });
        queued_gpu_redraws
    }

@@ -358,10 +245,8 @@ impl AppState {
        if !self.has_launched() || self.has_terminated() {
            return;
        }
-        let (waiting_handler, old) = match self.take_state() {
-            AppStateImpl::ProcessingRedraws { handler, active_control_flow } => {
-                (handler, active_control_flow)
-            },
+        let old = match self.take_state() {
+            AppStateImpl::ProcessingRedraws { active_control_flow } => active_control_flow,
            s => bug!("unexpected state {:?}", s),
        };

@@ -369,39 +254,43 @@ impl AppState {
        match (old, new) {
            (ControlFlow::Wait, ControlFlow::Wait) => {
                let start = Instant::now();
-                self.set_state(AppStateImpl::Waiting { waiting_handler, start });
+                self.set_state(AppStateImpl::Waiting { start });
            },
            (ControlFlow::WaitUntil(old_instant), ControlFlow::WaitUntil(new_instant))
                if old_instant == new_instant =>
            {
                let start = Instant::now();
-                self.set_state(AppStateImpl::Waiting { waiting_handler, start });
+                self.set_state(AppStateImpl::Waiting { start });
            },
            (_, ControlFlow::Wait) => {
                let start = Instant::now();
-                self.set_state(AppStateImpl::Waiting { waiting_handler, start });
+                self.set_state(AppStateImpl::Waiting { start });
                self.waker.stop()
            },
            (_, ControlFlow::WaitUntil(new_instant)) => {
                let start = Instant::now();
-                self.set_state(AppStateImpl::Waiting { waiting_handler, start });
+                self.set_state(AppStateImpl::Waiting { start });
                self.waker.start_at(new_instant)
            },
            // Unlike on macOS, handle Poll to Poll transition here to call the waker
            (_, ControlFlow::Poll) => {
-                self.set_state(AppStateImpl::PollFinished { waiting_handler });
+                self.set_state(AppStateImpl::PollFinished);
                self.waker.start()
            },
        }
    }

-    fn terminated_transition(&mut self) -> EventLoopHandler {
+    fn terminated_transition(&mut self) {
        match self.replace_state(AppStateImpl::Terminated) {
-            AppStateImpl::ProcessingEvents { handler, .. } => handler,
-            s => bug!("`LoopExiting` happened while not processing events {:?}", s),
+            AppStateImpl::ProcessingEvents { .. } => {},
+            s => bug!("terminated while not processing events {:?}", s),
        }
    }

+    pub fn event_loop_proxy(&self) -> &Arc<EventLoopProxy> {
+        &self.event_loop_proxy
+    }
+
    pub(crate) fn set_control_flow(&mut self, control_flow: ControlFlow) {
        self.control_flow = control_flow;
    }
@@ -411,33 +300,11 @@ impl AppState {
    }
 }

-pub(crate) fn set_key_window(mtm: MainThreadMarker, window: &Retained<WinitUIWindow>) {
-    let mut this = AppState::get_mut(mtm);
-    match this.state_mut() {
-        &mut AppStateImpl::NotLaunched { ref mut queued_windows, .. } => {
-            return queued_windows.push(window.clone())
-        },
-        &mut AppStateImpl::ProcessingEvents { .. }
-        | &mut AppStateImpl::InUserCallback { .. }
-        | &mut AppStateImpl::ProcessingRedraws { .. } => {},
-        s @ &mut AppStateImpl::Launching { .. }
-        | s @ &mut AppStateImpl::Waiting { .. }
-        | s @ &mut AppStateImpl::PollFinished { .. } => bug!("unexpected state {:?}", s),
-        &mut AppStateImpl::Terminated => {
-            panic!("Attempt to create a `Window` after the app has terminated")
-        },
-    }
-    drop(this);
-    window.makeKeyAndVisible();
-}
-
 pub(crate) fn queue_gl_or_metal_redraw(mtm: MainThreadMarker, window: Retained<WinitUIWindow>) {
    let mut this = AppState::get_mut(mtm);
    match this.state_mut() {
-        &mut AppStateImpl::NotLaunched { ref mut queued_gpu_redraws, .. }
-        | &mut AppStateImpl::Launching { ref mut queued_gpu_redraws, .. }
-        | &mut AppStateImpl::ProcessingEvents { ref mut queued_gpu_redraws, .. }
-        | &mut AppStateImpl::InUserCallback { ref mut queued_gpu_redraws, .. } => {
+        &mut AppStateImpl::Initial { ref mut queued_gpu_redraws, .. }
+        | &mut AppStateImpl::ProcessingEvents { ref mut queued_gpu_redraws, .. } => {
            let _ = queued_gpu_redraws.insert(window);
        },
        s @ &mut AppStateImpl::ProcessingRedraws { .. }
@@ -449,67 +316,36 @@ pub(crate) fn queue_gl_or_metal_redraw(mtm: MainThreadMarker, window: Retained<W
    }
 }

-pub(crate) fn will_launch(mtm: MainThreadMarker, queued_handler: EventLoopHandler) {
-    AppState::get_mut(mtm).will_launch_transition(queued_handler)
+pub(crate) fn launch(mtm: MainThreadMarker, app: &mut dyn ApplicationHandler, run: impl FnOnce()) {
+    get_handler(mtm).set(app, run)
 }

 pub fn did_finish_launching(mtm: MainThreadMarker) {
    let mut this = AppState::get_mut(mtm);
-    let windows = match this.state_mut() {
-        AppStateImpl::Launching { queued_windows, .. } => mem::take(queued_windows),
-        s => bug!("unexpected state {:?}", s),
-    };

    this.waker.start();

    // have to drop RefMut because the window setup code below can trigger new events
    drop(this);

-    for window in windows {
-        // Do a little screen dance here to account for windows being created before
-        // `UIApplicationMain` is called. This fixes visual issues such as being
-        // offcenter and sized incorrectly. Additionally, to fix orientation issues, we
-        // gotta reset the `rootViewController`.
-        //
-        // relevant iOS log:
-        // ```
-        // [ApplicationLifecycle] Windows were created before application initialization
-        // completed. This may result in incorrect visual appearance.
-        // ```
-        let screen = window.screen();
-        let _: () = unsafe { msg_send![&window, setScreen: ptr::null::<AnyObject>()] };
-        window.setScreen(&screen);
+    AppState::get_mut(mtm).did_finish_launching_transition();

-        let controller = window.rootViewController();
-        window.setRootViewController(None);
-        window.setRootViewController(controller.as_deref());
-
-        window.makeKeyAndVisible();
-    }
-
-    let (windows, events) = AppState::get_mut(mtm).did_finish_launching_transition();
-
-    let events = std::iter::once(EventWrapper::StaticEvent(Event::NewEvents(StartCause::Init)))
-        .chain(events);
-    handle_nonuser_events(mtm, events);
-
-    // the above window dance hack, could possibly trigger new windows to be created.
-    // we can just set those windows up normally, as they were created after didFinishLaunching
-    for window in windows {
-        window.makeKeyAndVisible();
-    }
+    get_handler(mtm).handle(|app| app.new_events(&ActiveEventLoop { mtm }, StartCause::Init));
+    get_handler(mtm).handle(|app| app.can_create_surfaces(&ActiveEventLoop { mtm }));
+    handle_nonuser_events(mtm, []);
 }

 // AppState::did_finish_launching handles the special transition `Init`
 pub fn handle_wakeup_transition(mtm: MainThreadMarker) {
    let mut this = AppState::get_mut(mtm);
-    let wakeup_event = match this.wakeup_transition() {
+    let cause = match this.wakeup_transition() {
        None => return,
-        Some(wakeup_event) => wakeup_event,
+        Some(cause) => cause,
    };
    drop(this);

-    handle_nonuser_event(mtm, wakeup_event)
+    get_handler(mtm).handle(|app| app.new_events(&ActiveEventLoop { mtm }, cause));
+    handle_nonuser_events(mtm, []);
 }

 pub(crate) fn handle_nonuser_event(mtm: MainThreadMarker, event: EventWrapper) {
@@ -525,137 +361,76 @@ pub(crate) fn handle_nonuser_events<I: IntoIterator<Item = EventWrapper>>(
        return;
    }

-    let (mut handler, active_control_flow, processing_redraws) =
-        match this.try_user_callback_transition() {
-            UserCallbackTransitionResult::ReentrancyPrevented { queued_events } => {
-                queued_events.extend(events);
-                return;
-            },
-            UserCallbackTransitionResult::Success {
-                handler,
-                active_control_flow,
-                processing_redraws,
-            } => (handler, active_control_flow, processing_redraws),
-        };
+    if !get_handler(mtm).ready() {
+        // Prevent re-entrancy; queue the events up for once we're done handling the event instead.
+        this.queued_events.extend(events);
+        return;
+    }
+
+    let processing_redraws = matches!(this.state(), AppStateImpl::ProcessingRedraws { .. });
    drop(this);

-    for wrapper in events {
-        match wrapper {
-            EventWrapper::StaticEvent(event) => {
-                if !processing_redraws && event.is_redraw() {
-                    tracing::info!("processing `RedrawRequested` during the main event loop");
-                } else if processing_redraws && !event.is_redraw() {
-                    tracing::warn!(
-                        "processing non `RedrawRequested` event after the main event loop: {:#?}",
-                        event
-                    );
-                }
-                handler.handle_event(event)
-            },
-            EventWrapper::ScaleFactorChanged(event) => handle_hidpi_proxy(&mut handler, event),
+    for event in events {
+        if !processing_redraws && event.is_redraw() {
+            tracing::info!("processing `RedrawRequested` during the main event loop");
+        } else if processing_redraws && !event.is_redraw() {
+            tracing::warn!(
+                "processing non `RedrawRequested` event after the main event loop: {:#?}",
+                event
+            );
        }
+        handle_wrapped_event(mtm, event)
    }

    loop {
        let mut this = AppState::get_mut(mtm);
-        let queued_events = match this.state_mut() {
-            &mut AppStateImpl::InUserCallback { ref mut queued_events, queued_gpu_redraws: _ } => {
-                mem::take(queued_events)
-            },
-            s => bug!("unexpected state {:?}", s),
-        };
+        let queued_events = mem::take(&mut this.queued_events);
        if queued_events.is_empty() {
-            let queued_gpu_redraws = match this.take_state() {
-                AppStateImpl::InUserCallback { queued_events: _, queued_gpu_redraws } => {
-                    queued_gpu_redraws
-                },
-                _ => unreachable!(),
-            };
-            this.app_state = Some(if processing_redraws {
-                bug_assert!(
-                    queued_gpu_redraws.is_empty(),
-                    "redraw queued while processing redraws"
-                );
-                AppStateImpl::ProcessingRedraws { handler, active_control_flow }
-            } else {
-                AppStateImpl::ProcessingEvents { handler, queued_gpu_redraws, active_control_flow }
-            });
            break;
        }
        drop(this);

-        for wrapper in queued_events {
-            match wrapper {
-                EventWrapper::StaticEvent(event) => {
-                    if !processing_redraws && event.is_redraw() {
-                        tracing::info!("processing `RedrawRequested` during the main event loop");
-                    } else if processing_redraws && !event.is_redraw() {
-                        tracing::warn!(
-                            "processing non-`RedrawRequested` event after the main event loop: \
-                             {:#?}",
-                            event
-                        );
-                    }
-                    handler.handle_event(event)
-                },
-                EventWrapper::ScaleFactorChanged(event) => handle_hidpi_proxy(&mut handler, event),
+        for event in queued_events {
+            if !processing_redraws && event.is_redraw() {
+                tracing::info!("processing `RedrawRequested` during the main event loop");
+            } else if processing_redraws && !event.is_redraw() {
+                tracing::warn!(
+                    "processing non-`RedrawRequested` event after the main event loop: {:#?}",
+                    event
+                );
            }
+            handle_wrapped_event(mtm, event);
        }
    }
 }

 fn handle_user_events(mtm: MainThreadMarker) {
-    let mut this = AppState::get_mut(mtm);
-    let (mut handler, active_control_flow, processing_redraws) =
-        match this.try_user_callback_transition() {
-            UserCallbackTransitionResult::ReentrancyPrevented { .. } => {
-                bug!("unexpected attempted to process an event")
-            },
-            UserCallbackTransitionResult::Success {
-                handler,
-                active_control_flow,
-                processing_redraws,
-            } => (handler, active_control_flow, processing_redraws),
-        };
-    if processing_redraws {
+    let this = AppState::get_mut(mtm);
+    if matches!(this.state(), AppStateImpl::ProcessingRedraws { .. }) {
        bug!("user events attempted to be sent out while `ProcessingRedraws`");
    }
+    let event_loop_proxy = this.event_loop_proxy().clone();
    drop(this);

-    handler.handle_event(Event::UserWakeUp);
+    if event_loop_proxy.wake_up.swap(false, Ordering::Relaxed) {
+        get_handler(mtm).handle(|app| app.proxy_wake_up(&ActiveEventLoop { mtm }));
+    }

    loop {
        let mut this = AppState::get_mut(mtm);
-        let queued_events = match this.state_mut() {
-            &mut AppStateImpl::InUserCallback { ref mut queued_events, queued_gpu_redraws: _ } => {
-                mem::take(queued_events)
-            },
-            s => bug!("unexpected state {:?}", s),
-        };
+        let queued_events = mem::take(&mut this.queued_events);
        if queued_events.is_empty() {
-            let queued_gpu_redraws = match this.take_state() {
-                AppStateImpl::InUserCallback { queued_events: _, queued_gpu_redraws } => {
-                    queued_gpu_redraws
-                },
-                _ => unreachable!(),
-            };
-            this.app_state = Some(AppStateImpl::ProcessingEvents {
-                handler,
-                queued_gpu_redraws,
-                active_control_flow,
-            });
            break;
        }
        drop(this);

-        for wrapper in queued_events {
-            match wrapper {
-                EventWrapper::StaticEvent(event) => handler.handle_event(event),
-                EventWrapper::ScaleFactorChanged(event) => handle_hidpi_proxy(&mut handler, event),
-            }
+        for event in queued_events {
+            handle_wrapped_event(mtm, event);
        }

-        handler.handle_event(Event::UserWakeUp);
+        if event_loop_proxy.wake_up.swap(false, Ordering::Relaxed) {
+            get_handler(mtm).handle(|app| app.proxy_wake_up(&ActiveEventLoop { mtm }));
+        }
    }
 }

@@ -672,10 +447,10 @@ pub(crate) fn send_occluded_event_for_all_windows(application: &UIApplication, o
                let ptr: *const WinitUIWindow = ptr.cast();
                &*ptr
            };
-            events.push(EventWrapper::StaticEvent(Event::WindowEvent {
-                window_id: RootWindowId(window.id()),
+            events.push(EventWrapper::Window {
+                window_id: window.id(),
                event: WindowEvent::Occluded(occluded),
-            }));
+            });
        }
    }
    handle_nonuser_events(mtm, events);
@@ -698,23 +473,37 @@ pub fn handle_main_events_cleared(mtm: MainThreadMarker) {
    let redraw_events: Vec<EventWrapper> = this
        .main_events_cleared_transition()
        .into_iter()
-        .map(|window| {
-            EventWrapper::StaticEvent(Event::WindowEvent {
-                window_id: RootWindowId(window.id()),
-                event: WindowEvent::RedrawRequested,
-            })
+        .map(|window| EventWrapper::Window {
+            window_id: window.id(),
+            event: WindowEvent::RedrawRequested,
        })
        .collect();
    drop(this);

    handle_nonuser_events(mtm, redraw_events);
-    handle_nonuser_event(mtm, EventWrapper::StaticEvent(Event::AboutToWait));
+    get_handler(mtm).handle(|app| app.about_to_wait(&ActiveEventLoop { mtm }));
+    handle_nonuser_events(mtm, []);
 }

 pub fn handle_events_cleared(mtm: MainThreadMarker) {
    AppState::get_mut(mtm).events_cleared_transition();
 }

+pub(crate) fn handle_resumed(mtm: MainThreadMarker) {
+    get_handler(mtm).handle(|app| app.resumed(&ActiveEventLoop { mtm }));
+    handle_nonuser_events(mtm, []);
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn handle_suspended(mtm: MainThreadMarker) {
+    get_handler(mtm).handle(|app| app.suspended(&ActiveEventLoop { mtm }));
+    handle_nonuser_events(mtm, []);
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn handle_memory_warning(mtm: MainThreadMarker) {
+    get_handler(mtm).handle(|app| app.memory_warning(&ActiveEventLoop { mtm }));
+    handle_nonuser_events(mtm, []);
+}
+
 pub(crate) fn terminated(application: &UIApplication) {
    let mtm = MainThreadMarker::from(application);

@@ -728,35 +517,41 @@ pub(crate) fn terminated(application: &UIApplication) {
                let ptr: *const WinitUIWindow = ptr.cast();
                &*ptr
            };
-            events.push(EventWrapper::StaticEvent(Event::WindowEvent {
-                window_id: RootWindowId(window.id()),
+            events.push(EventWrapper::Window {
+                window_id: window.id(),
                event: WindowEvent::Destroyed,
-            }));
+            });
        }
    }
    handle_nonuser_events(mtm, events);

    let mut this = AppState::get_mut(mtm);
-    let mut handler = this.terminated_transition();
+    this.terminated_transition();
    drop(this);

-    handler.handle_event(Event::LoopExiting)
+    get_handler(mtm).handle(|app| app.exiting(&ActiveEventLoop { mtm }));
 }

-fn handle_hidpi_proxy(handler: &mut EventLoopHandler, event: ScaleFactorChanged) {
+fn handle_wrapped_event(mtm: MainThreadMarker, event: EventWrapper) {
+    match event {
+        EventWrapper::Window { window_id, event } => get_handler(mtm)
+            .handle(|app| app.window_event(&ActiveEventLoop { mtm }, window_id, event)),
+        EventWrapper::ScaleFactorChanged(event) => handle_hidpi_proxy(mtm, event),
+    }
+}
+
+fn handle_hidpi_proxy(mtm: MainThreadMarker, event: ScaleFactorChanged) {
    let ScaleFactorChanged { suggested_size, scale_factor, window } = event;
-    let new_inner_size = Arc::new(Mutex::new(suggested_size));
-    let event = Event::WindowEvent {
-        window_id: RootWindowId(window.id()),
-        event: WindowEvent::ScaleFactorChanged {
+    let new_surface_size = Arc::new(Mutex::new(suggested_size));
+    get_handler(mtm).handle(|app| {
+        app.window_event(&ActiveEventLoop { mtm }, window.id(), WindowEvent::ScaleFactorChanged {
            scale_factor,
-            inner_size_writer: InnerSizeWriter::new(Arc::downgrade(&new_inner_size)),
-        },
-    };
-    handler.handle_event(event);
+            surface_size_writer: SurfaceSizeWriter::new(Arc::downgrade(&new_surface_size)),
+        });
+    });
    let (view, screen_frame) = get_view_and_screen_frame(&window);
-    let physical_size = *new_inner_size.lock().unwrap();
-    drop(new_inner_size);
+    let physical_size = *new_surface_size.lock().unwrap();
+    drop(new_surface_size);
    let logical_size = physical_size.to_logical(scale_factor);
    let size = CGSize::new(logical_size.width, logical_size.height);
    let new_frame: CGRect = CGRect::new(screen_frame.origin, size);
@@ -802,7 +597,7 @@ impl EventLoopWaker {
                wakeup_main_loop,
                ptr::null_mut(),
            );
-            CFRunLoopAddTimer(rl, timer, kCFRunLoopDefaultMode);
+            CFRunLoopAddTimer(rl, timer, kCFRunLoopCommonModes);

            EventLoopWaker { timer }
        }
--- a/src/platform_impl/apple/uikit/event_loop.rs
+++ b/src/platform_impl/apple/uikit/event_loop.rs
@@ -1,141 +1,140 @@
-use std::collections::VecDeque;
 use std::ffi::{c_char, c_int, c_void};
-use std::marker::PhantomData;
 use std::ptr::{self, NonNull};
 use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicBool, Ordering as AtomicOrdering};
 use std::sync::Arc;

 use core_foundation::base::{CFIndex, CFRelease};
 use core_foundation::runloop::{
-    kCFRunLoopAfterWaiting, kCFRunLoopBeforeWaiting, kCFRunLoopDefaultMode, kCFRunLoopExit,
-    CFRunLoopActivity, CFRunLoopAddObserver, CFRunLoopAddSource, CFRunLoopGetMain,
+    kCFRunLoopAfterWaiting, kCFRunLoopBeforeWaiting, kCFRunLoopCommonModes, kCFRunLoopDefaultMode,
+    kCFRunLoopExit, CFRunLoopActivity, CFRunLoopAddObserver, CFRunLoopAddSource, CFRunLoopGetMain,
    CFRunLoopObserverCreate, CFRunLoopObserverRef, CFRunLoopSourceContext, CFRunLoopSourceCreate,
    CFRunLoopSourceInvalidate, CFRunLoopSourceRef, CFRunLoopSourceSignal, CFRunLoopWakeUp,
 };
 use objc2::rc::Retained;
 use objc2::{msg_send_id, ClassType};
-use objc2_foundation::{MainThreadMarker, NSString};
-use objc2_ui_kit::{UIApplication, UIApplicationMain, UIScreen};
+use objc2_foundation::{MainThreadMarker, NSNotificationCenter, NSObject};
+use objc2_ui_kit::{
+    UIApplication, UIApplicationDidBecomeActiveNotification,
+    UIApplicationDidEnterBackgroundNotification, UIApplicationDidFinishLaunchingNotification,
+    UIApplicationDidReceiveMemoryWarningNotification, UIApplicationMain,
+    UIApplicationWillEnterForegroundNotification, UIApplicationWillResignActiveNotification,
+    UIApplicationWillTerminateNotification, UIScreen,
+};
+use rwh_06::HasDisplayHandle;

-use super::app_state::EventLoopHandler;
-use crate::application::ApplicationHandler;
-use crate::error::EventLoopError;
-use crate::event::Event;
-use crate::event_loop::{ActiveEventLoop as RootActiveEventLoop, ControlFlow, DeviceEvents};
-use crate::window::{CustomCursor, CustomCursorSource};
-
-use super::app_delegate::AppDelegate;
-use super::app_state::AppState;
+use super::super::notification_center::create_observer;
+use super::app_state::{send_occluded_event_for_all_windows, AppState};
 use super::{app_state, monitor, MonitorHandle};
+use crate::application::ApplicationHandler;
+use crate::error::{EventLoopError, NotSupportedError, RequestError};
+use crate::event_loop::{
+    ActiveEventLoop as RootActiveEventLoop, ControlFlow, DeviceEvents,
+    EventLoopProxy as CoreEventLoopProxy, EventLoopProxyProvider,
+    OwnedDisplayHandle as CoreOwnedDisplayHandle,
+};
+use crate::monitor::MonitorHandle as RootMonitorHandle;
+use crate::platform_impl::Window;
+use crate::window::{CustomCursor, CustomCursorSource, Theme, Window as CoreWindow};

 #[derive(Debug)]
-pub struct ActiveEventLoop {
+pub(crate) struct ActiveEventLoop {
    pub(super) mtm: MainThreadMarker,
 }

-impl ActiveEventLoop {
-    pub fn create_custom_cursor(&self, source: CustomCursorSource) -> CustomCursor {
-        let _ = source.inner;
-        CustomCursor { inner: super::PlatformCustomCursor }
+impl RootActiveEventLoop for ActiveEventLoop {
+    fn create_proxy(&self) -> CoreEventLoopProxy {
+        CoreEventLoopProxy::new(AppState::get_mut(self.mtm).event_loop_proxy().clone())
    }

-    pub fn available_monitors(&self) -> VecDeque<MonitorHandle> {
-        monitor::uiscreens(self.mtm)
-    }
-
-    pub fn primary_monitor(&self) -> Option<MonitorHandle> {
-        #[allow(deprecated)]
-        Some(MonitorHandle::new(UIScreen::mainScreen(self.mtm)))
-    }
-
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn listen_device_events(&self, _allowed: DeviceEvents) {}
-
-    #[cfg(feature = "rwh_05")]
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn raw_display_handle_rwh_05(&self) -> rwh_05::RawDisplayHandle {
-        rwh_05::RawDisplayHandle::UiKit(rwh_05::UiKitDisplayHandle::empty())
-    }
-
-    #[cfg(feature = "rwh_06")]
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn raw_display_handle_rwh_06(
+    fn create_window(
        &self,
-    ) -> Result<rwh_06::RawDisplayHandle, rwh_06::HandleError> {
-        Ok(rwh_06::RawDisplayHandle::UiKit(rwh_06::UiKitDisplayHandle::new()))
+        window_attributes: crate::window::WindowAttributes,
+    ) -> Result<Box<dyn CoreWindow>, RequestError> {
+        Ok(Box::new(Window::new(self, window_attributes)?))
    }

-    pub(crate) fn set_control_flow(&self, control_flow: ControlFlow) {
+    fn create_custom_cursor(
+        &self,
+        _source: CustomCursorSource,
+    ) -> Result<CustomCursor, RequestError> {
+        Err(NotSupportedError::new("create_custom_cursor is not supported").into())
+    }
+
+    fn available_monitors(&self) -> Box<dyn Iterator<Item = RootMonitorHandle>> {
+        Box::new(monitor::uiscreens(self.mtm).into_iter().map(|inner| RootMonitorHandle { inner }))
+    }
+
+    fn primary_monitor(&self) -> Option<crate::monitor::MonitorHandle> {
+        #[allow(deprecated)]
+        let monitor = MonitorHandle::new(UIScreen::mainScreen(self.mtm));
+        Some(RootMonitorHandle { inner: monitor })
+    }
+
+    fn listen_device_events(&self, _allowed: DeviceEvents) {}
+
+    fn set_control_flow(&self, control_flow: ControlFlow) {
        AppState::get_mut(self.mtm).set_control_flow(control_flow)
    }

-    pub(crate) fn control_flow(&self) -> ControlFlow {
+    fn system_theme(&self) -> Option<Theme> {
+        None
+    }
+
+    fn control_flow(&self) -> ControlFlow {
        AppState::get_mut(self.mtm).control_flow()
    }

-    pub(crate) fn exit(&self) {
+    fn exit(&self) {
        // https://developer.apple.com/library/archive/qa/qa1561/_index.html
        // it is not possible to quit an iOS app gracefully and programmatically
        tracing::warn!("`ControlFlow::Exit` ignored on iOS");
    }

-    pub(crate) fn exiting(&self) -> bool {
+    fn exiting(&self) -> bool {
        false
    }

-    pub(crate) fn owned_display_handle(&self) -> OwnedDisplayHandle {
-        OwnedDisplayHandle
+    fn owned_display_handle(&self) -> CoreOwnedDisplayHandle {
+        CoreOwnedDisplayHandle::new(Arc::new(OwnedDisplayHandle))
+    }
+
+    fn rwh_06_handle(&self) -> &dyn rwh_06::HasDisplayHandle {
+        self
    }
 }

-#[derive(Clone)]
+impl rwh_06::HasDisplayHandle for ActiveEventLoop {
+    fn display_handle(&self) -> Result<rwh_06::DisplayHandle<'_>, rwh_06::HandleError> {
+        let raw = rwh_06::RawDisplayHandle::UiKit(rwh_06::UiKitDisplayHandle::new());
+        unsafe { Ok(rwh_06::DisplayHandle::borrow_raw(raw)) }
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub(crate) struct OwnedDisplayHandle;

-impl OwnedDisplayHandle {
-    #[cfg(feature = "rwh_05")]
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn raw_display_handle_rwh_05(&self) -> rwh_05::RawDisplayHandle {
-        rwh_05::UiKitDisplayHandle::empty().into()
-    }
-
-    #[cfg(feature = "rwh_06")]
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn raw_display_handle_rwh_06(
-        &self,
-    ) -> Result<rwh_06::RawDisplayHandle, rwh_06::HandleError> {
-        Ok(rwh_06::UiKitDisplayHandle::new().into())
-    }
-}
-
-fn map_user_event<A: ApplicationHandler>(
-    app: &mut A,
-    proxy_wake_up: Arc<AtomicBool>,
-) -> impl FnMut(Event, &RootActiveEventLoop) + '_ {
-    move |event, window_target| match event {
-        Event::NewEvents(cause) => app.new_events(window_target, cause),
-        Event::WindowEvent { window_id, event } => {
-            app.window_event(window_target, window_id, event)
-        },
-        Event::DeviceEvent { device_id, event } => {
-            app.device_event(window_target, device_id, event)
-        },
-        Event::UserWakeUp => {
-            if proxy_wake_up.swap(false, AtomicOrdering::Relaxed) {
-                app.proxy_wake_up(window_target);
-            }
-        },
-        Event::Suspended => app.suspended(window_target),
-        Event::Resumed => app.resumed(window_target),
-        Event::AboutToWait => app.about_to_wait(window_target),
-        Event::LoopExiting => app.exiting(window_target),
-        Event::MemoryWarning => app.memory_warning(window_target),
+impl HasDisplayHandle for OwnedDisplayHandle {
+    fn display_handle(&self) -> Result<rwh_06::DisplayHandle<'_>, rwh_06::HandleError> {
+        let raw = rwh_06::RawDisplayHandle::UiKit(rwh_06::UiKitDisplayHandle::new());
+        unsafe { Ok(rwh_06::DisplayHandle::borrow_raw(raw)) }
    }
 }

 pub struct EventLoop {
    mtm: MainThreadMarker,
-    proxy_wake_up: Arc<AtomicBool>,
-    window_target: RootActiveEventLoop,
+    window_target: ActiveEventLoop,
+
+    // Since iOS 9.0, we no longer need to remove the observers before they are deallocated; the
+    // system instead cleans it up next time it would have posted a notification to it.
+    //
+    // Though we do still need to keep the observers around to prevent them from being deallocated.
+    _did_finish_launching_observer: Retained<NSObject>,
+    _did_become_active_observer: Retained<NSObject>,
+    _will_resign_active_observer: Retained<NSObject>,
+    _will_enter_foreground_observer: Retained<NSObject>,
+    _did_enter_background_observer: Retained<NSObject>,
+    _will_terminate_observer: Retained<NSObject>,
+    _did_receive_memory_warning_observer: Retained<NSObject>,
 }

 #[derive(Default, Debug, Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
@@ -160,16 +159,90 @@ impl EventLoop {
        // this line sets up the main run loop before `UIApplicationMain`
        setup_control_flow_observers();

-        let proxy_wake_up = Arc::new(AtomicBool::new(false));
+        let center = unsafe { NSNotificationCenter::defaultCenter() };
+
+        let _did_finish_launching_observer = create_observer(
+            &center,
+            // `application:didFinishLaunchingWithOptions:`
+            unsafe { UIApplicationDidFinishLaunchingNotification },
+            move |_| {
+                app_state::did_finish_launching(mtm);
+            },
+        );
+        let _did_become_active_observer = create_observer(
+            &center,
+            // `applicationDidBecomeActive:`
+            unsafe { UIApplicationDidBecomeActiveNotification },
+            move |_| app_state::handle_resumed(mtm),
+        );
+        let _will_resign_active_observer = create_observer(
+            &center,
+            // `applicationWillResignActive:`
+            unsafe { UIApplicationWillResignActiveNotification },
+            move |_| app_state::handle_suspended(mtm),
+        );
+        let _will_enter_foreground_observer = create_observer(
+            &center,
+            // `applicationWillEnterForeground:`
+            unsafe { UIApplicationWillEnterForegroundNotification },
+            move |notification| {
+                let app = unsafe { notification.object() }.expect(
+                    "UIApplicationWillEnterForegroundNotification to have application object",
+                );
+                // SAFETY: The `object` in `UIApplicationWillEnterForegroundNotification` is
+                // documented to be `UIApplication`.
+                let app: Retained<UIApplication> = unsafe { Retained::cast(app) };
+                send_occluded_event_for_all_windows(&app, false);
+            },
+        );
+        let _did_enter_background_observer = create_observer(
+            &center,
+            // `applicationDidEnterBackground:`
+            unsafe { UIApplicationDidEnterBackgroundNotification },
+            move |notification| {
+                let app = unsafe { notification.object() }.expect(
+                    "UIApplicationDidEnterBackgroundNotification to have application object",
+                );
+                // SAFETY: The `object` in `UIApplicationDidEnterBackgroundNotification` is
+                // documented to be `UIApplication`.
+                let app: Retained<UIApplication> = unsafe { Retained::cast(app) };
+                send_occluded_event_for_all_windows(&app, true);
+            },
+        );
+        let _will_terminate_observer = create_observer(
+            &center,
+            // `applicationWillTerminate:`
+            unsafe { UIApplicationWillTerminateNotification },
+            move |notification| {
+                let app = unsafe { notification.object() }
+                    .expect("UIApplicationWillTerminateNotification to have application object");
+                // SAFETY: The `object` in `UIApplicationWillTerminateNotification` is
+                // (somewhat) documented to be `UIApplication`.
+                let app: Retained<UIApplication> = unsafe { Retained::cast(app) };
+                app_state::terminated(&app);
+            },
+        );
+        let _did_receive_memory_warning_observer = create_observer(
+            &center,
+            // `applicationDidReceiveMemoryWarning:`
+            unsafe { UIApplicationDidReceiveMemoryWarningNotification },
+            move |_| app_state::handle_memory_warning(mtm),
+        );

        Ok(EventLoop {
            mtm,
-            proxy_wake_up,
-            window_target: RootActiveEventLoop { p: ActiveEventLoop { mtm }, _marker: PhantomData },
+            window_target: ActiveEventLoop { mtm },
+            _did_finish_launching_observer,
+            _did_become_active_observer,
+            _will_resign_active_observer,
+            _will_enter_foreground_observer,
+            _did_enter_background_observer,
+            _will_terminate_observer,
+            _did_receive_memory_warning_observer,
        })
    }

-    pub fn run_app<A: ApplicationHandler>(self, app: &mut A) -> ! {
+    pub fn run_app<A: ApplicationHandler>(self, mut app: A) -> ! {
        let application: Option<Retained<UIApplication>> =
            unsafe { msg_send_id![UIApplication::class(), sharedApplication] };
        assert!(
@@ -179,62 +252,39 @@ impl EventLoop {
             `EventLoop::run_app` calls `UIApplicationMain` on iOS",
        );

-        let handler = map_user_event(app, self.proxy_wake_up.clone());
-
-        let handler = unsafe {
-            std::mem::transmute::<
-                Box<dyn FnMut(Event, &RootActiveEventLoop)>,
-                Box<dyn FnMut(Event, &RootActiveEventLoop)>,
-            >(Box::new(handler))
-        };
-
-        let handler = EventLoopHandler { handler, event_loop: self.window_target };
-
-        app_state::will_launch(self.mtm, handler);
-
-        // Ensure application delegate is initialized
-        let _ = AppDelegate::class();
-
        extern "C" {
            // These functions are in crt_externs.h.
            fn _NSGetArgc() -> *mut c_int;
            fn _NSGetArgv() -> *mut *mut *mut c_char;
        }

-        unsafe {
+        app_state::launch(self.mtm, &mut app, || unsafe {
            UIApplicationMain(
                *_NSGetArgc(),
                NonNull::new(*_NSGetArgv()).unwrap(),
+                // We intentionally override neither the application nor the delegate, to allow
+                // the user to do so themselves!
                None,
-                Some(&NSString::from_str(AppDelegate::NAME)),
-            )
-        };
+                None,
+            );
+        });
+
        unreachable!()
    }

-    pub fn create_proxy(&self) -> EventLoopProxy {
-        EventLoopProxy::new(self.proxy_wake_up.clone())
-    }
-
-    pub fn window_target(&self) -> &RootActiveEventLoop {
+    pub fn window_target(&self) -> &dyn RootActiveEventLoop {
        &self.window_target
    }
 }

 pub struct EventLoopProxy {
-    proxy_wake_up: Arc<AtomicBool>,
+    pub(crate) wake_up: AtomicBool,
    source: CFRunLoopSourceRef,
 }

 unsafe impl Send for EventLoopProxy {}
 unsafe impl Sync for EventLoopProxy {}

-impl Clone for EventLoopProxy {
-    fn clone(&self) -> EventLoopProxy {
-        EventLoopProxy::new(self.proxy_wake_up.clone())
-    }
-}
-
 impl Drop for EventLoopProxy {
    fn drop(&mut self) {
        unsafe {
@@ -245,7 +295,7 @@ impl Drop for EventLoopProxy {
 }

 impl EventLoopProxy {
-    fn new(proxy_wake_up: Arc<AtomicBool>) -> EventLoopProxy {
+    pub(crate) fn new() -> EventLoopProxy {
        unsafe {
            // just wake up the eventloop
            extern "C" fn event_loop_proxy_handler(_: *const c_void) {}
@@ -266,15 +316,17 @@ impl EventLoopProxy {
                perform: event_loop_proxy_handler,
            };
            let source = CFRunLoopSourceCreate(ptr::null_mut(), CFIndex::MAX - 1, &mut context);
-            CFRunLoopAddSource(rl, source, kCFRunLoopDefaultMode);
+            CFRunLoopAddSource(rl, source, kCFRunLoopCommonModes);
            CFRunLoopWakeUp(rl);

-            EventLoopProxy { proxy_wake_up, source }
+            EventLoopProxy { wake_up: AtomicBool::new(false), source }
        }
    }
+}

-    pub fn wake_up(&self) {
-        self.proxy_wake_up.store(true, AtomicOrdering::Relaxed);
+impl EventLoopProxyProvider for EventLoopProxy {
+    fn wake_up(&self) {
+        self.wake_up.store(true, AtomicOrdering::Relaxed);
        unsafe {
            // let the main thread know there's a new event
            CFRunLoopSourceSignal(self.source);
--- a/src/platform_impl/apple/uikit/mod.rs
+++ b/src/platform_impl/apple/uikit/mod.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 #![allow(clippy::let_unit_value)]

-mod app_delegate;
 mod app_state;
 mod event_loop;
 mod monitor;
@@ -10,35 +9,17 @@ mod window;

 use std::fmt;

-use crate::event::DeviceId as RootDeviceId;
-
 pub(crate) use self::event_loop::{
-    ActiveEventLoop, EventLoop, EventLoopProxy, OwnedDisplayHandle,
-    PlatformSpecificEventLoopAttributes,
+    ActiveEventLoop, EventLoop, EventLoopProxy, PlatformSpecificEventLoopAttributes,
 };
 pub(crate) use self::monitor::{MonitorHandle, VideoModeHandle};
-pub(crate) use self::window::{PlatformSpecificWindowAttributes, Window, WindowId};
+pub(crate) use self::window::{PlatformSpecificWindowAttributes, Window};
 pub(crate) use crate::cursor::{
    NoCustomCursor as PlatformCustomCursor, NoCustomCursor as PlatformCustomCursorSource,
 };
 pub(crate) use crate::icon::NoIcon as PlatformIcon;
 pub(crate) use crate::platform_impl::Fullscreen;

-/// There is no way to detect which device that performed a certain event in
-/// UIKit (i.e. you can't differentiate between different external keyboards,
-/// or whether it was the main touchscreen, assistive technologies, or some
-/// other pointer device that caused a touch event).
-#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord, Hash)]
-pub struct DeviceId;
-
-impl DeviceId {
-    pub const unsafe fn dummy() -> Self {
-        DeviceId
-    }
-}
-
-pub(crate) const DEVICE_ID: RootDeviceId = RootDeviceId(DeviceId);
-
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
 pub struct KeyEventExtra {}

--- a/src/platform_impl/apple/uikit/monitor.rs
+++ b/src/platform_impl/apple/uikit/monitor.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 #![allow(clippy::unnecessary_cast)]

 use std::collections::{BTreeSet, VecDeque};
+use std::num::{NonZeroU16, NonZeroU32};
 use std::{fmt, hash, ptr};

 use objc2::mutability::IsRetainable;
@@ -44,8 +45,7 @@ impl<T: IsRetainable + Message> Eq for MainThreadBoundDelegateImpls<T> {}
 #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Hash, Clone)]
 pub struct VideoModeHandle {
    pub(crate) size: (u32, u32),
-    pub(crate) bit_depth: u16,
-    pub(crate) refresh_rate_millihertz: u32,
+    pub(crate) refresh_rate_millihertz: Option<NonZeroU32>,
    screen_mode: MainThreadBoundDelegateImpls<UIScreenMode>,
    pub(crate) monitor: MonitorHandle,
 }
@@ -60,7 +60,6 @@ impl VideoModeHandle {
        let size = screen_mode.size();
        VideoModeHandle {
            size: (size.width as u32, size.height as u32),
-            bit_depth: 32,
            refresh_rate_millihertz,
            screen_mode: MainThreadBoundDelegateImpls(MainThreadBound::new(screen_mode, mtm)),
            monitor: MonitorHandle::new(uiscreen),
@@ -71,11 +70,11 @@ impl VideoModeHandle {
        self.size.into()
    }

-    pub fn bit_depth(&self) -> u16 {
-        self.bit_depth
+    pub fn bit_depth(&self) -> Option<NonZeroU16> {
+        None
    }

-    pub fn refresh_rate_millihertz(&self) -> u32 {
+    pub fn refresh_rate_millihertz(&self) -> Option<NonZeroU32> {
        self.refresh_rate_millihertz
    }

@@ -102,13 +101,20 @@ impl Clone for MonitorHandle {

 impl hash::Hash for MonitorHandle {
    fn hash<H: hash::Hasher>(&self, state: &mut H) {
-        (self as *const Self).hash(state);
+        // SAFETY: Only getting the pointer.
+        let mtm = unsafe { MainThreadMarker::new_unchecked() };
+        Retained::as_ptr(self.ui_screen.get(mtm)).hash(state);
    }
 }

 impl PartialEq for MonitorHandle {
    fn eq(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {
-        ptr::eq(self, other)
+        // SAFETY: Only getting the pointer.
+        let mtm = unsafe { MainThreadMarker::new_unchecked() };
+        ptr::eq(
+            Retained::as_ptr(self.ui_screen.get(mtm)),
+            Retained::as_ptr(other.ui_screen.get(mtm)),
+        )
    }
 }

@@ -122,8 +128,10 @@ impl PartialOrd for MonitorHandle {

 impl Ord for MonitorHandle {
    fn cmp(&self, other: &Self) -> std::cmp::Ordering {
+        // SAFETY: Only getting the pointer.
        // TODO: Make a better ordering
-        (self as *const Self).cmp(&(other as *const Self))
+        let mtm = unsafe { MainThreadMarker::new_unchecked() };
+        Retained::as_ptr(self.ui_screen.get(mtm)).cmp(&Retained::as_ptr(other.ui_screen.get(mtm)))
    }
 }

@@ -131,10 +139,8 @@ impl fmt::Debug for MonitorHandle {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
        f.debug_struct("MonitorHandle")
            .field("name", &self.name())
-            .field("size", &self.size())
            .field("position", &self.position())
            .field("scale_factor", &self.scale_factor())
-            .field("refresh_rate_millihertz", &self.refresh_rate_millihertz())
            .finish_non_exhaustive()
    }
 }
@@ -164,22 +170,23 @@ impl MonitorHandle {
        })
    }

-    pub fn size(&self) -> PhysicalSize<u32> {
+    pub fn position(&self) -> Option<PhysicalPosition<i32>> {
        let bounds = self.ui_screen.get_on_main(|ui_screen| ui_screen.nativeBounds());
-        PhysicalSize::new(bounds.size.width as u32, bounds.size.height as u32)
-    }
-
-    pub fn position(&self) -> PhysicalPosition<i32> {
-        let bounds = self.ui_screen.get_on_main(|ui_screen| ui_screen.nativeBounds());
-        (bounds.origin.x as f64, bounds.origin.y as f64).into()
+        Some((bounds.origin.x as f64, bounds.origin.y as f64).into())
    }

    pub fn scale_factor(&self) -> f64 {
        self.ui_screen.get_on_main(|ui_screen| ui_screen.nativeScale()) as f64
    }

-    pub fn refresh_rate_millihertz(&self) -> Option<u32> {
-        Some(self.ui_screen.get_on_main(|ui_screen| refresh_rate_millihertz(ui_screen)))
+    pub fn current_video_mode(&self) -> Option<VideoModeHandle> {
+        Some(run_on_main(|mtm| {
+            VideoModeHandle::new(
+                self.ui_screen(mtm).clone(),
+                self.ui_screen(mtm).currentMode().unwrap(),
+                mtm,
+            )
+        }))
    }

    pub fn video_modes(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = VideoModeHandle> {
@@ -214,7 +221,7 @@ impl MonitorHandle {
    }
 }

-fn refresh_rate_millihertz(uiscreen: &UIScreen) -> u32 {
+fn refresh_rate_millihertz(uiscreen: &UIScreen) -> Option<NonZeroU32> {
    let refresh_rate_millihertz: NSInteger = {
        let os_capabilities = app_state::os_capabilities();
        if os_capabilities.maximum_frames_per_second {
@@ -235,10 +242,34 @@ fn refresh_rate_millihertz(uiscreen: &UIScreen) -> u32 {
        }
    };

-    refresh_rate_millihertz as u32 * 1000
+    NonZeroU32::new(refresh_rate_millihertz as u32 * 1000)
 }

 pub fn uiscreens(mtm: MainThreadMarker) -> VecDeque<MonitorHandle> {
    #[allow(deprecated)]
    UIScreen::screens(mtm).into_iter().map(MonitorHandle::new).collect()
 }
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use objc2_foundation::NSSet;
+
+    use super::*;
+
+    // Test that UIScreen pointer comparisons are correct.
+    #[test]
+    #[allow(deprecated)]
+    fn screen_comparisons() {
+        // Test code, doesn't matter that it's not thread safe
+        let mtm = unsafe { MainThreadMarker::new_unchecked() };
+
+        assert!(ptr::eq(&*UIScreen::mainScreen(mtm), &*UIScreen::mainScreen(mtm)));
+
+        let main = UIScreen::mainScreen(mtm);
+        assert!(UIScreen::screens(mtm).iter().any(|screen| ptr::eq(screen, &*main)));
+
+        assert!(unsafe {
+            NSSet::setWithArray(&UIScreen::screens(mtm)).containsObject(&UIScreen::mainScreen(mtm))
+        });
+    }
+}
--- a/src/platform_impl/apple/uikit/view.rs
+++ b/src/platform_impl/apple/uikit/view.rs
@@ -4,20 +4,25 @@ use std::cell::{Cell, RefCell};
 use objc2::rc::Retained;
 use objc2::runtime::{NSObjectProtocol, ProtocolObject};
 use objc2::{declare_class, msg_send, msg_send_id, mutability, sel, ClassType, DeclaredClass};
-use objc2_foundation::{CGFloat, CGPoint, CGRect, MainThreadMarker, NSObject, NSSet};
+use objc2_foundation::{CGFloat, CGPoint, CGRect, MainThreadMarker, NSObject, NSSet, NSString};
 use objc2_ui_kit::{
-    UICoordinateSpace, UIEvent, UIForceTouchCapability, UIGestureRecognizer,
-    UIGestureRecognizerDelegate, UIGestureRecognizerState, UIPanGestureRecognizer,
-    UIPinchGestureRecognizer, UIResponder, UIRotationGestureRecognizer, UITapGestureRecognizer,
-    UITouch, UITouchPhase, UITouchType, UITraitEnvironment, UIView,
+    UIEvent, UIForceTouchCapability, UIGestureRecognizer, UIGestureRecognizerDelegate,
+    UIGestureRecognizerState, UIKeyInput, UIPanGestureRecognizer, UIPinchGestureRecognizer,
+    UIResponder, UIRotationGestureRecognizer, UITapGestureRecognizer, UITextInputTraits, UITouch,
+    UITouchPhase, UITouchType, UITraitEnvironment, UIView,
 };
+use tracing::debug;

 use super::app_state::{self, EventWrapper};
 use super::window::WinitUIWindow;
-use super::DEVICE_ID;
 use crate::dpi::PhysicalPosition;
-use crate::event::{Event, Force, Touch, TouchPhase, WindowEvent};
-use crate::window::{WindowAttributes, WindowId as RootWindowId};
+use crate::event::{
+    ButtonSource, ElementState, FingerId, Force, KeyEvent, PointerKind, PointerSource, TouchPhase,
+    WindowEvent,
+};
+use crate::keyboard::{Key, KeyCode, KeyLocation, NamedKey, NativeKeyCode, PhysicalKey};
+use crate::platform_impl::KeyEventExtra;
+use crate::window::WindowAttributes;

 pub struct WinitViewState {
    pinch_gesture_recognizer: RefCell<Option<Retained<UIPinchGestureRecognizer>>>,
@@ -29,6 +34,9 @@ pub struct WinitViewState {
    rotation_last_delta: Cell<CGFloat>,
    pinch_last_delta: Cell<CGFloat>,
    pan_last_delta: Cell<CGPoint>,
+
+    primary_finger: Cell<Option<FingerId>>,
+    fingers: Cell<u8>,
 }

 declare_class!(
@@ -52,10 +60,10 @@ declare_class!(
            let window = self.window().unwrap();
            app_state::handle_nonuser_event(
                mtm,
-                EventWrapper::StaticEvent(Event::WindowEvent {
-                    window_id: RootWindowId(window.id()),
+                EventWrapper::Window {
+                    window_id: window.id(),
                    event: WindowEvent::RedrawRequested,
-                }),
+                },
            );
            let _: () = unsafe { msg_send![super(self), drawRect: rect] };
        }
@@ -65,32 +73,21 @@ declare_class!(
            let mtm = MainThreadMarker::new().unwrap();
            let _: () = unsafe { msg_send![super(self), layoutSubviews] };

-            let window = self.window().unwrap();
-            let window_bounds = window.bounds();
-            let screen = window.screen();
-            let screen_space = screen.coordinateSpace();
-            let screen_frame = self.convertRect_toCoordinateSpace(window_bounds, &screen_space);
-            let scale_factor = screen.scale();
+            let frame = self.frame();
+            let scale_factor = self.contentScaleFactor() as f64;
            let size = crate::dpi::LogicalSize {
-                width: screen_frame.size.width as f64,
-                height: screen_frame.size.height as f64,
-            }
-            .to_physical(scale_factor as f64);
-
-            // If the app is started in landscape, the view frame and window bounds can be mismatched.
-            // The view frame will be in portrait and the window bounds in landscape. So apply the
-            // window bounds to the view frame to make it consistent.
-            let view_frame = self.frame();
-            if view_frame != window_bounds {
-                self.setFrame(window_bounds);
+                width: frame.size.width as f64,
+                height: frame.size.height as f64,
            }
+            .to_physical(scale_factor);

+            let window = self.window().unwrap();
            app_state::handle_nonuser_event(
                mtm,
-                EventWrapper::StaticEvent(Event::WindowEvent {
-                    window_id: RootWindowId(window.id()),
-                    event: WindowEvent::Resized(size),
-                }),
+                EventWrapper::Window {
+                    window_id: window.id(),
+                    event: WindowEvent::SurfaceResized(size),
+                },
            );
        }

@@ -119,15 +116,12 @@ declare_class!(
                "invalid scale_factor set on UIView",
            );
            let scale_factor = scale_factor as f64;
-            let bounds = self.bounds();
-            let screen = window.screen();
-            let screen_space = screen.coordinateSpace();
-            let screen_frame = self.convertRect_toCoordinateSpace(bounds, &screen_space);
+            let frame = self.frame();
            let size = crate::dpi::LogicalSize {
-                width: screen_frame.size.width as f64,
-                height: screen_frame.size.height as f64,
+                width: frame.size.width as f64,
+                height: frame.size.height as f64,
            };
-            let window_id = RootWindowId(window.id());
+            let window_id = window.id();
            app_state::handle_nonuser_events(
                mtm,
                std::iter::once(EventWrapper::ScaleFactorChanged(
@@ -137,15 +131,21 @@ declare_class!(
                        suggested_size: size.to_physical(scale_factor),
                    },
                ))
-                .chain(std::iter::once(EventWrapper::StaticEvent(
-                    Event::WindowEvent {
+                .chain(std::iter::once(EventWrapper::Window {
                        window_id,
-                        event: WindowEvent::Resized(size.to_physical(scale_factor)),
+                        event: WindowEvent::SurfaceResized(size.to_physical(scale_factor)),
                    },
-                ))),
+                )),
            );
        }

+        #[method(safeAreaInsetsDidChange)]
+        fn safe_area_changed(&self) {
+            debug!("safeAreaInsetsDidChange was called, requesting redraw");
+            // When the safe area changes we want to make sure to emit a redraw event
+            self.setNeedsDisplay();
+        }
+
        #[method(touchesBegan:withEvent:)]
        fn touches_began(&self, touches: &NSSet<UITouch>, _event: Option<&UIEvent>) {
            self.handle_touches(touches)
@@ -188,17 +188,17 @@ declare_class!(
                    // Pass -delta so that action is reversed
                    (TouchPhase::Cancelled, -recognizer.scale())
                }
-                state => panic!("unexpected recognizer state: {:?}", state),
+                state => panic!("unexpected recognizer state: {state:?}"),
            };

-            let gesture_event = EventWrapper::StaticEvent(Event::WindowEvent {
-                window_id: RootWindowId(window.id()),
+            let gesture_event = EventWrapper::Window {
+                window_id: window.id(),
                event: WindowEvent::PinchGesture {
-                    device_id: DEVICE_ID,
+                    device_id: None,
                    delta: delta as f64,
                    phase,
                },
-            });
+            };

            let mtm = MainThreadMarker::new().unwrap();
            app_state::handle_nonuser_event(mtm, gesture_event);
@@ -209,12 +209,12 @@ declare_class!(
            let window = self.window().unwrap();

            if recognizer.state() == UIGestureRecognizerState::Ended {
-                let gesture_event = EventWrapper::StaticEvent(Event::WindowEvent {
-                    window_id: RootWindowId(window.id()),
+                let gesture_event = EventWrapper::Window {
+                    window_id: window.id(),
                    event: WindowEvent::DoubleTapGesture {
-                        device_id: DEVICE_ID,
+                        device_id: None,
                    },
-                });
+                };

                let mtm = MainThreadMarker::new().unwrap();
                app_state::handle_nonuser_event(mtm, gesture_event);
@@ -247,18 +247,18 @@ declare_class!(
                    // Pass -delta so that action is reversed
                    (TouchPhase::Cancelled, -recognizer.rotation())
                }
-                state => panic!("unexpected recognizer state: {:?}", state),
+                state => panic!("unexpected recognizer state: {state:?}"),
            };

            // Make delta negative to match macos, convert to degrees
-            let gesture_event = EventWrapper::StaticEvent(Event::WindowEvent {
-                window_id: RootWindowId(window.id()),
+            let gesture_event = EventWrapper::Window {
+                window_id: window.id(),
                event: WindowEvent::RotationGesture {
-                    device_id: DEVICE_ID,
+                    device_id: None,
                    delta: -delta.to_degrees() as _,
                    phase,
                },
-            });
+            };

            let mtm = MainThreadMarker::new().unwrap();
            app_state::handle_nonuser_event(mtm, gesture_event);
@@ -298,22 +298,27 @@ declare_class!(
                    // Pass -delta so that action is reversed
                    (TouchPhase::Cancelled, -last_pan.x, -last_pan.y)
                }
-                state => panic!("unexpected recognizer state: {:?}", state),
+                state => panic!("unexpected recognizer state: {state:?}"),
            };


-            let gesture_event = EventWrapper::StaticEvent(Event::WindowEvent {
-                window_id: RootWindowId(window.id()),
+            let gesture_event = EventWrapper::Window {
+                window_id: window.id(),
                event: WindowEvent::PanGesture {
-                    device_id: DEVICE_ID,
+                    device_id: None,
                    delta: PhysicalPosition::new(dx as _, dy as _),
                    phase,
                },
-            });
+            };

            let mtm = MainThreadMarker::new().unwrap();
            app_state::handle_nonuser_event(mtm, gesture_event);
        }
+
+        #[method(canBecomeFirstResponder)]
+        fn can_become_first_responder(&self) -> bool {
+            true
+        }
    }

    unsafe impl NSObjectProtocol for WinitView {}
@@ -324,6 +329,26 @@ declare_class!(
            true
        }
    }
+
+    unsafe impl UITextInputTraits for WinitView {
+    }
+
+    unsafe impl UIKeyInput for WinitView {
+        #[method(hasText)]
+        fn has_text(&self) -> bool {
+            true
+        }
+
+        #[method(insertText:)]
+        fn insert_text(&self, text: &NSString) {
+            self.handle_insert_text(text)
+        }
+
+        #[method(deleteBackward)]
+        fn delete_backward(&self) {
+            self.handle_delete_backward()
+        }
+    }
 );

 impl WinitView {
@@ -341,6 +366,9 @@ impl WinitView {
            rotation_last_delta: Cell::new(0.0),
            pinch_last_delta: Cell::new(0.0),
            pan_last_delta: Cell::new(CGPoint { x: 0.0, y: 0.0 }),
+
+            primary_finger: Cell::new(None),
+            fingers: Cell::new(0),
        });
        let this: Retained<Self> = unsafe { msg_send_id![super(this), initWithFrame: frame] };

@@ -454,25 +482,18 @@ impl WinitView {
        for touch in touches {
            let logical_location = touch.locationInView(None);
            let touch_type = touch.r#type();
-            let force = if os_supports_force {
+            let force = if let UITouchType::Pencil = touch_type {
+                None
+            } else if os_supports_force {
                let trait_collection = self.traitCollection();
                let touch_capability = trait_collection.forceTouchCapability();
                // Both the OS _and_ the device need to be checked for force touch support.
-                if touch_capability == UIForceTouchCapability::Available
-                    || touch_type == UITouchType::Pencil
-                {
+                if touch_capability == UIForceTouchCapability::Available {
                    let force = touch.force();
                    let max_possible_force = touch.maximumPossibleForce();
-                    let altitude_angle: Option<f64> = if touch_type == UITouchType::Pencil {
-                        let angle = touch.altitudeAngle();
-                        Some(angle as _)
-                    } else {
-                        None
-                    };
                    Some(Force::Calibrated {
                        force: force as _,
                        max_possible_force: max_possible_force as _,
-                        altitude_angle,
                    })
                } else {
                    None
@@ -480,36 +501,197 @@ impl WinitView {
            } else {
                None
            };
-            let touch_id = touch as *const UITouch as u64;
+            let touch_id = touch as *const UITouch as usize;
            let phase = touch.phase();
-            let phase = match phase {
-                UITouchPhase::Began => TouchPhase::Started,
-                UITouchPhase::Moved => TouchPhase::Moved,
-                // 2 is UITouchPhase::Stationary and is not expected here
-                UITouchPhase::Ended => TouchPhase::Ended,
-                UITouchPhase::Cancelled => TouchPhase::Cancelled,
-                _ => panic!("unexpected touch phase: {phase:?}"),
-            };
-
-            let physical_location = {
+            let position = {
                let scale_factor = self.contentScaleFactor();
                PhysicalPosition::from_logical::<(f64, f64), f64>(
                    (logical_location.x as _, logical_location.y as _),
                    scale_factor as f64,
                )
            };
-            touch_events.push(EventWrapper::StaticEvent(Event::WindowEvent {
-                window_id: RootWindowId(window.id()),
-                event: WindowEvent::Touch(Touch {
-                    device_id: DEVICE_ID,
-                    id: touch_id,
-                    location: physical_location,
-                    force,
-                    phase,
-                }),
-            }));
+            let window_id = window.id();
+            let finger_id = FingerId::from_raw(touch_id);
+
+            let ivars = self.ivars();
+
+            match phase {
+                UITouchPhase::Began => {
+                    let primary = if let UITouchType::Pencil = touch_type {
+                        true
+                    } else {
+                        ivars.fingers.set(ivars.fingers.get() + 1);
+                        // Keep the primary finger around until we clear all the fingers to
+                        // recognize it when user briefly removes it.
+                        match ivars.primary_finger.get() {
+                            Some(primary_id) => primary_id == finger_id,
+                            None => {
+                                debug_assert_eq!(
+                                    ivars.fingers.get(),
+                                    1,
+                                    "number of fingers were not counted correctly"
+                                );
+                                ivars.primary_finger.set(Some(finger_id));
+                                true
+                            },
+                        }
+                    };
+
+                    touch_events.push(EventWrapper::Window {
+                        window_id,
+                        event: WindowEvent::PointerEntered {
+                            device_id: None,
+                            primary,
+                            position,
+                            kind: if let UITouchType::Pencil = touch_type {
+                                PointerKind::Unknown
+                            } else {
+                                PointerKind::Touch(finger_id)
+                            },
+                        },
+                    });
+                    touch_events.push(EventWrapper::Window {
+                        window_id,
+                        event: WindowEvent::PointerButton {
+                            device_id: None,
+                            primary,
+                            state: ElementState::Pressed,
+                            position,
+                            button: if let UITouchType::Pencil = touch_type {
+                                ButtonSource::Unknown(0)
+                            } else {
+                                ButtonSource::Touch { finger_id, force }
+                            },
+                        },
+                    });
+                },
+                UITouchPhase::Moved => {
+                    let (primary, source) = if let UITouchType::Pencil = touch_type {
+                        (true, PointerSource::Unknown)
+                    } else {
+                        (ivars.primary_finger.get().unwrap() == finger_id, PointerSource::Touch {
+                            finger_id,
+                            force,
+                        })
+                    };
+
+                    touch_events.push(EventWrapper::Window {
+                        window_id,
+                        event: WindowEvent::PointerMoved {
+                            device_id: None,
+                            primary,
+                            position,
+                            source,
+                        },
+                    });
+                },
+                // 2 is UITouchPhase::Stationary and is not expected here
+                UITouchPhase::Ended | UITouchPhase::Cancelled => {
+                    let primary = if let UITouchType::Pencil = touch_type {
+                        true
+                    } else {
+                        ivars.fingers.set(ivars.fingers.get() - 1);
+                        let primary = ivars.primary_finger.get().unwrap() == finger_id;
+                        if ivars.fingers.get() == 0 {
+                            ivars.primary_finger.set(None);
+                        }
+                        primary
+                    };
+
+                    if let UITouchPhase::Ended = phase {
+                        touch_events.push(EventWrapper::Window {
+                            window_id,
+                            event: WindowEvent::PointerButton {
+                                device_id: None,
+                                primary,
+                                state: ElementState::Released,
+                                position,
+                                button: if let UITouchType::Pencil = touch_type {
+                                    ButtonSource::Unknown(0)
+                                } else {
+                                    ButtonSource::Touch { finger_id, force }
+                                },
+                            },
+                        });
+                    }
+
+                    touch_events.push(EventWrapper::Window {
+                        window_id,
+                        event: WindowEvent::PointerLeft {
+                            device_id: None,
+                            primary,
+                            position: Some(position),
+                            kind: if let UITouchType::Pencil = touch_type {
+                                PointerKind::Unknown
+                            } else {
+                                PointerKind::Touch(finger_id)
+                            },
+                        },
+                    });
+                },
+                _ => panic!("unexpected touch phase: {phase:?}"),
+            }
        }
        let mtm = MainThreadMarker::new().unwrap();
        app_state::handle_nonuser_events(mtm, touch_events);
    }
+
+    fn handle_insert_text(&self, text: &NSString) {
+        let window = self.window().unwrap();
+        let window_id = window.id();
+        let mtm = MainThreadMarker::new().unwrap();
+        // send individual events for each character
+        app_state::handle_nonuser_events(
+            mtm,
+            text.to_string().chars().flat_map(|c| {
+                let text = smol_str::SmolStr::from_iter([c]);
+                // Emit both press and release events
+                [ElementState::Pressed, ElementState::Released].map(|state| EventWrapper::Window {
+                    window_id,
+                    event: WindowEvent::KeyboardInput {
+                        device_id: None,
+                        event: KeyEvent {
+                            text: if state == ElementState::Pressed {
+                                Some(text.clone())
+                            } else {
+                                None
+                            },
+                            state,
+                            location: KeyLocation::Standard,
+                            repeat: false,
+                            logical_key: Key::Character(text.clone()),
+                            physical_key: PhysicalKey::Unidentified(NativeKeyCode::Unidentified),
+                            platform_specific: KeyEventExtra {},
+                        },
+                        is_synthetic: false,
+                    },
+                })
+            }),
+        );
+    }
+
+    fn handle_delete_backward(&self) {
+        let window = self.window().unwrap();
+        let window_id = window.id();
+        let mtm = MainThreadMarker::new().unwrap();
+        app_state::handle_nonuser_events(
+            mtm,
+            [ElementState::Pressed, ElementState::Released].map(|state| EventWrapper::Window {
+                window_id,
+                event: WindowEvent::KeyboardInput {
+                    device_id: None,
+                    event: KeyEvent {
+                        state,
+                        logical_key: Key::Named(NamedKey::Backspace),
+                        physical_key: PhysicalKey::Code(KeyCode::Backspace),
+                        platform_specific: KeyEventExtra {},
+                        repeat: false,
+                        location: KeyLocation::Standard,
+                        text: None,
+                    },
+                    is_synthetic: false,
+                },
+            }),
+        );
+    }
 }
--- a/src/platform_impl/apple/uikit/window.rs
+++ b/src/platform_impl/apple/uikit/window.rs
@@ -3,14 +3,13 @@
 use std::collections::VecDeque;

 use objc2::rc::Retained;
-use objc2::runtime::{AnyObject, NSObject};
 use objc2::{class, declare_class, msg_send, msg_send_id, mutability, ClassType, DeclaredClass};
 use objc2_foundation::{
-    CGFloat, CGPoint, CGRect, CGSize, MainThreadBound, MainThreadMarker, NSObjectProtocol,
+    CGFloat, CGPoint, CGRect, CGSize, MainThreadBound, MainThreadMarker, NSObject, NSObjectProtocol,
 };
 use objc2_ui_kit::{
-    UIApplication, UICoordinateSpace, UIResponder, UIScreen, UIScreenOverscanCompensation,
-    UIViewController, UIWindow,
+    UIApplication, UICoordinateSpace, UIEdgeInsets, UIResponder, UIScreen,
+    UIScreenOverscanCompensation, UIViewController, UIWindow,
 };
 use tracing::{debug, warn};

@@ -19,14 +18,18 @@ use super::view::WinitView;
 use super::view_controller::WinitViewController;
 use super::{app_state, monitor, ActiveEventLoop, Fullscreen, MonitorHandle};
 use crate::cursor::Cursor;
-use crate::dpi::{LogicalPosition, LogicalSize, PhysicalPosition, PhysicalSize, Position, Size};
-use crate::error::{ExternalError, NotSupportedError, OsError as RootOsError};
-use crate::event::{Event, WindowEvent};
+use crate::dpi::{
+    LogicalInsets, LogicalPosition, LogicalSize, PhysicalInsets, PhysicalPosition, PhysicalSize,
+    Position, Size,
+};
+use crate::error::{NotSupportedError, RequestError};
+use crate::event::WindowEvent;
 use crate::icon::Icon;
+use crate::monitor::MonitorHandle as CoreMonitorHandle;
 use crate::platform::ios::{ScreenEdge, StatusBarStyle, ValidOrientations};
 use crate::window::{
-    CursorGrabMode, ImePurpose, ResizeDirection, Theme, UserAttentionType, WindowAttributes,
-    WindowButtons, WindowId as RootWindowId, WindowLevel,
+    CursorGrabMode, ImePurpose, ResizeDirection, Theme, UserAttentionType, Window as CoreWindow,
+    WindowAttributes, WindowButtons, WindowId, WindowLevel,
 };

 declare_class!(
@@ -48,10 +51,10 @@ declare_class!(
            let mtm = MainThreadMarker::new().unwrap();
            app_state::handle_nonuser_event(
                mtm,
-                EventWrapper::StaticEvent(Event::WindowEvent {
-                    window_id: RootWindowId(self.id()),
+                EventWrapper::Window {
+                    window_id: self.id(),
                    event: WindowEvent::Focused(true),
-                }),
+                },
            );
            let _: () = unsafe { msg_send![super(self), becomeKeyWindow] };
        }
@@ -61,10 +64,10 @@ declare_class!(
            let mtm = MainThreadMarker::new().unwrap();
            app_state::handle_nonuser_event(
                mtm,
-                EventWrapper::StaticEvent(Event::WindowEvent {
-                    window_id: RootWindowId(self.id()),
+                EventWrapper::Window {
+                    window_id: self.id(),
                    event: WindowEvent::Focused(false),
-                }),
+                },
            );
            let _: () = unsafe { msg_send![super(self), resignKeyWindow] };
        }
@@ -78,6 +81,11 @@ impl WinitUIWindow {
        frame: CGRect,
        view_controller: &UIViewController,
    ) -> Retained<Self> {
+        // NOTE: This should only be created after the application has started launching,
+        // (`application:willFinishLaunchingWithOptions:` at the earliest), otherwise you'll run
+        // into very confusing issues with the window not being properly activated.
+        //
+        // Winit ensures this by not allowing access to `ActiveEventLoop` before handling events.
        let this: Retained<Self> = unsafe { msg_send_id![mtm.alloc(), initWithFrame: frame] };

        this.setRootViewController(Some(view_controller));
@@ -100,7 +108,7 @@ impl WinitUIWindow {
    }

    pub(crate) fn id(&self) -> WindowId {
-        (self as *const Self as usize as u64).into()
+        WindowId::from_raw(self as *const Self as usize)
    }
 }

@@ -153,20 +161,19 @@ impl Inner {

    pub fn pre_present_notify(&self) {}

-    pub fn inner_position(&self) -> Result<PhysicalPosition<i32>, NotSupportedError> {
-        let safe_area = self.safe_area_screen_space();
+    pub fn surface_position(&self) -> PhysicalPosition<i32> {
+        let view_position = self.view.frame().origin;
        let position =
-            LogicalPosition { x: safe_area.origin.x as f64, y: safe_area.origin.y as f64 };
-        let scale_factor = self.scale_factor();
-        Ok(position.to_physical(scale_factor))
+            unsafe { self.window.convertPoint_fromView(view_position, Some(&self.view)) };
+        let position = LogicalPosition::new(position.x, position.y);
+        position.to_physical(self.scale_factor())
    }

-    pub fn outer_position(&self) -> Result<PhysicalPosition<i32>, NotSupportedError> {
+    pub fn outer_position(&self) -> Result<PhysicalPosition<i32>, RequestError> {
        let screen_frame = self.screen_frame();
        let position =
            LogicalPosition { x: screen_frame.origin.x as f64, y: screen_frame.origin.y as f64 };
-        let scale_factor = self.scale_factor();
-        Ok(position.to_physical(scale_factor))
+        Ok(position.to_physical(self.scale_factor()))
    }

    pub fn set_outer_position(&self, physical_position: Position) {
@@ -181,45 +188,52 @@ impl Inner {
        self.window.setBounds(bounds);
    }

-    pub fn inner_size(&self) -> PhysicalSize<u32> {
-        let scale_factor = self.scale_factor();
-        let safe_area = self.safe_area_screen_space();
-        let size = LogicalSize {
-            width: safe_area.size.width as f64,
-            height: safe_area.size.height as f64,
-        };
-        size.to_physical(scale_factor)
+    pub fn surface_size(&self) -> PhysicalSize<u32> {
+        let frame = self.view.frame();
+        let size = LogicalSize::new(frame.size.width, frame.size.height);
+        size.to_physical(self.scale_factor())
    }

    pub fn outer_size(&self) -> PhysicalSize<u32> {
-        let scale_factor = self.scale_factor();
-        let screen_frame = self.screen_frame();
-        let size = LogicalSize {
-            width: screen_frame.size.width as f64,
-            height: screen_frame.size.height as f64,
+        let frame = self.window.frame();
+        let size = LogicalSize::new(frame.size.width, frame.size.height);
+        size.to_physical(self.scale_factor())
+    }
+
+    pub fn request_surface_size(&self, _size: Size) -> Option<PhysicalSize<u32>> {
+        Some(self.surface_size())
+    }
+
+    pub fn safe_area(&self) -> PhysicalInsets<u32> {
+        // Only available on iOS 11.0
+        let insets = if app_state::os_capabilities().safe_area {
+            self.view.safeAreaInsets()
+        } else {
+            // Assume the status bar frame is the only thing that obscures the view
+            let app = UIApplication::sharedApplication(MainThreadMarker::new().unwrap());
+            #[allow(deprecated)]
+            let status_bar_frame = app.statusBarFrame();
+            UIEdgeInsets { top: status_bar_frame.size.height, left: 0.0, bottom: 0.0, right: 0.0 }
        };
-        size.to_physical(scale_factor)
+        let insets = LogicalInsets::new(insets.top, insets.left, insets.bottom, insets.right);
+        insets.to_physical(self.scale_factor())
    }

-    pub fn request_inner_size(&self, _size: Size) -> Option<PhysicalSize<u32>> {
-        Some(self.inner_size())
+    pub fn set_min_surface_size(&self, _dimensions: Option<Size>) {
+        warn!("`Window::set_min_surface_size` is ignored on iOS")
    }

-    pub fn set_min_inner_size(&self, _dimensions: Option<Size>) {
-        warn!("`Window::set_min_inner_size` is ignored on iOS")
+    pub fn set_max_surface_size(&self, _dimensions: Option<Size>) {
+        warn!("`Window::set_max_surface_size` is ignored on iOS")
    }

-    pub fn set_max_inner_size(&self, _dimensions: Option<Size>) {
-        warn!("`Window::set_max_inner_size` is ignored on iOS")
-    }
-
-    pub fn resize_increments(&self) -> Option<PhysicalSize<u32>> {
+    pub fn surface_resize_increments(&self) -> Option<PhysicalSize<u32>> {
        None
    }

    #[inline]
-    pub fn set_resize_increments(&self, _increments: Option<Size>) {
-        warn!("`Window::set_resize_increments` is ignored on iOS")
+    pub fn set_surface_resize_increments(&self, _increments: Option<Size>) {
+        warn!("`Window::set_surface_resize_increments` is ignored on iOS")
    }

    pub fn set_resizable(&self, _resizable: bool) {
@@ -250,31 +264,31 @@ impl Inner {
        debug!("`Window::set_cursor` ignored on iOS")
    }

-    pub fn set_cursor_position(&self, _position: Position) -> Result<(), ExternalError> {
-        Err(ExternalError::NotSupported(NotSupportedError::new()))
+    pub fn set_cursor_position(&self, _position: Position) -> Result<(), NotSupportedError> {
+        Err(NotSupportedError::new("set_cursor_position is not supported"))
    }

-    pub fn set_cursor_grab(&self, _: CursorGrabMode) -> Result<(), ExternalError> {
-        Err(ExternalError::NotSupported(NotSupportedError::new()))
+    pub fn set_cursor_grab(&self, _: CursorGrabMode) -> Result<(), NotSupportedError> {
+        Err(NotSupportedError::new("set_cursor_grab is not supported"))
    }

    pub fn set_cursor_visible(&self, _visible: bool) {
        debug!("`Window::set_cursor_visible` is ignored on iOS")
    }

-    pub fn drag_window(&self) -> Result<(), ExternalError> {
-        Err(ExternalError::NotSupported(NotSupportedError::new()))
+    pub fn drag_window(&self) -> Result<(), NotSupportedError> {
+        Err(NotSupportedError::new("drag_window is not supported"))
    }

-    pub fn drag_resize_window(&self, _direction: ResizeDirection) -> Result<(), ExternalError> {
-        Err(ExternalError::NotSupported(NotSupportedError::new()))
+    pub fn drag_resize_window(&self, _direction: ResizeDirection) -> Result<(), NotSupportedError> {
+        Err(NotSupportedError::new("drag_resize_window is not supported"))
    }

    #[inline]
    pub fn show_window_menu(&self, _position: Position) {}

-    pub fn set_cursor_hittest(&self, _hittest: bool) -> Result<(), ExternalError> {
-        Err(ExternalError::NotSupported(NotSupportedError::new()))
+    pub fn set_cursor_hittest(&self, _hittest: bool) -> Result<(), NotSupportedError> {
+        Err(NotSupportedError::new("set_cursor_hittest is not supported"))
    }

    pub fn set_minimized(&self, _minimized: bool) {
@@ -365,12 +379,24 @@ impl Inner {
        warn!("`Window::set_ime_cursor_area` is ignored on iOS")
    }

-    pub fn set_ime_allowed(&self, _allowed: bool) {
-        warn!("`Window::set_ime_allowed` is ignored on iOS")
+    /// Show / hide the keyboard. To show the keyboard, we call `becomeFirstResponder`,
+    /// requesting focus for the [WinitView]. Since [WinitView] implements
+    /// [objc2_ui_kit::UIKeyInput], the keyboard will be shown.
+    /// <https://developer.apple.com/documentation/uikit/uiresponder/1621113-becomefirstresponder>
+    pub fn set_ime_allowed(&self, allowed: bool) {
+        if allowed {
+            unsafe {
+                self.view.becomeFirstResponder();
+            }
+        } else {
+            unsafe {
+                self.view.resignFirstResponder();
+            }
+        }
    }

    pub fn set_ime_purpose(&self, _purpose: ImePurpose) {
-        warn!("`Window::set_ime_allowed` is ignored on iOS")
+        warn!("`Window::set_ime_purpose` is ignored on iOS")
    }

    pub fn focus_window(&self) {
@@ -403,30 +429,6 @@ impl Inner {
        self.window.id()
    }

-    #[cfg(feature = "rwh_04")]
-    pub fn raw_window_handle_rwh_04(&self) -> rwh_04::RawWindowHandle {
-        let mut window_handle = rwh_04::UiKitHandle::empty();
-        window_handle.ui_window = Retained::as_ptr(&self.window) as _;
-        window_handle.ui_view = Retained::as_ptr(&self.view) as _;
-        window_handle.ui_view_controller = Retained::as_ptr(&self.view_controller) as _;
-        rwh_04::RawWindowHandle::UiKit(window_handle)
-    }
-
-    #[cfg(feature = "rwh_05")]
-    pub fn raw_window_handle_rwh_05(&self) -> rwh_05::RawWindowHandle {
-        let mut window_handle = rwh_05::UiKitWindowHandle::empty();
-        window_handle.ui_window = Retained::as_ptr(&self.window) as _;
-        window_handle.ui_view = Retained::as_ptr(&self.view) as _;
-        window_handle.ui_view_controller = Retained::as_ptr(&self.view_controller) as _;
-        rwh_05::RawWindowHandle::UiKit(window_handle)
-    }
-
-    #[cfg(feature = "rwh_05")]
-    pub fn raw_display_handle_rwh_05(&self) -> rwh_05::RawDisplayHandle {
-        rwh_05::RawDisplayHandle::UiKit(rwh_05::UiKitDisplayHandle::empty())
-    }
-
-    #[cfg(feature = "rwh_06")]
    pub fn raw_window_handle_rwh_06(&self) -> rwh_06::RawWindowHandle {
        let mut window_handle = rwh_06::UiKitWindowHandle::new({
            let ui_view = Retained::as_ptr(&self.view) as _;
@@ -471,14 +473,14 @@ impl Window {
    pub(crate) fn new(
        event_loop: &ActiveEventLoop,
        window_attributes: WindowAttributes,
-    ) -> Result<Window, RootOsError> {
+    ) -> Result<Window, RequestError> {
        let mtm = event_loop.mtm;

-        if window_attributes.min_inner_size.is_some() {
-            warn!("`WindowAttributes::min_inner_size` is ignored on iOS");
+        if window_attributes.min_surface_size.is_some() {
+            warn!("`WindowAttributes::min_surface_size` is ignored on iOS");
        }
-        if window_attributes.max_inner_size.is_some() {
-            warn!("`WindowAttributes::max_inner_size` is ignored on iOS");
+        if window_attributes.max_surface_size.is_some() {
+            warn!("`WindowAttributes::max_surface_size` is ignored on iOS");
        }

        // TODO: transparency, visible
@@ -494,7 +496,7 @@ impl Window {

        let screen_bounds = screen.bounds();

-        let frame = match window_attributes.inner_size {
+        let frame = match window_attributes.surface_size {
            Some(dim) => {
                let scale_factor = screen.scale();
                let size = dim.to_logical::<f64>(scale_factor as f64);
@@ -513,53 +515,16 @@ impl Window {

        let view_controller = WinitViewController::new(mtm, &window_attributes, &view);
        let window = WinitUIWindow::new(mtm, &window_attributes, frame, &view_controller);
-
-        app_state::set_key_window(mtm, &window);
-
-        // Like the Windows and macOS backends, we send a `ScaleFactorChanged` and `Resized`
-        // event on window creation if the DPI factor != 1.0
-        let scale_factor = view.contentScaleFactor();
-        let scale_factor = scale_factor as f64;
-        if scale_factor != 1.0 {
-            let bounds = view.bounds();
-            let screen = window.screen();
-            let screen_space = screen.coordinateSpace();
-            let screen_frame = view.convertRect_toCoordinateSpace(bounds, &screen_space);
-            let size = LogicalSize {
-                width: screen_frame.size.width as f64,
-                height: screen_frame.size.height as f64,
-            };
-            let window_id = RootWindowId(window.id());
-            app_state::handle_nonuser_events(
-                mtm,
-                std::iter::once(EventWrapper::ScaleFactorChanged(app_state::ScaleFactorChanged {
-                    window: window.clone(),
-                    scale_factor,
-                    suggested_size: size.to_physical(scale_factor),
-                }))
-                .chain(std::iter::once(EventWrapper::StaticEvent(
-                    Event::WindowEvent {
-                        window_id,
-                        event: WindowEvent::Resized(size.to_physical(scale_factor)),
-                    },
-                ))),
-            );
-        }
+        window.makeKeyAndVisible();

        let inner = Inner { window, view_controller, view, gl_or_metal_backed };
        Ok(Window { inner: MainThreadBound::new(inner, mtm) })
    }

-    pub(crate) fn maybe_queue_on_main(&self, f: impl FnOnce(&Inner) + Send + 'static) {
-        // For now, don't actually do queuing, since it may be less predictable
-        self.maybe_wait_on_main(f)
-    }
-
    pub(crate) fn maybe_wait_on_main<R: Send>(&self, f: impl FnOnce(&Inner) -> R + Send) -> R {
        self.inner.get_on_main(|inner| f(inner))
    }

-    #[cfg(feature = "rwh_06")]
    #[inline]
    pub(crate) fn raw_window_handle_rwh_06(
        &self,
@@ -571,7 +536,6 @@ impl Window {
        }
    }

-    #[cfg(feature = "rwh_06")]
    #[inline]
    pub(crate) fn raw_display_handle_rwh_06(
        &self,
@@ -580,6 +544,265 @@ impl Window {
    }
 }

+impl rwh_06::HasDisplayHandle for Window {
+    fn display_handle(&self) -> Result<rwh_06::DisplayHandle<'_>, rwh_06::HandleError> {
+        let raw = self.raw_display_handle_rwh_06()?;
+        unsafe { Ok(rwh_06::DisplayHandle::borrow_raw(raw)) }
+    }
+}
+
+impl rwh_06::HasWindowHandle for Window {
+    fn window_handle(&self) -> Result<rwh_06::WindowHandle<'_>, rwh_06::HandleError> {
+        let raw = self.raw_window_handle_rwh_06()?;
+        unsafe { Ok(rwh_06::WindowHandle::borrow_raw(raw)) }
+    }
+}
+
+impl CoreWindow for Window {
+    fn id(&self) -> crate::window::WindowId {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.id())
+    }
+
+    fn scale_factor(&self) -> f64 {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.scale_factor())
+    }
+
+    fn request_redraw(&self) {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.request_redraw());
+    }
+
+    fn pre_present_notify(&self) {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.pre_present_notify());
+    }
+
+    fn reset_dead_keys(&self) {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.reset_dead_keys());
+    }
+
+    fn surface_position(&self) -> PhysicalPosition<i32> {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.surface_position())
+    }
+
+    fn outer_position(&self) -> Result<PhysicalPosition<i32>, RequestError> {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.outer_position())
+    }
+
+    fn set_outer_position(&self, position: Position) {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.set_outer_position(position));
+    }
+
+    fn surface_size(&self) -> PhysicalSize<u32> {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.surface_size())
+    }
+
+    fn request_surface_size(&self, size: Size) -> Option<PhysicalSize<u32>> {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.request_surface_size(size))
+    }
+
+    fn outer_size(&self) -> PhysicalSize<u32> {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.outer_size())
+    }
+
+    fn safe_area(&self) -> PhysicalInsets<u32> {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.safe_area())
+    }
+
+    fn set_min_surface_size(&self, min_size: Option<Size>) {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.set_min_surface_size(min_size))
+    }
+
+    fn set_max_surface_size(&self, max_size: Option<Size>) {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.set_max_surface_size(max_size));
+    }
+
+    fn surface_resize_increments(&self) -> Option<PhysicalSize<u32>> {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.surface_resize_increments())
+    }
+
+    fn set_surface_resize_increments(&self, increments: Option<Size>) {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.set_surface_resize_increments(increments));
+    }
+
+    fn set_title(&self, title: &str) {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.set_title(title));
+    }
+
+    fn set_transparent(&self, transparent: bool) {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.set_transparent(transparent));
+    }
+
+    fn set_blur(&self, blur: bool) {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.set_blur(blur));
+    }
+
+    fn set_visible(&self, visible: bool) {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.set_visible(visible));
+    }
+
+    fn is_visible(&self) -> Option<bool> {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.is_visible())
+    }
+
+    fn set_resizable(&self, resizable: bool) {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.set_resizable(resizable))
+    }
+
+    fn is_resizable(&self) -> bool {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.is_resizable())
+    }
+
+    fn set_enabled_buttons(&self, buttons: WindowButtons) {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.set_enabled_buttons(buttons))
+    }
+
+    fn enabled_buttons(&self) -> WindowButtons {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.enabled_buttons())
+    }
+
+    fn set_minimized(&self, minimized: bool) {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.set_minimized(minimized));
+    }
+
+    fn is_minimized(&self) -> Option<bool> {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.is_minimized())
+    }
+
+    fn set_maximized(&self, maximized: bool) {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.set_maximized(maximized));
+    }
+
+    fn is_maximized(&self) -> bool {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.is_maximized())
+    }
+
+    fn set_fullscreen(&self, fullscreen: Option<crate::window::Fullscreen>) {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.set_fullscreen(fullscreen.map(Into::into)))
+    }
+
+    fn fullscreen(&self) -> Option<crate::window::Fullscreen> {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.fullscreen().map(Into::into))
+    }
+
+    fn set_decorations(&self, decorations: bool) {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.set_decorations(decorations));
+    }
+
+    fn is_decorated(&self) -> bool {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.is_decorated())
+    }
+
+    fn set_window_level(&self, level: WindowLevel) {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.set_window_level(level));
+    }
+
+    fn set_window_icon(&self, window_icon: Option<Icon>) {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.set_window_icon(window_icon));
+    }
+
+    fn set_ime_cursor_area(&self, position: Position, size: Size) {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.set_ime_cursor_area(position, size));
+    }
+
+    fn set_ime_allowed(&self, allowed: bool) {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.set_ime_allowed(allowed));
+    }
+
+    fn set_ime_purpose(&self, purpose: ImePurpose) {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.set_ime_purpose(purpose));
+    }
+
+    fn focus_window(&self) {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.focus_window());
+    }
+
+    fn has_focus(&self) -> bool {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.has_focus())
+    }
+
+    fn request_user_attention(&self, request_type: Option<UserAttentionType>) {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.request_user_attention(request_type));
+    }
+
+    fn set_theme(&self, theme: Option<Theme>) {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.set_theme(theme));
+    }
+
+    fn theme(&self) -> Option<Theme> {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.theme())
+    }
+
+    fn set_content_protected(&self, protected: bool) {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.set_content_protected(protected));
+    }
+
+    fn title(&self) -> String {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.title())
+    }
+
+    fn set_cursor(&self, cursor: Cursor) {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.set_cursor(cursor));
+    }
+
+    fn set_cursor_position(&self, position: Position) -> Result<(), RequestError> {
+        Ok(self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.set_cursor_position(position))?)
+    }
+
+    fn set_cursor_grab(&self, mode: crate::window::CursorGrabMode) -> Result<(), RequestError> {
+        Ok(self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.set_cursor_grab(mode))?)
+    }
+
+    fn set_cursor_visible(&self, visible: bool) {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.set_cursor_visible(visible))
+    }
+
+    fn drag_window(&self) -> Result<(), RequestError> {
+        Ok(self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.drag_window())?)
+    }
+
+    fn drag_resize_window(
+        &self,
+        direction: crate::window::ResizeDirection,
+    ) -> Result<(), RequestError> {
+        Ok(self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.drag_resize_window(direction))?)
+    }
+
+    fn show_window_menu(&self, position: Position) {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.show_window_menu(position))
+    }
+
+    fn set_cursor_hittest(&self, hittest: bool) -> Result<(), RequestError> {
+        Ok(self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.set_cursor_hittest(hittest))?)
+    }
+
+    fn current_monitor(&self) -> Option<CoreMonitorHandle> {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| {
+            delegate.current_monitor().map(|inner| CoreMonitorHandle { inner })
+        })
+    }
+
+    fn available_monitors(&self) -> Box<dyn Iterator<Item = CoreMonitorHandle>> {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| {
+            Box::new(
+                delegate.available_monitors().into_iter().map(|inner| CoreMonitorHandle { inner }),
+            )
+        })
+    }
+
+    fn primary_monitor(&self) -> Option<CoreMonitorHandle> {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| {
+            delegate.primary_monitor().map(|inner| CoreMonitorHandle { inner })
+        })
+    }
+
+    fn rwh_06_display_handle(&self) -> &dyn rwh_06::HasDisplayHandle {
+        self
+    }
+
+    fn rwh_06_window_handle(&self) -> &dyn rwh_06::HasWindowHandle {
+        self
+    }
+}
+
 // WindowExtIOS
 impl Inner {
    pub fn set_scale_factor(&self, scale_factor: f64) {
@@ -642,7 +865,7 @@ impl Inner {

 impl Inner {
    fn screen_frame(&self) -> CGRect {
-        self.rect_to_screen_space(self.window.bounds())
+        self.rect_to_screen_space(self.window.frame())
    }

    fn rect_to_screen_space(&self, rect: CGRect) -> CGRect {
@@ -654,78 +877,9 @@ impl Inner {
        let screen_space = self.window.screen().coordinateSpace();
        self.window.convertRect_fromCoordinateSpace(rect, &screen_space)
    }
-
-    fn safe_area_screen_space(&self) -> CGRect {
-        let bounds = self.window.bounds();
-        if app_state::os_capabilities().safe_area {
-            let safe_area = self.window.safeAreaInsets();
-            let safe_bounds = CGRect {
-                origin: CGPoint {
-                    x: bounds.origin.x + safe_area.left,
-                    y: bounds.origin.y + safe_area.top,
-                },
-                size: CGSize {
-                    width: bounds.size.width - safe_area.left - safe_area.right,
-                    height: bounds.size.height - safe_area.top - safe_area.bottom,
-                },
-            };
-            self.rect_to_screen_space(safe_bounds)
-        } else {
-            let screen_frame = self.rect_to_screen_space(bounds);
-            let status_bar_frame = {
-                let app = UIApplication::sharedApplication(MainThreadMarker::new().unwrap());
-                #[allow(deprecated)]
-                app.statusBarFrame()
-            };
-            let (y, height) = if screen_frame.origin.y > status_bar_frame.size.height {
-                (screen_frame.origin.y, screen_frame.size.height)
-            } else {
-                let y = status_bar_frame.size.height;
-                let height = screen_frame.size.height
-                    - (status_bar_frame.size.height - screen_frame.origin.y);
-                (y, height)
-            };
-            CGRect {
-                origin: CGPoint { x: screen_frame.origin.x, y },
-                size: CGSize { width: screen_frame.size.width, height },
-            }
-        }
-    }
 }

-#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord, Hash)]
-pub struct WindowId {
-    window: *mut WinitUIWindow,
-}
-
-impl WindowId {
-    pub const unsafe fn dummy() -> Self {
-        WindowId { window: std::ptr::null_mut() }
-    }
-}
-
-impl From<WindowId> for u64 {
-    fn from(window_id: WindowId) -> Self {
-        window_id.window as u64
-    }
-}
-
-impl From<u64> for WindowId {
-    fn from(raw_id: u64) -> Self {
-        Self { window: raw_id as _ }
-    }
-}
-
-unsafe impl Send for WindowId {}
-unsafe impl Sync for WindowId {}
-
-impl From<&AnyObject> for WindowId {
-    fn from(window: &AnyObject) -> WindowId {
-        WindowId { window: window as *const _ as _ }
-    }
-}
-
-#[derive(Clone, Debug, Default)]
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, Default, PartialEq)]
 pub struct PlatformSpecificWindowAttributes {
    pub scale_factor: Option<f64>,
    pub valid_orientations: ValidOrientations,
--- a/src/platform_impl/linux/common/xkb/compose.rs
+++ b/src/platform_impl/linux/common/xkb/compose.rs
@@ -6,13 +6,14 @@ use std::ops::Deref;
 use std::os::unix::ffi::OsStringExt;
 use std::ptr::NonNull;

-use super::{XkbContext, XKBCH};
 use smol_str::SmolStr;
 use xkbcommon_dl::{
    xkb_compose_compile_flags, xkb_compose_feed_result, xkb_compose_state, xkb_compose_state_flags,
    xkb_compose_status, xkb_compose_table, xkb_keysym_t,
 };

+use super::{XkbContext, XKBCH};
+
 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub struct XkbComposeTable {
    table: NonNull<xkb_compose_table>,
--- a/src/platform_impl/linux/common/xkb/keymap.rs
+++ b/src/platform_impl/linux/common/xkb/keymap.rs
@@ -6,14 +6,13 @@ use std::ptr::{self, NonNull};

 #[cfg(x11_platform)]
 use x11_dl::xlib_xcb::xcb_connection_t;
-#[cfg(wayland_platform)]
-use {memmap2::MmapOptions, std::os::unix::io::OwnedFd};
-
 use xkb::XKB_MOD_INVALID;
 use xkbcommon_dl::{
    self as xkb, xkb_keycode_t, xkb_keymap, xkb_keymap_compile_flags, xkb_keysym_t,
    xkb_layout_index_t, xkb_mod_index_t,
 };
+#[cfg(wayland_platform)]
+use {memmap2::MmapOptions, std::os::unix::io::OwnedFd};

 use crate::keyboard::{Key, KeyCode, KeyLocation, NamedKey, NativeKey, NativeKeyCode, PhysicalKey};
 #[cfg(x11_platform)]
@@ -36,6 +35,9 @@ pub fn scancode_to_physicalkey(scancode: u32) -> PhysicalKey {
    // are defined by the Linux kernel. If Winit programs end up being run on other Unix-likes,
    // I can only hope they agree on what the keycodes mean.
    //
+    // The mapping here is heavily influenced by Firefox' source:
+    // https://searchfox.org/mozilla-central/rev/c597e9c789ad36af84a0370d395be066b7dc94f4/widget/NativeKeyToDOMCodeName.h
+    //
    // Some of the keycodes are likely superfluous for our purposes, and some are ones which are
    // difficult to test the correctness of, or discover the purpose of. Because of this, they've
    // either been commented out here, or not included at all.
@@ -167,23 +169,23 @@ pub fn scancode_to_physicalkey(scancode: u32) -> PhysicalKey {
        125 => KeyCode::SuperLeft,
        126 => KeyCode::SuperRight,
        127 => KeyCode::ContextMenu,
-        // 128 => KeyCode::STOP,
-        // 129 => KeyCode::AGAIN,
-        // 130 => KeyCode::PROPS,
-        // 131 => KeyCode::UNDO,
-        // 132 => KeyCode::FRONT,
-        // 133 => KeyCode::COPY,
-        // 134 => KeyCode::OPEN,
-        // 135 => KeyCode::PASTE,
-        // 136 => KeyCode::FIND,
-        // 137 => KeyCode::CUT,
-        // 138 => KeyCode::HELP,
+        128 => KeyCode::BrowserStop,
+        129 => KeyCode::Again,
+        130 => KeyCode::Props,
+        131 => KeyCode::Undo,
+        132 => KeyCode::Select, // FRONT
+        133 => KeyCode::Copy,
+        134 => KeyCode::Open,
+        135 => KeyCode::Paste,
+        136 => KeyCode::Find,
+        137 => KeyCode::Cut,
+        138 => KeyCode::Help,
        // 139 => KeyCode::MENU,
-        // 140 => KeyCode::CALC,
+        140 => KeyCode::LaunchApp2, // CALC
        // 141 => KeyCode::SETUP,
        // 142 => KeyCode::SLEEP,
-        // 143 => KeyCode::WAKEUP,
-        // 144 => KeyCode::FILE,
+        143 => KeyCode::WakeUp,
+        144 => KeyCode::LaunchApp1, // FILE
        // 145 => KeyCode::SENDFILE,
        // 146 => KeyCode::DELETEFILE,
        // 147 => KeyCode::XFER,
@@ -194,13 +196,13 @@ pub fn scancode_to_physicalkey(scancode: u32) -> PhysicalKey {
        // 152 => KeyCode::COFFEE,
        // 153 => KeyCode::ROTATE_DISPLAY,
        // 154 => KeyCode::CYCLEWINDOWS,
-        // 155 => KeyCode::MAIL,
-        // 156 => KeyCode::BOOKMARKS,
+        155 => KeyCode::LaunchMail,
+        156 => KeyCode::BrowserFavorites, // BOOKMARKS
        // 157 => KeyCode::COMPUTER,
-        // 158 => KeyCode::BACK,
-        // 159 => KeyCode::FORWARD,
+        158 => KeyCode::BrowserBack,
+        159 => KeyCode::BrowserForward,
        // 160 => KeyCode::CLOSECD,
-        // 161 => KeyCode::EJECTCD,
+        161 => KeyCode::Eject, // EJECTCD
        // 162 => KeyCode::EJECTCLOSECD,
        163 => KeyCode::MediaTrackNext,
        164 => KeyCode::MediaPlayPause,
@@ -210,9 +212,9 @@ pub fn scancode_to_physicalkey(scancode: u32) -> PhysicalKey {
        // 168 => KeyCode::REWIND,
        // 169 => KeyCode::PHONE,
        // 170 => KeyCode::ISO,
-        // 171 => KeyCode::CONFIG,
-        // 172 => KeyCode::HOMEPAGE,
-        // 173 => KeyCode::REFRESH,
+        171 => KeyCode::MediaSelect, // CONFIG
+        172 => KeyCode::BrowserHome,
+        173 => KeyCode::BrowserRefresh,
        // 174 => KeyCode::EXIT,
        // 175 => KeyCode::MOVE,
        // 176 => KeyCode::EDIT,
@@ -251,7 +253,7 @@ pub fn scancode_to_physicalkey(scancode: u32) -> PhysicalKey {
        // 214 => KeyCode::QUESTION,
        // 215 => KeyCode::EMAIL,
        // 216 => KeyCode::CHAT,
-        // 217 => KeyCode::SEARCH,
+        217 => KeyCode::BrowserSearch,
        // 218 => KeyCode::CONNECT,
        // 219 => KeyCode::FINANCE,
        // 220 => KeyCode::SPORT,
@@ -420,10 +422,32 @@ pub fn physicalkey_to_scancode(key: PhysicalKey) -> Option<u32> {
        KeyCode::SuperLeft => Some(125),
        KeyCode::SuperRight => Some(126),
        KeyCode::ContextMenu => Some(127),
+        KeyCode::BrowserStop => Some(128),
+        KeyCode::Again => Some(129),
+        KeyCode::Props => Some(130),
+        KeyCode::Undo => Some(131),
+        KeyCode::Select => Some(132),
+        KeyCode::Copy => Some(133),
+        KeyCode::Open => Some(134),
+        KeyCode::Paste => Some(135),
+        KeyCode::Find => Some(136),
+        KeyCode::Cut => Some(137),
+        KeyCode::Help => Some(138),
+        KeyCode::LaunchApp2 => Some(140),
+        KeyCode::WakeUp => Some(143),
+        KeyCode::LaunchApp1 => Some(144),
+        KeyCode::LaunchMail => Some(155),
+        KeyCode::BrowserFavorites => Some(156),
+        KeyCode::BrowserBack => Some(158),
+        KeyCode::BrowserForward => Some(159),
+        KeyCode::Eject => Some(161),
        KeyCode::MediaTrackNext => Some(163),
        KeyCode::MediaPlayPause => Some(164),
        KeyCode::MediaTrackPrevious => Some(165),
        KeyCode::MediaStop => Some(166),
+        KeyCode::MediaSelect => Some(171),
+        KeyCode::BrowserHome => Some(172),
+        KeyCode::BrowserRefresh => Some(173),
        KeyCode::F13 => Some(183),
        KeyCode::F14 => Some(184),
        KeyCode::F15 => Some(185),
@@ -436,6 +460,7 @@ pub fn physicalkey_to_scancode(key: PhysicalKey) -> Option<u32> {
        KeyCode::F22 => Some(192),
        KeyCode::F23 => Some(193),
        KeyCode::F24 => Some(194),
+        KeyCode::BrowserSearch => Some(217),
        _ => None,
    }
 }
@@ -639,7 +664,7 @@ pub fn keysym_to_key(keysym: u32) -> Key {
        // keysyms::ISO_Release_Margin_Left => NamedKey::IsoReleaseMarginLeft,
        // keysyms::ISO_Release_Margin_Right => NamedKey::IsoReleaseMarginRight,
        // keysyms::ISO_Release_Both_Margins => NamedKey::IsoReleaseBothMargins,
-        // keysyms::ISO_Fast_Cursor_Left => NamedKey::IsoFastCursorLeft,
+        // keysyms::ISO_Fast_Cursor_Left => NamedKey::IsoFastPointerLeft,
        // keysyms::ISO_Fast_Cursor_Right => NamedKey::IsoFastCursorRight,
        // keysyms::ISO_Fast_Cursor_Up => NamedKey::IsoFastCursorUp,
        // keysyms::ISO_Fast_Cursor_Down => NamedKey::IsoFastCursorDown,
--- a/src/platform_impl/linux/common/xkb/mod.rs
+++ b/src/platform_impl/linux/common/xkb/mod.rs
@@ -1,12 +1,11 @@
 use std::ops::Deref;
 use std::os::raw::c_char;
+#[cfg(wayland_platform)]
+use std::os::unix::io::OwnedFd;
 use std::ptr::{self, NonNull};
 use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicBool, Ordering};

-use crate::utils::Lazy;
 use smol_str::SmolStr;
-#[cfg(wayland_platform)]
-use std::os::unix::io::OwnedFd;
 use tracing::warn;
 use xkbcommon_dl::{
    self as xkb, xkb_compose_status, xkb_context, xkb_context_flags, xkbcommon_compose_handle,
@@ -18,16 +17,16 @@ use {x11_dl::xlib_xcb::xcb_connection_t, xkbcommon_dl::x11::xkbcommon_x11_handle
 use crate::event::{ElementState, KeyEvent};
 use crate::keyboard::{Key, KeyLocation};
 use crate::platform_impl::KeyEventExtra;
+use crate::utils::Lazy;

 mod compose;
 mod keymap;
 mod state;

 use compose::{ComposeStatus, XkbComposeState, XkbComposeTable};
-use keymap::XkbKeymap;
-
 #[cfg(x11_platform)]
 pub use keymap::raw_keycode_to_physicalkey;
+use keymap::XkbKeymap;
 pub use keymap::{physicalkey_to_scancode, scancode_to_physicalkey};
 pub use state::XkbState;

@@ -184,7 +183,7 @@ pub struct KeyContext<'a> {
    scratch_buffer: &'a mut Vec<u8>,
 }

-impl<'a> KeyContext<'a> {
+impl KeyContext<'_> {
    pub fn process_key_event(
        &mut self,
        keycode: u32,
--- a/src/platform_impl/linux/mod.rs
+++ b/src/platform_impl/linux/mod.rs
@@ -3,38 +3,33 @@
 #[cfg(all(not(x11_platform), not(wayland_platform)))]
 compile_error!("Please select a feature to build for unix: `x11`, `wayland`");

-use std::collections::VecDeque;
+use std::env;
+use std::num::{NonZeroU16, NonZeroU32};
 use std::os::unix::io::{AsFd, AsRawFd, BorrowedFd, RawFd};
-use std::sync::Arc;
 use std::time::Duration;
-use std::{env, fmt};
 #[cfg(x11_platform)]
-use std::{ffi::CStr, mem::MaybeUninit, os::raw::*, sync::Mutex};
+use std::{ffi::CStr, mem::MaybeUninit, os::raw::*, sync::Arc, sync::Mutex};

-use crate::application::ApplicationHandler;
-use crate::platform::pump_events::PumpStatus;
-#[cfg(x11_platform)]
-use crate::utils::Lazy;
 use smol_str::SmolStr;

+pub(crate) use self::common::xkb::{physicalkey_to_scancode, scancode_to_physicalkey};
 #[cfg(x11_platform)]
-use self::x11::{X11Error, XConnection, XError, XNotSupported};
-use crate::dpi::{PhysicalPosition, PhysicalSize, Position, Size};
-use crate::error::{EventLoopError, ExternalError, NotSupportedError, OsError as RootOsError};
-use crate::event_loop::{AsyncRequestSerial, ControlFlow, DeviceEvents};
-use crate::icon::Icon;
+use self::x11::{XConnection, XError, XNotSupported};
+use crate::application::ApplicationHandler;
+pub(crate) use crate::cursor::OnlyCursorImageSource as PlatformCustomCursorSource;
+#[cfg(x11_platform)]
+use crate::dpi::Size;
+use crate::dpi::{PhysicalPosition, PhysicalSize};
+use crate::error::{EventLoopError, NotSupportedError};
+use crate::event_loop::ActiveEventLoop;
+pub(crate) use crate::icon::RgbaIcon as PlatformIcon;
 use crate::keyboard::Key;
+use crate::platform::pump_events::PumpStatus;
 #[cfg(x11_platform)]
 use crate::platform::x11::{WindowType as XWindowType, XlibErrorHook};
-use crate::window::{
-    ActivationToken, Cursor, CursorGrabMode, CustomCursor, CustomCursorSource, ImePurpose,
-    ResizeDirection, Theme, UserAttentionType, WindowAttributes, WindowButtons, WindowLevel,
-};
-
-pub(crate) use self::common::xkb::{physicalkey_to_scancode, scancode_to_physicalkey};
-pub(crate) use crate::cursor::OnlyCursorImageSource as PlatformCustomCursorSource;
-pub(crate) use crate::icon::RgbaIcon as PlatformIcon;
-pub(crate) use crate::platform_impl::Fullscreen;
+#[cfg(x11_platform)]
+use crate::utils::Lazy;
+use crate::window::ActivationToken;

 pub(crate) mod common;
 #[cfg(wayland_platform)]
@@ -68,7 +63,7 @@ impl ApplicationName {
    }
 }

-#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq)]
 pub struct PlatformSpecificWindowAttributes {
    pub name: Option<ApplicationName>,
    pub activation_token: Option<ActivationToken>,
@@ -76,7 +71,7 @@ pub struct PlatformSpecificWindowAttributes {
    pub x11: X11WindowAttributes,
 }

-#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq)]
 #[cfg(x11_platform)]
 pub struct X11WindowAttributes {
    pub visual_id: Option<x11rb::protocol::xproto::Visualid>,
@@ -112,73 +107,7 @@ impl Default for PlatformSpecificWindowAttributes {
 pub(crate) static X11_BACKEND: Lazy<Mutex<Result<Arc<XConnection>, XNotSupported>>> =
    Lazy::new(|| Mutex::new(XConnection::new(Some(x_error_callback)).map(Arc::new)));

-#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
-pub enum OsError {
-    Misc(&'static str),
-    #[cfg(x11_platform)]
-    XError(Arc<X11Error>),
-    #[cfg(wayland_platform)]
-    WaylandError(Arc<wayland::WaylandError>),
-}
-
-impl fmt::Display for OsError {
-    fn fmt(&self, _f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> Result<(), fmt::Error> {
-        match *self {
-            OsError::Misc(e) => _f.pad(e),
-            #[cfg(x11_platform)]
-            OsError::XError(ref e) => fmt::Display::fmt(e, _f),
-            #[cfg(wayland_platform)]
-            OsError::WaylandError(ref e) => fmt::Display::fmt(e, _f),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-pub(crate) enum Window {
-    #[cfg(x11_platform)]
-    X(x11::Window),
-    #[cfg(wayland_platform)]
-    Wayland(wayland::Window),
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord, Hash)]
-pub struct WindowId(u64);
-
-impl From<WindowId> for u64 {
-    fn from(window_id: WindowId) -> Self {
-        window_id.0
-    }
-}
-
-impl From<u64> for WindowId {
-    fn from(raw_id: u64) -> Self {
-        Self(raw_id)
-    }
-}
-
-impl WindowId {
-    pub const unsafe fn dummy() -> Self {
-        Self(0)
-    }
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord, Hash)]
-pub enum DeviceId {
-    #[cfg(x11_platform)]
-    X(x11::DeviceId),
-    #[cfg(wayland_platform)]
-    Wayland(wayland::DeviceId),
-}
-
-impl DeviceId {
-    pub const unsafe fn dummy() -> Self {
-        #[cfg(wayland_platform)]
-        return DeviceId::Wayland(unsafe { wayland::DeviceId::dummy() });
-        #[cfg(all(not(wayland_platform), x11_platform))]
-        return DeviceId::X(unsafe { x11::DeviceId::dummy() });
-    }
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash, PartialOrd, Ord)]
 pub enum MonitorHandle {
    #[cfg(x11_platform)]
    X(x11::MonitorHandle),
@@ -226,25 +155,20 @@ impl MonitorHandle {
    }

    #[inline]
-    pub fn size(&self) -> PhysicalSize<u32> {
-        x11_or_wayland!(match self; MonitorHandle(m) => m.size())
-    }
-
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn position(&self) -> PhysicalPosition<i32> {
+    pub fn position(&self) -> Option<PhysicalPosition<i32>> {
        x11_or_wayland!(match self; MonitorHandle(m) => m.position())
    }

-    #[inline]
-    pub fn refresh_rate_millihertz(&self) -> Option<u32> {
-        x11_or_wayland!(match self; MonitorHandle(m) => m.refresh_rate_millihertz())
-    }
-
    #[inline]
    pub fn scale_factor(&self) -> f64 {
        x11_or_wayland!(match self; MonitorHandle(m) => m.scale_factor() as _)
    }

+    #[inline]
+    pub fn current_video_mode(&self) -> Option<VideoModeHandle> {
+        x11_or_wayland!(match self; MonitorHandle(m) => m.current_video_mode())
+    }
+
    #[inline]
    pub fn video_modes(&self) -> Box<dyn Iterator<Item = VideoModeHandle>> {
        x11_or_wayland!(match self; MonitorHandle(m) => Box::new(m.video_modes()))
@@ -266,12 +190,12 @@ impl VideoModeHandle {
    }

    #[inline]
-    pub fn bit_depth(&self) -> u16 {
+    pub fn bit_depth(&self) -> Option<NonZeroU16> {
        x11_or_wayland!(match self; VideoModeHandle(m) => m.bit_depth())
    }

    #[inline]
-    pub fn refresh_rate_millihertz(&self) -> u32 {
+    pub fn refresh_rate_millihertz(&self) -> Option<NonZeroU32> {
        x11_or_wayland!(match self; VideoModeHandle(m) => m.refresh_rate_millihertz())
    }

@@ -281,351 +205,6 @@ impl VideoModeHandle {
    }
 }

-impl Window {
-    #[inline]
-    pub(crate) fn new(
-        window_target: &ActiveEventLoop,
-        attribs: WindowAttributes,
-    ) -> Result<Self, RootOsError> {
-        match *window_target {
-            #[cfg(wayland_platform)]
-            ActiveEventLoop::Wayland(ref window_target) => {
-                wayland::Window::new(window_target, attribs).map(Window::Wayland)
-            },
-            #[cfg(x11_platform)]
-            ActiveEventLoop::X(ref window_target) => {
-                x11::Window::new(window_target, attribs).map(Window::X)
-            },
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub(crate) fn maybe_queue_on_main(&self, f: impl FnOnce(&Self) + Send + 'static) {
-        f(self)
-    }
-
-    pub(crate) fn maybe_wait_on_main<R: Send>(&self, f: impl FnOnce(&Self) -> R + Send) -> R {
-        f(self)
-    }
-
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn id(&self) -> WindowId {
-        x11_or_wayland!(match self; Window(w) => w.id())
-    }
-
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn set_title(&self, title: &str) {
-        x11_or_wayland!(match self; Window(w) => w.set_title(title));
-    }
-
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn set_transparent(&self, transparent: bool) {
-        x11_or_wayland!(match self; Window(w) => w.set_transparent(transparent));
-    }
-
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn set_blur(&self, blur: bool) {
-        x11_or_wayland!(match self; Window(w) => w.set_blur(blur));
-    }
-
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn set_visible(&self, visible: bool) {
-        x11_or_wayland!(match self; Window(w) => w.set_visible(visible))
-    }
-
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn is_visible(&self) -> Option<bool> {
-        x11_or_wayland!(match self; Window(w) => w.is_visible())
-    }
-
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn outer_position(&self) -> Result<PhysicalPosition<i32>, NotSupportedError> {
-        x11_or_wayland!(match self; Window(w) => w.outer_position())
-    }
-
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn inner_position(&self) -> Result<PhysicalPosition<i32>, NotSupportedError> {
-        x11_or_wayland!(match self; Window(w) => w.inner_position())
-    }
-
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn set_outer_position(&self, position: Position) {
-        x11_or_wayland!(match self; Window(w) => w.set_outer_position(position))
-    }
-
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn inner_size(&self) -> PhysicalSize<u32> {
-        x11_or_wayland!(match self; Window(w) => w.inner_size())
-    }
-
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn outer_size(&self) -> PhysicalSize<u32> {
-        x11_or_wayland!(match self; Window(w) => w.outer_size())
-    }
-
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn request_inner_size(&self, size: Size) -> Option<PhysicalSize<u32>> {
-        x11_or_wayland!(match self; Window(w) => w.request_inner_size(size))
-    }
-
-    #[inline]
-    pub(crate) fn request_activation_token(&self) -> Result<AsyncRequestSerial, NotSupportedError> {
-        x11_or_wayland!(match self; Window(w) => w.request_activation_token())
-    }
-
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn set_min_inner_size(&self, dimensions: Option<Size>) {
-        x11_or_wayland!(match self; Window(w) => w.set_min_inner_size(dimensions))
-    }
-
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn set_max_inner_size(&self, dimensions: Option<Size>) {
-        x11_or_wayland!(match self; Window(w) => w.set_max_inner_size(dimensions))
-    }
-
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn resize_increments(&self) -> Option<PhysicalSize<u32>> {
-        x11_or_wayland!(match self; Window(w) => w.resize_increments())
-    }
-
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn set_resize_increments(&self, increments: Option<Size>) {
-        x11_or_wayland!(match self; Window(w) => w.set_resize_increments(increments))
-    }
-
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn set_resizable(&self, resizable: bool) {
-        x11_or_wayland!(match self; Window(w) => w.set_resizable(resizable))
-    }
-
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn is_resizable(&self) -> bool {
-        x11_or_wayland!(match self; Window(w) => w.is_resizable())
-    }
-
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn set_enabled_buttons(&self, buttons: WindowButtons) {
-        x11_or_wayland!(match self; Window(w) => w.set_enabled_buttons(buttons))
-    }
-
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn enabled_buttons(&self) -> WindowButtons {
-        x11_or_wayland!(match self; Window(w) => w.enabled_buttons())
-    }
-
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn set_cursor(&self, cursor: Cursor) {
-        x11_or_wayland!(match self; Window(w) => w.set_cursor(cursor))
-    }
-
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn set_cursor_grab(&self, mode: CursorGrabMode) -> Result<(), ExternalError> {
-        x11_or_wayland!(match self; Window(window) => window.set_cursor_grab(mode))
-    }
-
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn set_cursor_visible(&self, visible: bool) {
-        x11_or_wayland!(match self; Window(window) => window.set_cursor_visible(visible))
-    }
-
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn drag_window(&self) -> Result<(), ExternalError> {
-        x11_or_wayland!(match self; Window(window) => window.drag_window())
-    }
-
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn drag_resize_window(&self, direction: ResizeDirection) -> Result<(), ExternalError> {
-        x11_or_wayland!(match self; Window(window) => window.drag_resize_window(direction))
-    }
-
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn show_window_menu(&self, position: Position) {
-        x11_or_wayland!(match self; Window(w) => w.show_window_menu(position))
-    }
-
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn set_cursor_hittest(&self, hittest: bool) -> Result<(), ExternalError> {
-        x11_or_wayland!(match self; Window(w) => w.set_cursor_hittest(hittest))
-    }
-
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn scale_factor(&self) -> f64 {
-        x11_or_wayland!(match self; Window(w) => w.scale_factor())
-    }
-
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn set_cursor_position(&self, position: Position) -> Result<(), ExternalError> {
-        x11_or_wayland!(match self; Window(w) => w.set_cursor_position(position))
-    }
-
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn set_maximized(&self, maximized: bool) {
-        x11_or_wayland!(match self; Window(w) => w.set_maximized(maximized))
-    }
-
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn is_maximized(&self) -> bool {
-        x11_or_wayland!(match self; Window(w) => w.is_maximized())
-    }
-
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn set_minimized(&self, minimized: bool) {
-        x11_or_wayland!(match self; Window(w) => w.set_minimized(minimized))
-    }
-
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn is_minimized(&self) -> Option<bool> {
-        x11_or_wayland!(match self; Window(w) => w.is_minimized())
-    }
-
-    #[inline]
-    pub(crate) fn fullscreen(&self) -> Option<Fullscreen> {
-        x11_or_wayland!(match self; Window(w) => w.fullscreen())
-    }
-
-    #[inline]
-    pub(crate) fn set_fullscreen(&self, monitor: Option<Fullscreen>) {
-        x11_or_wayland!(match self; Window(w) => w.set_fullscreen(monitor))
-    }
-
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn set_decorations(&self, decorations: bool) {
-        x11_or_wayland!(match self; Window(w) => w.set_decorations(decorations))
-    }
-
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn is_decorated(&self) -> bool {
-        x11_or_wayland!(match self; Window(w) => w.is_decorated())
-    }
-
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn set_window_level(&self, level: WindowLevel) {
-        x11_or_wayland!(match self; Window(w) => w.set_window_level(level))
-    }
-
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn set_window_icon(&self, window_icon: Option<Icon>) {
-        x11_or_wayland!(match self; Window(w) => w.set_window_icon(window_icon.map(|icon| icon.inner)))
-    }
-
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn set_ime_cursor_area(&self, position: Position, size: Size) {
-        x11_or_wayland!(match self; Window(w) => w.set_ime_cursor_area(position, size))
-    }
-
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn reset_dead_keys(&self) {
-        common::xkb::reset_dead_keys()
-    }
-
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn set_ime_allowed(&self, allowed: bool) {
-        x11_or_wayland!(match self; Window(w) => w.set_ime_allowed(allowed))
-    }
-
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn set_ime_purpose(&self, purpose: ImePurpose) {
-        x11_or_wayland!(match self; Window(w) => w.set_ime_purpose(purpose))
-    }
-
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn focus_window(&self) {
-        x11_or_wayland!(match self; Window(w) => w.focus_window())
-    }
-
-    pub fn request_user_attention(&self, request_type: Option<UserAttentionType>) {
-        x11_or_wayland!(match self; Window(w) => w.request_user_attention(request_type))
-    }
-
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn request_redraw(&self) {
-        x11_or_wayland!(match self; Window(w) => w.request_redraw())
-    }
-
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn pre_present_notify(&self) {
-        x11_or_wayland!(match self; Window(w) => w.pre_present_notify())
-    }
-
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn current_monitor(&self) -> Option<MonitorHandle> {
-        Some(x11_or_wayland!(match self; Window(w) => w.current_monitor()?; as MonitorHandle))
-    }
-
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn available_monitors(&self) -> VecDeque<MonitorHandle> {
-        match self {
-            #[cfg(x11_platform)]
-            Window::X(ref window) => {
-                window.available_monitors().into_iter().map(MonitorHandle::X).collect()
-            },
-            #[cfg(wayland_platform)]
-            Window::Wayland(ref window) => {
-                window.available_monitors().into_iter().map(MonitorHandle::Wayland).collect()
-            },
-        }
-    }
-
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn primary_monitor(&self) -> Option<MonitorHandle> {
-        Some(x11_or_wayland!(match self; Window(w) => w.primary_monitor()?; as MonitorHandle))
-    }
-
-    #[cfg(feature = "rwh_04")]
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn raw_window_handle_rwh_04(&self) -> rwh_04::RawWindowHandle {
-        x11_or_wayland!(match self; Window(window) => window.raw_window_handle_rwh_04())
-    }
-
-    #[cfg(feature = "rwh_05")]
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn raw_window_handle_rwh_05(&self) -> rwh_05::RawWindowHandle {
-        x11_or_wayland!(match self; Window(window) => window.raw_window_handle_rwh_05())
-    }
-
-    #[cfg(feature = "rwh_05")]
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn raw_display_handle_rwh_05(&self) -> rwh_05::RawDisplayHandle {
-        x11_or_wayland!(match self; Window(window) => window.raw_display_handle_rwh_05())
-    }
-
-    #[cfg(feature = "rwh_06")]
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn raw_window_handle_rwh_06(&self) -> Result<rwh_06::RawWindowHandle, rwh_06::HandleError> {
-        x11_or_wayland!(match self; Window(window) => window.raw_window_handle_rwh_06())
-    }
-
-    #[cfg(feature = "rwh_06")]
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn raw_display_handle_rwh_06(
-        &self,
-    ) -> Result<rwh_06::RawDisplayHandle, rwh_06::HandleError> {
-        x11_or_wayland!(match self; Window(window) => window.raw_display_handle_rwh_06())
-    }
-
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn set_theme(&self, theme: Option<Theme>) {
-        x11_or_wayland!(match self; Window(window) => window.set_theme(theme))
-    }
-
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn theme(&self) -> Option<Theme> {
-        x11_or_wayland!(match self; Window(window) => window.theme())
-    }
-
-    pub fn set_content_protected(&self, protected: bool) {
-        x11_or_wayland!(match self; Window(window) => window.set_content_protected(protected))
-    }
-
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn has_focus(&self) -> bool {
-        x11_or_wayland!(match self; Window(window) => window.has_focus())
-    }
-
-    pub fn title(&self) -> String {
-        x11_or_wayland!(match self; Window(window) => window.title())
-    }
-}
-
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Eq, PartialEq, Hash)]
 pub struct KeyEventExtra {
    pub text_with_all_modifiers: Option<SmolStr>,
@@ -642,18 +221,18 @@ pub(crate) enum PlatformCustomCursor {

 /// Hooks for X11 errors.
 #[cfg(x11_platform)]
-pub(crate) static mut XLIB_ERROR_HOOKS: Mutex<Vec<XlibErrorHook>> = Mutex::new(Vec::new());
+pub(crate) static XLIB_ERROR_HOOKS: Mutex<Vec<XlibErrorHook>> = Mutex::new(Vec::new());

 #[cfg(x11_platform)]
 unsafe extern "C" fn x_error_callback(
    display: *mut x11::ffi::Display,
    event: *mut x11::ffi::XErrorEvent,
 ) -> c_int {
-    let xconn_lock = X11_BACKEND.lock().unwrap();
+    let xconn_lock = X11_BACKEND.lock().unwrap_or_else(|e| e.into_inner());
    if let Ok(ref xconn) = *xconn_lock {
        // Call all the hooks.
        let mut error_handled = false;
-        for hook in unsafe { XLIB_ERROR_HOOKS.lock() }.unwrap().iter() {
+        for hook in XLIB_ERROR_HOOKS.lock().unwrap().iter() {
            error_handled |= hook(display as *mut _, event as *mut _);
        }

@@ -698,14 +277,6 @@ pub enum EventLoop {
    X(x11::EventLoop),
 }

-#[derive(Clone)]
-pub enum EventLoopProxy {
-    #[cfg(x11_platform)]
-    X(x11::EventLoopProxy),
-    #[cfg(wayland_platform)]
-    Wayland(wayland::EventLoopProxy),
-}
-
 impl EventLoop {
    pub(crate) fn new(
        attributes: &PlatformSpecificEventLoopAttributes,
@@ -715,8 +286,8 @@ impl EventLoop {
                "Initializing the event loop outside of the main thread is a significant \
                 cross-platform compatibility hazard. If you absolutely need to create an \
                 EventLoop on a different thread, you can use the \
-                 `EventLoopBuilderExtX11::any_thread` or `EventLoopBuilderExtWayland::any_thread` \
-                 functions."
+                 `EventLoopBuilderExtX11::with_any_thread` or \
+                 `EventLoopBuilderExtWayland::with_any_thread` functions."
            );
        }

@@ -751,7 +322,7 @@ impl EventLoop {
                } else {
                    "neither WAYLAND_DISPLAY nor WAYLAND_SOCKET nor DISPLAY is set."
                };
-                return Err(EventLoopError::Os(os_error!(OsError::Misc(msg))));
+                return Err(NotSupportedError::new(msg).into());
            },
        };

@@ -771,9 +342,9 @@ impl EventLoop {

    #[cfg(x11_platform)]
    fn new_x11_any_thread() -> Result<EventLoop, EventLoopError> {
-        let xconn = match X11_BACKEND.lock().unwrap().as_ref() {
+        let xconn = match X11_BACKEND.lock().unwrap_or_else(|e| e.into_inner()).as_ref() {
            Ok(xconn) => xconn.clone(),
-            Err(_) => return Err(EventLoopError::NotSupported(NotSupportedError::new())),
+            Err(err) => return Err(os_error!(err.clone()).into()),
        };

        Ok(EventLoop::X(x11::EventLoop::new(xconn)))
@@ -789,17 +360,13 @@ impl EventLoop {
        }
    }

-    pub fn create_proxy(&self) -> EventLoopProxy {
-        x11_or_wayland!(match self; EventLoop(evlp) => evlp.create_proxy(); as EventLoopProxy)
-    }
-
-    pub fn run_app<A: ApplicationHandler>(self, app: &mut A) -> Result<(), EventLoopError> {
+    pub fn run_app<A: ApplicationHandler>(self, app: A) -> Result<(), EventLoopError> {
        x11_or_wayland!(match self; EventLoop(evlp) => evlp.run_app(app))
    }

    pub fn run_app_on_demand<A: ApplicationHandler>(
        &mut self,
-        app: &mut A,
+        app: A,
    ) -> Result<(), EventLoopError> {
        x11_or_wayland!(match self; EventLoop(evlp) => evlp.run_app_on_demand(app))
    }
@@ -807,12 +374,12 @@ impl EventLoop {
    pub fn pump_app_events<A: ApplicationHandler>(
        &mut self,
        timeout: Option<Duration>,
-        app: &mut A,
+        app: A,
    ) -> PumpStatus {
        x11_or_wayland!(match self; EventLoop(evlp) => evlp.pump_app_events(timeout, app))
    }

-    pub fn window_target(&self) -> &crate::event_loop::ActiveEventLoop {
+    pub fn window_target(&self) -> &dyn ActiveEventLoop {
        x11_or_wayland!(match self; EventLoop(evlp) => evlp.window_target())
    }
 }
@@ -829,175 +396,6 @@ impl AsRawFd for EventLoop {
    }
 }

-impl EventLoopProxy {
-    pub fn wake_up(&self) {
-        x11_or_wayland!(match self; EventLoopProxy(proxy) => proxy.wake_up())
-    }
-}
-
-pub enum ActiveEventLoop {
-    #[cfg(wayland_platform)]
-    Wayland(wayland::ActiveEventLoop),
-    #[cfg(x11_platform)]
-    X(x11::ActiveEventLoop),
-}
-
-impl ActiveEventLoop {
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn is_wayland(&self) -> bool {
-        match *self {
-            #[cfg(wayland_platform)]
-            ActiveEventLoop::Wayland(_) => true,
-            #[cfg(x11_platform)]
-            _ => false,
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn create_custom_cursor(&self, cursor: CustomCursorSource) -> CustomCursor {
-        x11_or_wayland!(match self; ActiveEventLoop(evlp) => evlp.create_custom_cursor(cursor))
-    }
-
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn available_monitors(&self) -> VecDeque<MonitorHandle> {
-        match *self {
-            #[cfg(wayland_platform)]
-            ActiveEventLoop::Wayland(ref evlp) => {
-                evlp.available_monitors().map(MonitorHandle::Wayland).collect()
-            },
-            #[cfg(x11_platform)]
-            ActiveEventLoop::X(ref evlp) => {
-                evlp.available_monitors().map(MonitorHandle::X).collect()
-            },
-        }
-    }
-
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn primary_monitor(&self) -> Option<MonitorHandle> {
-        Some(
-            x11_or_wayland!(match self; ActiveEventLoop(evlp) => evlp.primary_monitor()?; as MonitorHandle),
-        )
-    }
-
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn listen_device_events(&self, allowed: DeviceEvents) {
-        x11_or_wayland!(match self; Self(evlp) => evlp.listen_device_events(allowed))
-    }
-
-    #[cfg(feature = "rwh_05")]
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn raw_display_handle_rwh_05(&self) -> rwh_05::RawDisplayHandle {
-        x11_or_wayland!(match self; Self(evlp) => evlp.raw_display_handle_rwh_05())
-    }
-
-    #[cfg(feature = "rwh_06")]
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn raw_display_handle_rwh_06(
-        &self,
-    ) -> Result<rwh_06::RawDisplayHandle, rwh_06::HandleError> {
-        x11_or_wayland!(match self; Self(evlp) => evlp.raw_display_handle_rwh_06())
-    }
-
-    pub(crate) fn set_control_flow(&self, control_flow: ControlFlow) {
-        x11_or_wayland!(match self; Self(evlp) => evlp.set_control_flow(control_flow))
-    }
-
-    pub(crate) fn control_flow(&self) -> ControlFlow {
-        x11_or_wayland!(match self; Self(evlp) => evlp.control_flow())
-    }
-
-    pub(crate) fn clear_exit(&self) {
-        x11_or_wayland!(match self; Self(evlp) => evlp.clear_exit())
-    }
-
-    pub(crate) fn exit(&self) {
-        x11_or_wayland!(match self; Self(evlp) => evlp.exit())
-    }
-
-    pub(crate) fn exiting(&self) -> bool {
-        x11_or_wayland!(match self; Self(evlp) => evlp.exiting())
-    }
-
-    pub(crate) fn owned_display_handle(&self) -> OwnedDisplayHandle {
-        match self {
-            #[cfg(x11_platform)]
-            Self::X(conn) => OwnedDisplayHandle::X(conn.x_connection().clone()),
-            #[cfg(wayland_platform)]
-            Self::Wayland(conn) => OwnedDisplayHandle::Wayland(conn.connection.clone()),
-        }
-    }
-
-    #[allow(dead_code)]
-    fn set_exit_code(&self, code: i32) {
-        x11_or_wayland!(match self; Self(evlp) => evlp.set_exit_code(code))
-    }
-
-    #[allow(dead_code)]
-    fn exit_code(&self) -> Option<i32> {
-        x11_or_wayland!(match self; Self(evlp) => evlp.exit_code())
-    }
-}
-
-#[derive(Clone)]
-#[allow(dead_code)]
-pub(crate) enum OwnedDisplayHandle {
-    #[cfg(x11_platform)]
-    X(Arc<XConnection>),
-    #[cfg(wayland_platform)]
-    Wayland(wayland_client::Connection),
-}
-
-impl OwnedDisplayHandle {
-    #[cfg(feature = "rwh_05")]
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn raw_display_handle_rwh_05(&self) -> rwh_05::RawDisplayHandle {
-        match self {
-            #[cfg(x11_platform)]
-            Self::X(xconn) => {
-                let mut xlib_handle = rwh_05::XlibDisplayHandle::empty();
-                xlib_handle.display = xconn.display.cast();
-                xlib_handle.screen = xconn.default_screen_index() as _;
-                xlib_handle.into()
-            },
-
-            #[cfg(wayland_platform)]
-            Self::Wayland(conn) => {
-                use sctk::reexports::client::Proxy;
-
-                let mut wayland_handle = rwh_05::WaylandDisplayHandle::empty();
-                wayland_handle.display = conn.display().id().as_ptr() as *mut _;
-                wayland_handle.into()
-            },
-        }
-    }
-
-    #[cfg(feature = "rwh_06")]
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn raw_display_handle_rwh_06(
-        &self,
-    ) -> Result<rwh_06::RawDisplayHandle, rwh_06::HandleError> {
-        use std::ptr::NonNull;
-
-        match self {
-            #[cfg(x11_platform)]
-            Self::X(xconn) => Ok(rwh_06::XlibDisplayHandle::new(
-                NonNull::new(xconn.display.cast()),
-                xconn.default_screen_index() as _,
-            )
-            .into()),
-
-            #[cfg(wayland_platform)]
-            Self::Wayland(conn) => {
-                use sctk::reexports::client::Proxy;
-
-                Ok(rwh_06::WaylandDisplayHandle::new(
-                    NonNull::new(conn.display().id().as_ptr().cast()).unwrap(),
-                )
-                .into())
-            },
-        }
-    }
-}
-
 /// Returns the minimum `Option<Duration>`, taking into account that `None`
 /// equates to an infinite timeout, not a zero timeout (so can't just use
 /// `Option::min`)
--- a/src/platform_impl/linux/wayland/event_loop/mod.rs
+++ b/src/platform_impl/linux/wayland/event_loop/mod.rs
@@ -2,39 +2,39 @@

 use std::cell::{Cell, RefCell};
 use std::io::Result as IOResult;
-use std::marker::PhantomData;
 use std::mem;
 use std::os::unix::io::{AsFd, AsRawFd, BorrowedFd, RawFd};
 use std::sync::atomic::Ordering;
 use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex};
 use std::time::{Duration, Instant};

-use sctk::reexports::calloop::Error as CalloopError;
 use sctk::reexports::calloop_wayland_source::WaylandSource;
 use sctk::reexports::client::{globals, Connection, QueueHandle};

 use crate::application::ApplicationHandler;
 use crate::cursor::OnlyCursorImage;
 use crate::dpi::LogicalSize;
-use crate::error::{EventLoopError, OsError as RootOsError};
-use crate::event::{Event, InnerSizeWriter, StartCause, WindowEvent};
-use crate::event_loop::{ActiveEventLoop as RootActiveEventLoop, ControlFlow, DeviceEvents};
+use crate::error::{EventLoopError, OsError, RequestError};
+use crate::event::{Event, StartCause, SurfaceSizeWriter, WindowEvent};
+use crate::event_loop::{
+    ActiveEventLoop as RootActiveEventLoop, ControlFlow, DeviceEvents,
+    OwnedDisplayHandle as CoreOwnedDisplayHandle,
+};
 use crate::platform::pump_events::PumpStatus;
 use crate::platform_impl::platform::min_timeout;
-use crate::platform_impl::{
-    ActiveEventLoop as PlatformActiveEventLoop, OsError, PlatformCustomCursor,
-};
-use crate::window::{CustomCursor as RootCustomCursor, CustomCursorSource};
+use crate::platform_impl::PlatformCustomCursor;
+use crate::window::{CustomCursor as RootCustomCursor, CustomCursorSource, Theme};

 mod proxy;
 pub mod sink;

-pub use proxy::EventLoopProxy;
+use proxy::EventLoopProxy;
 use sink::EventSink;

 use super::state::{WindowCompositorUpdate, WinitState};
 use super::window::state::FrameCallbackState;
-use super::{logical_to_physical_rounded, DeviceId, WaylandError, WindowId};
+use super::{logical_to_physical_rounded, WindowId};
+pub use crate::event_loop::EventLoopProxy as CoreEventLoopProxy;

 type WaylandDispatcher = calloop::Dispatcher<'static, WaylandSource<WinitState>, WinitState>;

@@ -47,18 +47,15 @@ pub struct EventLoop {
    compositor_updates: Vec<WindowCompositorUpdate>,
    window_ids: Vec<WindowId>,

-    /// Event loop proxy
-    event_loop_proxy: EventLoopProxy,
-
    /// The Wayland dispatcher to has raw access to the queue when needed, such as
    /// when creating a new window.
    wayland_dispatcher: WaylandDispatcher,

    /// Connection to the wayland server.
-    connection: Connection,
+    handle: Arc<OwnedDisplayHandle>,

    /// Event loop window target.
-    window_target: RootActiveEventLoop,
+    active_event_loop: ActiveEventLoop,

    // XXX drop after everything else, just to be safe.
    /// Calloop's event loop.
@@ -67,27 +64,20 @@ pub struct EventLoop {

 impl EventLoop {
    pub fn new() -> Result<EventLoop, EventLoopError> {
-        macro_rules! map_err {
-            ($e:expr, $err:expr) => {
-                $e.map_err(|error| os_error!($err(error).into()))
-            };
-        }
-
-        let connection = map_err!(Connection::connect_to_env(), WaylandError::Connection)?;
+        let connection = Connection::connect_to_env().map_err(|err| os_error!(err))?;

        let (globals, mut event_queue) =
-            map_err!(globals::registry_queue_init(&connection), WaylandError::Global)?;
+            globals::registry_queue_init(&connection).map_err(|err| os_error!(err))?;
        let queue_handle = event_queue.handle();

        let event_loop =
-            map_err!(calloop::EventLoop::<WinitState>::try_new(), WaylandError::Calloop)?;
+            calloop::EventLoop::<WinitState>::try_new().map_err(|err| os_error!(err))?;

-        let mut winit_state = WinitState::new(&globals, &queue_handle, event_loop.handle())
-            .map_err(|error| os_error!(error))?;
+        let mut winit_state = WinitState::new(&globals, &queue_handle, event_loop.handle())?;

        // NOTE: do a roundtrip after binding the globals to prevent potential
        // races with the server.
-        map_err!(event_queue.roundtrip(&mut winit_state), WaylandError::Dispatch)?;
+        event_queue.roundtrip(&mut winit_state).map_err(|err| os_error!(err))?;

        // Register Wayland source.
        let wayland_source = WaylandSource::new(connection.clone(), event_queue);
@@ -103,42 +93,39 @@ impl EventLoop {
                result
            });

-        map_err!(
-            event_loop.handle().register_dispatcher(wayland_dispatcher.clone()),
-            WaylandError::Calloop
-        )?;
+        event_loop
+            .handle()
+            .register_dispatcher(wayland_dispatcher.clone())
+            .map_err(|err| os_error!(err))?;

        // Setup the user proxy.
        let (ping, ping_source) = calloop::ping::make_ping().unwrap();
-        let result = event_loop
+        event_loop
            .handle()
            .insert_source(ping_source, move |_, _, winit_state: &mut WinitState| {
                winit_state.dispatched_events = true;
                winit_state.proxy_wake_up = true;
            })
-            .map_err(|error| error.error);
-        map_err!(result, WaylandError::Calloop)?;
+            .map_err(|err| os_error!(err))?;

        // An event's loop awakener to wake up for window events from winit's windows.
-        let (event_loop_awakener, event_loop_awakener_source) = map_err!(
-            calloop::ping::make_ping()
-                .map_err(|error| CalloopError::OtherError(Box::new(error).into())),
-            WaylandError::Calloop
-        )?;
+        let (event_loop_awakener, event_loop_awakener_source) =
+            calloop::ping::make_ping().map_err(|err| os_error!(err))?;

-        let result = event_loop
+        event_loop
            .handle()
            .insert_source(event_loop_awakener_source, move |_, _, winit_state: &mut WinitState| {
                // Mark that we have something to dispatch.
                winit_state.dispatched_events = true;
            })
-            .map_err(|error| error.error);
-        map_err!(result, WaylandError::Calloop)?;
+            .map_err(|err| os_error!(err))?;

-        let window_target = ActiveEventLoop {
-            connection: connection.clone(),
+        let handle = Arc::new(OwnedDisplayHandle::new(connection));
+        let active_event_loop = ActiveEventLoop {
+            handle: handle.clone(),
            wayland_dispatcher: wayland_dispatcher.clone(),
            event_loop_awakener,
+            event_loop_proxy: EventLoopProxy::new(ping).into(),
            queue_handle,
            control_flow: Cell::new(ControlFlow::default()),
            exit: Cell::new(None),
@@ -150,29 +137,26 @@ impl EventLoop {
            compositor_updates: Vec::new(),
            buffer_sink: EventSink::default(),
            window_ids: Vec::new(),
-            connection,
+            handle,
            wayland_dispatcher,
-            event_loop_proxy: EventLoopProxy::new(ping),
            event_loop,
-            window_target: RootActiveEventLoop {
-                p: PlatformActiveEventLoop::Wayland(window_target),
-                _marker: PhantomData,
-            },
+            active_event_loop,
        };

        Ok(event_loop)
    }

-    pub fn run_app<A: ApplicationHandler>(mut self, app: &mut A) -> Result<(), EventLoopError> {
+    pub fn run_app<A: ApplicationHandler>(mut self, app: A) -> Result<(), EventLoopError> {
        self.run_app_on_demand(app)
    }

    pub fn run_app_on_demand<A: ApplicationHandler>(
        &mut self,
-        app: &mut A,
+        mut app: A,
    ) -> Result<(), EventLoopError> {
+        self.active_event_loop.clear_exit();
        let exit = loop {
-            match self.pump_app_events(None, app) {
+            match self.pump_app_events(None, &mut app) {
                PumpStatus::Exit(0) => {
                    break Ok(());
                },
@@ -197,24 +181,24 @@ impl EventLoop {
    pub fn pump_app_events<A: ApplicationHandler>(
        &mut self,
        timeout: Option<Duration>,
-        app: &mut A,
+        mut app: A,
    ) -> PumpStatus {
        if !self.loop_running {
            self.loop_running = true;

            // Run the initial loop iteration.
-            self.single_iteration(app, StartCause::Init);
+            self.single_iteration(&mut app, StartCause::Init);
        }

        // Consider the possibility that the `StartCause::Init` iteration could
        // request to Exit.
        if !self.exiting() {
-            self.poll_events_with_timeout(timeout, app);
+            self.poll_events_with_timeout(timeout, &mut app);
        }
        if let Some(code) = self.exit_code() {
            self.loop_running = false;

-            app.exiting(&self.window_target);
+            app.exiting(&self.active_event_loop);

            PumpStatus::Exit(code)
        } else {
@@ -222,7 +206,7 @@ impl EventLoop {
        }
    }

-    pub fn poll_events_with_timeout<A: ApplicationHandler>(
+    fn poll_events_with_timeout<A: ApplicationHandler>(
        &mut self,
        mut timeout: Option<Duration>,
        app: &mut A,
@@ -247,7 +231,7 @@ impl EventLoop {
            //
            // Checking for flush error is essential to perform an exit with error, since
            // once we have a protocol error, we could get stuck retrying...
-            if self.connection.flush().is_err() {
+            if self.handle.connection.flush().is_err() {
                self.set_exit_code(1);
                return;
            }
@@ -302,17 +286,17 @@ impl EventLoop {
        let mut buffer_sink = std::mem::take(&mut self.buffer_sink);
        let mut window_ids = std::mem::take(&mut self.window_ids);

-        app.new_events(&self.window_target, cause);
+        app.new_events(&self.active_event_loop, cause);

-        // NB: For consistency all platforms must emit a 'resumed' event even though Wayland
-        // applications don't themselves have a formal suspend/resume lifecycle.
+        // NB: For consistency all platforms must call `can_create_surfaces` even though Wayland
+        // applications don't themselves have a formal surface destroy/create lifecycle.
        if cause == StartCause::Init {
-            app.resumed(&self.window_target);
+            app.can_create_surfaces(&self.active_event_loop);
        }

        // Indicate user wake up.
        if self.with_state(|state| mem::take(&mut state.proxy_wake_up)) {
-            app.proxy_wake_up(&self.window_target);
+            app.proxy_wake_up(&self.active_event_loop);
        }

        // Drain the pending compositor updates.
@@ -325,24 +309,23 @@ impl EventLoop {
                    let windows = state.windows.get_mut();
                    let window = windows.get(&window_id).unwrap().lock().unwrap();
                    let scale_factor = window.scale_factor();
-                    let size = logical_to_physical_rounded(window.inner_size(), scale_factor);
+                    let size = logical_to_physical_rounded(window.surface_size(), scale_factor);
                    (size, scale_factor)
                });

                // Stash the old window size.
                let old_physical_size = physical_size;

-                let new_inner_size = Arc::new(Mutex::new(physical_size));
-                let root_window_id = crate::window::WindowId(window_id);
+                let new_surface_size = Arc::new(Mutex::new(physical_size));
                let event = WindowEvent::ScaleFactorChanged {
                    scale_factor,
-                    inner_size_writer: InnerSizeWriter::new(Arc::downgrade(&new_inner_size)),
+                    surface_size_writer: SurfaceSizeWriter::new(Arc::downgrade(&new_surface_size)),
                };

-                app.window_event(&self.window_target, root_window_id, event);
+                app.window_event(&self.active_event_loop, window_id, event);

-                let physical_size = *new_inner_size.lock().unwrap();
-                drop(new_inner_size);
+                let physical_size = *new_surface_size.lock().unwrap();
+                drop(new_surface_size);

                // Resize the window when user altered the size.
                if old_physical_size != physical_size {
@@ -352,7 +335,7 @@ impl EventLoop {

                        let new_logical_size: LogicalSize<f64> =
                            physical_size.to_logical(scale_factor);
-                        window.request_inner_size(new_logical_size.into());
+                        window.request_surface_size(new_logical_size.into());
                    });

                    // Make it queue resize.
@@ -368,7 +351,7 @@ impl EventLoop {
                    let window = windows.get(&window_id).unwrap().lock().unwrap();

                    let scale_factor = window.scale_factor();
-                    let size = logical_to_physical_rounded(window.inner_size(), scale_factor);
+                    let size = logical_to_physical_rounded(window.surface_size(), scale_factor);

                    // Mark the window as needed a redraw.
                    state
@@ -382,14 +365,12 @@ impl EventLoop {
                    size
                });

-                let window_id = crate::window::WindowId(window_id);
-                let event = WindowEvent::Resized(physical_size);
-                app.window_event(&self.window_target, window_id, event);
+                let event = WindowEvent::SurfaceResized(physical_size);
+                app.window_event(&self.active_event_loop, window_id, event);
            }

            if compositor_update.close_window {
-                let window_id = crate::window::WindowId(window_id);
-                app.window_event(&self.window_target, window_id, WindowEvent::CloseRequested);
+                app.window_event(&self.active_event_loop, window_id, WindowEvent::CloseRequested);
            }
        }

@@ -400,10 +381,10 @@ impl EventLoop {
        for event in buffer_sink.drain() {
            match event {
                Event::WindowEvent { window_id, event } => {
-                    app.window_event(&self.window_target, window_id, event)
+                    app.window_event(&self.active_event_loop, window_id, event)
                },
                Event::DeviceEvent { device_id, event } => {
-                    app.device_event(&self.window_target, device_id, event)
+                    app.device_event(&self.active_event_loop, device_id, event)
                },
                _ => unreachable!("event which is neither device nor window event."),
            }
@@ -416,10 +397,10 @@ impl EventLoop {
        for event in buffer_sink.drain() {
            match event {
                Event::WindowEvent { window_id, event } => {
-                    app.window_event(&self.window_target, window_id, event)
+                    app.window_event(&self.active_event_loop, window_id, event)
                },
                Event::DeviceEvent { device_id, event } => {
-                    app.device_event(&self.window_target, device_id, event)
+                    app.device_event(&self.active_event_loop, device_id, event)
                },
                _ => unreachable!("event which is neither device nor window event."),
            }
@@ -458,8 +439,7 @@ impl EventLoop {
            });

            if let Some(event) = event {
-                let window_id = crate::window::WindowId(*window_id);
-                app.window_event(&self.window_target, window_id, event);
+                app.window_event(&self.active_event_loop, *window_id, event);
            }
        }

@@ -469,7 +449,7 @@ impl EventLoop {
        });

        // This is always the last event we dispatch before poll again
-        app.about_to_wait(&self.window_target);
+        app.about_to_wait(&self.active_event_loop);

        // Update the window frames and schedule redraws.
        let mut wake_up = false;
@@ -498,13 +478,7 @@ impl EventLoop {
        // If the user draws from the `AboutToWait` this is likely not required, however
        // we can't do much about it.
        if wake_up {
-            match &self.window_target.p {
-                PlatformActiveEventLoop::Wayland(window_target) => {
-                    window_target.event_loop_awakener.ping();
-                },
-                #[cfg(x11_platform)]
-                PlatformActiveEventLoop::X(_) => unreachable!(),
-            }
+            self.active_event_loop.event_loop_awakener.ping();
        }

        std::mem::swap(&mut self.compositor_updates, &mut compositor_updates);
@@ -513,31 +487,17 @@ impl EventLoop {
    }

    #[inline]
-    pub fn create_proxy(&self) -> EventLoopProxy {
-        self.event_loop_proxy.clone()
-    }
-
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn window_target(&self) -> &RootActiveEventLoop {
-        &self.window_target
+    pub fn window_target(&self) -> &dyn RootActiveEventLoop {
+        &self.active_event_loop
    }

    fn with_state<'a, U: 'a, F: FnOnce(&'a mut WinitState) -> U>(&'a mut self, callback: F) -> U {
-        let state = match &mut self.window_target.p {
-            PlatformActiveEventLoop::Wayland(window_target) => window_target.state.get_mut(),
-            #[cfg(x11_platform)]
-            _ => unreachable!(),
-        };
-
+        let state = self.active_event_loop.state.get_mut();
        callback(state)
    }

    fn loop_dispatch<D: Into<Option<std::time::Duration>>>(&mut self, timeout: D) -> IOResult<()> {
-        let state = match &mut self.window_target.p {
-            PlatformActiveEventLoop::Wayland(window_target) => window_target.state.get_mut(),
-            #[cfg(feature = "x11")]
-            _ => unreachable!(),
-        };
+        let state = &mut self.active_event_loop.state.get_mut();

        self.event_loop.dispatch(timeout, state).map_err(|error| {
            tracing::error!("Error dispatching event loop: {}", error);
@@ -545,34 +505,28 @@ impl EventLoop {
        })
    }

-    fn roundtrip(&mut self) -> Result<usize, RootOsError> {
-        let state = match &mut self.window_target.p {
-            PlatformActiveEventLoop::Wayland(window_target) => window_target.state.get_mut(),
-            #[cfg(feature = "x11")]
-            _ => unreachable!(),
-        };
+    fn roundtrip(&mut self) -> Result<usize, OsError> {
+        let state = &mut self.active_event_loop.state.get_mut();

        let mut wayland_source = self.wayland_dispatcher.as_source_mut();
        let event_queue = wayland_source.queue();
-        event_queue.roundtrip(state).map_err(|error| {
-            os_error!(OsError::WaylandError(Arc::new(WaylandError::Dispatch(error))))
-        })
+        event_queue.roundtrip(state).map_err(|err| os_error!(err))
    }

    fn control_flow(&self) -> ControlFlow {
-        self.window_target.p.control_flow()
+        self.active_event_loop.control_flow()
    }

    fn exiting(&self) -> bool {
-        self.window_target.p.exiting()
+        self.active_event_loop.exiting()
    }

    fn set_exit_code(&self, code: i32) {
-        self.window_target.p.set_exit_code(code)
+        self.active_event_loop.set_exit_code(code)
    }

    fn exit_code(&self) -> Option<i32> {
-        self.window_target.p.exit_code()
+        self.active_event_loop.exit_code()
    }
 }

@@ -589,6 +543,9 @@ impl AsRawFd for EventLoop {
 }

 pub struct ActiveEventLoop {
+    /// Event loop proxy
+    event_loop_proxy: CoreEventLoopProxy,
+
    /// The event loop wakeup source.
    pub event_loop_awakener: calloop::ping::Ping,

@@ -608,69 +565,121 @@ pub struct ActiveEventLoop {
    /// Dispatcher of Wayland events.
    pub wayland_dispatcher: WaylandDispatcher,

-    /// Connection to the wayland server.
-    pub connection: Connection,
+    /// Handle for the underlying event loop.
+    pub handle: Arc<OwnedDisplayHandle>,
 }

-impl ActiveEventLoop {
-    pub(crate) fn set_control_flow(&self, control_flow: ControlFlow) {
+impl RootActiveEventLoop for ActiveEventLoop {
+    fn create_proxy(&self) -> CoreEventLoopProxy {
+        self.event_loop_proxy.clone()
+    }
+
+    fn set_control_flow(&self, control_flow: ControlFlow) {
        self.control_flow.set(control_flow)
    }

-    pub(crate) fn control_flow(&self) -> ControlFlow {
+    fn control_flow(&self) -> ControlFlow {
        self.control_flow.get()
    }

-    pub(crate) fn exit(&self) {
+    fn exit(&self) {
        self.exit.set(Some(0))
    }

-    pub(crate) fn clear_exit(&self) {
-        self.exit.set(None)
-    }
-
-    pub(crate) fn exiting(&self) -> bool {
+    fn exiting(&self) -> bool {
        self.exit.get().is_some()
    }

-    pub(crate) fn set_exit_code(&self, code: i32) {
+    #[inline]
+    fn listen_device_events(&self, _allowed: DeviceEvents) {}
+
+    fn create_custom_cursor(
+        &self,
+        cursor: CustomCursorSource,
+    ) -> Result<RootCustomCursor, RequestError> {
+        Ok(RootCustomCursor {
+            inner: PlatformCustomCursor::Wayland(OnlyCursorImage(Arc::from(cursor.inner.0))),
+        })
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn system_theme(&self) -> Option<Theme> {
+        None
+    }
+
+    fn create_window(
+        &self,
+        window_attributes: crate::window::WindowAttributes,
+    ) -> Result<Box<dyn crate::window::Window>, RequestError> {
+        let window = crate::platform_impl::wayland::Window::new(self, window_attributes)?;
+        Ok(Box::new(window))
+    }
+
+    fn available_monitors(&self) -> Box<dyn Iterator<Item = crate::monitor::MonitorHandle>> {
+        Box::new(
+            self.state
+                .borrow()
+                .output_state
+                .outputs()
+                .map(crate::platform_impl::wayland::output::MonitorHandle::new)
+                .map(crate::platform_impl::MonitorHandle::Wayland)
+                .map(|inner| crate::monitor::MonitorHandle { inner }),
+        )
+    }
+
+    fn primary_monitor(&self) -> Option<crate::monitor::MonitorHandle> {
+        // There's no primary monitor on Wayland.
+        None
+    }
+
+    fn owned_display_handle(&self) -> CoreOwnedDisplayHandle {
+        CoreOwnedDisplayHandle::new(self.handle.clone())
+    }
+
+    fn rwh_06_handle(&self) -> &dyn rwh_06::HasDisplayHandle {
+        self
+    }
+}
+
+impl ActiveEventLoop {
+    fn clear_exit(&self) {
+        self.exit.set(None)
+    }
+
+    fn set_exit_code(&self, code: i32) {
        self.exit.set(Some(code))
    }

-    pub(crate) fn exit_code(&self) -> Option<i32> {
+    fn exit_code(&self) -> Option<i32> {
        self.exit.get()
    }
+}

-    #[inline]
-    pub fn listen_device_events(&self, _allowed: DeviceEvents) {}
-
-    pub(crate) fn create_custom_cursor(&self, cursor: CustomCursorSource) -> RootCustomCursor {
-        RootCustomCursor {
-            inner: PlatformCustomCursor::Wayland(OnlyCursorImage(Arc::from(cursor.inner.0))),
-        }
-    }
-
-    #[cfg(feature = "rwh_05")]
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn raw_display_handle_rwh_05(&self) -> rwh_05::RawDisplayHandle {
-        use sctk::reexports::client::Proxy;
-
-        let mut display_handle = rwh_05::WaylandDisplayHandle::empty();
-        display_handle.display = self.connection.display().id().as_ptr() as *mut _;
-        rwh_05::RawDisplayHandle::Wayland(display_handle)
-    }
-
-    #[cfg(feature = "rwh_06")]
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn raw_display_handle_rwh_06(
-        &self,
-    ) -> Result<rwh_06::RawDisplayHandle, rwh_06::HandleError> {
-        use sctk::reexports::client::Proxy;
-
-        Ok(rwh_06::WaylandDisplayHandle::new({
-            let ptr = self.connection.display().id().as_ptr();
-            std::ptr::NonNull::new(ptr as *mut _).expect("wl_display should never be null")
-        })
-        .into())
+impl rwh_06::HasDisplayHandle for ActiveEventLoop {
+    fn display_handle(&self) -> Result<rwh_06::DisplayHandle<'_>, rwh_06::HandleError> {
+        self.handle.display_handle()
+    }
+}
+
+pub struct OwnedDisplayHandle {
+    pub(crate) connection: Connection,
+}
+
+impl OwnedDisplayHandle {
+    fn new(connection: Connection) -> Self {
+        Self { connection }
+    }
+}
+
+impl rwh_06::HasDisplayHandle for OwnedDisplayHandle {
+    fn display_handle(&self) -> Result<rwh_06::DisplayHandle<'_>, rwh_06::HandleError> {
+        use sctk::reexports::client::Proxy;
+
+        let raw = rwh_06::WaylandDisplayHandle::new({
+            let ptr = self.connection.display().id().as_ptr();
+            std::ptr::NonNull::new(ptr as *mut _).expect("wl_display should never be null")
+        });
+
+        Ok(unsafe { rwh_06::DisplayHandle::borrow_raw(raw.into()) })
    }
 }
--- a/src/platform_impl/linux/wayland/event_loop/proxy.rs
+++ b/src/platform_impl/linux/wayland/event_loop/proxy.rs
@@ -1,19 +1,30 @@
 //! An event loop proxy.

+use std::sync::Arc;
+
 use sctk::reexports::calloop::ping::Ping;

+use crate::event_loop::{EventLoopProxy as CoreEventLoopProxy, EventLoopProxyProvider};
+
 /// A handle that can be sent across the threads and used to wake up the `EventLoop`.
-#[derive(Clone)]
 pub struct EventLoopProxy {
    ping: Ping,
 }

+impl EventLoopProxyProvider for EventLoopProxy {
+    fn wake_up(&self) {
+        self.ping.ping();
+    }
+}
+
 impl EventLoopProxy {
    pub fn new(ping: Ping) -> Self {
        Self { ping }
    }
+}

-    pub fn wake_up(&self) {
-        self.ping.ping();
+impl From<EventLoopProxy> for CoreEventLoopProxy {
+    fn from(value: EventLoopProxy) -> Self {
+        CoreEventLoopProxy::new(Arc::new(value))
    }
 }
--- a/src/platform_impl/linux/wayland/event_loop/sink.rs
+++ b/src/platform_impl/linux/wayland/event_loop/sink.rs
@@ -2,11 +2,8 @@

 use std::vec::Drain;

-use crate::event::{DeviceEvent, DeviceId as RootDeviceId, Event, WindowEvent};
-use crate::platform_impl::platform::DeviceId as PlatformDeviceId;
-use crate::window::WindowId as RootWindowId;
-
-use super::{DeviceId, WindowId};
+use crate::event::{DeviceEvent, Event, WindowEvent};
+use crate::window::WindowId;

 /// An event loop's sink to deliver events from the Wayland event callbacks
 /// to the winit's user.
@@ -28,17 +25,14 @@ impl EventSink {

    /// Add new device event to a queue.
    #[inline]
-    pub fn push_device_event(&mut self, event: DeviceEvent, device_id: DeviceId) {
-        self.window_events.push(Event::DeviceEvent {
-            event,
-            device_id: RootDeviceId(PlatformDeviceId::Wayland(device_id)),
-        });
+    pub fn push_device_event(&mut self, event: DeviceEvent) {
+        self.window_events.push(Event::DeviceEvent { event, device_id: None });
    }

    /// Add new window event to a queue.
    #[inline]
    pub fn push_window_event(&mut self, event: WindowEvent, window_id: WindowId) {
-        self.window_events.push(Event::WindowEvent { event, window_id: RootWindowId(window_id) });
+        self.window_events.push(Event::WindowEvent { event, window_id });
    }

    #[inline]
--- a/src/platform_impl/linux/wayland/mod.rs
+++ b/src/platform_impl/linux/wayland/mod.rs
@@ -1,18 +1,14 @@
 //! Winit's Wayland backend.

-use std::fmt::Display;
-use std::sync::Arc;
-
-use sctk::reexports::client::globals::{BindError, GlobalError};
+pub use event_loop::{ActiveEventLoop, EventLoop};
+pub use output::{MonitorHandle, VideoModeHandle};
 use sctk::reexports::client::protocol::wl_surface::WlSurface;
-use sctk::reexports::client::{self, ConnectError, DispatchError, Proxy};
+use sctk::reexports::client::Proxy;
+pub use window::Window;

 pub(super) use crate::cursor::OnlyCursorImage as CustomCursor;
 use crate::dpi::{LogicalSize, PhysicalSize};
-pub use crate::platform_impl::platform::{OsError, WindowId};
-pub use event_loop::{ActiveEventLoop, EventLoop, EventLoopProxy};
-pub use output::{MonitorHandle, VideoModeHandle};
-pub use window::Window;
+use crate::window::WindowId;

 mod event_loop;
 mod output;
@@ -21,60 +17,10 @@ mod state;
 mod types;
 mod window;

-#[derive(Debug)]
-pub enum WaylandError {
-    /// Error connecting to the socket.
-    Connection(ConnectError),
-
-    /// Error binding the global.
-    Global(GlobalError),
-
-    // Bind error.
-    Bind(BindError),
-
-    /// Error during the dispatching the event queue.
-    Dispatch(DispatchError),
-
-    /// Calloop error.
-    Calloop(calloop::Error),
-
-    /// Wayland
-    Wire(client::backend::WaylandError),
-}
-
-impl Display for WaylandError {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
-        match self {
-            WaylandError::Connection(error) => error.fmt(f),
-            WaylandError::Global(error) => error.fmt(f),
-            WaylandError::Bind(error) => error.fmt(f),
-            WaylandError::Dispatch(error) => error.fmt(f),
-            WaylandError::Calloop(error) => error.fmt(f),
-            WaylandError::Wire(error) => error.fmt(f),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl From<WaylandError> for OsError {
-    fn from(value: WaylandError) -> Self {
-        Self::WaylandError(Arc::new(value))
-    }
-}
-
-/// Dummy device id, since Wayland doesn't have device events.
-#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord, Hash)]
-pub struct DeviceId;
-
-impl DeviceId {
-    pub const unsafe fn dummy() -> Self {
-        DeviceId
-    }
-}
-
 /// Get the WindowId out of the surface.
 #[inline]
 fn make_wid(surface: &WlSurface) -> WindowId {
-    WindowId(surface.id().as_ptr() as u64)
+    WindowId::from_raw(surface.id().as_ptr() as usize)
 }

 /// The default routine does floor, but we need round on Wayland.
--- a/src/platform_impl/linux/wayland/output.rs
+++ b/src/platform_impl/linux/wayland/output.rs
@@ -1,26 +1,12 @@
+use std::num::{NonZeroU16, NonZeroU32};
+
+use sctk::output::{Mode, OutputData};
 use sctk::reexports::client::protocol::wl_output::WlOutput;
 use sctk::reexports::client::Proxy;

-use sctk::output::OutputData;
-
 use crate::dpi::{LogicalPosition, PhysicalPosition, PhysicalSize};
 use crate::platform_impl::platform::VideoModeHandle as PlatformVideoModeHandle;

-use super::event_loop::ActiveEventLoop;
-
-impl ActiveEventLoop {
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn available_monitors(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = MonitorHandle> {
-        self.state.borrow().output_state.outputs().map(MonitorHandle::new)
-    }
-
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn primary_monitor(&self) -> Option<MonitorHandle> {
-        // There's no primary monitor on Wayland.
-        None
-    }
-}
-
 #[derive(Clone, Debug)]
 pub struct MonitorHandle {
    pub(crate) proxy: WlOutput,
@@ -45,23 +31,9 @@ impl MonitorHandle {
    }

    #[inline]
-    pub fn size(&self) -> PhysicalSize<u32> {
+    pub fn position(&self) -> Option<PhysicalPosition<i32>> {
        let output_data = self.proxy.data::<OutputData>().unwrap();
-        let dimensions = output_data.with_output_info(|info| {
-            info.modes.iter().find_map(|mode| mode.current.then_some(mode.dimensions))
-        });
-
-        match dimensions {
-            Some((width, height)) => (width as u32, height as u32),
-            _ => (0, 0),
-        }
-        .into()
-    }
-
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn position(&self) -> PhysicalPosition<i32> {
-        let output_data = self.proxy.data::<OutputData>().unwrap();
-        output_data.with_output_info(|info| {
+        Some(output_data.with_output_info(|info| {
            info.logical_position.map_or_else(
                || {
                    LogicalPosition::<i32>::from(info.location)
@@ -72,15 +44,7 @@ impl MonitorHandle {
                        .to_physical(info.scale_factor as f64)
                },
            )
-        })
-    }
-
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn refresh_rate_millihertz(&self) -> Option<u32> {
-        let output_data = self.proxy.data::<OutputData>().unwrap();
-        output_data.with_output_info(|info| {
-            info.modes.iter().find_map(|mode| mode.current.then_some(mode.refresh_rate as u32))
-        })
+        }))
    }

    #[inline]
@@ -89,6 +53,18 @@ impl MonitorHandle {
        output_data.scale_factor()
    }

+    #[inline]
+    pub fn current_video_mode(&self) -> Option<PlatformVideoModeHandle> {
+        let output_data = self.proxy.data::<OutputData>().unwrap();
+        output_data.with_output_info(|info| {
+            let mode = info.modes.iter().find(|mode| mode.current).cloned();
+
+            mode.map(|mode| {
+                PlatformVideoModeHandle::Wayland(VideoModeHandle::new(self.clone(), mode))
+            })
+        })
+    }
+
    #[inline]
    pub fn video_modes(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = PlatformVideoModeHandle> {
        let output_data = self.proxy.data::<OutputData>().unwrap();
@@ -97,12 +73,7 @@ impl MonitorHandle {
        let monitor = self.clone();

        modes.into_iter().map(move |mode| {
-            PlatformVideoModeHandle::Wayland(VideoModeHandle {
-                size: (mode.dimensions.0 as u32, mode.dimensions.1 as u32).into(),
-                refresh_rate_millihertz: mode.refresh_rate as u32,
-                bit_depth: 32,
-                monitor: monitor.clone(),
-            })
+            PlatformVideoModeHandle::Wayland(VideoModeHandle::new(monitor.clone(), mode))
        })
    }
 }
@@ -136,24 +107,31 @@ impl std::hash::Hash for MonitorHandle {
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
 pub struct VideoModeHandle {
    pub(crate) size: PhysicalSize<u32>,
-    pub(crate) bit_depth: u16,
-    pub(crate) refresh_rate_millihertz: u32,
+    pub(crate) refresh_rate_millihertz: Option<NonZeroU32>,
    pub(crate) monitor: MonitorHandle,
 }

 impl VideoModeHandle {
+    fn new(monitor: MonitorHandle, mode: Mode) -> Self {
+        VideoModeHandle {
+            size: (mode.dimensions.0 as u32, mode.dimensions.1 as u32).into(),
+            refresh_rate_millihertz: NonZeroU32::new(mode.refresh_rate as u32),
+            monitor: monitor.clone(),
+        }
+    }
+
    #[inline]
    pub fn size(&self) -> PhysicalSize<u32> {
        self.size
    }

    #[inline]
-    pub fn bit_depth(&self) -> u16 {
-        self.bit_depth
+    pub fn bit_depth(&self) -> Option<NonZeroU16> {
+        None
    }

    #[inline]
-    pub fn refresh_rate_millihertz(&self) -> u32 {
+    pub fn refresh_rate_millihertz(&self) -> Option<NonZeroU32> {
        self.refresh_rate_millihertz
    }

--- a/src/platform_impl/linux/wayland/seat/keyboard/mod.rs
+++ b/src/platform_impl/linux/wayland/seat/keyboard/mod.rs
@@ -5,22 +5,19 @@ use std::time::Duration;

 use calloop::timer::{TimeoutAction, Timer};
 use calloop::{LoopHandle, RegistrationToken};
-use tracing::warn;
-
 use sctk::reexports::client::protocol::wl_keyboard::{
    Event as WlKeyboardEvent, KeyState as WlKeyState, KeymapFormat as WlKeymapFormat, WlKeyboard,
 };
 use sctk::reexports::client::protocol::wl_seat::WlSeat;
 use sctk::reexports::client::{Connection, Dispatch, Proxy, QueueHandle, WEnum};
+use tracing::warn;

 use crate::event::{ElementState, WindowEvent};
 use crate::keyboard::ModifiersState;
-
 use crate::platform_impl::common::xkb::Context;
 use crate::platform_impl::wayland::event_loop::sink::EventSink;
-use crate::platform_impl::wayland::seat::WinitSeatState;
 use crate::platform_impl::wayland::state::WinitState;
-use crate::platform_impl::wayland::{self, DeviceId, WindowId};
+use crate::platform_impl::wayland::{self, WindowId};

 impl Dispatch<WlKeyboard, KeyboardData, WinitState> for WinitState {
    fn event(
@@ -33,7 +30,17 @@ impl Dispatch<WlKeyboard, KeyboardData, WinitState> for WinitState {
    ) {
        let seat_state = match state.seats.get_mut(&data.seat.id()) {
            Some(seat_state) => seat_state,
-            None => return,
+            None => {
+                warn!("Received keyboard event {event:?} without seat");
+                return;
+            },
+        };
+        let keyboard_state = match seat_state.keyboard_state.as_mut() {
+            Some(keyboard_state) => keyboard_state,
+            None => {
+                warn!("Received keyboard event {event:?} without keyboard");
+                return;
+            },
        };

        match event {
@@ -43,7 +50,7 @@ impl Dispatch<WlKeyboard, KeyboardData, WinitState> for WinitState {
                        warn!("non-xkb compatible keymap")
                    },
                    WlKeymapFormat::XkbV1 => {
-                        let context = &mut seat_state.keyboard_state.as_mut().unwrap().xkb_context;
+                        let context = &mut keyboard_state.xkb_context;
                        context.set_keymap_from_fd(fd, size as usize);
                    },
                    _ => unreachable!(),
@@ -67,7 +74,6 @@ impl Dispatch<WlKeyboard, KeyboardData, WinitState> for WinitState {
                };

                // Drop the repeat, if there were any.
-                let keyboard_state = seat_state.keyboard_state.as_mut().unwrap();
                keyboard_state.current_repeat = None;
                if let Some(token) = keyboard_state.repeat_token.take() {
                    keyboard_state.loop_handle.remove(token);
@@ -93,7 +99,6 @@ impl Dispatch<WlKeyboard, KeyboardData, WinitState> for WinitState {

                // NOTE: we should drop the repeat regardless whethere it was for the present
                // window of for the window which just went gone.
-                let keyboard_state = seat_state.keyboard_state.as_mut().unwrap();
                keyboard_state.current_repeat = None;
                if let Some(token) = keyboard_state.repeat_token.take() {
                    keyboard_state.loop_handle.remove(token);
@@ -128,7 +133,7 @@ impl Dispatch<WlKeyboard, KeyboardData, WinitState> for WinitState {
                let key = key + 8;

                key_input(
-                    seat_state,
+                    keyboard_state,
                    &mut state.events_sink,
                    data,
                    key,
@@ -136,7 +141,6 @@ impl Dispatch<WlKeyboard, KeyboardData, WinitState> for WinitState {
                    false,
                );

-                let keyboard_state = seat_state.keyboard_state.as_mut().unwrap();
                let delay = match keyboard_state.repeat_info {
                    RepeatInfo::Repeat { delay, .. } => delay,
                    RepeatInfo::Disable => return,
@@ -163,18 +167,25 @@ impl Dispatch<WlKeyboard, KeyboardData, WinitState> for WinitState {
                        state.dispatched_events = true;

                        let data = wl_keyboard.data::<KeyboardData>().unwrap();
-                        let seat_state = state.seats.get_mut(&data.seat.id()).unwrap();
+                        let seat_state = match state.seats.get_mut(&data.seat.id()) {
+                            Some(seat_state) => seat_state,
+                            None => return TimeoutAction::Drop,
+                        };

-                        // NOTE: The removed on event source is batched, but key change to
-                        // `None` is instant.
-                        let repeat_keycode =
-                            match seat_state.keyboard_state.as_ref().unwrap().current_repeat {
-                                Some(repeat_keycode) => repeat_keycode,
-                                None => return TimeoutAction::Drop,
-                            };
+                        let keyboard_state = match seat_state.keyboard_state.as_mut() {
+                            Some(keyboard_state) => keyboard_state,
+                            None => return TimeoutAction::Drop,
+                        };
+
+                        // NOTE: The removed on event source is batched, but key change to `None`
+                        // is instant.
+                        let repeat_keycode = match keyboard_state.current_repeat {
+                            Some(repeat_keycode) => repeat_keycode,
+                            None => return TimeoutAction::Drop,
+                        };

                        key_input(
-                            seat_state,
+                            keyboard_state,
                            &mut state.events_sink,
                            data,
                            repeat_keycode,
@@ -183,7 +194,7 @@ impl Dispatch<WlKeyboard, KeyboardData, WinitState> for WinitState {
                        );

                        // NOTE: the gap could change dynamically while repeat is going.
-                        match seat_state.keyboard_state.as_ref().unwrap().repeat_info {
+                        match keyboard_state.repeat_info {
                            RepeatInfo::Repeat { gap, .. } => TimeoutAction::ToDuration(gap),
                            RepeatInfo::Disable => TimeoutAction::Drop,
                        }
@@ -194,7 +205,7 @@ impl Dispatch<WlKeyboard, KeyboardData, WinitState> for WinitState {
                let key = key + 8;

                key_input(
-                    seat_state,
+                    keyboard_state,
                    &mut state.events_sink,
                    data,
                    key,
@@ -202,7 +213,6 @@ impl Dispatch<WlKeyboard, KeyboardData, WinitState> for WinitState {
                    false,
                );

-                let keyboard_state = seat_state.keyboard_state.as_mut().unwrap();
                if keyboard_state.repeat_info != RepeatInfo::Disable
                    && keyboard_state.xkb_context.keymap_mut().unwrap().key_repeats(key)
                    && Some(key) == keyboard_state.current_repeat
@@ -216,7 +226,7 @@ impl Dispatch<WlKeyboard, KeyboardData, WinitState> for WinitState {
            WlKeyboardEvent::Modifiers {
                mods_depressed, mods_latched, mods_locked, group, ..
            } => {
-                let xkb_context = &mut seat_state.keyboard_state.as_mut().unwrap().xkb_context;
+                let xkb_context = &mut keyboard_state.xkb_context;
                let xkb_state = match xkb_context.state_mut() {
                    Some(state) => state,
                    None => return,
@@ -240,7 +250,6 @@ impl Dispatch<WlKeyboard, KeyboardData, WinitState> for WinitState {
                );
            },
            WlKeyboardEvent::RepeatInfo { rate, delay } => {
-                let keyboard_state = seat_state.keyboard_state.as_mut().unwrap();
                keyboard_state.repeat_info = if rate == 0 {
                    // Stop the repeat once we get a disable event.
                    keyboard_state.current_repeat = None;
@@ -348,7 +357,7 @@ impl KeyboardData {
 }

 fn key_input(
-    seat_state: &mut WinitSeatState,
+    keyboard_state: &mut KeyboardState,
    event_sink: &mut EventSink,
    data: &KeyboardData,
    keycode: u32,
@@ -360,12 +369,9 @@ fn key_input(
        None => return,
    };

-    let keyboard_state = seat_state.keyboard_state.as_mut().unwrap();
-
-    let device_id = crate::event::DeviceId(crate::platform_impl::DeviceId::Wayland(DeviceId));
    if let Some(mut key_context) = keyboard_state.xkb_context.key_context() {
        let event = key_context.process_key_event(keycode, state, repeat);
-        let event = WindowEvent::KeyboardInput { device_id, event, is_synthetic: false };
+        let event = WindowEvent::KeyboardInput { device_id: None, event, is_synthetic: false };
        event_sink.push_window_event(event, window_id);
    }
 }
--- a/src/platform_impl/linux/wayland/seat/mod.rs
+++ b/src/platform_impl/linux/wayland/seat/mod.rs
@@ -3,16 +3,15 @@
 use std::sync::Arc;

 use ahash::AHashMap;
-
 use sctk::reexports::client::backend::ObjectId;
 use sctk::reexports::client::protocol::wl_seat::WlSeat;
 use sctk::reexports::client::protocol::wl_touch::WlTouch;
 use sctk::reexports::client::{Connection, Proxy, QueueHandle};
 use sctk::reexports::protocols::wp::relative_pointer::zv1::client::zwp_relative_pointer_v1::ZwpRelativePointerV1;
 use sctk::reexports::protocols::wp::text_input::zv3::client::zwp_text_input_v3::ZwpTextInputV3;
-
 use sctk::seat::pointer::{ThemeSpec, ThemedPointer};
 use sctk::seat::{Capability as SeatCapability, SeatHandler, SeatState};
+use tracing::warn;

 use crate::event::WindowEvent;
 use crate::keyboard::ModifiersState;
@@ -23,12 +22,11 @@ mod pointer;
 mod text_input;
 mod touch;

+use keyboard::{KeyboardData, KeyboardState};
 pub use pointer::relative_pointer::RelativePointerState;
 pub use pointer::{PointerConstraintsState, WinitPointerData, WinitPointerDataExt};
-pub use text_input::{TextInputState, ZwpTextInputV3Ext};
-
-use keyboard::{KeyboardData, KeyboardState};
 use text_input::TextInputData;
+pub use text_input::{TextInputState, ZwpTextInputV3Ext};
 use touch::TouchPoint;

 #[derive(Debug, Default)]
@@ -42,6 +40,9 @@ pub struct WinitSeatState {
    /// The mapping from touched points to the surfaces they're present.
    touch_map: AHashMap<i32, TouchPoint>,

+    /// Id of the first touch event.
+    first_touch_id: Option<i32>,
+
    /// The text input bound on the seat.
    text_input: Option<Arc<ZwpTextInputV3>>,

@@ -76,7 +77,13 @@ impl SeatHandler for WinitState {
        seat: WlSeat,
        capability: SeatCapability,
    ) {
-        let seat_state = self.seats.get_mut(&seat.id()).unwrap();
+        let seat_state = match self.seats.get_mut(&seat.id()) {
+            Some(seat_state) => seat_state,
+            None => {
+                warn!("Received wl_seat::new_capability for unknown seat");
+                return;
+            },
+        };

        match capability {
            SeatCapability::Touch if seat_state.touch.is_none() => {
@@ -139,7 +146,13 @@ impl SeatHandler for WinitState {
        seat: WlSeat,
        capability: SeatCapability,
    ) {
-        let seat_state = self.seats.get_mut(&seat.id()).unwrap();
+        let seat_state = match self.seats.get_mut(&seat.id()) {
+            Some(seat_state) => seat_state,
+            None => {
+                warn!("Received wl_seat::remove_capability for unknown seat");
+                return;
+            },
+        };

        if let Some(text_input) = seat_state.text_input.take() {
            text_input.destroy();
--- a/src/platform_impl/linux/wayland/seat/pointer/mod.rs
+++ b/src/platform_impl/linux/wayland/seat/pointer/mod.rs
@@ -4,6 +4,8 @@ use std::ops::Deref;
 use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex};
 use std::time::Duration;

+use tracing::warn;
+
 use sctk::reexports::client::delegate_dispatch;
 use sctk::reexports::client::protocol::wl_pointer::WlPointer;
 use sctk::reexports::client::protocol::wl_seat::WlSeat;
@@ -25,10 +27,10 @@ use sctk::seat::pointer::{
 use sctk::seat::SeatState;

 use crate::dpi::{LogicalPosition, PhysicalPosition};
-use crate::event::{ElementState, MouseButton, MouseScrollDelta, TouchPhase, WindowEvent};
+use crate::event::{ElementState, MouseButton, MouseScrollDelta, PointerSource, PointerKind, TouchPhase, WindowEvent};

 use crate::platform_impl::wayland::state::WinitState;
-use crate::platform_impl::wayland::{self, DeviceId, WindowId};
+use crate::platform_impl::wayland::{self, WindowId};

 pub mod relative_pointer;

@@ -41,9 +43,21 @@ impl PointerHandler for WinitState {
        events: &[PointerEvent],
    ) {
        let seat = pointer.winit_data().seat();
-        let seat_state = self.seats.get(&seat.id()).unwrap();
+        let seat_state = match self.seats.get(&seat.id()) {
+            Some(seat_state) => seat_state,
+            None => {
+                warn!("Received pointer event without seat");
+                return;
+            },
+        };

-        let device_id = crate::event::DeviceId(crate::platform_impl::DeviceId::Wayland(DeviceId));
+        let themed_pointer = match seat_state.pointer.as_ref() {
+            Some(pointer) => pointer,
+            None => {
+                warn!("Received pointer event without pointer");
+                return;
+            },
+        };

        for event in events {
            let surface = &event.surface;
@@ -78,9 +92,7 @@ impl PointerHandler for WinitState {
                        event.position.0,
                        event.position.1,
                    ) {
-                        if let Some(pointer) = seat_state.pointer.as_ref() {
-                            let _ = pointer.set_cursor(connection, icon);
-                        }
+                        let _ = themed_pointer.set_cursor(connection, icon);
                    }
                },
                PointerEventKind::Leave { .. } if parent_surface != surface => {
@@ -110,35 +122,45 @@ impl PointerHandler for WinitState {
                },
                // Regular events on the main surface.
                PointerEventKind::Enter { .. } => {
-                    self.events_sink
-                        .push_window_event(WindowEvent::CursorEntered { device_id }, window_id);
+                    self.events_sink.push_window_event(
+                        WindowEvent::PointerEntered {
+                            primary: true,
+                            device_id: None,
+                            position,
+                            kind: PointerKind::Mouse,
+                        },
+                        window_id,
+                    );

-                    if let Some(pointer) = seat_state.pointer.as_ref().map(Arc::downgrade) {
-                        window.pointer_entered(pointer);
-                    }
+                    window.pointer_entered(Arc::downgrade(themed_pointer));

                    // Set the currently focused surface.
                    pointer.winit_data().inner.lock().unwrap().surface = Some(window_id);
-
-                    self.events_sink.push_window_event(
-                        WindowEvent::CursorMoved { device_id, position },
-                        window_id,
-                    );
                },
                PointerEventKind::Leave { .. } => {
-                    if let Some(pointer) = seat_state.pointer.as_ref().map(Arc::downgrade) {
-                        window.pointer_left(pointer);
-                    }
+                    window.pointer_left(Arc::downgrade(themed_pointer));

                    // Remove the active surface.
                    pointer.winit_data().inner.lock().unwrap().surface = None;

-                    self.events_sink
-                        .push_window_event(WindowEvent::CursorLeft { device_id }, window_id);
+                    self.events_sink.push_window_event(
+                        WindowEvent::PointerLeft {
+                            primary: true,
+                            device_id: None,
+                            position: Some(position),
+                            kind: PointerKind::Mouse,
+                        },
+                        window_id,
+                    );
                },
                PointerEventKind::Motion { .. } => {
                    self.events_sink.push_window_event(
-                        WindowEvent::CursorMoved { device_id, position },
+                        WindowEvent::PointerMoved {
+                            primary: true,
+                            device_id: None,
+                            position,
+                            source: PointerSource::Mouse,
+                        },
                        window_id,
                    );
                },
@@ -154,7 +176,13 @@ impl PointerHandler for WinitState {
                        ElementState::Released
                    };
                    self.events_sink.push_window_event(
-                        WindowEvent::MouseInput { device_id, state, button },
+                        WindowEvent::PointerButton {
+                            primary: true,
+                            device_id: None,
+                            state,
+                            position,
+                            button: button.into(),
+                        },
                        window_id,
                    );
                },
@@ -185,13 +213,13 @@ impl PointerHandler for WinitState {
                    // Mice events have both pixel and discrete delta's at the same time. So prefer
                    // the descrite values if they are present.
                    let delta = if has_discrete_scroll {
-                        // XXX Wayland sign convention is the inverse of winit.
+                        // NOTE: Wayland sign convention is the inverse of winit.
                        MouseScrollDelta::LineDelta(
                            (-horizontal.discrete) as f32,
                            (-vertical.discrete) as f32,
                        )
                    } else {
-                        // XXX Wayland sign convention is the inverse of winit.
+                        // NOTE: Wayland sign convention is the inverse of winit.
                        MouseScrollDelta::PixelDelta(
                            LogicalPosition::new(-horizontal.absolute, -vertical.absolute)
                                .to_physical(scale_factor),
@@ -199,7 +227,7 @@ impl PointerHandler for WinitState {
                    };

                    self.events_sink.push_window_event(
-                        WindowEvent::MouseWheel { device_id, delta, phase },
+                        WindowEvent::MouseWheel { device_id: None, delta, phase },
                        window_id,
                    )
                },
--- a/src/platform_impl/linux/wayland/seat/pointer/relative_pointer.rs
+++ b/src/platform_impl/linux/wayland/seat/pointer/relative_pointer.rs
@@ -68,14 +68,7 @@ impl Dispatch<ZwpRelativePointerV1, GlobalData, WinitState> for RelativePointerS
        };
        state
            .events_sink
-            .push_device_event(DeviceEvent::Motion { axis: 0, value: dx_unaccel }, super::DeviceId);
-        state
-            .events_sink
-            .push_device_event(DeviceEvent::Motion { axis: 1, value: dy_unaccel }, super::DeviceId);
-        state.events_sink.push_device_event(
-            DeviceEvent::MouseMotion { delta: (dx_unaccel, dy_unaccel) },
-            super::DeviceId,
-        );
+            .push_device_event(DeviceEvent::PointerMotion { delta: (dx_unaccel, dy_unaccel) });
    }
 }

--- a/src/platform_impl/linux/wayland/seat/text_input/mod.rs
+++ b/src/platform_impl/linux/wayland/seat/text_input/mod.rs
@@ -1,11 +1,9 @@
 use std::ops::Deref;

 use sctk::globals::GlobalData;
-use sctk::reexports::client::{Connection, Proxy, QueueHandle};
-
 use sctk::reexports::client::globals::{BindError, GlobalList};
 use sctk::reexports::client::protocol::wl_surface::WlSurface;
-use sctk::reexports::client::{delegate_dispatch, Dispatch};
+use sctk::reexports::client::{delegate_dispatch, Connection, Dispatch, Proxy, QueueHandle};
 use sctk::reexports::protocols::wp::text_input::zv3::client::zwp_text_input_manager_v3::ZwpTextInputManagerV3;
 use sctk::reexports::protocols::wp::text_input::zv3::client::zwp_text_input_v3::{
    ContentHint, ContentPurpose, Event as TextInputEvent, ZwpTextInputV3,
--- a/src/platform_impl/linux/wayland/seat/touch/mod.rs
+++ b/src/platform_impl/linux/wayland/seat/touch/mod.rs
@@ -4,14 +4,13 @@ use sctk::reexports::client::protocol::wl_seat::WlSeat;
 use sctk::reexports::client::protocol::wl_surface::WlSurface;
 use sctk::reexports::client::protocol::wl_touch::WlTouch;
 use sctk::reexports::client::{Connection, Proxy, QueueHandle};
-
 use sctk::seat::touch::{TouchData, TouchHandler};
+use tracing::warn;

 use crate::dpi::LogicalPosition;
-use crate::event::{Touch, TouchPhase, WindowEvent};
-
+use crate::event::{ButtonSource, ElementState, FingerId, PointerKind, PointerSource, WindowEvent};
+use crate::platform_impl::wayland;
 use crate::platform_impl::wayland::state::WinitState;
-use crate::platform_impl::wayland::{self, DeviceId};

 impl TouchHandler for WinitState {
    fn down(
@@ -31,23 +30,43 @@ impl TouchHandler for WinitState {
            None => return,
        };

-        let location = LogicalPosition::<f64>::from(position);
-
-        let seat_state = self.seats.get_mut(&touch.seat().id()).unwrap();
+        let seat_state = match self.seats.get_mut(&touch.seat().id()) {
+            Some(seat_state) => seat_state,
+            None => {
+                warn!("Received wl_touch::down without seat");
+                return;
+            },
+        };

        // Update the state of the point.
+        let location = LogicalPosition::<f64>::from(position);
+        // Only update primary finger once we don't have any touch.
+        if seat_state.touch_map.is_empty() {
+            seat_state.first_touch_id = Some(id);
+        }
+        let primary = seat_state.first_touch_id == Some(id);
        seat_state.touch_map.insert(id, TouchPoint { surface, location });

+        let position = location.to_physical(scale_factor);
+        let finger_id = FingerId::from_raw(id as usize);
+
        self.events_sink.push_window_event(
-            WindowEvent::Touch(Touch {
-                device_id: crate::event::DeviceId(crate::platform_impl::DeviceId::Wayland(
-                    DeviceId,
-                )),
-                phase: TouchPhase::Started,
-                location: location.to_physical(scale_factor),
-                force: None,
-                id: id as u64,
-            }),
+            WindowEvent::PointerEntered {
+                device_id: None,
+                primary,
+                position,
+                kind: PointerKind::Touch(finger_id),
+            },
+            window_id,
+        );
+        self.events_sink.push_window_event(
+            WindowEvent::PointerButton {
+                device_id: None,
+                primary,
+                state: ElementState::Pressed,
+                position,
+                button: ButtonSource::Touch { finger_id, force: None },
+            },
            window_id,
        );
    }
@@ -61,7 +80,13 @@ impl TouchHandler for WinitState {
        _: u32,
        id: i32,
    ) {
-        let seat_state = self.seats.get_mut(&touch.seat().id()).unwrap();
+        let seat_state = match self.seats.get_mut(&touch.seat().id()) {
+            Some(seat_state) => seat_state,
+            None => {
+                warn!("Received wl_touch::up without seat");
+                return;
+            },
+        };

        // Remove the touch point.
        let touch_point = match seat_state.touch_map.remove(&id) {
@@ -69,22 +94,41 @@ impl TouchHandler for WinitState {
            None => return,
        };

+        // Update the primary touch point.
+        let primary = seat_state.first_touch_id == Some(id);
+        // Reset primary finger once all the other fingers are lifted to not transfer primary
+        // finger to some other finger and still accept it when it's briefly moved between the
+        // windows.
+        if seat_state.touch_map.is_empty() {
+            seat_state.first_touch_id = None;
+        }
+
        let window_id = wayland::make_wid(&touch_point.surface);
        let scale_factor = match self.windows.get_mut().get(&window_id) {
            Some(window) => window.lock().unwrap().scale_factor(),
            None => return,
        };

+        let position = touch_point.location.to_physical(scale_factor);
+        let finger_id = FingerId::from_raw(id as usize);
+
        self.events_sink.push_window_event(
-            WindowEvent::Touch(Touch {
-                device_id: crate::event::DeviceId(crate::platform_impl::DeviceId::Wayland(
-                    DeviceId,
-                )),
-                phase: TouchPhase::Ended,
-                location: touch_point.location.to_physical(scale_factor),
-                force: None,
-                id: id as u64,
-            }),
+            WindowEvent::PointerButton {
+                device_id: None,
+                primary,
+                state: ElementState::Released,
+                position,
+                button: ButtonSource::Touch { finger_id, force: None },
+            },
+            window_id,
+        );
+        self.events_sink.push_window_event(
+            WindowEvent::PointerLeft {
+                device_id: None,
+                primary,
+                position: Some(position),
+                kind: PointerKind::Touch(finger_id),
+            },
            window_id,
        );
    }
@@ -98,7 +142,13 @@ impl TouchHandler for WinitState {
        id: i32,
        position: (f64, f64),
    ) {
-        let seat_state = self.seats.get_mut(&touch.seat().id()).unwrap();
+        let seat_state = match self.seats.get_mut(&touch.seat().id()) {
+            Some(seat_state) => seat_state,
+            None => {
+                warn!("Received wl_touch::motion without seat");
+                return;
+            },
+        };

        // Remove the touch point.
        let touch_point = match seat_state.touch_map.get_mut(&id) {
@@ -106,6 +156,8 @@ impl TouchHandler for WinitState {
            None => return,
        };

+        let primary = seat_state.first_touch_id == Some(id);
+
        let window_id = wayland::make_wid(&touch_point.surface);
        let scale_factor = match self.windows.get_mut().get(&window_id) {
            Some(window) => window.lock().unwrap().scale_factor(),
@@ -115,21 +167,27 @@ impl TouchHandler for WinitState {
        touch_point.location = LogicalPosition::<f64>::from(position);

        self.events_sink.push_window_event(
-            WindowEvent::Touch(Touch {
-                device_id: crate::event::DeviceId(crate::platform_impl::DeviceId::Wayland(
-                    DeviceId,
-                )),
-                phase: TouchPhase::Moved,
-                location: touch_point.location.to_physical(scale_factor),
-                force: None,
-                id: id as u64,
-            }),
+            WindowEvent::PointerMoved {
+                device_id: None,
+                primary,
+                position: touch_point.location.to_physical(scale_factor),
+                source: PointerSource::Touch {
+                    finger_id: FingerId::from_raw(id as usize),
+                    force: None,
+                },
+            },
            window_id,
        );
    }

    fn cancel(&mut self, _: &Connection, _: &QueueHandle<Self>, touch: &WlTouch) {
-        let seat_state = self.seats.get_mut(&touch.seat().id()).unwrap();
+        let seat_state = match self.seats.get_mut(&touch.seat().id()) {
+            Some(seat_state) => seat_state,
+            None => {
+                warn!("Received wl_touch::cancel without seat");
+                return;
+            },
+        };

        for (id, touch_point) in seat_state.touch_map.drain() {
            let window_id = wayland::make_wid(&touch_point.surface);
@@ -138,21 +196,21 @@ impl TouchHandler for WinitState {
                None => return,
            };

-            let location = touch_point.location.to_physical(scale_factor);
+            let primary = seat_state.first_touch_id == Some(id);
+            let position = touch_point.location.to_physical(scale_factor);

            self.events_sink.push_window_event(
-                WindowEvent::Touch(Touch {
-                    device_id: crate::event::DeviceId(crate::platform_impl::DeviceId::Wayland(
-                        DeviceId,
-                    )),
-                    phase: TouchPhase::Cancelled,
-                    location,
-                    force: None,
-                    id: id as u64,
-                }),
+                WindowEvent::PointerLeft {
+                    device_id: None,
+                    primary,
+                    position: Some(position),
+                    kind: PointerKind::Touch(FingerId::from_raw(id as usize)),
+                },
                window_id,
            );
        }
+
+        seat_state.first_touch_id = None;
    }

    fn shape(
--- a/src/platform_impl/linux/wayland/state.rs
+++ b/src/platform_impl/linux/wayland/state.rs
@@ -3,16 +3,14 @@ use std::sync::atomic::Ordering;
 use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex};

 use ahash::AHashMap;
-
+use sctk::compositor::{CompositorHandler, CompositorState};
+use sctk::output::{OutputHandler, OutputState};
 use sctk::reexports::calloop::LoopHandle;
 use sctk::reexports::client::backend::ObjectId;
 use sctk::reexports::client::globals::GlobalList;
 use sctk::reexports::client::protocol::wl_output::WlOutput;
 use sctk::reexports::client::protocol::wl_surface::WlSurface;
 use sctk::reexports::client::{Connection, Proxy, QueueHandle};
-
-use sctk::compositor::{CompositorHandler, CompositorState};
-use sctk::output::{OutputHandler, OutputState};
 use sctk::registry::{ProvidesRegistryState, RegistryState};
 use sctk::seat::pointer::ThemedPointer;
 use sctk::seat::SeatState;
@@ -23,6 +21,7 @@ use sctk::shm::slot::SlotPool;
 use sctk::shm::{Shm, ShmHandler};
 use sctk::subcompositor::SubcompositorState;

+use crate::error::OsError;
 use crate::platform_impl::wayland::event_loop::sink::EventSink;
 use crate::platform_impl::wayland::output::MonitorHandle;
 use crate::platform_impl::wayland::seat::{
@@ -34,8 +33,7 @@ use crate::platform_impl::wayland::types::wp_fractional_scaling::FractionalScali
 use crate::platform_impl::wayland::types::wp_viewporter::ViewporterState;
 use crate::platform_impl::wayland::types::xdg_activation::XdgActivationState;
 use crate::platform_impl::wayland::window::{WindowRequests, WindowState};
-use crate::platform_impl::wayland::{WaylandError, WindowId};
-use crate::platform_impl::OsError;
+use crate::platform_impl::wayland::WindowId;

 /// Winit's Wayland state.
 pub struct WinitState {
@@ -128,7 +126,7 @@ impl WinitState {
    ) -> Result<Self, OsError> {
        let registry_state = RegistryState::new(globals);
        let compositor_state =
-            CompositorState::bind(globals, queue_handle).map_err(WaylandError::Bind)?;
+            CompositorState::bind(globals, queue_handle).map_err(|err| os_error!(err))?;
        let subcompositor_state = match SubcompositorState::bind(
            compositor_state.wl_compositor().clone(),
            globals,
@@ -158,7 +156,7 @@ impl WinitState {
                (None, None)
            };

-        let shm = Shm::bind(globals, queue_handle).map_err(WaylandError::Bind)?;
+        let shm = Shm::bind(globals, queue_handle).map_err(|err| os_error!(err))?;
        let custom_cursor_pool = Arc::new(Mutex::new(SlotPool::new(2, &shm).unwrap()));

        Ok(Self {
@@ -170,7 +168,7 @@ impl WinitState {
            shm,
            custom_cursor_pool,

-            xdg_shell: XdgShell::bind(globals, queue_handle).map_err(WaylandError::Bind)?,
+            xdg_shell: XdgShell::bind(globals, queue_handle).map_err(|err| os_error!(err))?,
            xdg_activation: XdgActivationState::bind(globals, queue_handle).ok(),

            windows: Default::default(),
@@ -343,12 +341,30 @@ impl CompositorHandler for WinitState {
        &mut self,
        _: &Connection,
        _: &QueueHandle<Self>,
-        _: &wayland_client::protocol::wl_surface::WlSurface,
+        _: &WlSurface,
        _: wayland_client::protocol::wl_output::Transform,
    ) {
        // TODO(kchibisov) we need to expose it somehow in winit.
    }

+    fn surface_enter(
+        &mut self,
+        _: &Connection,
+        _: &QueueHandle<Self>,
+        _: &WlSurface,
+        _: &WlOutput,
+    ) {
+    }
+
+    fn surface_leave(
+        &mut self,
+        _: &Connection,
+        _: &QueueHandle<Self>,
+        _: &WlSurface,
+        _: &WlOutput,
+    ) {
+    }
+
    fn scale_factor_changed(
        &mut self,
        _: &Connection,
--- a/src/platform_impl/linux/wayland/types/cursor.rs
+++ b/src/platform_impl/linux/wayland/types/cursor.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 use cursor_icon::CursorIcon;
-
 use sctk::reexports::client::protocol::wl_shm::Format;
 use sctk::shm::slot::{Buffer, SlotPool};

--- a/src/platform_impl/linux/wayland/types/kwin_blur.rs
+++ b/src/platform_impl/linux/wayland/types/kwin_blur.rs
@@ -1,13 +1,12 @@
 //! Handling of KDE-compatible blur.

+use sctk::globals::GlobalData;
 use sctk::reexports::client::globals::{BindError, GlobalList};
 use sctk::reexports::client::protocol::wl_surface::WlSurface;
 use sctk::reexports::client::{delegate_dispatch, Connection, Dispatch, Proxy, QueueHandle};
 use wayland_protocols_plasma::blur::client::org_kde_kwin_blur::OrgKdeKwinBlur;
 use wayland_protocols_plasma::blur::client::org_kde_kwin_blur_manager::OrgKdeKwinBlurManager;

-use sctk::globals::GlobalData;
-
 use crate::platform_impl::wayland::state::WinitState;

 /// KWin blur manager.
--- a/src/platform_impl/linux/wayland/types/wp_fractional_scaling.rs
+++ b/src/platform_impl/linux/wayland/types/wp_fractional_scaling.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 //! Handling of the fractional scaling.

+use sctk::globals::GlobalData;
 use sctk::reexports::client::globals::{BindError, GlobalList};
 use sctk::reexports::client::protocol::wl_surface::WlSurface;
 use sctk::reexports::client::{delegate_dispatch, Connection, Dispatch, Proxy, QueueHandle};
@@ -8,8 +9,6 @@ use sctk::reexports::protocols::wp::fractional_scale::v1::client::wp_fractional_
    Event as FractionalScalingEvent, WpFractionalScaleV1,
 };

-use sctk::globals::GlobalData;
-
 use crate::platform_impl::wayland::state::WinitState;

 /// The scaling factor denominator.
--- a/src/platform_impl/linux/wayland/types/wp_viewporter.rs
+++ b/src/platform_impl/linux/wayland/types/wp_viewporter.rs
@@ -1,13 +1,12 @@
 //! Handling of the wp-viewporter.

+use sctk::globals::GlobalData;
 use sctk::reexports::client::globals::{BindError, GlobalList};
 use sctk::reexports::client::protocol::wl_surface::WlSurface;
 use sctk::reexports::client::{delegate_dispatch, Connection, Dispatch, Proxy, QueueHandle};
 use sctk::reexports::protocols::wp::viewporter::client::wp_viewport::WpViewport;
 use sctk::reexports::protocols::wp::viewporter::client::wp_viewporter::WpViewporter;

-use sctk::globals::GlobalData;
-
 use crate::platform_impl::wayland::state::WinitState;

 /// Viewporter.
--- a/src/platform_impl/linux/wayland/types/xdg_activation.rs
+++ b/src/platform_impl/linux/wayland/types/xdg_activation.rs
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 use std::sync::atomic::AtomicBool;
 use std::sync::Weak;

+use sctk::globals::GlobalData;
 use sctk::reexports::client::globals::{BindError, GlobalList};
 use sctk::reexports::client::protocol::wl_surface::WlSurface;
 use sctk::reexports::client::{delegate_dispatch, Connection, Dispatch, Proxy, QueueHandle};
@@ -11,12 +12,9 @@ use sctk::reexports::protocols::xdg::activation::v1::client::xdg_activation_toke
 };
 use sctk::reexports::protocols::xdg::activation::v1::client::xdg_activation_v1::XdgActivationV1;

-use sctk::globals::GlobalData;
-
 use crate::event_loop::AsyncRequestSerial;
 use crate::platform_impl::wayland::state::WinitState;
-use crate::platform_impl::WindowId;
-use crate::window::ActivationToken;
+use crate::window::{ActivationToken, WindowId};

 pub struct XdgActivationState {
    xdg_activation: XdgActivationV1,
--- a/src/platform_impl/linux/wayland/window/mod.rs
+++ b/src/platform_impl/linux/wayland/window/mod.rs
@@ -3,34 +3,31 @@
 use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicBool, Ordering};
 use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex};

+use sctk::compositor::{CompositorState, Region, SurfaceData};
 use sctk::reexports::client::protocol::wl_display::WlDisplay;
 use sctk::reexports::client::protocol::wl_surface::WlSurface;
 use sctk::reexports::client::{Proxy, QueueHandle};
-
-use sctk::compositor::{CompositorState, Region, SurfaceData};
 use sctk::reexports::protocols::xdg::activation::v1::client::xdg_activation_v1::XdgActivationV1;
 use sctk::shell::xdg::window::{Window as SctkWindow, WindowDecorations};
 use sctk::shell::WaylandSurface;
-
 use tracing::warn;

-use crate::dpi::{LogicalSize, PhysicalPosition, PhysicalSize, Position, Size};
-use crate::error::{ExternalError, NotSupportedError, OsError as RootOsError};
-use crate::event::{Ime, WindowEvent};
-use crate::event_loop::AsyncRequestSerial;
-use crate::platform_impl::{
-    Fullscreen, MonitorHandle as PlatformMonitorHandle, OsError, PlatformIcon,
-};
-use crate::window::{
-    Cursor, CursorGrabMode, ImePurpose, ResizeDirection, Theme, UserAttentionType,
-    WindowAttributes, WindowButtons, WindowLevel,
-};
-
 use super::event_loop::sink::EventSink;
 use super::output::MonitorHandle;
 use super::state::WinitState;
 use super::types::xdg_activation::XdgActivationTokenData;
-use super::{ActiveEventLoop, WaylandError, WindowId};
+use super::ActiveEventLoop;
+use crate::dpi::{LogicalSize, PhysicalInsets, PhysicalPosition, PhysicalSize, Position, Size};
+use crate::error::{NotSupportedError, RequestError};
+use crate::event::{Ime, WindowEvent};
+use crate::event_loop::AsyncRequestSerial;
+use crate::monitor::MonitorHandle as CoreMonitorHandle;
+use crate::platform_impl::{Fullscreen, MonitorHandle as PlatformMonitorHandle};
+use crate::window::{
+    Cursor, CursorGrabMode, Fullscreen as CoreFullscreen, ImePurpose, ResizeDirection, Theme,
+    UserAttentionType, Window as CoreWindow, WindowAttributes, WindowButtons, WindowId,
+    WindowLevel,
+};

 pub(crate) mod state;

@@ -80,7 +77,7 @@ impl Window {
    pub(crate) fn new(
        event_loop_window_target: &ActiveEventLoop,
        attributes: WindowAttributes,
-    ) -> Result<Self, RootOsError> {
+    ) -> Result<Self, RequestError> {
        let queue_handle = event_loop_window_target.queue_handle.clone();
        let mut state = event_loop_window_target.state.borrow_mut();

@@ -90,9 +87,9 @@ impl Window {
        let compositor = state.compositor_state.clone();
        let xdg_activation =
            state.xdg_activation.as_ref().map(|activation_state| activation_state.global().clone());
-        let display = event_loop_window_target.connection.display();
+        let display = event_loop_window_target.handle.connection.display();

-        let size: Size = attributes.inner_size.unwrap_or(LogicalSize::new(800., 600.).into());
+        let size: Size = attributes.surface_size.unwrap_or(LogicalSize::new(800., 600.).into());

        // We prefer server side decorations, however to not have decorations we ask for client
        // side decorations instead.
@@ -106,7 +103,7 @@ impl Window {
            state.xdg_shell.create_window(surface.clone(), default_decorations, &queue_handle);

        let mut window_state = WindowState::new(
-            event_loop_window_target.connection.clone(),
+            event_loop_window_target.handle.clone(),
            &event_loop_window_target.queue_handle,
            &state,
            size,
@@ -132,10 +129,10 @@ impl Window {

        // Set the min and max sizes. We must set the hints upon creating a window, so
        // we use the default `1.` scaling...
-        let min_size = attributes.min_inner_size.map(|size| size.to_logical(1.));
-        let max_size = attributes.max_inner_size.map(|size| size.to_logical(1.));
-        window_state.set_min_inner_size(min_size);
-        window_state.set_max_inner_size(max_size);
+        let min_size = attributes.min_surface_size.map(|size| size.to_logical(1.));
+        let max_size = attributes.max_surface_size.map(|size| size.to_logical(1.));
+        window_state.set_min_surface_size(min_size);
+        window_state.set_max_surface_size(max_size);

        // Non-resizable implies that the min and max sizes are set to the same value.
        window_state.set_resizable(attributes.resizable);
@@ -193,15 +190,11 @@ impl Window {
        let event_queue = wayland_source.queue();

        // Do a roundtrip.
-        event_queue.roundtrip(&mut state).map_err(|error| {
-            os_error!(OsError::WaylandError(Arc::new(WaylandError::Dispatch(error))))
-        })?;
+        event_queue.roundtrip(&mut state).map_err(|err| os_error!(err))?;

        // XXX Wait for the initial configure to arrive.
        while !window_state.lock().unwrap().is_configured() {
-            event_queue.blocking_dispatch(&mut state).map_err(|error| {
-                os_error!(OsError::WaylandError(Arc::new(WaylandError::Dispatch(error))))
-            })?;
+            event_queue.blocking_dispatch(&mut state).map_err(|err| os_error!(err))?;
        }

        // Wake-up event loop, so it'll send initial redraw requested.
@@ -226,51 +219,63 @@ impl Window {
 }

 impl Window {
+    pub fn request_activation_token(&self) -> Result<AsyncRequestSerial, RequestError> {
+        let xdg_activation = match self.xdg_activation.as_ref() {
+            Some(xdg_activation) => xdg_activation,
+            None => return Err(NotSupportedError::new("xdg_activation_v1 is not available").into()),
+        };
+
+        let serial = AsyncRequestSerial::get();
+
+        let data = XdgActivationTokenData::Obtain((self.window_id, serial));
+        let xdg_activation_token = xdg_activation.get_activation_token(&self.queue_handle, data);
+        xdg_activation_token.set_surface(self.surface());
+        xdg_activation_token.commit();
+
+        Ok(serial)
+    }
+
    #[inline]
-    pub fn id(&self) -> WindowId {
+    pub fn surface(&self) -> &WlSurface {
+        self.window.wl_surface()
+    }
+}
+
+impl Drop for Window {
+    fn drop(&mut self) {
+        self.window_requests.closed.store(true, Ordering::Relaxed);
+        self.event_loop_awakener.ping();
+    }
+}
+
+impl rwh_06::HasWindowHandle for Window {
+    fn window_handle(&self) -> Result<rwh_06::WindowHandle<'_>, rwh_06::HandleError> {
+        let raw = rwh_06::WaylandWindowHandle::new({
+            let ptr = self.window.wl_surface().id().as_ptr();
+            std::ptr::NonNull::new(ptr as *mut _).expect("wl_surface will never be null")
+        });
+
+        unsafe { Ok(rwh_06::WindowHandle::borrow_raw(raw.into())) }
+    }
+}
+
+impl rwh_06::HasDisplayHandle for Window {
+    fn display_handle(&self) -> Result<rwh_06::DisplayHandle<'_>, rwh_06::HandleError> {
+        let raw = rwh_06::WaylandDisplayHandle::new({
+            let ptr = self.display.id().as_ptr();
+            std::ptr::NonNull::new(ptr as *mut _).expect("wl_proxy should never be null")
+        });
+
+        unsafe { Ok(rwh_06::DisplayHandle::borrow_raw(raw.into())) }
+    }
+}
+
+impl CoreWindow for Window {
+    fn id(&self) -> WindowId {
        self.window_id
    }

-    #[inline]
-    pub fn set_title(&self, title: impl ToString) {
-        let new_title = title.to_string();
-        self.window_state.lock().unwrap().set_title(new_title);
-    }
-
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn set_visible(&self, _visible: bool) {
-        // Not possible on Wayland.
-    }
-
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn is_visible(&self) -> Option<bool> {
-        None
-    }
-
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn outer_position(&self) -> Result<PhysicalPosition<i32>, NotSupportedError> {
-        Err(NotSupportedError::new())
-    }
-
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn inner_position(&self) -> Result<PhysicalPosition<i32>, NotSupportedError> {
-        Err(NotSupportedError::new())
-    }
-
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn set_outer_position(&self, _: Position) {
-        // Not possible on Wayland.
-    }
-
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn inner_size(&self) -> PhysicalSize<u32> {
-        let window_state = self.window_state.lock().unwrap();
-        let scale_factor = window_state.scale_factor();
-        super::logical_to_physical_rounded(window_state.inner_size(), scale_factor)
-    }
-
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn request_redraw(&self) {
+    fn request_redraw(&self) {
        // NOTE: try to not wake up the loop when the event was already scheduled and not yet
        // processed by the loop, because if at this point the value was `true` it could only
        // mean that the loop still haven't dispatched the value to the client and will do
@@ -286,135 +291,119 @@ impl Window {
    }

    #[inline]
-    pub fn pre_present_notify(&self) {
+    fn title(&self) -> String {
+        self.window_state.lock().unwrap().title().to_owned()
+    }
+
+    fn pre_present_notify(&self) {
        self.window_state.lock().unwrap().request_frame_callback();
    }

-    #[inline]
-    pub fn outer_size(&self) -> PhysicalSize<u32> {
+    fn reset_dead_keys(&self) {
+        crate::platform_impl::common::xkb::reset_dead_keys()
+    }
+
+    fn surface_position(&self) -> PhysicalPosition<i32> {
+        (0, 0).into()
+    }
+
+    fn outer_position(&self) -> Result<PhysicalPosition<i32>, RequestError> {
+        Err(NotSupportedError::new("window position information is not available on Wayland")
+            .into())
+    }
+
+    fn set_outer_position(&self, _position: Position) {
+        // Not possible.
+    }
+
+    fn surface_size(&self) -> PhysicalSize<u32> {
+        let window_state = self.window_state.lock().unwrap();
+        let scale_factor = window_state.scale_factor();
+        super::logical_to_physical_rounded(window_state.surface_size(), scale_factor)
+    }
+
+    fn request_surface_size(&self, size: Size) -> Option<PhysicalSize<u32>> {
+        let mut window_state = self.window_state.lock().unwrap();
+        let new_size = window_state.request_surface_size(size);
+        self.request_redraw();
+        Some(new_size)
+    }
+
+    fn outer_size(&self) -> PhysicalSize<u32> {
        let window_state = self.window_state.lock().unwrap();
        let scale_factor = window_state.scale_factor();
        super::logical_to_physical_rounded(window_state.outer_size(), scale_factor)
    }

-    #[inline]
-    pub fn request_inner_size(&self, size: Size) -> Option<PhysicalSize<u32>> {
-        let mut window_state = self.window_state.lock().unwrap();
-        let new_size = window_state.request_inner_size(size);
-        self.request_redraw();
-        Some(new_size)
+    fn safe_area(&self) -> PhysicalInsets<u32> {
+        PhysicalInsets::new(0, 0, 0, 0)
    }

-    /// Set the minimum inner size for the window.
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn set_min_inner_size(&self, min_size: Option<Size>) {
+    fn set_min_surface_size(&self, min_size: Option<Size>) {
        let scale_factor = self.scale_factor();
        let min_size = min_size.map(|size| size.to_logical(scale_factor));
-        self.window_state.lock().unwrap().set_min_inner_size(min_size);
+        self.window_state.lock().unwrap().set_min_surface_size(min_size);
        // NOTE: Requires commit to be applied.
        self.request_redraw();
    }

-    /// Set the maximum inner size for the window.
+    /// Set the maximum surface size for the window.
    #[inline]
-    pub fn set_max_inner_size(&self, max_size: Option<Size>) {
+    fn set_max_surface_size(&self, max_size: Option<Size>) {
        let scale_factor = self.scale_factor();
        let max_size = max_size.map(|size| size.to_logical(scale_factor));
-        self.window_state.lock().unwrap().set_max_inner_size(max_size);
+        self.window_state.lock().unwrap().set_max_surface_size(max_size);
        // NOTE: Requires commit to be applied.
        self.request_redraw();
    }

-    #[inline]
-    pub fn resize_increments(&self) -> Option<PhysicalSize<u32>> {
+    fn surface_resize_increments(&self) -> Option<PhysicalSize<u32>> {
        None
    }

-    #[inline]
-    pub fn set_resize_increments(&self, _increments: Option<Size>) {
-        warn!("`set_resize_increments` is not implemented for Wayland");
+    fn set_surface_resize_increments(&self, _increments: Option<Size>) {
+        warn!("`set_surface_resize_increments` is not implemented for Wayland");
+    }
+
+    fn set_title(&self, title: &str) {
+        let new_title = title.to_string();
+        self.window_state.lock().unwrap().set_title(new_title);
    }

    #[inline]
-    pub fn set_transparent(&self, transparent: bool) {
+    fn set_transparent(&self, transparent: bool) {
        self.window_state.lock().unwrap().set_transparent(transparent);
    }

-    #[inline]
-    pub fn has_focus(&self) -> bool {
-        self.window_state.lock().unwrap().has_focus()
+    fn set_visible(&self, _visible: bool) {
+        // Not possible on Wayland.
    }

-    #[inline]
-    pub fn is_minimized(&self) -> Option<bool> {
-        // XXX clients don't know whether they are minimized or not.
+    fn is_visible(&self) -> Option<bool> {
        None
    }

-    #[inline]
-    pub fn show_window_menu(&self, position: Position) {
-        let scale_factor = self.scale_factor();
-        let position = position.to_logical(scale_factor);
-        self.window_state.lock().unwrap().show_window_menu(position);
-    }
-
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn drag_resize_window(&self, direction: ResizeDirection) -> Result<(), ExternalError> {
-        self.window_state.lock().unwrap().drag_resize_window(direction)
-    }
-
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn set_resizable(&self, resizable: bool) {
+    fn set_resizable(&self, resizable: bool) {
        if self.window_state.lock().unwrap().set_resizable(resizable) {
            // NOTE: Requires commit to be applied.
            self.request_redraw();
        }
    }

-    #[inline]
-    pub fn is_resizable(&self) -> bool {
+    fn is_resizable(&self) -> bool {
        self.window_state.lock().unwrap().resizable()
    }

-    #[inline]
-    pub fn set_enabled_buttons(&self, _buttons: WindowButtons) {
+    fn set_enabled_buttons(&self, _buttons: WindowButtons) {
        // TODO(kchibisov) v5 of the xdg_shell allows that.
    }

-    #[inline]
-    pub fn enabled_buttons(&self) -> WindowButtons {
+    fn enabled_buttons(&self) -> WindowButtons {
        // TODO(kchibisov) v5 of the xdg_shell allows that.
        WindowButtons::all()
    }

-    #[inline]
-    pub fn scale_factor(&self) -> f64 {
-        self.window_state.lock().unwrap().scale_factor()
-    }
-
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn set_blur(&self, blur: bool) {
-        self.window_state.lock().unwrap().set_blur(blur);
-    }
-
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn set_decorations(&self, decorate: bool) {
-        self.window_state.lock().unwrap().set_decorate(decorate)
-    }
-
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn is_decorated(&self) -> bool {
-        self.window_state.lock().unwrap().is_decorated()
-    }
-
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn set_window_level(&self, _level: WindowLevel) {}
-
-    #[inline]
-    pub(crate) fn set_window_icon(&self, _window_icon: Option<PlatformIcon>) {}
-
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn set_minimized(&self, minimized: bool) {
+    fn set_minimized(&self, minimized: bool) {
        // You can't unminimize the window on Wayland.
        if !minimized {
            warn!("Unminimizing is ignored on Wayland.");
@@ -424,8 +413,20 @@ impl Window {
        self.window.set_minimized();
    }

-    #[inline]
-    pub fn is_maximized(&self) -> bool {
+    fn is_minimized(&self) -> Option<bool> {
+        // XXX clients don't know whether they are minimized or not.
+        None
+    }
+
+    fn set_maximized(&self, maximized: bool) {
+        if maximized {
+            self.window.set_maximized()
+        } else {
+            self.window.unset_maximized()
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn is_maximized(&self) -> bool {
        self.window_state
            .lock()
            .unwrap()
@@ -435,43 +436,14 @@ impl Window {
            .unwrap_or_default()
    }

-    #[inline]
-    pub fn set_maximized(&self, maximized: bool) {
-        if maximized {
-            self.window.set_maximized()
-        } else {
-            self.window.unset_maximized()
-        }
-    }
-
-    #[inline]
-    pub(crate) fn fullscreen(&self) -> Option<Fullscreen> {
-        let is_fullscreen = self
-            .window_state
-            .lock()
-            .unwrap()
-            .last_configure
-            .as_ref()
-            .map(|last_configure| last_configure.is_fullscreen())
-            .unwrap_or_default();
-
-        if is_fullscreen {
-            let current_monitor = self.current_monitor().map(PlatformMonitorHandle::Wayland);
-            Some(Fullscreen::Borderless(current_monitor))
-        } else {
-            None
-        }
-    }
-
-    #[inline]
-    pub(crate) fn set_fullscreen(&self, fullscreen: Option<Fullscreen>) {
+    fn set_fullscreen(&self, fullscreen: Option<CoreFullscreen>) {
        match fullscreen {
-            Some(Fullscreen::Exclusive(_)) => {
+            Some(CoreFullscreen::Exclusive(_)) => {
                warn!("`Fullscreen::Exclusive` is ignored on Wayland");
            },
            #[cfg_attr(not(x11_platform), allow(clippy::bind_instead_of_map))]
-            Some(Fullscreen::Borderless(monitor)) => {
-                let output = monitor.and_then(|monitor| match monitor {
+            Some(CoreFullscreen::Borderless(monitor)) => {
+                let output = monitor.and_then(|monitor| match monitor.inner {
                    PlatformMonitorHandle::Wayland(monitor) => Some(monitor.proxy),
                    #[cfg(x11_platform)]
                    PlatformMonitorHandle::X(_) => None,
@@ -483,22 +455,82 @@ impl Window {
        }
    }

-    #[inline]
-    pub fn set_cursor(&self, cursor: Cursor) {
-        let window_state = &mut self.window_state.lock().unwrap();
+    fn fullscreen(&self) -> Option<CoreFullscreen> {
+        let is_fullscreen = self
+            .window_state
+            .lock()
+            .unwrap()
+            .last_configure
+            .as_ref()
+            .map(|last_configure| last_configure.is_fullscreen())
+            .unwrap_or_default();

-        match cursor {
-            Cursor::Icon(icon) => window_state.set_cursor(icon),
-            Cursor::Custom(cursor) => window_state.set_custom_cursor(cursor),
+        if is_fullscreen {
+            let current_monitor = self.current_monitor();
+            Some(CoreFullscreen::Borderless(current_monitor))
+        } else {
+            None
        }
    }

    #[inline]
-    pub fn set_cursor_visible(&self, visible: bool) {
-        self.window_state.lock().unwrap().set_cursor_visible(visible);
+    fn scale_factor(&self) -> f64 {
+        self.window_state.lock().unwrap().scale_factor()
    }

-    pub fn request_user_attention(&self, request_type: Option<UserAttentionType>) {
+    #[inline]
+    fn set_blur(&self, blur: bool) {
+        self.window_state.lock().unwrap().set_blur(blur);
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn set_decorations(&self, decorate: bool) {
+        self.window_state.lock().unwrap().set_decorate(decorate)
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn is_decorated(&self) -> bool {
+        self.window_state.lock().unwrap().is_decorated()
+    }
+
+    fn set_window_level(&self, _level: WindowLevel) {}
+
+    fn set_window_icon(&self, _window_icon: Option<crate::window::Icon>) {}
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn set_ime_cursor_area(&self, position: Position, size: Size) {
+        let window_state = self.window_state.lock().unwrap();
+        if window_state.ime_allowed() {
+            let scale_factor = window_state.scale_factor();
+            let position = position.to_logical(scale_factor);
+            let size = size.to_logical(scale_factor);
+            window_state.set_ime_cursor_area(position, size);
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn set_ime_allowed(&self, allowed: bool) {
+        let mut window_state = self.window_state.lock().unwrap();
+
+        if window_state.ime_allowed() != allowed && window_state.set_ime_allowed(allowed) {
+            let event = WindowEvent::Ime(if allowed { Ime::Enabled } else { Ime::Disabled });
+            self.window_events_sink.lock().unwrap().push_window_event(event, self.window_id);
+            self.event_loop_awakener.ping();
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn set_ime_purpose(&self, purpose: ImePurpose) {
+        self.window_state.lock().unwrap().set_ime_purpose(purpose);
+    }
+
+    fn focus_window(&self) {}
+
+    fn has_focus(&self) -> bool {
+        self.window_state.lock().unwrap().has_focus()
+    }
+
+    fn request_user_attention(&self, request_type: Option<UserAttentionType>) {
        let xdg_activation = match self.xdg_activation.as_ref() {
            Some(xdg_activation) => xdg_activation,
            None => {
@@ -524,29 +556,26 @@ impl Window {
        xdg_activation_token.commit();
    }

-    pub fn request_activation_token(&self) -> Result<AsyncRequestSerial, NotSupportedError> {
-        let xdg_activation = match self.xdg_activation.as_ref() {
-            Some(xdg_activation) => xdg_activation,
-            None => return Err(NotSupportedError::new()),
-        };
-
-        let serial = AsyncRequestSerial::get();
-
-        let data = XdgActivationTokenData::Obtain((self.window_id, serial));
-        let xdg_activation_token = xdg_activation.get_activation_token(&self.queue_handle, data);
-        xdg_activation_token.set_surface(self.surface());
-        xdg_activation_token.commit();
-
-        Ok(serial)
+    fn set_theme(&self, theme: Option<Theme>) {
+        self.window_state.lock().unwrap().set_theme(theme)
    }

-    #[inline]
-    pub fn set_cursor_grab(&self, mode: CursorGrabMode) -> Result<(), ExternalError> {
-        self.window_state.lock().unwrap().set_cursor_grab(mode)
+    fn theme(&self) -> Option<Theme> {
+        self.window_state.lock().unwrap().theme()
    }

-    #[inline]
-    pub fn set_cursor_position(&self, position: Position) -> Result<(), ExternalError> {
+    fn set_content_protected(&self, _protected: bool) {}
+
+    fn set_cursor(&self, cursor: Cursor) {
+        let window_state = &mut self.window_state.lock().unwrap();
+
+        match cursor {
+            Cursor::Icon(icon) => window_state.set_cursor(icon),
+            Cursor::Custom(cursor) => window_state.set_custom_cursor(cursor),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn set_cursor_position(&self, position: Position) -> Result<(), RequestError> {
        let scale_factor = self.scale_factor();
        let position = position.to_logical(scale_factor);
        self.window_state
@@ -557,149 +586,76 @@ impl Window {
            .map(|_| self.request_redraw())
    }

-    #[inline]
-    pub fn drag_window(&self) -> Result<(), ExternalError> {
+    fn set_cursor_grab(&self, mode: CursorGrabMode) -> Result<(), RequestError> {
+        self.window_state.lock().unwrap().set_cursor_grab(mode)
+    }
+
+    fn set_cursor_visible(&self, visible: bool) {
+        self.window_state.lock().unwrap().set_cursor_visible(visible);
+    }
+
+    fn drag_window(&self) -> Result<(), RequestError> {
        self.window_state.lock().unwrap().drag_window()
    }

-    #[inline]
-    pub fn set_cursor_hittest(&self, hittest: bool) -> Result<(), ExternalError> {
+    fn drag_resize_window(&self, direction: ResizeDirection) -> Result<(), RequestError> {
+        self.window_state.lock().unwrap().drag_resize_window(direction)
+    }
+
+    fn show_window_menu(&self, position: Position) {
+        let scale_factor = self.scale_factor();
+        let position = position.to_logical(scale_factor);
+        self.window_state.lock().unwrap().show_window_menu(position);
+    }
+
+    fn set_cursor_hittest(&self, hittest: bool) -> Result<(), RequestError> {
        let surface = self.window.wl_surface();

        if hittest {
            surface.set_input_region(None);
            Ok(())
        } else {
-            let region = Region::new(&*self.compositor).map_err(|_| {
-                ExternalError::Os(os_error!(OsError::Misc("failed to set input region.")))
-            })?;
+            let region = Region::new(&*self.compositor).map_err(|err| os_error!(err))?;
            region.add(0, 0, 0, 0);
            surface.set_input_region(Some(region.wl_region()));
            Ok(())
        }
    }

-    #[inline]
-    pub fn set_ime_cursor_area(&self, position: Position, size: Size) {
-        let window_state = self.window_state.lock().unwrap();
-        if window_state.ime_allowed() {
-            let scale_factor = window_state.scale_factor();
-            let position = position.to_logical(scale_factor);
-            let size = size.to_logical(scale_factor);
-            window_state.set_ime_cursor_area(position, size);
-        }
-    }
-
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn set_ime_allowed(&self, allowed: bool) {
-        let mut window_state = self.window_state.lock().unwrap();
-
-        if window_state.ime_allowed() != allowed && window_state.set_ime_allowed(allowed) {
-            let event = WindowEvent::Ime(if allowed { Ime::Enabled } else { Ime::Disabled });
-            self.window_events_sink.lock().unwrap().push_window_event(event, self.window_id);
-            self.event_loop_awakener.ping();
-        }
-    }
-
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn set_ime_purpose(&self, purpose: ImePurpose) {
-        self.window_state.lock().unwrap().set_ime_purpose(purpose);
-    }
-
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn focus_window(&self) {}
-
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn surface(&self) -> &WlSurface {
-        self.window.wl_surface()
-    }
-
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn current_monitor(&self) -> Option<MonitorHandle> {
+    fn current_monitor(&self) -> Option<CoreMonitorHandle> {
        let data = self.window.wl_surface().data::<SurfaceData>()?;
-        data.outputs().next().map(MonitorHandle::new)
+        data.outputs()
+            .next()
+            .map(MonitorHandle::new)
+            .map(crate::platform_impl::MonitorHandle::Wayland)
+            .map(|inner| CoreMonitorHandle { inner })
    }

-    #[inline]
-    pub fn available_monitors(&self) -> Vec<MonitorHandle> {
-        self.monitors.lock().unwrap().clone()
+    fn available_monitors(&self) -> Box<dyn Iterator<Item = CoreMonitorHandle>> {
+        Box::new(
+            self.monitors
+                .lock()
+                .unwrap()
+                .clone()
+                .into_iter()
+                .map(crate::platform_impl::MonitorHandle::Wayland)
+                .map(|inner| CoreMonitorHandle { inner }),
+        )
    }

-    #[inline]
-    pub fn primary_monitor(&self) -> Option<MonitorHandle> {
-        // XXX there's no such concept on Wayland.
+    fn primary_monitor(&self) -> Option<CoreMonitorHandle> {
+        // NOTE: There's no such concept on Wayland.
        None
    }

-    #[cfg(feature = "rwh_04")]
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn raw_window_handle_rwh_04(&self) -> rwh_04::RawWindowHandle {
-        let mut window_handle = rwh_04::WaylandHandle::empty();
-        window_handle.surface = self.window.wl_surface().id().as_ptr() as *mut _;
-        window_handle.display = self.display.id().as_ptr() as *mut _;
-        rwh_04::RawWindowHandle::Wayland(window_handle)
+    /// Get the raw-window-handle v0.6 display handle.
+    fn rwh_06_display_handle(&self) -> &dyn rwh_06::HasDisplayHandle {
+        self
    }

-    #[cfg(feature = "rwh_05")]
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn raw_window_handle_rwh_05(&self) -> rwh_05::RawWindowHandle {
-        let mut window_handle = rwh_05::WaylandWindowHandle::empty();
-        window_handle.surface = self.window.wl_surface().id().as_ptr() as *mut _;
-        rwh_05::RawWindowHandle::Wayland(window_handle)
-    }
-
-    #[cfg(feature = "rwh_05")]
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn raw_display_handle_rwh_05(&self) -> rwh_05::RawDisplayHandle {
-        let mut display_handle = rwh_05::WaylandDisplayHandle::empty();
-        display_handle.display = self.display.id().as_ptr() as *mut _;
-        rwh_05::RawDisplayHandle::Wayland(display_handle)
-    }
-
-    #[cfg(feature = "rwh_06")]
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn raw_window_handle_rwh_06(&self) -> Result<rwh_06::RawWindowHandle, rwh_06::HandleError> {
-        Ok(rwh_06::WaylandWindowHandle::new({
-            let ptr = self.window.wl_surface().id().as_ptr();
-            std::ptr::NonNull::new(ptr as *mut _).expect("wl_surface will never be null")
-        })
-        .into())
-    }
-
-    #[cfg(feature = "rwh_06")]
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn raw_display_handle_rwh_06(
-        &self,
-    ) -> Result<rwh_06::RawDisplayHandle, rwh_06::HandleError> {
-        Ok(rwh_06::WaylandDisplayHandle::new({
-            let ptr = self.display.id().as_ptr();
-            std::ptr::NonNull::new(ptr as *mut _).expect("wl_proxy should never be null")
-        })
-        .into())
-    }
-
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn set_theme(&self, theme: Option<Theme>) {
-        self.window_state.lock().unwrap().set_theme(theme)
-    }
-
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn theme(&self) -> Option<Theme> {
-        self.window_state.lock().unwrap().theme()
-    }
-
-    pub fn set_content_protected(&self, _protected: bool) {}
-
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn title(&self) -> String {
-        self.window_state.lock().unwrap().title().to_owned()
-    }
-}
-
-impl Drop for Window {
-    fn drop(&mut self) {
-        self.window_requests.closed.store(true, Ordering::Relaxed);
-        self.event_loop_awakener.ping();
+    /// Get the raw-window-handle v0.6 window handle.
+    fn rwh_06_window_handle(&self) -> &dyn rwh_06::HasWindowHandle {
+        self
    }
 }

--- a/src/platform_impl/linux/wayland/window/state.rs
+++ b/src/platform_impl/linux/wayland/window/state.rs
@@ -5,13 +5,12 @@ use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex, Weak};
 use std::time::Duration;

 use ahash::HashSet;
-use tracing::{info, warn};
-
+use sctk::compositor::{CompositorState, Region, SurfaceData, SurfaceDataExt};
 use sctk::reexports::client::backend::ObjectId;
 use sctk::reexports::client::protocol::wl_seat::WlSeat;
 use sctk::reexports::client::protocol::wl_shm::WlShm;
 use sctk::reexports::client::protocol::wl_surface::WlSurface;
-use sctk::reexports::client::{Connection, Proxy, QueueHandle};
+use sctk::reexports::client::{Proxy, QueueHandle};
 use sctk::reexports::csd_frame::{
    DecorationsFrame, FrameAction, FrameClick, ResizeEdge, WindowState as XdgWindowState,
 };
@@ -19,8 +18,6 @@ use sctk::reexports::protocols::wp::fractional_scale::v1::client::wp_fractional_
 use sctk::reexports::protocols::wp::text_input::zv3::client::zwp_text_input_v3::ZwpTextInputV3;
 use sctk::reexports::protocols::wp::viewporter::client::wp_viewport::WpViewport;
 use sctk::reexports::protocols::xdg::shell::client::xdg_toplevel::ResizeEdge as XdgResizeEdge;
-
-use sctk::compositor::{CompositorState, Region, SurfaceData, SurfaceDataExt};
 use sctk::seat::pointer::{PointerDataExt, ThemedPointer};
 use sctk::shell::xdg::window::{DecorationMode, Window, WindowConfigure};
 use sctk::shell::xdg::XdgSurface;
@@ -28,34 +25,35 @@ use sctk::shell::WaylandSurface;
 use sctk::shm::slot::SlotPool;
 use sctk::shm::Shm;
 use sctk::subcompositor::SubcompositorState;
+use tracing::{info, warn};
 use wayland_protocols_plasma::blur::client::org_kde_kwin_blur::OrgKdeKwinBlur;

 use crate::cursor::CustomCursor as RootCustomCursor;
 use crate::dpi::{LogicalPosition, LogicalSize, PhysicalSize, Size};
-use crate::error::{ExternalError, NotSupportedError};
+use crate::error::{NotSupportedError, RequestError};
+use crate::platform_impl::wayland::event_loop::OwnedDisplayHandle;
 use crate::platform_impl::wayland::logical_to_physical_rounded;
-use crate::platform_impl::wayland::types::cursor::{CustomCursor, SelectedCursor};
-use crate::platform_impl::wayland::types::kwin_blur::KWinBlurManager;
-use crate::platform_impl::{PlatformCustomCursor, WindowId};
-use crate::window::{CursorGrabMode, CursorIcon, ImePurpose, ResizeDirection, Theme};
-
 use crate::platform_impl::wayland::seat::{
    PointerConstraintsState, WinitPointerData, WinitPointerDataExt, ZwpTextInputV3Ext,
 };
 use crate::platform_impl::wayland::state::{WindowCompositorUpdate, WinitState};
+use crate::platform_impl::wayland::types::cursor::{CustomCursor, SelectedCursor};
+use crate::platform_impl::wayland::types::kwin_blur::KWinBlurManager;
+use crate::platform_impl::PlatformCustomCursor;
+use crate::window::{CursorGrabMode, CursorIcon, ImePurpose, ResizeDirection, Theme, WindowId};

 #[cfg(feature = "sctk-adwaita")]
 pub type WinitFrame = sctk_adwaita::AdwaitaFrame<WinitState>;
 #[cfg(not(feature = "sctk-adwaita"))]
 pub type WinitFrame = sctk::shell::xdg::fallback_frame::FallbackFrame<WinitState>;

-// Minimum window inner size.
+// Minimum window surface size.
 const MIN_WINDOW_SIZE: LogicalSize<u32> = LogicalSize::new(2, 1);

 /// The state of the window which is being updated from the [`WinitState`].
 pub struct WindowState {
    /// The connection to Wayland server.
-    pub connection: Connection,
+    pub handle: Arc<OwnedDisplayHandle>,

    /// The `Shm` to set cursor.
    pub shm: WlShm,
@@ -115,7 +113,7 @@ pub struct WindowState {
    /// The text inputs observed on the window.
    text_inputs: Vec<ZwpTextInputV3>,

-    /// The inner size of the window, as in without client side decorations.
+    /// The surface size of the window, as in without client side decorations.
    size: LogicalSize<u32>,

    /// Whether the CSD fail to create, so we don't try to create them on each iteration.
@@ -125,8 +123,8 @@ pub struct WindowState {
    decorate: bool,

    /// Min size.
-    min_inner_size: LogicalSize<u32>,
-    max_inner_size: Option<LogicalSize<u32>>,
+    min_surface_size: LogicalSize<u32>,
+    max_surface_size: Option<LogicalSize<u32>>,

    /// The size of the window when no states were applied to it. The primary use for it
    /// is to fallback to original window size, before it was maximized, if the compositor
@@ -164,7 +162,7 @@ pub struct WindowState {
 impl WindowState {
    /// Create new window state.
    pub fn new(
-        connection: Connection,
+        handle: Arc<OwnedDisplayHandle>,
        queue_handle: &QueueHandle<WinitState>,
        winit_state: &WinitState,
        initial_size: Size,
@@ -186,7 +184,7 @@ impl WindowState {
            blur: None,
            blur_manager: winit_state.kwin_blur_manager.clone(),
            compositor,
-            connection,
+            handle,
            csd_fails: false,
            cursor_grab_mode: GrabState::new(),
            selected_cursor: Default::default(),
@@ -200,8 +198,8 @@ impl WindowState {
            ime_allowed: false,
            ime_purpose: ImePurpose::Normal,
            last_configure: None,
-            max_inner_size: None,
-            min_inner_size: MIN_WINDOW_SIZE,
+            max_surface_size: None,
+            min_surface_size: MIN_WINDOW_SIZE,
            pointer_constraints,
            pointers: Default::default(),
            queue_handle: queue_handle.clone(),
@@ -331,7 +329,7 @@ impl WindowState {

        // Apply configure bounds only when compositor let the user decide what size to pick.
        if constrain {
-            let bounds = self.inner_size_bounds(&configure);
+            let bounds = self.surface_size_bounds(&configure);
            new_size.width =
                bounds.0.map(|bound_w| new_size.width.min(bound_w.get())).unwrap_or(new_size.width);
            new_size.height = bounds
@@ -356,7 +354,7 @@ impl WindowState {
        // NOTE: Set the configure before doing a resize, since we query it during it.
        self.last_configure = Some(configure);

-        if state_change_requires_resize || new_size != self.inner_size() {
+        if state_change_requires_resize || new_size != self.surface_size() {
            self.resize(new_size);
            true
        } else {
@@ -364,8 +362,8 @@ impl WindowState {
        }
    }

-    /// Compute the bounds for the inner size of the surface.
-    fn inner_size_bounds(
+    /// Compute the bounds for the surface size of the surface.
+    fn surface_size_bounds(
        &self,
        configure: &WindowConfigure,
    ) -> (Option<NonZeroU32>, Option<NonZeroU32>) {
@@ -391,7 +389,7 @@ impl WindowState {
    }

    /// Start interacting drag resize.
-    pub fn drag_resize_window(&self, direction: ResizeDirection) -> Result<(), ExternalError> {
+    pub fn drag_resize_window(&self, direction: ResizeDirection) -> Result<(), RequestError> {
        let xdg_toplevel = self.window.xdg_toplevel();

        // TODO(kchibisov) handle touch serials.
@@ -405,7 +403,7 @@ impl WindowState {
    }

    /// Start the window drag.
-    pub fn drag_window(&self) -> Result<(), ExternalError> {
+    pub fn drag_window(&self) -> Result<(), RequestError> {
        let xdg_toplevel = self.window.xdg_toplevel();
        // TODO(kchibisov) handle touch serials.
        self.apply_on_pointer(|_, data| {
@@ -510,8 +508,8 @@ impl WindowState {
            // Restore min/max sizes of the window.
            self.reload_min_max_hints();
        } else {
-            self.set_min_inner_size(Some(self.size));
-            self.set_max_inner_size(Some(self.size));
+            self.set_min_surface_size(Some(self.size));
+            self.set_max_surface_size(Some(self.size));
        }

        // Reload the state on the frame as well.
@@ -536,7 +534,7 @@ impl WindowState {

    /// Get the size of the window.
    #[inline]
-    pub fn inner_size(&self) -> LogicalSize<u32> {
+    pub fn surface_size(&self) -> LogicalSize<u32> {
        self.size
    }

@@ -631,21 +629,21 @@ impl WindowState {
    }

    /// Try to resize the window when the user can do so.
-    pub fn request_inner_size(&mut self, inner_size: Size) -> PhysicalSize<u32> {
+    pub fn request_surface_size(&mut self, surface_size: Size) -> PhysicalSize<u32> {
        if self.last_configure.as_ref().map(Self::is_stateless).unwrap_or(true) {
-            self.resize(inner_size.to_logical(self.scale_factor()))
+            self.resize(surface_size.to_logical(self.scale_factor()))
        }

-        logical_to_physical_rounded(self.inner_size(), self.scale_factor())
+        logical_to_physical_rounded(self.surface_size(), self.scale_factor())
    }

-    /// Resize the window to the new inner size.
-    fn resize(&mut self, inner_size: LogicalSize<u32>) {
-        self.size = inner_size;
+    /// Resize the window to the new surface size.
+    fn resize(&mut self, surface_size: LogicalSize<u32>) {
+        self.size = surface_size;

        // Update the stateless size.
        if Some(true) == self.last_configure.as_ref().map(Self::is_stateless) {
-            self.stateless_size = inner_size;
+            self.stateless_size = surface_size;
        }

        // Update the inner frame.
@@ -676,7 +674,7 @@ impl WindowState {

        // Update the target viewport, this is used if and only if fractional scaling is in use.
        if let Some(viewport) = self.viewport.as_ref() {
-            // Set inner size without the borders.
+            // Set surface size without the borders.
            viewport.set_destination(self.size.width as _, self.size.height as _);
        }
    }
@@ -696,7 +694,7 @@ impl WindowState {
        }

        self.apply_on_pointer(|pointer, _| {
-            if pointer.set_cursor(&self.connection, cursor_icon).is_err() {
+            if pointer.set_cursor(&self.handle.connection, cursor_icon).is_err() {
                warn!("Failed to set cursor to {:?}", cursor_icon);
            }
        })
@@ -756,7 +754,7 @@ impl WindowState {
    }

    /// Set maximum inner window size.
-    pub fn set_min_inner_size(&mut self, size: Option<LogicalSize<u32>>) {
+    pub fn set_min_surface_size(&mut self, size: Option<LogicalSize<u32>>) {
        // Ensure that the window has the right minimum size.
        let mut size = size.unwrap_or(MIN_WINDOW_SIZE);
        size.width = size.width.max(MIN_WINDOW_SIZE.width);
@@ -769,12 +767,12 @@ impl WindowState {
            .map(|frame| frame.add_borders(size.width, size.height).into())
            .unwrap_or(size);

-        self.min_inner_size = size;
+        self.min_surface_size = size;
        self.window.set_min_size(Some(size.into()));
    }

    /// Set maximum inner window size.
-    pub fn set_max_inner_size(&mut self, size: Option<LogicalSize<u32>>) {
+    pub fn set_max_surface_size(&mut self, size: Option<LogicalSize<u32>>) {
        let size = size.map(|size| {
            self.frame
                .as_ref()
@@ -782,7 +780,7 @@ impl WindowState {
                .unwrap_or(size)
        });

-        self.max_inner_size = size;
+        self.max_surface_size = size;
        self.window.set_max_size(size.map(Into::into));
    }

@@ -802,7 +800,7 @@ impl WindowState {
    }

    /// Set the cursor grabbing state on the top-level.
-    pub fn set_cursor_grab(&mut self, mode: CursorGrabMode) -> Result<(), ExternalError> {
+    pub fn set_cursor_grab(&mut self, mode: CursorGrabMode) -> Result<(), RequestError> {
        if self.cursor_grab_mode.user_grab_mode == mode {
            return Ok(());
        }
@@ -815,16 +813,20 @@ impl WindowState {

    /// Reload the hints for minimum and maximum sizes.
    pub fn reload_min_max_hints(&mut self) {
-        self.set_min_inner_size(Some(self.min_inner_size));
-        self.set_max_inner_size(self.max_inner_size);
+        self.set_min_surface_size(Some(self.min_surface_size));
+        self.set_max_surface_size(self.max_surface_size);
    }

    /// Set the grabbing state on the surface.
-    fn set_cursor_grab_inner(&mut self, mode: CursorGrabMode) -> Result<(), ExternalError> {
+    fn set_cursor_grab_inner(&mut self, mode: CursorGrabMode) -> Result<(), RequestError> {
        let pointer_constraints = match self.pointer_constraints.as_ref() {
            Some(pointer_constraints) => pointer_constraints,
            None if mode == CursorGrabMode::None => return Ok(()),
-            None => return Err(ExternalError::NotSupported(NotSupportedError::new())),
+            None => {
+                return Err(
+                    NotSupportedError::new("zwp_pointer_constraints is not available").into()
+                )
+            },
        };

        // Replace the current mode.
@@ -868,16 +870,17 @@ impl WindowState {
    }

    /// Set the position of the cursor.
-    pub fn set_cursor_position(&self, position: LogicalPosition<f64>) -> Result<(), ExternalError> {
+    pub fn set_cursor_position(&self, position: LogicalPosition<f64>) -> Result<(), RequestError> {
        if self.pointer_constraints.is_none() {
-            return Err(ExternalError::NotSupported(NotSupportedError::new()));
+            return Err(NotSupportedError::new("zwp_pointer_constraints is not available").into());
        }

        // Position can be set only for locked cursor.
        if self.cursor_grab_mode.current_grab_mode != CursorGrabMode::Locked {
-            return Err(ExternalError::Os(os_error!(crate::platform_impl::OsError::Misc(
-                "cursor position can be set only for locked cursor."
-            ))));
+            return Err(NotSupportedError::new(
+                "cursor position could only be changed for locked pointer",
+            )
+            .into());
        }

        self.apply_on_pointer(|_, data| {
--- a/src/platform_impl/linux/x11/activation.rs
+++ b/src/platform_impl/linux/x11/activation.rs
@@ -5,14 +5,14 @@
 //! X11 has a "startup notification" specification similar to Wayland's, see this URL:
 //! <https://specifications.freedesktop.org/startup-notification-spec/startup-notification-latest.txt>

-use super::atoms::*;
-use super::{VoidCookie, X11Error, XConnection};
-
 use std::ffi::CString;
 use std::fmt::Write;

 use x11rb::protocol::xproto::{self, ConnectionExt as _};

+use super::atoms::*;
+use super::{VoidCookie, X11Error, XConnection};
+
 impl XConnection {
    /// "Request" a new activation token from the server.
    pub(crate) fn request_activation_token(&self, window_title: &str) -> Result<String, X11Error> {
@@ -165,14 +165,14 @@ fn push_display(buffer: &mut Vec<u8>, display: &impl std::fmt::Display) {
        buffer: &'a mut Vec<u8>,
    }

-    impl<'a> std::fmt::Write for Writer<'a> {
+    impl std::fmt::Write for Writer<'_> {
        fn write_str(&mut self, s: &str) -> std::fmt::Result {
            self.buffer.extend_from_slice(s.as_bytes());
            Ok(())
        }
    }

-    write!(Writer { buffer }, "{}", display).unwrap();
+    write!(Writer { buffer }, "{display}").unwrap();
 }

 #[cfg(test)]
--- a/src/platform_impl/linux/x11/atoms.rs
+++ b/src/platform_impl/linux/x11/atoms.rs
@@ -48,6 +48,8 @@ atom_manager! {
    _NET_WM_NAME,
    _NET_WM_PID,
    _NET_WM_PING,
+    _NET_WM_SYNC_REQUEST,
+    _NET_WM_SYNC_REQUEST_COUNTER,
    _NET_WM_STATE,
    _NET_WM_STATE_ABOVE,
    _NET_WM_STATE_BELOW,
@@ -112,6 +114,7 @@ impl Index<AtomName> for Atoms {
    }
 }

-pub(crate) use AtomName::*;
 // Make sure `None` is still defined.
 pub(crate) use core::option::Option::None;
+
+pub(crate) use AtomName::*;
--- a/src/platform_impl/linux/x11/event_processor.rs
+++ b/src/platform_impl/linux/x11/event_processor.rs
--- a/Show More
+++ b/Show More
				`@@ -0,0 +1 @@`
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