event_loop: group core API in EventLoopProvider

This helps with portability and defines some top-level structure around
the event loop, so in the future, backends can get an idea of what API
to use.

This also changes the API to be object safe by using `dyn` throughout.

.cargo/config.toml

@@ -2,5 +2,8 @@
 #
 # Note that these flags are (intentionally) not included when building from the downloaded crate.
 [build]
-rustflags = ["--cfg=unreleased_changelogs"]
 rustdocflags = ["--cfg=unreleased_changelogs"]
+rustflags = ["--cfg=unreleased_changelogs"]
+
+[target.wasm32-unknown-unknown]
+runner = "wasm-bindgen-test-runner"

.git-blame-ignore-revs

@@ -2,3 +2,7 @@
 
 # chore(rustfmt): use nightly
 7b0c7b6cb2c62767ca0c73c857b299883f55a883
+# Rustfmt: use `group_imports`
+2665c120981af548433645c6383b3580dd8f8fc4
+# Use Taplo for TOML formatting
+3398ebe467c43ccfd91916c5b81ff3c68f598556

.github/CODEOWNERS

@@ -1,10 +1,11 @@
 # Android
-/src/platform/android.rs            @msiglreith @MarijnS95
-/src/platform_impl/android          @msiglreith @MarijnS95
+/src/platform/android.rs            @MarijnS95
+/src/platform_impl/android          @MarijnS95
 
-# iOS
+# Apple (AppKit + UIKit)
 /src/platform/ios.rs                @madsmtm
-/src/platform_impl/ios              @madsmtm
+/src/platform/macos.rs              @madsmtm
+/src/platform_impl/apple            @madsmtm
 
 # Unix
 /src/platform_impl/linux/mod.rs     @kchibisov
@@ -17,17 +18,13 @@
 /src/platform/x11.rs                @kchibisov @notgull
 /src/platform_impl/linux/x11        @kchibisov @notgull
 
-# macOS
-/src/platform/macos.rs              @madsmtm
-/src/platform_impl/macos            @madsmtm
-
 # Web
 /src/platform/web.rs                @daxpedda
 /src/platform_impl/web              @daxpedda
 
 # Windows
-/src/platform/windows.rs            @msiglreith
-/src/platform_impl/windows          @msiglreith
+/src/platform/windows.rs            @notgull
+/src/platform_impl/windows          @notgull
 
 # Orbital (Redox OS)
 /src/platform/orbital.rs            @jackpot51

.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/bug_web.yml

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 name: Web bug
-description: Create a web-specific bug report
+description: Create a Web-specific bug report
 labels:
   - B - bug
   - DS - web

.github/PULL_REQUEST_TEMPLATE.md

@@ -2,4 +2,3 @@
 - [ ] Added an entry to the `changelog` module if knowledge of this change could be valuable to users
 - [ ] Updated documentation to reflect any user-facing changes, including notes of platform-specific behavior
 - [ ] Created or updated an example program if it would help users understand this functionality
-- [ ] Updated [feature matrix](https://github.com/rust-windowing/winit/blob/master/FEATURES.md), if new features were added or implemented

.github/dependabot.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+version: 2
+
+updates:
+  - package-ecosystem: github-actions
+    directory: /
+    schedule:
+        interval: daily
+    groups:
+        github-actions:
+            patterns:
+                - "*"
+
+  - package-ecosystem: npm
+    directory: src/platform_impl/web/script
+    schedule:
+        interval: daily
+    groups:
+        github-actions:
+            patterns:
+                - '*'
+    labels:
+        - "DS - web"

.github/workflows/ci.yml

@@ -10,19 +10,32 @@ jobs:
     name: Check formatting
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+    - uses: taiki-e/checkout-action@v1
     - uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@nightly
       with:
         components: rustfmt
     - name: Check Formatting
       run: cargo fmt -- --check
 
+  taplo:
+    name: Taplo
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+      - name: Checkout
+        uses: taiki-e/checkout-action@v1
+      - name: Install Taplo
+        uses: taiki-e/install-action@v2
+        with:
+          tool: taplo-cli
+      - name: Run Taplo
+        run: taplo fmt --check
+
   typos:
     name: Check for typos
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     timeout-minutes: 30
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - uses: taiki-e/checkout-action@v1
       - uses: taiki-e/install-action@v2
         with:
           tool: typos-cli
@@ -42,7 +55,7 @@ jobs:
     strategy:
       fail-fast: false
       matrix:
-        toolchain: [stable, nightly, '1.70.0']
+        toolchain: [stable, nightly, '1.80']
         platform:
           # Note: Make sure that we test all the `docs.rs` targets defined in Cargo.toml!
           - { name: 'Windows 64bit MSVC', target: x86_64-pc-windows-msvc,   os: windows-latest,  }
@@ -55,25 +68,39 @@ jobs:
           - { name: 'Wayland',            target: x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu, os: ubuntu-latest, options: '--no-default-features --features=wayland,wayland-dlopen' }
           - { name: 'Android',            target: aarch64-linux-android,    os: ubuntu-latest, options: '--package=winit --features=android-native-activity', cmd: 'apk --' }
           - { name: 'Redox OS',           target: x86_64-unknown-redox,     os: ubuntu-latest,   }
-          - { name: 'macOS',              target: x86_64-apple-darwin,      os: macos-latest,    }
+          - { name: 'macOS x86_64',       target: x86_64-apple-darwin,      os: macos-latest,    }
+          - { name: 'macOS Aarch64',      target: aarch64-apple-darwin,     os: macos-latest,    }
           - { name: 'iOS x86_64',         target: x86_64-apple-ios,         os: macos-latest,    }
           - { name: 'iOS Aarch64',        target: aarch64-apple-ios,        os: macos-latest,    }
-          - { name: 'web',                target: wasm32-unknown-unknown,   os: ubuntu-latest,   }
+          - { name: 'Web',                target: wasm32-unknown-unknown,   os: ubuntu-latest,   }
         exclude:
+              # Web on nightly needs extra arguments
+
+          - toolchain: nightly
+            platform: { name: 'Web' }
+            # Rustup is broken.
+          - toolchain: nightly
+            platform: { name: 'Windows 32bit GNU' }
           # Android is tested on stable-3
-          - toolchain: '1.70.0'
-            platform: { name: 'Android', target: aarch64-linux-android, os: ubuntu-latest, options: '--package=winit --features=android-native-activity', cmd: 'apk --' }
+          - toolchain: '1.80'
+            platform: { name: 'Android' }
+          # Redox OS doesn't follow MSRV
+          - toolchain: '1.80'
+            platform: { name: 'Redox OS' }
         include:
-          - toolchain: '1.70.0'
+          - toolchain: '1.80'
             platform: { name: 'Android', target: aarch64-linux-android, os: ubuntu-latest, options: '--package=winit --features=android-native-activity', cmd: 'apk --' }
+          - toolchain: 'nightly'
+            platform: { name: 'Web', target: wasm32-unknown-unknown, os: ubuntu-latest, test-options: -Zdoctest-xcompile }
           - toolchain: 'nightly'
             platform: {
-              name:       'web Atomic',
-              target:     wasm32-unknown-unknown,
-              os:         ubuntu-latest,
-              options:    '-Zbuild-std=panic_abort,std',
-              rustflags:  '-Ctarget-feature=+atomics,+bulk-memory',
-              components: rust-src,
+              name:         'Web Atomic',
+              target:       wasm32-unknown-unknown,
+              os:           ubuntu-latest,
+              options:      '-Zbuild-std=panic_abort,std',
+              test-options: -Zdoctest-xcompile,
+              rustflags:    '-Ctarget-feature=+atomics,+bulk-memory',
+              components:   rust-src,
             }
 
     env:
@@ -83,19 +110,21 @@ jobs:
 
       # Faster compilation and error on warnings
       RUSTFLAGS: '--codegen=debuginfo=0 --deny=warnings ${{ matrix.platform.rustflags }}'
+      RUSTDOCFLAGS: ${{ matrix.platform.rustflags }}
 
       OPTIONS: --target=${{ matrix.platform.target }} ${{ matrix.platform.options }}
+      TEST_OPTIONS: ${{ matrix.platform.test-options }}
       CMD: ${{ matrix.platform.cmd }}
 
     steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+    - uses: taiki-e/checkout-action@v1
 
     - name: Restore cache of cargo folder
       # We use `restore` and later `save`, so that we can create the key after
       # the cache has been downloaded.
       #
       # This could be avoided if we added Cargo.lock to the repository.
-      uses: actions/cache/restore@v3
+      uses: actions/cache/restore@v4
       with:
         # https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/guide/cargo-home.html#caching-the-cargo-home-in-ci
         path: |
@@ -116,7 +145,7 @@ jobs:
     - name: Cache cargo-apk
       if: contains(matrix.platform.target, 'android')
       id: cargo-apk-cache
-      uses: actions/cache@v3
+      uses: actions/cache@v4
       with:
         path: ~/.cargo/bin/cargo-apk
         # Change this key if we update the required cargo-apk version
@@ -131,6 +160,11 @@ jobs:
       if: contains(matrix.platform.target, 'android') && (steps.cargo-apk-cache.outputs.cache-hit != 'true')
       run: cargo install cargo-apk --version=^0.9.7 --locked
 
+    - uses: taiki-e/cache-cargo-install-action@v2
+      if: contains(matrix.platform.target, 'wasm32') && matrix.toolchain == 'nightly'
+      with:
+        tool: wasm-bindgen-cli
+
     - uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@master
       with:
         toolchain: ${{ matrix.toolchain }}${{ matrix.platform.host }}
@@ -149,52 +183,58 @@ jobs:
     - name: Test dpi crate
       if: >
         contains(matrix.platform.name, 'Linux 64bit') &&
-        matrix.toolchain != '1.70.0'
+        matrix.toolchain != '1.80'
       run: cargo test -p dpi
+      
+    - name: Check dpi crate (no_std)
+      if: >
+        contains(matrix.platform.name, 'Linux 64bit') &&
+        matrix.toolchain != '1.80'
+      run: cargo check -p dpi --no-default-features
 
     - name: Build tests
       if: >
         !contains(matrix.platform.target, 'redox') &&
-        matrix.toolchain != '1.70.0'
+        matrix.toolchain != '1.80'
       run: cargo $CMD test --no-run $OPTIONS
 
     - name: Run tests
       if: >
         !contains(matrix.platform.target, 'android') &&
         !contains(matrix.platform.target, 'ios') &&
-        !contains(matrix.platform.target, 'wasm32') &&
+        (!contains(matrix.platform.target, 'wasm32') || matrix.toolchain == 'nightly') &&
         !contains(matrix.platform.target, 'redox') &&
-        matrix.toolchain != '1.70.0'
+        matrix.toolchain != '1.80'
       run: cargo $CMD test $OPTIONS
 
     - name: Lint with clippy
       if: (matrix.toolchain == 'stable') && !contains(matrix.platform.options, '--no-default-features')
-      run: cargo clippy --all-targets $OPTIONS -- -Dwarnings
+      run: cargo clippy --all-targets $OPTIONS $TEST_OPTIONS -- -Dwarnings
 
     - name: Build tests with serde enabled
       if: >
         !contains(matrix.platform.target, 'redox') &&
-        matrix.toolchain != '1.70.0'
-      run: cargo $CMD test --no-run $OPTIONS --features serde
+        matrix.toolchain != '1.80'
+      run: cargo $CMD test --no-run $OPTIONS $TEST_OPTIONS --features serde
 
     - name: Run tests with serde enabled
       if: >
         !contains(matrix.platform.target, 'android') &&
         !contains(matrix.platform.target, 'ios') &&
-        !contains(matrix.platform.target, 'wasm32') &&
+        (!contains(matrix.platform.target, 'wasm32') || matrix.toolchain == 'nightly') &&
         !contains(matrix.platform.target, 'redox') &&
-        matrix.toolchain != '1.70.0'
-      run: cargo $CMD test $OPTIONS --features serde
+        matrix.toolchain != '1.80'
+      run: cargo $CMD test $OPTIONS $TEST_OPTIONS --features serde
 
     - name: Check docs.rs documentation
       if: matrix.toolchain == 'nightly'
-      run: cargo doc --no-deps $OPTIONS --features=rwh_04,rwh_05,rwh_06,serde,mint,android-native-activity
+      run: cargo doc --no-deps $OPTIONS --features=serde,mint,android-native-activity
       env:
         RUSTDOCFLAGS: '--deny=warnings ${{ matrix.platform.rustflags }} --cfg=docsrs --cfg=unreleased_changelogs'
 
     # See restore step above
     - name: Save cache of cargo folder
-      uses: actions/cache/save@v3
+      uses: actions/cache/save@v4
       with:
         path: |
           ~/.cargo/registry/index/
@@ -214,15 +254,50 @@ jobs:
           - { name: 'Android', target: aarch64-linux-android }
           - { name: 'iOS', target: aarch64-apple-ios }
           - { name: 'Linux', target: x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu }
-          - { name: 'macOS', target: x86_64-apple-darwin }
+          - { name: 'macOS', target: aarch64-apple-darwin }
           - { name: 'Redox OS', target: x86_64-unknown-redox }
-          - { name: 'web', target: wasm32-unknown-unknown }
-          - { name: 'Windows', target: x86_64-pc-windows-gnu }
+          - { name: 'Web', target: wasm32-unknown-unknown }
+          - { name: 'Windows GNU', target: x86_64-pc-windows-gnu }
+          - { name: 'Windows MSVC', target: x86_64-pc-windows-msvc }
 
     steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v4
-    - uses: EmbarkStudios/cargo-deny-action@v1
+    - uses: taiki-e/checkout-action@v1
+    - uses: EmbarkStudios/cargo-deny-action@v2
       with:
         command: check
         log-level: error
         arguments: --all-features --target ${{ matrix.platform.target }}
+
+  eslint:
+    name: ESLint
+
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    defaults:
+      run:
+        working-directory: ./src/platform_impl/web/script
+
+    steps:
+      - uses: taiki-e/checkout-action@v1
+      - name: Setup NPM
+        run: npm install
+      - name: Run ESLint
+        run: npx eslint
+
+  swc:
+    name: Minimize JavaScript
+
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    defaults:
+      run:
+        working-directory: ./src/platform_impl/web/script
+
+    steps:
+      - uses: taiki-e/checkout-action@v1
+      - name: Install SWC
+        run: sudo npm i -g @swc/cli
+      - name: Run SWC
+        run: |
+          swc . --ignore node_modules,**/*.d.ts --only **/*.ts -d . --out-file-extension min.js
+      - name: Check for diff
+        run: |
+          [[ -z $(git status -s) ]]

.github/workflows/docs.yml

@@ -29,10 +29,10 @@ jobs:
         env:
           RUSTDOCFLAGS: --crate-version master --cfg=docsrs --cfg=unreleased_changelogs
         run: |
-          cargo doc --no-deps -Z rustdoc-map -Z rustdoc-scrape-examples --features=rwh_04,rwh_05,rwh_06,serde,mint,android-native-activity
+          cargo doc --no-deps -Z rustdoc-map -Z rustdoc-scrape-examples --features=serde,mint,android-native-activity
 
       - name: Setup Pages
-        uses: actions/configure-pages@v4
+        uses: actions/configure-pages@v5
 
       - name: Fix permissions
         run: |

.gitignore

@@ -3,8 +3,8 @@ target/
 rls/
 .vscode/
 *~
-*.wasm
-*.ts
-*.js
 #*#
 .DS_Store
+# NPM package used to run ESLint.
+/src/platform_impl/web/script/node_modules
+/src/platform_impl/web/script/package-lock.json

CONTRIBUTING.md

@@ -19,6 +19,16 @@ All patches have to be sent on Github as [pull requests][prs]. To simplify your
 life during review it's recommended to check the "give contributors write access
 to the branch" checkbox.
 
+We use unstable Rustfmt options across the project, so please run
+`cargo +nightly fmt` before submitting your work. If you are unable to do so,
+the maintainers can do it for you before merging, just state so in your pull
+request description. For details on how to use nightly, consult [the
+documentation][toolchains].
+
+When editing markdown files (`.md`) they must be wrapped at 80 characters.
+
+[toolchains]: https://rust-lang.github.io/rustup/concepts/toolchains.html
+
 #### Handling review
 
 During the review process certain events could require an action from your side,

Cargo.toml

@@ -1,54 +1,62 @@
 [package]
-name = "winit"
-version = "0.30.0"
-authors = [
-    "The winit contributors",
-    "Pierre Krieger <pierre.krieger1708@gmail.com>",
-]
-description = "Cross-platform window creation library."
-keywords = ["windowing"]
-readme = "README.md"
-documentation = "https://docs.rs/winit"
+authors = ["The winit contributors", "Pierre Krieger <pierre.krieger1708@gmail.com>"]
 categories = ["gui"]
-rust-version.workspace = true
-repository.workspace = true
-license.workspace = true
+description = "Cross-platform window creation library."
+documentation = "https://docs.rs/winit"
 edition.workspace = true
-exclude = ["/.cargo"]
+include = [
+    "/build.rs",
+    "/docs",
+    "/examples",
+    "/FEATURES.md",
+    "/LICENSE",
+    "/src",
+    "!/src/platform_impl/web/script",
+    "/src/platform_impl/web/script/**/*.min.js",
+    "/tests",
+]
+keywords = ["windowing"]
+license.workspace = true
+name = "winit"
+readme = "README.md"
+repository.workspace = true
+rust-version.workspace = true
+version = "0.30.10"
 
 [package.metadata.docs.rs]
 features = [
-    "rwh_04",
-    "rwh_05",
-    "rwh_06",
     "serde",
     "mint",
     # Enabled to get docs to compile
     "android-native-activity",
 ]
 # These are all tested in CI
+rustdoc-args = ["--cfg", "docsrs"]
 targets = [
     # Windows
     "i686-pc-windows-msvc",
     "x86_64-pc-windows-msvc",
     # macOS
+    "aarch64-apple-darwin",
     "x86_64-apple-darwin",
     # Unix (X11 & Wayland)
     "i686-unknown-linux-gnu",
     "x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu",
     # iOS
-    "x86_64-apple-ios",
+    "aarch64-apple-ios",
     # Android
     "aarch64-linux-android",
     # Web
     "wasm32-unknown-unknown",
 ]
-rustdoc-args = ["--cfg", "docsrs"]
 
 # Features are documented in either `lib.rs` or under `winit::platform`.
 [features]
-default = ["rwh_06", "x11", "wayland", "wayland-dlopen", "wayland-csd-adwaita"]
-x11 = ["x11-dl", "bytemuck", "percent-encoding", "xkbcommon-dl/x11", "x11rb"]
+android-game-activity = ["android-activity/game-activity"]
+android-native-activity = ["android-activity/native-activity"]
+default = ["x11", "wayland", "wayland-dlopen", "wayland-csd-adwaita"]
+mint = ["dpi/mint"]
+serde = ["dep:serde", "cursor-icon/serde", "smol_str/serde", "dpi/serde", "bitflags/serde"]
 wayland = [
     "wayland-client",
     "wayland-backend",
@@ -58,85 +66,58 @@ wayland = [
     "ahash",
     "memmap2",
 ]
-wayland-dlopen = ["wayland-backend/dlopen"]
 wayland-csd-adwaita = ["sctk-adwaita", "sctk-adwaita/ab_glyph"]
 wayland-csd-adwaita-crossfont = ["sctk-adwaita", "sctk-adwaita/crossfont"]
 wayland-csd-adwaita-notitle = ["sctk-adwaita"]
-android-native-activity = ["android-activity/native-activity"]
-android-game-activity = ["android-activity/game-activity"]
-serde = ["dep:serde", "cursor-icon/serde", "smol_str/serde", "dpi/serde"]
-mint = ["dpi/mint"]
-rwh_04 = ["dep:rwh_04", "ndk/rwh_04"]
-rwh_05 = ["dep:rwh_05", "ndk/rwh_05"]
-rwh_06 = ["dep:rwh_06", "ndk/rwh_06"]
+wayland-dlopen = ["wayland-backend/dlopen"]
+x11 = ["x11-dl", "bytemuck", "percent-encoding", "xkbcommon-dl/x11", "x11rb"]
 
 [build-dependencies]
-cfg_aliases = "0.2.0"
+cfg_aliases = "0.2.1"
 
 [dependencies]
 bitflags = "2"
 cursor-icon = "1.1.0"
-dpi = { version = "0.1.1", path = "dpi" }
-rwh_04 = { package = "raw-window-handle", version = "0.4", optional = true }
-rwh_05 = { package = "raw-window-handle", version = "0.5.2", features = [
-    "std",
-], optional = true }
-rwh_06 = { package = "raw-window-handle", version = "0.6", features = [
-    "std",
-], optional = true }
+dpi = { version = "0.1.2", path = "dpi" }
+rwh_06 = { package = "raw-window-handle", version = "0.6", features = ["std"] }
 serde = { workspace = true, optional = true }
-smol_str = "0.2.0"
-tracing = { version = "0.1.40", default_features = false }
+smol_str = "0.3"
+tracing = { version = "0.1.40", default-features = false }
 
 [dev-dependencies]
 image = { version = "0.25.0", default-features = false, features = ["png"] }
-tracing = { version = "0.1.40", default_features = false, features = ["log"] }
+tracing = { version = "0.1.40", default-features = false, features = ["log"] }
 tracing-subscriber = { version = "0.3.18", features = ["env-filter"] }
-winit = { path = ".", features = ["rwh_05"] }
 
-[target.'cfg(not(any(target_os = "android", target_os = "ios")))'.dev-dependencies]
-softbuffer = { version = "0.4.0", default-features = false, features = [
+[target.'cfg(not(target_os = "android"))'.dev-dependencies]
+softbuffer = { version = "0.4.6", default-features = false, features = [
     "x11",
     "x11-dlopen",
     "wayland",
     "wayland-dlopen",
 ] }
 
+# Android
 [target.'cfg(target_os = "android")'.dependencies]
 android-activity = "0.6.0"
-ndk = { version = "0.9.0", default-features = false }
+ndk = { version = "0.9.0", features = ["rwh_06"], default-features = false }
 
-[target.'cfg(any(target_os = "ios", target_os = "macos"))'.dependencies]
-core-foundation = "0.9.3"
-objc2 = "0.5.1"
+# AppKit or UIKit
+[target.'cfg(target_vendor = "apple")'.dependencies]
+block2 = "0.6.1"
+dispatch2 = { version = "0.3.0", default-features = false, features = ["std", "objc2"] }
+objc2 = "0.6.1"
 
+# AppKit
 [target.'cfg(target_os = "macos")'.dependencies]
-core-graphics = "0.23.1"
-
-[target.'cfg(target_os = "macos")'.dependencies.objc2-foundation]
-version = "0.2.0"
-features = [
-    "dispatch",
-    "NSArray",
-    "NSAttributedString",
-    "NSData",
-    "NSDictionary",
-    "NSEnumerator",
-    "NSObjCRuntime",
-    "NSString",
-    "NSPathUtilities",
-    "NSProcessInfo",
-    "NSThread",
-    "NSValue",
-]
-
-[target.'cfg(target_os = "macos")'.dependencies.objc2-app-kit]
-version = "0.2.0"
-features = [
+objc2-app-kit = { version = "0.3.1", default-features = false, features = [
+    "std",
+    "objc2-core-foundation",
     "NSAppearance",
     "NSApplication",
     "NSBitmapImageRep",
     "NSButton",
+    "NSColor",
     "NSControl",
     "NSCursor",
     "NSDragging",
@@ -148,38 +129,120 @@ features = [
     "NSMenu",
     "NSMenuItem",
     "NSOpenGLView",
+    "NSPanel",
     "NSPasteboard",
     "NSResponder",
     "NSRunningApplication",
     "NSScreen",
     "NSTextInputClient",
     "NSTextInputContext",
+    "NSToolbar",
     "NSView",
     "NSWindow",
     "NSWindowScripting",
     "NSWindowTabGroup",
-]
+] }
+objc2-core-foundation = { version = "0.3.1", default-features = false, features = [
+    "std",
+    "block2",
+    "CFBase",
+    "CFCGTypes",
+    "CFData",
+    "CFRunLoop",
+    "CFString",
+    "CFUUID",
+] }
+objc2-core-graphics = { version = "0.3.1", default-features = false, features = [
+    "std",
+    "libc",
+    "CGDirectDisplay",
+    "CGDisplayConfiguration",
+    "CGDisplayFade",
+    "CGError",
+    "CGRemoteOperation",
+    "CGWindowLevel",
+] }
+objc2-core-video = { version = "0.3.1", default-features = false, features = [
+    "std",
+    "objc2-core-graphics",
+    "CVBase",
+    "CVReturn",
+    "CVDisplayLink",
+] }
+objc2-foundation = { version = "0.3.1", default-features = false, features = [
+    "std",
+    "block2",
+    "objc2-core-foundation",
+    "NSArray",
+    "NSAttributedString",
+    "NSData",
+    "NSDictionary",
+    "NSDistributedNotificationCenter",
+    "NSEnumerator",
+    "NSGeometry",
+    "NSKeyValueObserving",
+    "NSNotification",
+    "NSObjCRuntime",
+    "NSOperation",
+    "NSPathUtilities",
+    "NSProcessInfo",
+    "NSRunLoop",
+    "NSString",
+    "NSThread",
+    "NSValue",
+] }
 
-[target.'cfg(target_os = "ios")'.dependencies.objc2-foundation]
-version = "0.2.0"
-features = [
-    "dispatch",
+# UIKit
+[target.'cfg(all(target_vendor = "apple", not(target_os = "macos")))'.dependencies]
+objc2-core-foundation = { version = "0.3.1", default-features = false, features = [
+    "std",
+    "CFCGTypes",
+    "CFBase",
+    "CFRunLoop",
+    "CFString",
+] }
+objc2-foundation = { version = "0.3.1", default-features = false, features = [
+    "std",
+    "block2",
+    "objc2-core-foundation",
     "NSArray",
     "NSEnumerator",
     "NSGeometry",
     "NSObjCRuntime",
+    "NSOperation",
     "NSString",
-    "NSProcessInfo",
     "NSThread",
     "NSSet",
-]
+] }
+objc2-ui-kit = { version = "0.3.1", default-features = false, features = [
+    "std",
+    "objc2-core-foundation",
+    "UIApplication",
+    "UIDevice",
+    "UIEvent",
+    "UIGeometry",
+    "UIGestureRecognizer",
+    "UITextInput",
+    "UITextInputTraits",
+    "UIOrientation",
+    "UIPanGestureRecognizer",
+    "UIPinchGestureRecognizer",
+    "UIResponder",
+    "UIRotationGestureRecognizer",
+    "UIScreen",
+    "UIScreenMode",
+    "UITapGestureRecognizer",
+    "UITouch",
+    "UITraitCollection",
+    "UIView",
+    "UIViewController",
+    "UIWindow",
+] }
 
+# Windows
 [target.'cfg(target_os = "windows")'.dependencies]
 unicode-segmentation = "1.7.1"
-
-[target.'cfg(target_os = "windows")'.dependencies.windows-sys]
-version = "0.52.0"
-features = [
+windows-sys = { version = "0.59.0", features = [
     "Win32_Devices_HumanInterfaceDevice",
     "Win32_Foundation",
     "Win32_Globalization",
@@ -190,6 +253,7 @@ features = [
     "Win32_System_Com",
     "Win32_System_LibraryLoader",
     "Win32_System_Ole",
+    "Win32_Security",
     "Win32_System_SystemInformation",
     "Win32_System_SystemServices",
     "Win32_System_Threading",
@@ -204,12 +268,13 @@ features = [
     "Win32_UI_Shell",
     "Win32_UI_TextServices",
     "Win32_UI_WindowsAndMessaging",
-]
+] }
 
-[target.'cfg(all(unix, not(any(target_os = "redox", target_family = "wasm", target_os = "android", target_os = "ios", target_os = "macos"))))'.dependencies]
+# Linux
+[target.'cfg(all(unix, not(any(target_os = "redox", target_family = "wasm", target_os = "android", target_vendor = "apple"))))'.dependencies]
 ahash = { version = "0.8.7", features = ["no-rng"], optional = true }
 bytemuck = { version = "1.13.1", default-features = false, optional = true }
-calloop = "0.12.3"
+calloop = "0.13.0"
 libc = "0.2.64"
 memmap2 = { version = "0.9.0", optional = true }
 percent-encoding = { version = "2.0", optional = true }
@@ -219,86 +284,93 @@ rustix = { version = "0.38.4", default-features = false, features = [
     "thread",
     "process",
 ] }
-sctk = { package = "smithay-client-toolkit", version = "0.18.0", default-features = false, features = [
+sctk = { package = "smithay-client-toolkit", version = "0.19.2", default-features = false, features = [
     "calloop",
 ], optional = true }
-sctk-adwaita = { version = "0.9.0", default_features = false, optional = true }
-wayland-backend = { version = "0.3.0", default_features = false, features = [
+sctk-adwaita = { version = "0.10.1", default-features = false, optional = true }
+wayland-backend = { version = "0.3.10", default-features = false, features = [
     "client_system",
 ], optional = true }
-wayland-client = { version = "0.31.1", optional = true }
-wayland-protocols = { version = "0.31.0", features = [
-    "staging",
-], optional = true }
-wayland-protocols-plasma = { version = "0.2.0", features = [
-    "client",
-], optional = true }
+wayland-client = { version = "0.31.10", optional = true }
+wayland-protocols = { version = "0.32.8", features = ["staging"], optional = true }
+wayland-protocols-plasma = { version = "0.3.8", features = ["client"], optional = true }
 x11-dl = { version = "2.19.1", optional = true }
 x11rb = { version = "0.13.0", default-features = false, features = [
     "allow-unsafe-code",
+    "cursor",
     "dl-libxcb",
     "randr",
     "resource_manager",
+    "sync",
     "xinput",
     "xkb",
 ], optional = true }
 xkbcommon-dl = "0.4.2"
 
+# Orbital
 [target.'cfg(target_os = "redox")'.dependencies]
 orbclient = { version = "0.3.47", default-features = false }
-redox_syscall = "0.4.1"
-
-[target.'cfg(target_family = "wasm")'.dependencies.web_sys]
-package = "web-sys"
-version = "0.3.64"
-features = [
-    'AbortController',
-    'AbortSignal',
-    'Blob',
-    'console',
-    'CssStyleDeclaration',
-    'Document',
-    'DomException',
-    'DomRect',
-    'DomRectReadOnly',
-    'Element',
-    'Event',
-    'EventTarget',
-    'FocusEvent',
-    'HtmlCanvasElement',
-    'HtmlElement',
-    'HtmlImageElement',
-    'ImageBitmap',
-    'ImageBitmapOptions',
-    'ImageBitmapRenderingContext',
-    'ImageData',
-    'IntersectionObserver',
-    'IntersectionObserverEntry',
-    'KeyboardEvent',
-    'MediaQueryList',
-    'MessageChannel',
-    'MessagePort',
-    'Node',
-    'PageTransitionEvent',
-    'PointerEvent',
-    'PremultiplyAlpha',
-    'ResizeObserver',
-    'ResizeObserverBoxOptions',
-    'ResizeObserverEntry',
-    'ResizeObserverOptions',
-    'ResizeObserverSize',
-    'VisibilityState',
-    'Window',
-    'WheelEvent',
-    'Url',
-]
+redox_syscall = "0.5.7"
 
+# Web
 [target.'cfg(target_family = "wasm")'.dependencies]
-js-sys = "0.3.64"
+js-sys = "0.3.70"
 pin-project = "1"
-wasm-bindgen = "0.2"
-wasm-bindgen-futures = "0.4"
+wasm-bindgen = "0.2.93"
+wasm-bindgen-futures = "0.4.43"
 web-time = "1"
+web_sys = { package = "web-sys", version = "0.3.70", features = [
+    "AbortController",
+    "AbortSignal",
+    "Blob",
+    "BlobPropertyBag",
+    "console",
+    "CssStyleDeclaration",
+    "Document",
+    "DomException",
+    "DomRect",
+    "DomRectReadOnly",
+    "Element",
+    "Event",
+    "EventTarget",
+    "FocusEvent",
+    "HtmlCanvasElement",
+    "HtmlElement",
+    "HtmlHtmlElement",
+    "HtmlImageElement",
+    "ImageBitmap",
+    "ImageBitmapOptions",
+    "ImageBitmapRenderingContext",
+    "ImageData",
+    "IntersectionObserver",
+    "IntersectionObserverEntry",
+    "KeyboardEvent",
+    "MediaQueryList",
+    "MessageChannel",
+    "MessagePort",
+    "Navigator",
+    "Node",
+    "OrientationLockType",
+    "OrientationType",
+    "PageTransitionEvent",
+    "Permissions",
+    "PermissionState",
+    "PermissionStatus",
+    "PointerEvent",
+    "PremultiplyAlpha",
+    "ResizeObserver",
+    "ResizeObserverBoxOptions",
+    "ResizeObserverEntry",
+    "ResizeObserverOptions",
+    "ResizeObserverSize",
+    "Screen",
+    "ScreenOrientation",
+    "Url",
+    "VisibilityState",
+    "WheelEvent",
+    "Window",
+    "Worker",
+] }
 
 [target.'cfg(all(target_family = "wasm", target_feature = "atomics"))'.dependencies]
 atomic-waker = "1"
@@ -307,21 +379,25 @@ concurrent-queue = { version = "2", default-features = false }
 [target.'cfg(target_family = "wasm")'.dev-dependencies]
 console_error_panic_hook = "0.1"
 tracing-web = "0.1"
+wasm-bindgen-test = "0.3"
 
 [[example]]
 doc-scrape-examples = true
 name = "window"
 
+[[example]]
+name = "child_window"
+
 [workspace]
-resolver = "2"
 members = ["dpi"]
+resolver = "2"
 
 [workspace.package]
-rust-version = "1.70.0"
-repository = "https://github.com/rust-windowing/winit"
-license = "Apache-2.0"
 edition = "2021"
+license = "Apache-2.0"
+repository = "https://github.com/rust-windowing/winit"
+rust-version = "1.80"
 
 [workspace.dependencies]
-serde = { version = "1", features = ["serde_derive"] }
 mint = "0.5.6"
+serde = { version = "1", features = ["serde_derive"] }

FEATURES.md

@@ -47,202 +47,3 @@ through the implementation work necessary to function on all platforms. When one
 gets implemented across all platforms, a PR can be opened to upgrade the feature to a core feature.
 If that gets accepted, the platform-specific functions get deprecated and become permanently
 exposed through the core, cross-platform API.
-
-# Features
-
-## Extending this section
-
-If your PR makes notable changes to Winit's features, please update this section as follows:
-
-- If your PR adds a new feature, add a brief description to the relevant section. If the feature is a core
-  feature, add a row to the feature matrix and describe what platforms the feature has been implemented on.
-
-- If your PR begins a new API rework, add a row to the `Pending API Reworks` table. If the PR implements the
-  API rework on all relevant platforms, please move it to the `Completed API Reworks` table.
-
-- If your PR implements an already-existing feature on a new platform, either mark the feature as *completed*,
-  or mark it as *mostly completed* and link to an issue describing the problems with the implementation.
-
-## Core
-
-### Windowing
-- **Window initialization**: Winit allows the creation of a window
-- **Providing pointer to init OpenGL**: Winit provides the necessary pointers to initialize a working opengl context
-- **Providing pointer to init Vulkan**: Same as OpenGL but for Vulkan
-- **Window decorations**: The windows created by winit are properly decorated, and the decorations can
-  be deactivated
-- **Window decorations toggle**: Decorations can be turned on or off after window creation
-- **Window resizing**: The windows created by winit can be resized and generate the appropriate events
-  when they are. The application can precisely control its window size if desired.
-- **Window resize increments**: When the window gets resized, the application can choose to snap the window's
-  size to specific values.
-- **Window transparency**: Winit allows the creation of windows with a transparent background.
-- **Window maximization**: The windows created by winit can be maximized upon creation.
-- **Window maximization toggle**: The windows created by winit can be maximized and unmaximized after
-  creation.
-- **Window minimization**: The windows created by winit can be minimized after creation.
-- **Fullscreen**: The windows created by winit can be put into fullscreen mode.
-- **Fullscreen toggle**: The windows created by winit can be switched to and from fullscreen after
-  creation.
-- **Exclusive fullscreen**: Winit allows changing the video mode of the monitor
-  for fullscreen windows and, if applicable, captures the monitor for exclusive
-  use by this application.
-- **HiDPI support**: Winit assists developers in appropriately scaling HiDPI content.
-- **Popup / modal windows**: Windows can be created relative to the client area of other windows, and parent
-  windows can be disabled in favor of popup windows. This feature also guarantees that popup windows
-  get drawn above their owner.
-
-
-### System Information
-- **Monitor list**: Retrieve the list of monitors and their metadata, including which one is primary.
-- **Video mode query**: Monitors can be queried for their supported fullscreen video modes (consisting of resolution, refresh rate, and bit depth).
-
-### Input Handling
-- **Mouse events**: Generating mouse events associated with pointer motion, click, and scrolling events.
-- **Mouse set location**: Forcibly changing the location of the pointer.
-- **Cursor locking**: Locking the cursor inside the window so it cannot move.
-- **Cursor confining**: Confining the cursor to the window bounds so it cannot leave them.
-- **Cursor icon**: Changing the cursor icon or hiding the cursor.
-- **Cursor image**: Changing the cursor to your own image.
-- **Cursor hittest**: Handle or ignore mouse events for a window.
-- **Touch events**: Single-touch events.
-- **Touch pressure**: Touch events contain information about the amount of force being applied.
-- **Multitouch**: Multi-touch events, including cancellation of a gesture.
-- **Keyboard events**: Properly processing keyboard events using the user-specified keymap and
-  translating keypresses into UTF-8 characters, handling dead keys and IMEs.
-- **Drag & Drop**: Dragging content into winit, detecting when content enters, drops, or if the drop is cancelled.
-- **Raw Device Events**: Capturing input from input devices without any OS filtering.
-- **Gamepad/Joystick events**: Capturing input from gamepads and joysticks.
-- **Device movement events**: Capturing input from the device gyroscope and accelerometer.
-
-## Platform
-### Windows
-* Setting the name of the internal window class
-* Setting the taskbar icon
-* Setting the parent window
-* Setting a menu bar
-* `WS_EX_NOREDIRECTIONBITMAP` support
-* Theme the title bar according to Windows 10 Dark Mode setting or set a preferred theme
-* Changing a system-drawn backdrop
-* Setting the window border color
-* Setting the title bar background color
-* Setting the title color
-* Setting the corner rounding preference
-
-### macOS
-* Window activation policy
-* Window movable by background
-* Transparent titlebar
-* Hidden titlebar
-* Hidden titlebar buttons
-* Full-size content view
-* Accepts first mouse
-* Set a preferred theme and get current theme.
-
-### Unix
-* Window urgency
-* X11 Window Class
-* X11 Override Redirect Flag
-* GTK Theme Variant
-* Base window size
-* Setting the X11 parent window
-
-### iOS
-* Get the `UIScreen` object pointer
-* Setting the `UIView` hidpi factor
-* Valid orientations
-* Home indicator visibility
-* Status bar visibility and style
-* Deferring system gestures
-* Getting the device idiom
-* Getting the preferred video mode
-
-### Web
-* Get if the systems preferred color scheme is "dark"
-
-## Compatibility Matrix
-
-Legend:
-
-- ✔️: Works as intended
-- ▢: Mostly works, but some bugs are known
-- ❌: Missing feature or large bugs making it unusable
-- **N/A**: Not applicable for this platform
-- ❓: Unknown status
-
-### Windowing
-|Feature                          |Windows|MacOS   |Linux x11   |Linux Wayland  |Android|iOS    |Web      |Redox OS|
-|-------------------------------- | ----- | ----   | -------    | -----------   | ----- | ----- | -------- | ------ |
-|Window initialization            |✔️     |✔️     |▢[#5]      |✔️             |▢[#33]|▢[#33] |✔️        |✔️      |
-|Providing pointer to init OpenGL |✔️     |✔️     |✔️         |✔️             |✔️     |✔️    |**N/A**|✔️      |
-|Providing pointer to init Vulkan |✔️     |✔️     |✔️         |✔️             |✔️     |❓     |**N/A**|**N/A** |
-|Window decorations               |✔️     |✔️     |✔️         |✔️             |**N/A**|**N/A**|**N/A**|✔️      |
-|Window decorations toggle        |✔️     |✔️     |✔️         |✔️             |**N/A**|**N/A**|**N/A**|**N/A** |
-|Window resizing                  |✔️     |✔️     |✔️         |✔️        |**N/A**|**N/A**|✔️        |✔️      |
-|Window resize increments         |✔️     |✔️     |✔️         |❌             |**N/A**|**N/A**|**N/A**|**N/A** |
-|Window transparency              |✔️     |✔️     |✔️         |✔️             |**N/A**|**N/A**|N/A        |✔️      |
-|Window blur                      |❌    |❌    |❌        |✔️             |**N/A**|**N/A**|N/A        |❌     |
-|Window maximization              |✔️     |✔️     |✔️         |✔️             |**N/A**|**N/A**|**N/A**|**N/A** |
-|Window maximization toggle       |✔️     |✔️     |✔️         |✔️             |**N/A**|**N/A**|**N/A**|**N/A** |
-|Window minimization              |✔️     |✔️     |✔️         |✔️             |**N/A**|**N/A**|**N/A**|**N/A** |
-|Fullscreen                       |✔️     |✔️     |✔️         |✔️             |**N/A**|✔️     |✔️        |**N/A** |
-|Fullscreen toggle                |✔️     |✔️     |✔️         |✔️             |**N/A**|✔️     |✔️        |**N/A** |
-|Exclusive fullscreen             |✔️     |✔️     |✔️         |**N/A**         |❌    |✔️     |**N/A**|**N/A** |
-|HiDPI support                    |✔️     |✔️     |✔️         |✔️             |✔️     |✔️    |✔️    |❌      |
-|Popup windows                    |❌     |❌     |❌         |❌             |❌    |❌     |**N/A**|**N/A** |
-
-### System information
-|Feature          |Windows|MacOS |Linux x11|Linux Wayland|Android|iOS      |Web      |Redox OS|
-|---------------- | ----- | ---- | ------- | ----------- | ----- | ------- | -------- | ------ |
-|Monitor list     |✔️    |✔️    |✔️       |✔️          |✔️     |✔️      |**N/A**|❌      |
-|Video mode query |✔️    |✔️    |✔️       |✔️          |✔️     |✔️      |**N/A**|❌      |
-
-### Input handling
-|Feature                 |Windows   |MacOS   |Linux x11|Linux Wayland|Android|iOS    |Web      |Redox OS|
-|----------------------- | -----    | ----   | ------- | ----------- | ----- | ----- | -------- | ------ |
-|Mouse events            |✔️       |▢[#63]  |✔️       |✔️          |**N/A**|**N/A**|✔️        |✔️      |
-|Mouse set location      |✔️       |✔️      |✔️       |✔️(when locked)  |**N/A**|**N/A**|**N/A**|**N/A** |
-|Cursor locking          |❌       |✔️      |❌       |✔️          |**N/A**|**N/A**|✔️        |❌      |
-|Cursor confining        |✔️       |❌      |✔️       |✔️          |**N/A**|**N/A**|❌       |❌      |
-|Cursor icon             |✔️       |✔️      |✔️       |✔️          |**N/A**|**N/A**|✔️        |**N/A** |
-|Cursor image            |✔️       |✔️      |✔️       |✔️          |**N/A**|**N/A**|✔️        |**N/A** |
-|Cursor hittest          |✔️       |✔️      |✔️       |✔️          |**N/A**|**N/A**|❌        |❌      |
-|Touch events            |✔️       |❌      |✔️       |✔️          |✔️    |✔️     |✔️        |**N/A** |
-|Touch pressure          |✔️       |❌      |❌       |❌          |❌    |✔️     |✔️        |**N/A** |
-|Multitouch              |✔️       |❌      |✔️       |✔️          |✔️    |✔️     |❌        |**N/A** |
-|Keyboard events         |✔️       |✔️      |✔️       |✔️          |✔️    |❌     |✔️        |✔️      |
-|Drag & Drop             |▢[#720]  |▢[#720] |▢[#720]  |▢[#720]   |**N/A**|**N/A**|❓        |**N/A** |
-|Raw Device Events       |▢[#750]  |▢[#750] |▢[#750]  |❌          |❌    |❌     |❓        |**N/A** |
-|Gamepad/Joystick events |❌[#804] |❌      |❌       |❌          |❌    |❌     |❓        |**N/A** |
-|Device movement events  |❓        |❓       |❓       |❓           |❌    |❌     |❓        |**N/A** |
-|Drag window with cursor |✔️       |✔️      |✔️       |✔️          |**N/A**|**N/A**|**N/A**   |**N/A** |
-|Resize with cursor      |✔️       |❌       |✔️       |✔️       |**N/A**|**N/A**|**N/A**   |**N/A** |
-
-### Pending API Reworks
-Changes in the API that have been agreed upon but aren't implemented across all platforms.
-
-|Feature                             |Windows|MacOS |Linux x11|Linux Wayland|Android|iOS    |Web      |Redox OS|
-|------------------------------      | ----- | ---- | ------- | ----------- | ----- | ----- | -------- | ------ |
-|New API for HiDPI ([#315] [#319])   |✔️      |✔️     |✔️        |✔️            |✔️      |✔️      |❓        |❓      |
-|Event Loop 2.0 ([#459])             |✔️      |✔️     |✔️        |✔️            |✔️      |✔️      |❓        |✔️       |
-|Keyboard Input 2.0 ([#753])         |✔️      |✔️     |✔️        |✔️            |✔️      |❌     |✔️         |✔️       |
-
-### Completed API Reworks
-|Feature                             |Windows|MacOS |Linux x11|Linux Wayland|Android|iOS    |Web      |Redox OS|
-|------------------------------      | ----- | ---- | ------- | ----------- | ----- | ----- | -------- | ------ |
-
-[#165]: https://github.com/rust-windowing/winit/issues/165
-[#219]: https://github.com/rust-windowing/winit/issues/219
-[#242]: https://github.com/rust-windowing/winit/issues/242
-[#306]: https://github.com/rust-windowing/winit/issues/306
-[#315]: https://github.com/rust-windowing/winit/issues/315
-[#319]: https://github.com/rust-windowing/winit/issues/319
-[#33]: https://github.com/rust-windowing/winit/issues/33
-[#459]: https://github.com/rust-windowing/winit/issues/459
-[#5]: https://github.com/rust-windowing/winit/issues/5
-[#63]: https://github.com/rust-windowing/winit/issues/63
-[#720]: https://github.com/rust-windowing/winit/issues/720
-[#721]: https://github.com/rust-windowing/winit/issues/721
-[#750]: https://github.com/rust-windowing/winit/issues/750
-[#753]: https://github.com/rust-windowing/winit/issues/753
-[#804]: https://github.com/rust-windowing/winit/issues/804

README.md

@@ -2,13 +2,13 @@
 
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/v/winit.svg)](https://crates.io/crates/winit)
 [![Docs.rs](https://docs.rs/winit/badge.svg)](https://docs.rs/winit)
-[![Master Docs](https://img.shields.io/github/actions/workflow/status/rust-windowing/winit/docs.yml?branch=master&label=master%20docs
+[![UNSTABLE docs](https://img.shields.io/github/actions/workflow/status/rust-windowing/winit/docs.yml?branch=master&label=UNSTABLE%20docs
 )](https://rust-windowing.github.io/winit/winit/index.html)
 [![CI Status](https://github.com/rust-windowing/winit/workflows/CI/badge.svg)](https://github.com/rust-windowing/winit/actions)
 
 ```toml
 [dependencies]
-winit = "0.30.0"
+winit = "0.30.10"
 ```
 
 ## [Documentation](https://docs.rs/winit)
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ For features _outside_ the scope of winit, see [Are we GUI Yet?](https://arewegu
 
 ## Contact Us
 
-Join us in our [![Matrix](https://img.shields.io/badge/Matrix-%23rust--windowing%3Amatrix.org-blueviolet.svg)](https://matrix.to/#/#rust-windowing:matrix.org) room. If you don't get an answer there, try [![Libera.Chat](https://img.shields.io/badge/libera.chat-%23winit-red.svg)](https://web.libera.chat/#winit).
+Join us in our [![Matrix](https://img.shields.io/badge/Matrix-%23rust--windowing%3Amatrix.org-blueviolet.svg)](https://matrix.to/#/#rust-windowing:matrix.org) room.
 
 The maintainers have a meeting every friday at UTC 15. The meeting notes can be found [here](https://hackmd.io/@winit-meetings).
 
@@ -33,9 +33,13 @@ Winit is designed to be a low-level brick in a hierarchy of libraries. Consequen
 show something on the window you need to use the platform-specific getters provided by winit, or
 another library.
 
+## CONTRIBUTING
+
+For contributing guidelines see [CONTRIBUTING.md](./CONTRIBUTING.md).
+
 ## MSRV Policy
 
-This crate's Minimum Supported Rust Version (MSRV) is **1.70**. Changes to
+This crate's Minimum Supported Rust Version (MSRV) is **1.80**. Changes to
 the MSRV will be accompanied by a minor version bump.
 
 As a **tentative** policy, the upper bound of the MSRV is given by the following
@@ -50,12 +54,15 @@ Where `sid` is the current version of `rustc` provided by [Debian Sid], and
 
 [Debian Sid]: https://packages.debian.org/sid/rustc
 
-The exception is for the Android platform, where a higher Rust version
+An exception is made for the Android platform, where a higher Rust version
 must be used for certain Android features. In this case, the MSRV will be
 capped at the latest stable version of Rust minus three. This inconsistency is
 not reflected in Cargo metadata, as it is not powerful enough to expose this
 restriction.
 
+Redox OS is also not covered by this MSRV policy, as it requires a Rust nightly
+toolchain to compile.
+
 All crates in the [`rust-windowing`] organizations have the
 same MSRV policy.
 
@@ -63,4 +70,10 @@ same MSRV policy.
 
 ### Platform-specific usage
 
-Check out the [`winit::platform`](https://rust-windowing.github.io/winit/winit/platform/index.html) module for platform-specific usage.
+Check out the [`winit::platform`](https://docs.rs/winit/latest/winit/platform/index.html) module for platform-specific usage.
+
+### Repository License
+
+Note that the license in `LICENSE` doesn't apply in full to the DPI package [./dpi](./dpi).
+Full details can be found in that folder's README.
+<!-- This doesn't apply to users of the Winit crate, but this is also the repository level README -->

build.rs

@@ -1,19 +1,18 @@
 use cfg_aliases::cfg_aliases;
 
 fn main() {
-    // The script doesn't depend on our code
+    // The script doesn't depend on our code.
     println!("cargo:rerun-if-changed=build.rs");
 
-    // Setup cfg aliases
+    // Setup cfg aliases.
     cfg_aliases! {
         // Systems.
         android_platform: { target_os = "android" },
         web_platform: { all(target_family = "wasm", target_os = "unknown") },
         macos_platform: { target_os = "macos" },
-        ios_platform: { target_os = "ios" },
+        ios_platform: { all(target_vendor = "apple", not(target_os = "macos")) },
         windows_platform: { target_os = "windows" },
-        apple: { any(target_os = "ios", target_os = "macos") },
-        free_unix: { all(unix, not(apple), not(android_platform), not(target_os = "emscripten")) },
+        free_unix: { all(unix, not(target_vendor = "apple"), not(android_platform), not(target_os = "emscripten")) },
         redox: { target_os = "redox" },
 
         // Native displays.
@@ -21,4 +20,7 @@ fn main() {
         wayland_platform: { all(feature = "wayland", free_unix, not(redox)) },
         orbital_platform: { redox },
     }
+
+    // Winit defined cfgs.
+    println!("cargo:rustc-check-cfg=cfg(unreleased_changelogs)");
 }

clippy.toml

@@ -1,15 +1,16 @@
 disallowed-methods = [
-    { path = "web_sys::window", reason = "is not available in every context" },
-    { path = "web_sys::HtmlCanvasElement::width", reason = "Winit shouldn't touch the internal canvas size" },
-    { path = "web_sys::HtmlCanvasElement::height", reason = "Winit shouldn't touch the internal canvas size" },
-    { path = "web_sys::HtmlCanvasElement::set_width", reason = "Winit shouldn't touch the internal canvas size" },
-    { path = "web_sys::HtmlCanvasElement::set_height", reason = "Winit shouldn't touch the internal canvas size" },
-    { path = "web_sys::Window::document", reason = "cache this to reduce calls to JS" },
-    { path = "web_sys::Window::get_computed_style", reason = "cache this to reduce calls to JS" },
-    { path = "web_sys::HtmlElement::style", reason = "cache this to reduce calls to JS" },
-    { path = "web_sys::Element::request_fullscreen", reason = "Doesn't account for compatibility with Safari" },
-    { path = "web_sys::Document::exit_fullscreen", reason = "Doesn't account for compatibility with Safari" },
-    { path = "web_sys::Document::fullscreen_element", reason = "Doesn't account for compatibility with Safari" },
     { path = "objc2_app_kit::NSView::visibleRect", reason = "We expose a render target to the user, and visibility is not really relevant to that (and can break if you don't use the rectangle position as well). Use `frame` instead." },
     { path = "objc2_app_kit::NSWindow::setFrameTopLeftPoint", reason = "Not sufficient when working with Winit's coordinate system, use `flip_window_screen_coordinates` instead" },
+    { path = "web_sys::Document::exit_fullscreen", reason = "Doesn't account for compatibility with Safari" },
+    { path = "web_sys::Document::fullscreen_element", reason = "Doesn't account for compatibility with Safari" },
+    { path = "web_sys::Element::request_fullscreen", reason = "Doesn't account for compatibility with Safari" },
+    { path = "web_sys::HtmlCanvasElement::height", reason = "Winit shouldn't touch the internal canvas size" },
+    { path = "web_sys::HtmlCanvasElement::set_height", reason = "Winit shouldn't touch the internal canvas size" },
+    { path = "web_sys::HtmlCanvasElement::set_width", reason = "Winit shouldn't touch the internal canvas size" },
+    { path = "web_sys::HtmlCanvasElement::width", reason = "Winit shouldn't touch the internal canvas size" },
+    { path = "web_sys::HtmlElement::style", reason = "cache this to reduce calls to JS" },
+    { path = "web_sys::Window::document", reason = "cache this to reduce calls to JS" },
+    { path = "web_sys::Window::get_computed_style", reason = "cache this to reduce calls to JS" },
+    { path = "web_sys::Window::navigator", reason = "cache this to reduce calls to JS" },
+    { path = "web_sys::window", reason = "is not available in every context" },
 ]

deny.toml

@@ -1,15 +1,21 @@
-# https://embarkstudios.github.io/cargo-deny/
+# https://embarkstudios.github.io/cargo-deny
 # cargo install cargo-deny
-# cargo update && cargo deny --all-features --log-level error --target aarch64-apple-ios check
+# cargo update && cargo deny --target aarch64-apple-ios check
 # Note: running just `cargo deny check` without a `--target` will result in
 # false positives due to https://github.com/EmbarkStudios/cargo-deny/issues/324
+[graph]
+all-features = true
+exclude-dev = true
 targets = [
+    { triple = "aarch64-apple-darwin" },
     { triple = "aarch64-apple-ios" },
     { triple = "aarch64-linux-android" },
     { triple = "i686-pc-windows-gnu" },
     { triple = "i686-pc-windows-msvc" },
     { triple = "i686-unknown-linux-gnu" },
-    { triple = "wasm32-unknown-unknown" },
+    { triple = "wasm32-unknown-unknown", features = [
+        "atomics",
+    ] },
     { triple = "x86_64-apple-darwin" },
     { triple = "x86_64-apple-ios" },
     { triple = "x86_64-pc-windows-gnu" },
@@ -18,46 +24,53 @@ targets = [
     { triple = "x86_64-unknown-redox" },
 ]
 
-
-[advisories]
-vulnerability = "deny"
-unmaintained = "warn"
-yanked = "deny"
-ignore = []
-
+[licenses]
+allow = [
+    "Apache-2.0",   # https://tldrlegal.com/license/apache-license-2.0-(apache-2.0)
+    "BSD-2-Clause", # https://tldrlegal.com/license/bsd-2-clause-license-(freebsd)
+    "BSD-3-Clause", # https://tldrlegal.com/license/bsd-3-clause-license-(revised)
+    "ISC",          # https://tldrlegal.com/license/isc-license
+    "MIT",          # https://tldrlegal.com/license/mit-license
+    "Unicode-3.0",  # https://spdx.org/licenses/Unicode-3.0.html
+]
+confidence-threshold = 1.0
+private = { ignore = true }
 
 [bans]
 multiple-versions = "deny"
-wildcards = "allow" # at least until https://github.com/EmbarkStudios/cargo-deny/issues/241 is fixed
-deny = []
-skip = [
-    { name = "raw-window-handle" },    # we intentionally have multiple versions of this
-    { name = "bitflags" },             # the ecosystem is in the process of migrating.
-    { name = "libloading" },           # x11rb uses a different version until the next update
-]
-skip-tree = []
+skip = [{ crate = "bitflags@1", reason = "the ecosystem is in the process of migrating" }]
+wildcards = "allow"                                                                        # at least until https://github.com/EmbarkStudios/cargo-deny/issues/241 is fixed
 
+[bans.build]
+include-archives = true
+interpreted = "deny"
 
-[licenses]
-private = { ignore = true }
-unlicensed = "deny"
-allow-osi-fsf-free = "neither"
-confidence-threshold = 0.92 # We want really high confidence when inferring licenses from text
-copyleft = "deny"
+[[bans.build.bypass]]
 allow = [
-    "Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception", # https://spdx.org/licenses/LLVM-exception.html
-    "Apache-2.0",                     # https://tldrlegal.com/license/apache-license-2.0-(apache-2.0)
-    "BSD-2-Clause",                   # https://tldrlegal.com/license/bsd-2-clause-license-(freebsd)
-    "BSD-3-Clause",                   # https://tldrlegal.com/license/bsd-3-clause-license-(revised)
-    "BSL-1.0",                        # https://tldrlegal.com/license/boost-software-license-1.0-explained
-    "CC0-1.0",                        # https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
-    "ISC",                            # https://tldrlegal.com/license/-isc-license
-    "LicenseRef-UFL-1.0",             # https://tldrlegal.com/license/ubuntu-font-license,-1.0 - no official SPDX, see https://github.com/emilk/egui/issues/2321
-    "MIT-0",                          # https://choosealicense.com/licenses/mit-0/
-    "MIT",                            # https://tldrlegal.com/license/mit-license
-    "MPL-2.0",                        # https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/FAQ/ - see Q11. Used by webpki-roots on Linux.
-    "OFL-1.1",                        # https://spdx.org/licenses/OFL-1.1.html
-    "OpenSSL",                        # https://www.openssl.org/source/license.html - used on Linux
-    "Unicode-DFS-2016",               # https://spdx.org/licenses/Unicode-DFS-2016.html
-    "Zlib",                           # https://tldrlegal.com/license/zlib-libpng-license-(zlib)
+    { path = "generate-bindings.sh", checksum = "268ec23248218d779e33853cdc60e2985e70214ff004716cd734270de1f6b561" },
 ]
+crate = "android-activity"
+
+[[bans.build.bypass]]
+allow-globs = ["ci/*", "githooks/*"]
+crate = "zerocopy"
+
+[[bans.build.bypass]]
+allow-globs = ["freetype2/*"]
+crate = "freetype-sys"
+
+[[bans.build.bypass]]
+allow-globs = ["lib/*.a"]
+crate = "windows_i686_gnu"
+
+[[bans.build.bypass]]
+allow-globs = ["lib/*.lib"]
+crate = "windows_i686_msvc"
+
+[[bans.build.bypass]]
+allow-globs = ["lib/*.a"]
+crate = "windows_x86_64_gnu"
+
+[[bans.build.bypass]]
+allow-globs = ["lib/*.lib"]
+crate = "windows_x86_64_msvc"

docs/ATTRIBUTION.md

@@ -9,3 +9,10 @@ by [Tomiĉo] (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Tomi%C4%89o). It was
 originally released under the [CC-BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en)
 License. Minor modifications have been made by [John Nunley](https://github.com/notgull),
 which have been released under the same license as a derivative work.
+
+## `coordinate-systems*`
+
+These files are created by [Mads Marquart](https://github.com/madsmtm) using
+[draw.io](https://draw.io/), and compressed using [svgomg.net](https://svgomg.net/).
+
+They are licensed under the [CC-BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) license.

docs/coordinate-systems.drawio

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+        <mxCell id="RxwCrVmIsQwV7z5iJ9nY-2" value="" style="rounded=1;whiteSpace=wrap;html=1;shadow=0;fillColor=#d5e8d4;strokeColor=#82b366;" parent="1" vertex="1">
+          <mxGeometry x="210" y="50" width="300" height="620" as="geometry" />
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+          <mxGeometry x="210" y="90" width="300" height="540" as="geometry" />
+        </mxCell>
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+          <mxGeometry x="290" y="640" width="140" height="10" as="geometry" />
+        </mxCell>
+        <mxCell id="RxwCrVmIsQwV7z5iJ9nY-3" value="" style="rounded=1;whiteSpace=wrap;html=1;fillColor=#DBDBDB;strokeColor=#666666;fontColor=#333333;" parent="1" vertex="1">
+          <mxGeometry x="300" y="50" width="120" height="30" as="geometry" />
+        </mxCell>
+        <mxCell id="RxwCrVmIsQwV7z5iJ9nY-12" value="&lt;font&gt;surface_size&lt;/font&gt;" style="endArrow=none;html=1;strokeWidth=3;rounded=0;dashed=1;align=left;fontSize=20;fontFamily=monospace;fontColor=#82B366;labelBackgroundColor=none;spacingLeft=15;spacingRight=15;spacing=0;fillColor=#d5e8d4;strokeColor=#82b366;exitX=1;exitY=0;exitDx=0;exitDy=0;" parent="1" source="RxwCrVmIsQwV7z5iJ9nY-2" edge="1">
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+            <mxPoint x="210" y="50" as="sourcePoint" />
+            <mxPoint x="510" y="670" as="targetPoint" />
+            <Array as="points">
+              <mxPoint x="560" y="50" />
+              <mxPoint x="560" y="670" />
+            </Array>
+            <mxPoint as="offset" />
+          </mxGeometry>
+        </mxCell>
+        <mxCell id="NrHAzeOh65jb3hkBOxW9-1" value="&lt;div&gt;safe_area.top&lt;/div&gt;" style="endArrow=blockThin;html=1;strokeWidth=3;rounded=0;align=right;fontSize=20;fontFamily=monospace;fontColor=#D79B00;labelBackgroundColor=none;spacingLeft=0;spacingRight=15;spacing=0;fillColor=#ffe6cc;strokeColor=#d79b00;startArrow=blockThin;startFill=1;endFill=1;" edge="1" parent="1">
+          <mxGeometry width="50" height="50" relative="1" as="geometry">
+            <mxPoint x="180" y="50" as="sourcePoint" />
+            <mxPoint x="180" y="90" as="targetPoint" />
+            <mxPoint as="offset" />
+          </mxGeometry>
+        </mxCell>
+        <mxCell id="NrHAzeOh65jb3hkBOxW9-5" value="&lt;div&gt;safe_area.bottom&lt;/div&gt;" style="endArrow=blockThin;html=1;strokeWidth=3;rounded=0;align=right;fontSize=20;fontFamily=monospace;fontColor=#D79B00;labelBackgroundColor=none;spacingLeft=0;spacingRight=15;spacing=0;fillColor=#ffe6cc;strokeColor=#d79b00;startArrow=blockThin;startFill=1;endFill=1;" edge="1" parent="1">
+          <mxGeometry width="50" height="50" relative="1" as="geometry">
+            <mxPoint x="180" y="670" as="sourcePoint" />
+            <mxPoint x="180" y="630" as="targetPoint" />
+            <mxPoint as="offset" />
+          </mxGeometry>
+        </mxCell>
+      </root>
+    </mxGraphModel>
+  </diagram>
+</mxfile>

docs/res/coordinate-systems-mobile.svg

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="720" height="720" viewBox="-0.5 -0.5 720 720" class="ge-export-svg-auto"><defs><style><![CDATA[@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){svg.ge-export-svg-auto svg:not(mjx-container>svg),svg.ge-export-svg-auto:not(mjx-container>svg){filter:invert(100%) hue-rotate(180deg)}}]]></style></defs><g data-cell-id="0"><g data-cell-id="1"><rect x="200" y="40" width="320" height="640" rx="48" ry="48" fill="#e8e8e8" stroke="#666" pointer-events="all" data-cell-id="RxwCrVmIsQwV7z5iJ9nY-1"/><rect x="210" y="50" width="300" height="620" rx="45" ry="45" fill="#d5e8d4" stroke="#82b366" pointer-events="all" data-cell-id="RxwCrVmIsQwV7z5iJ9nY-2"/><path fill="#ffe6cc" stroke="#d79b00" pointer-events="all" d="M210 90h300v540H210z" data-cell-id="RxwCrVmIsQwV7z5iJ9nY-4"/><rect x="290" y="640" width="140" height="10" rx="1.5" ry="1.5" fill="#dbdbdb" stroke="#666" pointer-events="all" data-cell-id="RxwCrVmIsQwV7z5iJ9nY-20"/><rect x="300" y="50" width="120" height="30" rx="4.5" ry="4.5" fill="#dbdbdb" stroke="#666" pointer-events="all" data-cell-id="RxwCrVmIsQwV7z5iJ9nY-3"/><g data-cell-id="RxwCrVmIsQwV7z5iJ9nY-12"><path d="M510 50h50v620h-50" fill="none" stroke="#82b366" stroke-width="3" stroke-miterlimit="10" stroke-dasharray="9 9" pointer-events="stroke"/><switch transform="translate(-.5 -.5)"><foreignObject style="overflow:visible;text-align:left" pointer-events="none" width="100%" height="100%" requiredFeatures="http://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/feature#Extensibility"><div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" style="display:flex;align-items:unsafe center;justify-content:unsafe flex-start;width:1px;height:1px;padding-top:360px;margin-left:575px"><div style="box-sizing:border-box;font-size:0;text-align:left" data-drawio-colors="color: #82B366;"><div style="display:inline-block;font-size:20px;font-family:&quot;monospace&quot;;color:#82b366;line-height:1.2;pointer-events:all;white-space:nowrap"><font>surface_size</font></div></div></div></foreignObject><text x="575" y="366" fill="#82B366" font-family="&quot;monospace&quot;" font-size="20">surfa...</text></switch></g><g data-cell-id="NrHAzeOh65jb3hkBOxW9-1"><path d="M180 62.35v15.3" fill="none" stroke="#d79b00" stroke-width="3" stroke-miterlimit="10" pointer-events="stroke"/><path d="m180 53.35 3 9h-6ZM180 86.65l-3-9h6Z" fill="#d79b00" stroke="#d79b00" stroke-width="3" stroke-miterlimit="10" pointer-events="all"/><switch transform="translate(-.5 -.5)"><foreignObject style="overflow:visible;text-align:left" pointer-events="none" width="100%" height="100%" requiredFeatures="http://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/feature#Extensibility"><div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" style="display:flex;align-items:unsafe center;justify-content:unsafe flex-end;width:1px;height:1px;padding-top:70px;margin-left:165px"><div style="box-sizing:border-box;font-size:0;text-align:right" data-drawio-colors="color: #D79B00;"><div style="display:inline-block;font-size:20px;font-family:&quot;monospace&quot;;color:#d79b00;line-height:1.2;pointer-events:all;white-space:nowrap"><div>safe_area.top</div></div></div></div></foreignObject><text x="165" y="76" fill="#D79B00" font-family="&quot;monospace&quot;" font-size="20" text-anchor="end">safe_...</text></switch></g><g data-cell-id="NrHAzeOh65jb3hkBOxW9-5"><path d="M180 657.65v-15.3" fill="none" stroke="#d79b00" stroke-width="3" stroke-miterlimit="10" pointer-events="stroke"/><path d="m180 666.65-3-9h6ZM180 633.35l3 9h-6Z" fill="#d79b00" stroke="#d79b00" stroke-width="3" stroke-miterlimit="10" pointer-events="all"/><switch transform="translate(-.5 -.5)"><foreignObject style="overflow:visible;text-align:left" pointer-events="none" width="100%" height="100%" requiredFeatures="http://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/feature#Extensibility"><div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" style="display:flex;align-items:unsafe center;justify-content:unsafe flex-end;width:1px;height:1px;padding-top:650px;margin-left:165px"><div style="box-sizing:border-box;font-size:0;text-align:right" data-drawio-colors="color: #D79B00;"><div style="display:inline-block;font-size:20px;font-family:&quot;monospace&quot;;color:#d79b00;line-height:1.2;pointer-events:all;white-space:nowrap"><div>safe_area.bottom</div></div></div></div></foreignObject><text x="165" y="656" fill="#D79B00" font-family="&quot;monospace&quot;" font-size="20" text-anchor="end">safe_...</text></switch></g></g></g></svg>

dpi/CHANGELOG.md

@@ -11,6 +11,11 @@ Unreleased` header.
 
 ## Unreleased
 
+## 0.1.2
+
+- Added `Insets`, `LogicalInsets` and `PhysicalInsets` types.
+- Make `no_std` compatible. If you use this functionality, DPI's license has changed.
+
 ## 0.1.1
 
 - Derive `Debug`, `Copy`, `Clone`, `PartialEq`, `Serialize`, `Deserialize` traits for `PixelUnit`.

dpi/Cargo.toml

@@ -1,39 +1,46 @@
 [package]
-name = "dpi"
-version = "0.1.1"
-description = "Types for handling UI scaling"
-keywords = ["DPI", "HiDPI", "scale-factor"]
 categories = ["gui"]
-rust-version.workspace = true
-repository.workspace = true
-license.workspace = true
+description = "Types for handling UI scaling"
 edition.workspace = true
+keywords = ["DPI", "HiDPI", "scale-factor"]
+# N.B. This is "AND", because of the imported libm code.
+license = "Apache-2.0 AND MIT"
+name = "dpi"
+repository.workspace = true
+rust-version.workspace = true
+version = "0.1.2"
 
 [features]
-serde = ["dep:serde"]
+default = ["std"]
+
 mint = ["dep:mint"]
+serde = ["dep:serde"]
+
+# Access mathematical functions using the standard library implementations
+std = []
 
 [dependencies]
-serde = { workspace = true, optional = true }
 mint = { workspace = true, optional = true }
+serde = { workspace = true, optional = true }
 
 [package.metadata.docs.rs]
-features = ["serde", "mint"]
+features = ["mint", "serde"]
 # These are all tested in CI
+rustdoc-args = ["--cfg", "docsrs"]
 targets = [
     # Windows
     "i686-pc-windows-msvc",
     "x86_64-pc-windows-msvc",
     # macOS
+    "aarch64-apple-darwin",
     "x86_64-apple-darwin",
     # Unix (X11 & Wayland)
     "i686-unknown-linux-gnu",
     "x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu",
     # iOS
-    "x86_64-apple-ios",
+    "aarch64-apple-ios",
     # Android
     "aarch64-linux-android",
     # Web
     "wasm32-unknown-unknown",
 ]
-rustdoc-args = ["--cfg", "docsrs"]

dpi/LICENSE-LIBM-MIT

@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+rust-lang/libm as a whole is available for use under the MIT license:
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+
+The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+
+THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+SOFTWARE.
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+This Rust library contains the following copyrights:
+
+    Copyright (c) 2018 Jorge Aparicio
+
+Portions of this software are derived from third-party works licensed under
+terms compatible with the above MIT license:
+
+* musl libc https://www.musl-libc.org/. This library contains the following
+  copyright:
+
+      Copyright © 2005-2020 Rich Felker, et al.
+
+* The CORE-MATH project https://core-math.gitlabpages.inria.fr/. CORE-MATH
+  routines are available under the MIT license on a per-file basis.
+
+The musl libc COPYRIGHT file also includes the following notice relevant to
+math portions of the library:
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+Much of the math library code (src/math/* and src/complex/*) is
+Copyright © 1993,2004 Sun Microsystems or
+Copyright © 2003-2011 David Schultz or
+Copyright © 2003-2009 Steven G. Kargl or
+Copyright © 2003-2009 Bruce D. Evans or
+Copyright © 2008 Stephen L. Moshier or
+Copyright © 2017-2018 Arm Limited
+and labelled as such in comments in the individual source files. All
+have been licensed under extremely permissive terms.
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------

dpi/README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+# DPI
+
+Full docs can be found on docs.rs.
+
+## License
+
+Most of DPI is licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 ([LICENSE](LICENSE)).
+All files except for `src/libm.rs` (and `LICENSE-LIBM-MIT`) are available solely under that license.
+
+For its `no_std` support, DPI uses code from the [libm](https://crates.io/crates/libm) crate.
+This is in the `libm.rs` file, and is licensed solely under the MIT Licence ([LICENSE-LIBM-MIT](LICENSE-LIBM-MIT)).
+That file contains details of all potentially applicable copyright notices.
+This is feature gated to only be included if you disable the `std` feature, otherwise it will not be compiled into your final binary
+(and so these license terms will not apply).
+
+Overall, this means that the license for this crate depends on what features you have enabled.
+If you enable the `std` feature, then DPI uses only code available under the Apache-2.0 license, and so can be used under the terms of that license.
+However, if you disable the `std` feature, then both these licenses must be followed to use the crate as a whole.

dpi/src/lib.rs

@@ -54,13 +54,25 @@
 //!
 //! * `serde`: Enables serialization/deserialization of certain types with [Serde](https://crates.io/crates/serde).
 //! * `mint`: Enables mint (math interoperability standard types) conversions.
+//! * `std` (enabled by default): Uses the standard library mathematical functions (normally through
+//!   your target platform's libm). This feature also changes the library's license from `Apache-2.0
+//!   AND MIT` to `APACHE-2.0` (only). For full details, see the package README.
 //!
+//! To use this library on a target without the standard library available, you should disable
+//! default features (thus disabling the `std` feature, with the license consequences thereof).
 //!
 //! [points]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_(typography)
 //! [picas]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pica_(typography)
 
 #![cfg_attr(docsrs, feature(doc_auto_cfg, doc_cfg_hide), doc(cfg_hide(doc, docsrs)))]
-#![forbid(unsafe_code)]
+#![cfg_attr(feature = "std", forbid(unsafe_code))]
+#![no_std]
+
+#[cfg(not(feature = "std"))]
+mod libm;
+
+#[cfg(any(feature = "std", test))]
+extern crate std;
 
 #[cfg(feature = "serde")]
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
@@ -74,32 +86,32 @@ pub trait Pixel: Copy + Into<f64> {
 
 impl Pixel for u8 {
     fn from_f64(f: f64) -> Self {
-        f.round() as u8
+        round(f) as u8
     }
 }
 impl Pixel for u16 {
     fn from_f64(f: f64) -> Self {
-        f.round() as u16
+        round(f) as u16
     }
 }
 impl Pixel for u32 {
     fn from_f64(f: f64) -> Self {
-        f.round() as u32
+        round(f) as u32
     }
 }
 impl Pixel for i8 {
     fn from_f64(f: f64) -> Self {
-        f.round() as i8
+        round(f) as i8
     }
 }
 impl Pixel for i16 {
     fn from_f64(f: f64) -> Self {
-        f.round() as i16
+        round(f) as i16
     }
 }
 impl Pixel for i32 {
     fn from_f64(f: f64) -> Self {
-        f.round() as i32
+        round(f) as i32
     }
 }
 impl Pixel for f32 {
@@ -113,6 +125,15 @@ impl Pixel for f64 {
     }
 }
 
+/// Round f to the closest integer, rounding away from `0.0`
+#[inline]
+fn round(f: f64) -> f64 {
+    #[cfg(feature = "std")]
+    return f.round();
+    #[cfg(not(feature = "std"))]
+    return libm::round(f);
+}
+
 /// Checks that the scale factor is a normal positive `f64`.
 ///
 /// All functions that take a scale factor assert that this will return `true`. If you're sourcing
@@ -759,11 +780,156 @@ impl<P: Pixel> From<LogicalPosition<P>> for Position {
     }
 }
 
+/// The logical distance between the edges of two rectangles.
+#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, Eq, PartialEq, Ord, PartialOrd, Default, Hash)]
+#[cfg_attr(feature = "serde", derive(Serialize, Deserialize))]
+pub struct LogicalInsets<P> {
+    /// The distance to the top edge.
+    pub top: P,
+    /// The distance to the left edge.
+    pub left: P,
+    /// The distance to the bottom edge.
+    pub bottom: P,
+    /// The distance to the right edge.
+    pub right: P,
+}
+
+impl<P> LogicalInsets<P> {
+    #[inline]
+    pub const fn new(top: P, left: P, bottom: P, right: P) -> Self {
+        Self { top, left, bottom, right }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<P: Pixel> LogicalInsets<P> {
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn from_physical<T: Into<PhysicalInsets<X>>, X: Pixel>(
+        physical: T,
+        scale_factor: f64,
+    ) -> Self {
+        physical.into().to_logical(scale_factor)
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn to_physical<X: Pixel>(&self, scale_factor: f64) -> PhysicalInsets<X> {
+        assert!(validate_scale_factor(scale_factor));
+        let top = self.top.into() * scale_factor;
+        let left = self.left.into() * scale_factor;
+        let bottom = self.bottom.into() * scale_factor;
+        let right = self.right.into() * scale_factor;
+        PhysicalInsets::new(top, left, bottom, right).cast()
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn cast<X: Pixel>(&self) -> LogicalInsets<X> {
+        LogicalInsets {
+            top: self.top.cast(),
+            left: self.left.cast(),
+            bottom: self.bottom.cast(),
+            right: self.right.cast(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// The physical distance between the edges of two rectangles.
+#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, Eq, PartialEq, Ord, PartialOrd, Default, Hash)]
+#[cfg_attr(feature = "serde", derive(Serialize, Deserialize))]
+pub struct PhysicalInsets<P> {
+    /// The distance to the top edge.
+    pub top: P,
+    /// The distance to the left edge.
+    pub left: P,
+    /// The distance to the bottom edge.
+    pub bottom: P,
+    /// The distance to the right edge.
+    pub right: P,
+}
+
+impl<P> PhysicalInsets<P> {
+    #[inline]
+    pub const fn new(top: P, left: P, bottom: P, right: P) -> Self {
+        Self { top, left, bottom, right }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<P: Pixel> PhysicalInsets<P> {
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn from_logical<T: Into<LogicalInsets<X>>, X: Pixel>(
+        logical: T,
+        scale_factor: f64,
+    ) -> Self {
+        logical.into().to_physical(scale_factor)
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn to_logical<X: Pixel>(&self, scale_factor: f64) -> LogicalInsets<X> {
+        assert!(validate_scale_factor(scale_factor));
+        let top = self.top.into() / scale_factor;
+        let left = self.left.into() / scale_factor;
+        let bottom = self.bottom.into() / scale_factor;
+        let right = self.right.into() / scale_factor;
+        LogicalInsets::new(top, left, bottom, right).cast()
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn cast<X: Pixel>(&self) -> PhysicalInsets<X> {
+        PhysicalInsets {
+            top: self.top.cast(),
+            left: self.left.cast(),
+            bottom: self.bottom.cast(),
+            right: self.right.cast(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Insets that are either physical or logical.
+#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, PartialEq)]
+#[cfg_attr(feature = "serde", derive(Serialize, Deserialize))]
+pub enum Insets {
+    Physical(PhysicalInsets<u32>),
+    Logical(LogicalInsets<f64>),
+}
+
+impl Insets {
+    pub fn new<S: Into<Self>>(insets: S) -> Self {
+        insets.into()
+    }
+
+    pub fn to_logical<P: Pixel>(&self, scale_factor: f64) -> LogicalInsets<P> {
+        match *self {
+            Self::Physical(insets) => insets.to_logical(scale_factor),
+            Self::Logical(insets) => insets.cast(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn to_physical<P: Pixel>(&self, scale_factor: f64) -> PhysicalInsets<P> {
+        match *self {
+            Self::Physical(insets) => insets.cast(),
+            Self::Logical(insets) => insets.to_physical(scale_factor),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<P: Pixel> From<PhysicalInsets<P>> for Insets {
+    #[inline]
+    fn from(insets: PhysicalInsets<P>) -> Self {
+        Self::Physical(insets.cast())
+    }
+}
+
+impl<P: Pixel> From<LogicalInsets<P>> for Insets {
+    #[inline]
+    fn from(insets: LogicalInsets<P>) -> Self {
+        Self::Logical(insets.cast())
+    }
+}
+
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
-    use super::*;
     use std::collections::HashSet;
 
+    use super::*;
+
     macro_rules! test_pixel_int_impl {
         ($($name:ident => $ty:ty),*) => {$(
             #[test]
@@ -1125,20 +1291,20 @@ mod tests {
     // Eat coverage for the Debug impls et al
     #[test]
     fn ensure_attrs_do_not_panic() {
-        let _ = format!("{:?}", LogicalPosition::<u32>::default().clone());
+        let _ = std::format!("{:?}", LogicalPosition::<u32>::default().clone());
         HashSet::new().insert(LogicalPosition::<u32>::default());
 
-        let _ = format!("{:?}", PhysicalPosition::<u32>::default().clone());
+        let _ = std::format!("{:?}", PhysicalPosition::<u32>::default().clone());
         HashSet::new().insert(PhysicalPosition::<u32>::default());
 
-        let _ = format!("{:?}", LogicalSize::<u32>::default().clone());
+        let _ = std::format!("{:?}", LogicalSize::<u32>::default().clone());
         HashSet::new().insert(LogicalSize::<u32>::default());
 
-        let _ = format!("{:?}", PhysicalSize::<u32>::default().clone());
+        let _ = std::format!("{:?}", PhysicalSize::<u32>::default().clone());
         HashSet::new().insert(PhysicalSize::<u32>::default());
 
-        let _ = format!("{:?}", Size::Physical((1, 2).into()).clone());
-        let _ = format!("{:?}", Position::Physical((1, 2).into()).clone());
+        let _ = std::format!("{:?}", Size::Physical((1, 2).into()).clone());
+        let _ = std::format!("{:?}", Position::Physical((1, 2).into()).clone());
     }
 
     #[test]

dpi/src/libm.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2018 Jorge Aparicio
+// Copyright © 2005-2020 Rich Felker, et al.
+// Copyright © 1993,2004 Sun Microsystems or
+// Copyright © 2003-2011 David Schultz or
+// Copyright © 2003-2009 Steven G. Kargl or
+// Copyright © 2003-2009 Bruce D. Evans or
+// Copyright © 2008 Stephen L. Moshier or
+// Copyright © 2017-2018 Arm Limited
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+// This file is licensed solely under the terms discussed in LICENSE-LIBM-MIT at the crate root.
+// See the package-level README for full details.
+
+// Taken from https://github.com/rust-lang/libm/blob/master/src/math/mod.rs#L1
+macro_rules! force_eval {
+    ($e:expr) => {
+        unsafe { ::core::ptr::read_volatile(&$e) }
+    };
+}
+
+// Taken from https://github.com/rust-lang/libm/blob/libm-v0.2.11/src/math/round.rs
+pub(crate) fn round(x: f64) -> f64 {
+    trunc(x + copysign(0.5 - 0.25 * f64::EPSILON, x))
+}
+
+// Adapted from: https://github.com/rust-lang/libm/blob/libm-v0.2.11/src/math/trunc.rs#L8-L12
+#[allow(clippy::needless_late_init /*, reason = "The original libm code uses this style" */)]
+fn trunc(x: f64) -> f64 {
+    let x1p120 = f64::from_bits(0x4770000000000000); // 0x1p120f === 2 ^ 120
+
+    let mut i: u64 = x.to_bits();
+    let mut e: i64 = ((i >> 52) & 0x7ff) as i64 - 0x3ff + 12;
+    let m: u64;
+
+    if e >= 52 + 12 {
+        return x;
+    }
+    if e < 12 {
+        e = 1;
+    }
+    m = -1i64 as u64 >> e;
+    if (i & m) == 0 {
+        return x;
+    }
+    force_eval!(x + x1p120);
+    i &= !m;
+    f64::from_bits(i)
+}
+
+// Taken from https://github.com/rust-lang/libm/blob/libm-v0.2.11/src/math/copysign.rs
+fn copysign(x: f64, y: f64) -> f64 {
+    let mut ux = x.to_bits();
+    let uy = y.to_bits();
+    ux &= (!0) >> 1;
+    ux |= uy & (1 << 63);
+    f64::from_bits(ux)
+}

examples/child_window.rs

@@ -1,55 +1,61 @@
-#[cfg(all(feature = "rwh_06", any(x11_platform, macos_platform, windows_platform)))]
+#[cfg(any(x11_platform, macos_platform, windows_platform))]
 #[allow(deprecated)]
 fn main() -> Result<(), impl std::error::Error> {
     use std::collections::HashMap;
 
+    use winit::application::ApplicationHandler;
     use winit::dpi::{LogicalPosition, LogicalSize, Position};
-    use winit::event::{ElementState, Event, KeyEvent, WindowEvent};
-    use winit::event_loop::{ActiveEventLoop, EventLoop};
+    use winit::event::{ElementState, KeyEvent, WindowEvent};
+    use winit::event_loop::{ActiveEventLoop, EventLoop, EventLoopProvider};
     use winit::raw_window_handle::HasRawWindowHandle;
-    use winit::window::Window;
+    use winit::window::{Window, WindowAttributes, WindowId};
 
     #[path = "util/fill.rs"]
     mod fill;
 
-    fn spawn_child_window(parent: &Window, event_loop: &ActiveEventLoop) -> Window {
-        let parent = parent.raw_window_handle().unwrap();
-        let mut window_attributes = Window::default_attributes()
-            .with_title("child window")
-            .with_inner_size(LogicalSize::new(200.0f32, 200.0f32))
-            .with_position(Position::Logical(LogicalPosition::new(0.0, 0.0)))
-            .with_visible(true);
-        // `with_parent_window` is unsafe. Parent window must be a valid window.
-        window_attributes = unsafe { window_attributes.with_parent_window(Some(parent)) };
-
-        event_loop.create_window(window_attributes).unwrap()
+    #[derive(Debug)]
+    struct WindowData {
+        window: Box<dyn Window>,
+        color: u32,
     }
 
-    let mut windows = HashMap::new();
+    impl WindowData {
+        fn new(window: Box<dyn Window>, color: u32) -> Self {
+            Self { window, color }
+        }
+    }
 
-    let event_loop: EventLoop<()> = EventLoop::new().unwrap();
-    let mut parent_window_id = None;
+    #[derive(Default, Debug)]
+    struct Application {
+        parent_window_id: Option<WindowId>,
+        windows: HashMap<WindowId, WindowData>,
+    }
 
-    event_loop.run(move |event: Event<()>, event_loop| {
-        match event {
-            Event::Resumed => {
-                let attributes = Window::default_attributes()
-                    .with_title("parent window")
-                    .with_position(Position::Logical(LogicalPosition::new(0.0, 0.0)))
-                    .with_inner_size(LogicalSize::new(640.0f32, 480.0f32));
-                let window = event_loop.create_window(attributes).unwrap();
+    impl ApplicationHandler for Application {
+        fn can_create_surfaces(&mut self, event_loop: &dyn ActiveEventLoop) {
+            let attributes = WindowAttributes::default()
+                .with_title("parent window")
+                .with_position(Position::Logical(LogicalPosition::new(0.0, 0.0)))
+                .with_surface_size(LogicalSize::new(640.0f32, 480.0f32));
+            let window = event_loop.create_window(attributes).unwrap();
+            println!("Parent window id: {:?})", window.id());
+            self.parent_window_id = Some(window.id());
 
-                parent_window_id = Some(window.id());
+            self.windows.insert(window.id(), WindowData::new(window, 0xffbbbbbb));
+        }
 
-                println!("Parent window id: {parent_window_id:?})");
-                windows.insert(window.id(), window);
-            },
-            Event::WindowEvent { window_id, event } => match event {
+        fn window_event(
+            &mut self,
+            event_loop: &dyn ActiveEventLoop,
+            window_id: winit::window::WindowId,
+            event: WindowEvent,
+        ) {
+            match event {
                 WindowEvent::CloseRequested => {
-                    windows.clear();
+                    self.windows.clear();
                     event_loop.exit();
                 },
-                WindowEvent::CursorEntered { device_id: _ } => {
+                WindowEvent::PointerEntered { device_id: _, .. } => {
                     // On x11, println when the cursor entered in a window even if the child window
                     // is created by some key inputs.
                     // the child windows are always placed at (0, 0) with size (200, 200) in the
@@ -61,25 +67,60 @@ fn main() -> Result<(), impl std::error::Error> {
                     event: KeyEvent { state: ElementState::Pressed, .. },
                     ..
                 } => {
-                    let parent_window = windows.get(&parent_window_id.unwrap()).unwrap();
-                    let child_window = spawn_child_window(parent_window, event_loop);
+                    let child_index = self.windows.len() - 1;
+                    let child_color =
+                        0xff000000 + 3_u32.pow((child_index + 2).rem_euclid(16) as u32);
+
+                    let parent_window = self.windows.get(&self.parent_window_id.unwrap()).unwrap();
+                    let child_window =
+                        spawn_child_window(parent_window.window.as_ref(), event_loop, child_index);
                     let child_id = child_window.id();
                     println!("Child window created with id: {child_id:?}");
-                    windows.insert(child_id, child_window);
+                    self.windows.insert(child_id, WindowData::new(child_window, child_color));
                 },
                 WindowEvent::RedrawRequested => {
-                    if let Some(window) = windows.get(&window_id) {
-                        fill::fill_window(window);
+                    if let Some(window) = self.windows.get(&window_id) {
+                        if window_id == self.parent_window_id.unwrap() {
+                            fill::fill_window(window.window.as_ref());
+                        } else {
+                            fill::fill_window_with_color(window.window.as_ref(), window.color);
+                        }
                     }
                 },
                 _ => (),
-            },
-            _ => (),
+            }
         }
-    })
+    }
+
+    fn spawn_child_window(
+        parent: &dyn Window,
+        event_loop: &dyn ActiveEventLoop,
+        child_count: usize,
+    ) -> Box<dyn Window> {
+        let parent = parent.raw_window_handle().unwrap();
+
+        // As child count increases, x goes from 0*128 to 5*128 and then repeats
+        let x: f64 = child_count.rem_euclid(5) as f64 * 128.0;
+
+        // After 5 windows have been put side by side horizontally, a new row starts
+        let y: f64 = (child_count / 5) as f64 * 96.0;
+
+        let mut window_attributes = WindowAttributes::default()
+            .with_title("child window")
+            .with_surface_size(LogicalSize::new(128.0f32, 96.0))
+            .with_position(Position::Logical(LogicalPosition::new(x, y)))
+            .with_visible(true);
+        // `with_parent_window` is unsafe. Parent window must be a valid window.
+        window_attributes = unsafe { window_attributes.with_parent_window(Some(parent)) };
+
+        event_loop.create_window(window_attributes).unwrap()
+    }
+
+    let event_loop = EventLoop::new().unwrap();
+    event_loop.run_app(Application::default())
 }
 
-#[cfg(all(feature = "rwh_06", not(any(x11_platform, macos_platform, windows_platform))))]
+#[cfg(not(any(x11_platform, macos_platform, windows_platform)))]
 fn main() {
     panic!(
         "This example is supported only on x11, macOS, and Windows, with the `rwh_06` feature \

examples/control_flow.rs

@@ -7,12 +7,11 @@ use std::time;
 use ::tracing::{info, warn};
 #[cfg(web_platform)]
 use web_time as time;
-
 use winit::application::ApplicationHandler;
 use winit::event::{ElementState, KeyEvent, StartCause, WindowEvent};
-use winit::event_loop::{ActiveEventLoop, ControlFlow, EventLoop};
+use winit::event_loop::{ActiveEventLoop, ControlFlow, EventLoop, EventLoopProvider};
 use winit::keyboard::{Key, NamedKey};
-use winit::window::{Window, WindowId};
+use winit::window::{Window, WindowAttributes, WindowId};
 
 #[path = "util/fill.rs"]
 mod fill;
@@ -44,21 +43,20 @@ fn main() -> Result<(), impl std::error::Error> {
 
     let event_loop = EventLoop::new().unwrap();
 
-    let mut app = ControlFlowDemo::default();
-    event_loop.run_app(&mut app)
+    event_loop.run_app(ControlFlowDemo::default())
 }
 
-#[derive(Default)]
+#[derive(Default, Debug)]
 struct ControlFlowDemo {
     mode: Mode,
     request_redraw: bool,
     wait_cancelled: bool,
     close_requested: bool,
-    window: Option<Window>,
+    window: Option<Box<dyn Window>>,
 }
 
 impl ApplicationHandler for ControlFlowDemo {
-    fn new_events(&mut self, _event_loop: &ActiveEventLoop, cause: StartCause) {
+    fn new_events(&mut self, _event_loop: &dyn ActiveEventLoop, cause: StartCause) {
         info!("new_events: {cause:?}");
 
         self.wait_cancelled = match cause {
@@ -67,8 +65,8 @@ impl ApplicationHandler for ControlFlowDemo {
         }
     }
 
-    fn resumed(&mut self, event_loop: &ActiveEventLoop) {
-        let window_attributes = Window::default_attributes().with_title(
+    fn can_create_surfaces(&mut self, event_loop: &dyn ActiveEventLoop) {
+        let window_attributes = WindowAttributes::default().with_title(
             "Press 1, 2, 3 to change control flow mode. Press R to toggle redraw requests.",
         );
         self.window = Some(event_loop.create_window(window_attributes).unwrap());
@@ -76,7 +74,7 @@ impl ApplicationHandler for ControlFlowDemo {
 
     fn window_event(
         &mut self,
-        _event_loop: &ActiveEventLoop,
+        _event_loop: &dyn ActiveEventLoop,
         _window_id: WindowId,
         event: WindowEvent,
     ) {
@@ -116,13 +114,13 @@ impl ApplicationHandler for ControlFlowDemo {
             WindowEvent::RedrawRequested => {
                 let window = self.window.as_ref().unwrap();
                 window.pre_present_notify();
-                fill::fill_window(window);
+                fill::fill_window(window.as_ref());
             },
             _ => (),
         }
     }
 
-    fn about_to_wait(&mut self, event_loop: &ActiveEventLoop) {
+    fn about_to_wait(&mut self, event_loop: &dyn ActiveEventLoop) {
         if self.request_redraw && !self.wait_cancelled && !self.close_requested {
             self.window.as_ref().unwrap().request_redraw();
         }

examples/dnd.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+use std::error::Error;
+
+use winit::application::ApplicationHandler;
+use winit::event::WindowEvent;
+use winit::event_loop::{ActiveEventLoop, EventLoop, EventLoopProvider};
+use winit::window::{Window, WindowAttributes, WindowId};
+
+#[path = "util/fill.rs"]
+mod fill;
+#[path = "util/tracing.rs"]
+mod tracing;
+
+fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
+    tracing::init();
+
+    let event_loop = EventLoop::new()?;
+
+    let app = Application::new();
+    Ok(event_loop.run_app(app)?)
+}
+
+/// Application state and event handling.
+#[derive(Debug)]
+struct Application {
+    window: Option<Box<dyn Window>>,
+}
+
+impl Application {
+    fn new() -> Self {
+        Self { window: None }
+    }
+}
+
+impl ApplicationHandler for Application {
+    fn can_create_surfaces(&mut self, event_loop: &dyn ActiveEventLoop) {
+        let window_attributes =
+            WindowAttributes::default().with_title("Drag and drop files on me!");
+        self.window = Some(event_loop.create_window(window_attributes).unwrap());
+    }
+
+    fn window_event(
+        &mut self,
+        event_loop: &dyn ActiveEventLoop,
+        _window_id: WindowId,
+        event: WindowEvent,
+    ) {
+        match event {
+            WindowEvent::DragLeft { .. }
+            | WindowEvent::DragEntered { .. }
+            | WindowEvent::DragMoved { .. }
+            | WindowEvent::DragDropped { .. } => {
+                println!("{:?}", event);
+            },
+            WindowEvent::RedrawRequested => {
+                let window = self.window.as_ref().unwrap();
+                window.pre_present_notify();
+                fill::fill_window(window.as_ref());
+            },
+            WindowEvent::CloseRequested => {
+                event_loop.exit();
+            },
+            _ => {},
+        }
+    }
+}

examples/pump_events.rs

@@ -11,25 +11,25 @@ fn main() -> std::process::ExitCode {
     use winit::event::WindowEvent;
     use winit::event_loop::{ActiveEventLoop, EventLoop};
     use winit::platform::pump_events::{EventLoopExtPumpEvents, PumpStatus};
-    use winit::window::{Window, WindowId};
+    use winit::window::{Window, WindowAttributes, WindowId};
 
     #[path = "util/fill.rs"]
     mod fill;
 
-    #[derive(Default)]
+    #[derive(Default, Debug)]
     struct PumpDemo {
-        window: Option<Window>,
+        window: Option<Box<dyn Window>>,
     }
 
     impl ApplicationHandler for PumpDemo {
-        fn resumed(&mut self, event_loop: &ActiveEventLoop) {
-            let window_attributes = Window::default_attributes().with_title("A fantastic window!");
+        fn can_create_surfaces(&mut self, event_loop: &dyn ActiveEventLoop) {
+            let window_attributes = WindowAttributes::default().with_title("A fantastic window!");
             self.window = Some(event_loop.create_window(window_attributes).unwrap());
         }
 
         fn window_event(
             &mut self,
-            event_loop: &ActiveEventLoop,
+            event_loop: &dyn ActiveEventLoop,
             _window_id: WindowId,
             event: WindowEvent,
         ) {
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ fn main() -> std::process::ExitCode {
             match event {
                 WindowEvent::CloseRequested => event_loop.exit(),
                 WindowEvent::RedrawRequested => {
-                    fill::fill_window(window);
+                    fill::fill_window(window.as_ref());
                     window.request_redraw();
                 },
                 _ => (),

examples/run_on_demand.rs

@@ -9,29 +9,29 @@ fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
     use winit::event::WindowEvent;
     use winit::event_loop::{ActiveEventLoop, EventLoop};
     use winit::platform::run_on_demand::EventLoopExtRunOnDemand;
-    use winit::window::{Window, WindowId};
+    use winit::window::{Window, WindowAttributes, WindowId};
 
     #[path = "util/fill.rs"]
     mod fill;
 
-    #[derive(Default)]
+    #[derive(Default, Debug)]
     struct App {
         idx: usize,
         window_id: Option<WindowId>,
-        window: Option<Window>,
+        window: Option<Box<dyn Window>>,
     }
 
     impl ApplicationHandler for App {
-        fn about_to_wait(&mut self, _event_loop: &ActiveEventLoop) {
+        fn about_to_wait(&mut self, _event_loop: &dyn ActiveEventLoop) {
             if let Some(window) = self.window.as_ref() {
                 window.request_redraw();
             }
         }
 
-        fn resumed(&mut self, event_loop: &ActiveEventLoop) {
-            let window_attributes = Window::default_attributes()
+        fn can_create_surfaces(&mut self, event_loop: &dyn ActiveEventLoop) {
+            let window_attributes = WindowAttributes::default()
                 .with_title("Fantastic window number one!")
-                .with_inner_size(winit::dpi::LogicalSize::new(128.0, 128.0));
+                .with_surface_size(winit::dpi::LogicalSize::new(128.0, 128.0));
             let window = event_loop.create_window(window_attributes).unwrap();
             self.window_id = Some(window.id());
             self.window = Some(window);
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
 
         fn window_event(
             &mut self,
-            event_loop: &ActiveEventLoop,
+            event_loop: &dyn ActiveEventLoop,
             window_id: WindowId,
             event: WindowEvent,
         ) {
@@ -65,11 +65,11 @@ fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
                          CloseRequested",
                         self.idx
                     );
-                    fill::cleanup_window(window);
+                    fill::cleanup_window(window.as_ref());
                     self.window = None;
                 },
                 WindowEvent::RedrawRequested => {
-                    fill::fill_window(window);
+                    fill::fill_window(window.as_ref());
                 },
                 _ => (),
             }

examples/util/fill.rs

@@ -9,9 +9,14 @@
 
 #[allow(unused_imports)]
 pub use platform::cleanup_window;
+#[allow(unused_imports)]
 pub use platform::fill_window;
+#[allow(unused_imports)]
+pub use platform::fill_window_with_animated_color;
+#[allow(unused_imports)]
+pub use platform::fill_window_with_color;
 
-#[cfg(all(feature = "rwh_05", not(any(target_os = "android", target_os = "ios"))))]
+#[cfg(not(any(target_os = "android", target_os = "ios")))]
 mod platform {
     use std::cell::RefCell;
     use std::collections::HashMap;
@@ -34,18 +39,20 @@ mod platform {
     /// The graphics context used to draw to a window.
     struct GraphicsContext {
         /// The global softbuffer context.
-        context: RefCell<Context<&'static Window>>,
+        context: RefCell<Context<&'static dyn Window>>,
 
         /// The hash map of window IDs to surfaces.
-        surfaces: HashMap<WindowId, Surface<&'static Window, &'static Window>>,
+        surfaces: HashMap<WindowId, Surface<&'static dyn Window, &'static dyn Window>>,
     }
 
     impl GraphicsContext {
-        fn new(w: &Window) -> Self {
+        fn new(w: &dyn Window) -> Self {
             Self {
                 context: RefCell::new(
-                    Context::new(unsafe { mem::transmute::<&'_ Window, &'static Window>(w) })
-                        .expect("Failed to create a softbuffer context"),
+                    Context::new(unsafe {
+                        mem::transmute::<&'_ dyn Window, &'static dyn Window>(w)
+                    })
+                    .expect("Failed to create a softbuffer context"),
                 ),
                 surfaces: HashMap::new(),
             }
@@ -53,24 +60,24 @@ mod platform {
 
         fn create_surface(
             &mut self,
-            window: &Window,
-        ) -> &mut Surface<&'static Window, &'static Window> {
+            window: &dyn Window,
+        ) -> &mut Surface<&'static dyn Window, &'static dyn Window> {
             self.surfaces.entry(window.id()).or_insert_with(|| {
                 Surface::new(&self.context.borrow(), unsafe {
-                    mem::transmute::<&'_ Window, &'static Window>(window)
+                    mem::transmute::<&'_ dyn Window, &'static dyn Window>(window)
                 })
                 .expect("Failed to create a softbuffer surface")
             })
         }
 
-        fn destroy_surface(&mut self, window: &Window) {
+        fn destroy_surface(&mut self, window: &dyn Window) {
             self.surfaces.remove(&window.id());
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn fill_window(window: &Window) {
+    pub fn fill_window_with_color(window: &dyn Window, color: u32) {
         GC.with(|gc| {
-            let size = window.inner_size();
+            let size = window.surface_size();
             let (Some(width), Some(height)) =
                 (NonZeroU32::new(size.width), NonZeroU32::new(size.height))
             else {
@@ -82,19 +89,33 @@ mod platform {
             let surface =
                 gc.get_or_insert_with(|| GraphicsContext::new(window)).create_surface(window);
 
-            // Fill a buffer with a solid color.
-            const DARK_GRAY: u32 = 0xff181818;
+            // Fill a buffer with a solid color
 
             surface.resize(width, height).expect("Failed to resize the softbuffer surface");
 
             let mut buffer = surface.buffer_mut().expect("Failed to get the softbuffer buffer");
-            buffer.fill(DARK_GRAY);
+            buffer.fill(color);
             buffer.present().expect("Failed to present the softbuffer buffer");
         })
     }
 
     #[allow(dead_code)]
-    pub fn cleanup_window(window: &Window) {
+    pub fn fill_window(window: &dyn Window) {
+        fill_window_with_color(window, 0xff181818);
+    }
+
+    #[allow(dead_code)]
+    pub fn fill_window_with_animated_color(window: &dyn Window, start: std::time::Instant) {
+        let time = start.elapsed().as_secs_f32() * 1.5;
+        let blue = (time.sin() * 255.0) as u32;
+        let green = ((time.cos() * 255.0) as u32) << 8;
+        let red = ((1.0 - time.sin() * 255.0) as u32) << 16;
+        let color = red | green | blue;
+        fill_window_with_color(window, color);
+    }
+
+    #[allow(dead_code)]
+    pub fn cleanup_window(window: &dyn Window) {
         GC.with(|gc| {
             let mut gc = gc.borrow_mut();
             if let Some(context) = gc.as_mut() {
@@ -104,14 +125,28 @@ mod platform {
     }
 }
 
-#[cfg(not(all(feature = "rwh_05", not(any(target_os = "android", target_os = "ios")))))]
+#[cfg(any(target_os = "android", target_os = "ios"))]
 mod platform {
-    pub fn fill_window(_window: &winit::window::Window) {
+    #[allow(dead_code)]
+    pub fn fill_window(_window: &dyn winit::window::Window) {
         // No-op on mobile platforms.
     }
 
     #[allow(dead_code)]
-    pub fn cleanup_window(_window: &winit::window::Window) {
+    pub fn fill_window_with_color(_window: &dyn winit::window::Window, _color: u32) {
+        // No-op on mobile platforms.
+    }
+
+    #[allow(dead_code)]
+    pub fn fill_window_with_animated_color(
+        _window: &dyn winit::window::Window,
+        _start: std::time::Instant,
+    ) {
+        // No-op on mobile platforms.
+    }
+
+    #[allow(dead_code)]
+    pub fn cleanup_window(_window: &dyn winit::window::Window) {
         // No-op on mobile platforms.
     }
 }

examples/x11_embed.rs

@@ -5,23 +5,24 @@ use std::error::Error;
 fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
     use winit::application::ApplicationHandler;
     use winit::event::WindowEvent;
-    use winit::event_loop::{ActiveEventLoop, EventLoop};
+    use winit::event_loop::{ActiveEventLoop, EventLoop, EventLoopProvider};
     use winit::platform::x11::WindowAttributesExtX11;
-    use winit::window::{Window, WindowId};
+    use winit::window::{Window, WindowAttributes, WindowId};
 
     #[path = "util/fill.rs"]
     mod fill;
 
+    #[derive(Debug)]
     pub struct XEmbedDemo {
         parent_window_id: u32,
-        window: Option<Window>,
+        window: Option<Box<dyn Window>>,
     }
 
     impl ApplicationHandler for XEmbedDemo {
-        fn resumed(&mut self, event_loop: &ActiveEventLoop) {
-            let window_attributes = Window::default_attributes()
+        fn can_create_surfaces(&mut self, event_loop: &dyn ActiveEventLoop) {
+            let window_attributes = WindowAttributes::default()
                 .with_title("An embedded window!")
-                .with_inner_size(winit::dpi::LogicalSize::new(128.0, 128.0))
+                .with_surface_size(winit::dpi::LogicalSize::new(128.0, 128.0))
                 .with_embed_parent_window(self.parent_window_id);
 
             self.window = Some(event_loop.create_window(window_attributes).unwrap());
@@ -29,7 +30,7 @@ fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
 
         fn window_event(
             &mut self,
-            event_loop: &ActiveEventLoop,
+            event_loop: &dyn ActiveEventLoop,
             _window_id: WindowId,
             event: WindowEvent,
         ) {
@@ -38,13 +39,13 @@ fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
                 WindowEvent::CloseRequested => event_loop.exit(),
                 WindowEvent::RedrawRequested => {
                     window.pre_present_notify();
-                    fill::fill_window(window);
+                    fill::fill_window(window.as_ref());
                 },
                 _ => (),
             }
         }
 
-        fn about_to_wait(&mut self, _event_loop: &ActiveEventLoop) {
+        fn about_to_wait(&mut self, _event_loop: &dyn ActiveEventLoop) {
             self.window.as_ref().unwrap().request_redraw();
         }
     }
@@ -58,8 +59,7 @@ fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
     tracing_subscriber::fmt::init();
     let event_loop = EventLoop::new()?;
 
-    let mut app = XEmbedDemo { parent_window_id, window: None };
-    event_loop.run_app(&mut app).map_err(Into::into)
+    Ok(event_loop.run_app(XEmbedDemo { parent_window_id, window: None })?)
 }
 
 #[cfg(not(x11_platform))]

rustfmt.toml

@@ -1,19 +1,20 @@
-format_code_in_doc_comments = true
-match_block_trailing_comma = true
+comment_width = 100
 condense_wildcard_suffixes = true
-use_field_init_shorthand = true
+error_on_unformatted = true
+format_code_in_doc_comments = true
+format_macro_bodies = true
+format_macro_matchers = true
+format_strings = true
+group_imports = "StdExternalCrate"
+hex_literal_case = "Lower"
+imports_granularity = "Module"
+match_block_trailing_comma = true
+newline_style = "Unix"
+normalize_comments = true
 normalize_doc_attributes = true
 overflow_delimited_expr = true
-imports_granularity = "Module"
-use_small_heuristics = "Max"
-format_macro_matchers = true
-error_on_unformatted = true
-format_macro_bodies = true
-hex_literal_case = "Lower"
-normalize_comments = true
 # Some macros break with this.
 reorder_impl_items = false
-newline_style = "Unix"
-format_strings = true
+use_field_init_shorthand = true
+use_small_heuristics = "Max"
 wrap_comments = true
-comment_width = 100

src/application.rs

@@ -2,106 +2,221 @@
 
 use crate::event::{DeviceEvent, DeviceId, StartCause, WindowEvent};
 use crate::event_loop::ActiveEventLoop;
+#[cfg(macos_platform)]
+use crate::platform::macos::ApplicationHandlerExtMacOS;
 use crate::window::WindowId;
 
-/// The handler of the application events.
-pub trait ApplicationHandler<T: 'static = ()> {
+/// The handler of application-level events.
+///
+/// See [the top-level docs] for example usage, and [`EventLoopProvider::run_app`] for an overview
+/// of when events are delivered.
+///
+/// This is [dropped] when the event loop is shut down. Note that this only works if you're passing
+/// the entire state to [`EventLoopProvider::run_app`] (passing `&mut app` won't work).
+///
+/// [the top-level docs]: crate
+/// [`EventLoopProvider::run_app`]: crate::event_loop::EventLoopProvider::run_app
+/// [dropped]: std::ops::Drop
+pub trait ApplicationHandler {
     /// Emitted when new events arrive from the OS to be processed.
     ///
     /// This is a useful place to put code that should be done before you start processing
     /// events, such as updating frame timing information for benchmarking or checking the
     /// [`StartCause`] to see if a timer set by
     /// [`ControlFlow::WaitUntil`][crate::event_loop::ControlFlow::WaitUntil] has elapsed.
-    fn new_events(&mut self, event_loop: &ActiveEventLoop, cause: StartCause) {
+    fn new_events(&mut self, event_loop: &dyn ActiveEventLoop, cause: StartCause) {
         let _ = (event_loop, cause);
     }
 
     /// Emitted when the application has been resumed.
     ///
-    /// For consistency, all platforms emit a `Resumed` event even if they don't themselves have a
-    /// formal suspend/resume lifecycle. For systems without a formal suspend/resume lifecycle
-    /// the `Resumed` event is always emitted after the
-    /// [`NewEvents(StartCause::Init)`][StartCause::Init] event.
+    /// See [`suspended()`][Self::suspended].
     ///
-    /// # Portability
+    /// ## Platform-specific
     ///
-    /// It's recommended that applications should only initialize their graphics context and create
-    /// a window after they have received their first `Resumed` event. Some systems
-    /// (specifically Android) won't allow applications to create a render surface until they are
-    /// resumed.
+    /// ### iOS
     ///
-    /// Considering that the implementation of [`Suspended`] and `Resumed` events may be internally
-    /// driven by multiple platform-specific events, and that there may be subtle differences across
-    /// platforms with how these internal events are delivered, it's recommended that applications
-    /// be able to gracefully handle redundant (i.e. back-to-back) [`Suspended`] or `Resumed`
-    /// events.
-    ///
-    /// Also see [`Suspended`] notes.
-    ///
-    /// ## Android
-    ///
-    /// On Android, the `Resumed` event is sent when a new [`SurfaceView`] has been created. This is
-    /// expected to closely correlate with the [`onResume`] lifecycle event but there may
-    /// technically be a discrepancy.
-    ///
-    /// [`onResume`]: https://developer.android.com/reference/android/app/Activity#onResume()
-    ///
-    /// Applications that need to run on Android must wait until they have been `Resumed`
-    /// before they will be able to create a render surface (such as an `EGLSurface`,
-    /// [`VkSurfaceKHR`] or [`wgpu::Surface`]) which depend on having a
-    /// [`SurfaceView`]. Applications must also assume that if they are [`Suspended`], then their
-    /// render surfaces are invalid and should be dropped.
-    ///
-    /// Also see [`Suspended`] notes.
-    ///
-    /// [`SurfaceView`]: https://developer.android.com/reference/android/view/SurfaceView
-    /// [Activity lifecycle]: https://developer.android.com/guide/components/activities/activity-lifecycle
-    /// [`VkSurfaceKHR`]: https://www.khronos.org/registry/vulkan/specs/1.3-extensions/man/html/VkSurfaceKHR.html
-    /// [`wgpu::Surface`]: https://docs.rs/wgpu/latest/wgpu/struct.Surface.html
-    ///
-    /// ## iOS
-    ///
-    /// On iOS, the `Resumed` event is emitted in response to an [`applicationDidBecomeActive`]
-    /// callback which means the application is "active" (according to the
-    /// [iOS application lifecycle]).
+    /// On iOS, the [`resumed()`] method is called in response to an [`applicationDidBecomeActive`]
+    /// callback which means the application is about to transition from the inactive to active
+    /// state (according to the [iOS application lifecycle]).
     ///
     /// [`applicationDidBecomeActive`]: https://developer.apple.com/documentation/uikit/uiapplicationdelegate/1622956-applicationdidbecomeactive
     /// [iOS application lifecycle]: https://developer.apple.com/documentation/uikit/app_and_environment/managing_your_app_s_life_cycle
     ///
-    /// ## Web
+    /// ### Web
     ///
-    /// On Web, the `Resumed` event is emitted in response to a [`pageshow`] event
-    /// with the property [`persisted`] being true, which means that the page is being
-    /// restored from the [`bfcache`] (back/forward cache) - an in-memory cache that
-    /// stores a complete snapshot of a page (including the JavaScript heap) as the
-    /// user is navigating away.
+    /// On Web, the [`resumed()`] method is called in response to a [`pageshow`] event if the
+    /// page is being restored from the [`bfcache`] (back/forward cache) - an in-memory cache
+    /// that stores a complete snapshot of a page (including the JavaScript heap) as the user is
+    /// navigating away.
     ///
     /// [`pageshow`]: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Window/pageshow_event
-    /// [`persisted`]: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/PageTransitionEvent/persisted
     /// [`bfcache`]: https://web.dev/bfcache/
-    /// [`Suspended`]: Self::suspended
-    fn resumed(&mut self, event_loop: &ActiveEventLoop);
-
-    /// Emitted when an event is sent from [`EventLoopProxy::send_event`].
     ///
-    /// [`EventLoopProxy::send_event`]: crate::event_loop::EventLoopProxy::send_event
-    fn user_event(&mut self, event_loop: &ActiveEventLoop, event: T) {
-        let _ = (event_loop, event);
+    /// ### Android
+    ///
+    /// On Android, the [`resumed()`] method is called when the `Activity` is (again, if after a
+    /// prior [`suspended()`]) being displayed to the user. This is a good place to begin drawing
+    /// visual elements, running animations, etc. It is driven by Android's [`onStart()`] method.
+    ///
+    /// [`onStart()`]: https://developer.android.com/reference/android/app/Activity#onStart()
+    ///
+    /// ### Others
+    ///
+    /// **macOS / Orbital / Wayland / Windows / X11:** Unsupported.
+    ///
+    /// [`resumed()`]: Self::resumed()
+    /// [`suspended()`]: Self::suspended()
+    fn resumed(&mut self, event_loop: &dyn ActiveEventLoop) {
+        let _ = event_loop;
+    }
+
+    /// Emitted from the point onwards the application should create render surfaces.
+    ///
+    /// See [`destroy_surfaces()`].
+    ///
+    /// ## Portability
+    ///
+    /// It's recommended that applications should only initialize their render surfaces after the
+    /// [`can_create_surfaces()`] method is called. Some systems (specifically Android) won't allow
+    /// applications to create a render surface until that point.
+    ///
+    /// For consistency, all platforms call this method even if they don't themselves have a formal
+    /// surface destroy/create lifecycle. For systems without a surface destroy/create lifecycle the
+    /// [`can_create_surfaces()`] event is always emitted after the [`StartCause::Init`] event.
+    ///
+    /// Applications should be able to gracefully handle back-to-back [`can_create_surfaces()`] and
+    /// [`destroy_surfaces()`] calls.
+    ///
+    /// ## Platform-specific
+    ///
+    /// ### Android
+    ///
+    /// On Android, the [`can_create_surfaces()`] method is called when a new [`NativeWindow`]
+    /// (native [`Surface`]) is created which backs the application window. This is expected to
+    /// closely correlate with the [`onStart`] lifecycle event which typically results in a surface
+    /// to be created after the app becomes visible.
+    ///
+    /// Applications that need to run on Android must wait until they have received a surface before
+    /// they will be able to create a render surface (such as an `EGLSurface`, [`VkSurfaceKHR`]
+    /// or [`wgpu::Surface`]) which depend on having a [`NativeWindow`]. Applications must handle
+    /// [`destroy_surfaces()`], where their render surfaces are invalid and should be dropped.
+    ///
+    /// [`NativeWindow`]: https://developer.android.com/ndk/reference/group/a-native-window
+    /// [`Surface`]: https://developer.android.com/reference/android/view/Surface
+    /// [`onStart`]: https://developer.android.com/reference/android/app/Activity#onStart()
+    /// [`VkSurfaceKHR`]: https://www.khronos.org/registry/vulkan/specs/1.3-extensions/man/html/VkSurfaceKHR.html
+    /// [`wgpu::Surface`]: https://docs.rs/wgpu/latest/wgpu/struct.Surface.html
+    ///
+    /// [`can_create_surfaces()`]: Self::can_create_surfaces()
+    /// [`destroy_surfaces()`]: Self::destroy_surfaces()
+    fn can_create_surfaces(&mut self, event_loop: &dyn ActiveEventLoop);
+
+    /// Called after a wake up is requested using [`EventLoopProxy::wake_up()`].
+    ///
+    /// Multiple calls to the aforementioned method will be merged, and will only wake the event
+    /// loop once; however, due to the nature of multi-threading some wake ups may appear
+    /// spuriously. For these reasons, you should not rely on the number of times that this was
+    /// called.
+    ///
+    /// The order in which this is emitted in relation to other events is not guaranteed. The time
+    /// at which this will be emitted is not guaranteed, only that it will happen "soon". That is,
+    /// there may be several executions of the event loop, including multiple redraws to windows,
+    /// between [`EventLoopProxy::wake_up()`] being called and the event being delivered.
+    ///
+    /// [`EventLoopProxy::wake_up()`]: crate::event_loop::EventLoopProxy::wake_up
+    ///
+    /// # Example
+    ///
+    /// Use a [`std::sync::mpsc`] channel to handle events from a different thread.
+    ///
+    /// ```no_run
+    /// use std::sync::mpsc;
+    /// use std::thread;
+    /// use std::time::Duration;
+    ///
+    /// use winit::application::ApplicationHandler;
+    /// use winit::event_loop::{ActiveEventLoop, EventLoop, EventLoopProvider};
+    ///
+    /// struct MyApp {
+    ///     receiver: mpsc::Receiver<u64>,
+    /// }
+    ///
+    /// impl ApplicationHandler for MyApp {
+    ///     # fn window_event(
+    ///     #     &mut self,
+    ///     #     _event_loop: &dyn ActiveEventLoop,
+    ///     #     _window_id: winit::window::WindowId,
+    ///     #     _event: winit::event::WindowEvent,
+    ///     # ) {
+    ///     # }
+    ///     #
+    ///     # fn can_create_surfaces(&mut self, _event_loop: &dyn ActiveEventLoop) {}
+    ///     #
+    ///     fn proxy_wake_up(&mut self, _event_loop: &dyn ActiveEventLoop) {
+    ///         // Iterate current events, since wake-ups may have been merged.
+    ///         //
+    ///         // Note: We take care not to use `recv` or `iter` here, as those are blocking,
+    ///         // and that would be bad for performance and might lead to a deadlock.
+    ///         for i in self.receiver.try_iter() {
+    ///             println!("received: {i}");
+    ///         }
+    ///     }
+    ///
+    ///     // Rest of `ApplicationHandler`
+    /// }
+    ///
+    /// fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
+    ///     let event_loop = EventLoop::new()?;
+    ///
+    ///     let (sender, receiver) = mpsc::channel();
+    ///
+    ///     // Send an event in a loop
+    ///     let proxy = event_loop.create_proxy();
+    ///     let background_thread = thread::spawn(move || {
+    ///         let mut i = 0;
+    ///         loop {
+    ///             println!("sending: {i}");
+    ///             if sender.send(i).is_err() {
+    ///                 // Stop sending once the receiver is dropped
+    ///                 break;
+    ///             }
+    ///             // Trigger the wake-up _after_ we placed the event in the channel.
+    ///             // Otherwise, `proxy_wake_up` might be triggered prematurely.
+    ///             proxy.wake_up();
+    ///             i += 1;
+    ///             thread::sleep(Duration::from_secs(1));
+    ///         }
+    ///     });
+    ///
+    ///     event_loop.run_app(MyApp { receiver })?;
+    ///
+    ///     background_thread.join().unwrap();
+    ///
+    ///     Ok(())
+    /// }
+    /// ```
+    fn proxy_wake_up(&mut self, event_loop: &dyn ActiveEventLoop) {
+        let _ = event_loop;
     }
 
     /// Emitted when the OS sends an event to a winit window.
     fn window_event(
         &mut self,
-        event_loop: &ActiveEventLoop,
+        event_loop: &dyn ActiveEventLoop,
         window_id: WindowId,
         event: WindowEvent,
     );
 
     /// Emitted when the OS sends an event to a device.
+    ///
+    /// For this to be called, it must be enabled with [`EventLoopProvider::listen_device_events`].
+    ///
+    /// [`EventLoopProvider::listen_device_events`]: crate::event_loop::EventLoopProvider::listen_device_events
     fn device_event(
         &mut self,
-        event_loop: &ActiveEventLoop,
-        device_id: DeviceId,
+        event_loop: &dyn ActiveEventLoop,
+        device_id: Option<DeviceId>,
         event: DeviceEvent,
     ) {
         let _ = (event_loop, device_id, event);
@@ -118,80 +233,89 @@ pub trait ApplicationHandler<T: 'static = ()> {
     ///
     /// This is not an ideal event to drive application rendering from and instead applications
     /// should render in response to [`WindowEvent::RedrawRequested`] events.
-    fn about_to_wait(&mut self, event_loop: &ActiveEventLoop) {
+    fn about_to_wait(&mut self, event_loop: &dyn ActiveEventLoop) {
         let _ = event_loop;
     }
 
     /// Emitted when the application has been suspended.
     ///
-    /// # Portability
+    /// See [`resumed()`][Self::resumed].
     ///
-    /// Not all platforms support the notion of suspending applications, and there may be no
-    /// technical way to guarantee being able to emit a `Suspended` event if the OS has
-    /// no formal application lifecycle (currently only Android, iOS, and Web do). For this reason,
-    /// Winit does not currently try to emit pseudo `Suspended` events before the application
-    /// quits on platforms without an application lifecycle.
+    /// ## Platform-specific
     ///
-    /// Considering that the implementation of `Suspended` and [`Resumed`] events may be internally
-    /// driven by multiple platform-specific events, and that there may be subtle differences across
-    /// platforms with how these internal events are delivered, it's recommended that applications
-    /// be able to gracefully handle redundant (i.e. back-to-back) `Suspended` or [`Resumed`]
-    /// events.
+    /// ### iOS
     ///
-    /// Also see [`Resumed`] notes.
-    ///
-    /// ## Android
-    ///
-    /// On Android, the `Suspended` event is only sent when the application's associated
-    /// [`SurfaceView`] is destroyed. This is expected to closely correlate with the [`onPause`]
-    /// lifecycle event but there may technically be a discrepancy.
-    ///
-    /// [`onPause`]: https://developer.android.com/reference/android/app/Activity#onPause()
-    ///
-    /// Applications that need to run on Android should assume their [`SurfaceView`] has been
-    /// destroyed, which indirectly invalidates any existing render surfaces that may have been
-    /// created outside of Winit (such as an `EGLSurface`, [`VkSurfaceKHR`] or [`wgpu::Surface`]).
-    ///
-    /// After being `Suspended` on Android applications must drop all render surfaces before
-    /// the event callback completes, which may be re-created when the application is next
-    /// [`Resumed`].
-    ///
-    /// [`SurfaceView`]: https://developer.android.com/reference/android/view/SurfaceView
-    /// [Activity lifecycle]: https://developer.android.com/guide/components/activities/activity-lifecycle
-    /// [`VkSurfaceKHR`]: https://www.khronos.org/registry/vulkan/specs/1.3-extensions/man/html/VkSurfaceKHR.html
-    /// [`wgpu::Surface`]: https://docs.rs/wgpu/latest/wgpu/struct.Surface.html
-    ///
-    /// ## iOS
-    ///
-    /// On iOS, the `Suspended` event is currently emitted in response to an
-    /// [`applicationWillResignActive`] callback which means that the application is
-    /// about to transition from the active to inactive state (according to the
-    /// [iOS application lifecycle]).
+    /// On iOS, the [`suspended()`] method is called in response to an
+    /// [`applicationWillResignActive`] callback which means that the application is about to
+    /// transition from the active to inactive state (according to the [iOS application lifecycle]).
     ///
     /// [`applicationWillResignActive`]: https://developer.apple.com/documentation/uikit/uiapplicationdelegate/1622950-applicationwillresignactive
     /// [iOS application lifecycle]: https://developer.apple.com/documentation/uikit/app_and_environment/managing_your_app_s_life_cycle
     ///
-    /// ## Web
+    /// ### Web
     ///
-    /// On Web, the `Suspended` event is emitted in response to a [`pagehide`] event
-    /// with the property [`persisted`] being true, which means that the page is being
-    /// put in the [`bfcache`] (back/forward cache) - an in-memory cache that stores a
-    /// complete snapshot of a page (including the JavaScript heap) as the user is
+    /// On Web, the [`suspended()`] method is called in response to a [`pagehide`] event if the
+    /// page is being stored in the [`bfcache`] (back/forward cache) - an in-memory cache that
+    /// stores a complete snapshot of a page (including the JavaScript heap) as the user is
     /// navigating away.
     ///
     /// [`pagehide`]: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Window/pagehide_event
-    /// [`persisted`]: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/PageTransitionEvent/persisted
     /// [`bfcache`]: https://web.dev/bfcache/
-    /// [`Resumed`]: Self::resumed
-    fn suspended(&mut self, event_loop: &ActiveEventLoop) {
+    ///
+    /// ### Android
+    ///
+    /// On Android, the [`suspended()`] method is called when the `Activity` is no longer visible
+    /// to the user. This is a good place to stop refreshing UI, running animations and other visual
+    /// things. It is driven by Android's [`onStop()`] method.
+    ///
+    /// After this event the application either receives [`resumed()`] again, or will exit.
+    ///
+    /// [`onStop()`]: https://developer.android.com/reference/android/app/Activity#onStop()
+    ///
+    /// ### Others
+    ///
+    /// **macOS / Orbital / Wayland / Windows / X11:** Unsupported.
+    ///
+    /// [`resumed()`]: Self::resumed()
+    /// [`suspended()`]: Self::suspended()
+    fn suspended(&mut self, event_loop: &dyn ActiveEventLoop) {
         let _ = event_loop;
     }
 
-    /// Emitted when the event loop is being shut down.
+    /// Emitted when the application must destroy its render surfaces.
     ///
-    /// This is irreversible - if this method is called, it is guaranteed that the event loop
-    /// will exist right after.
-    fn exiting(&mut self, event_loop: &ActiveEventLoop) {
+    /// See [`can_create_surfaces()`] for more details.
+    ///
+    /// ## Platform-specific
+    ///
+    /// ### Android
+    ///
+    /// On Android, the [`destroy_surfaces()`] method is called when the application's
+    /// [`NativeWindow`] (native [`Surface`]) is destroyed. This is expected to closely correlate
+    /// with the [`onStop`] lifecycle event which typically results in the surface to be destroyed
+    /// after the app becomes invisible.
+    ///
+    /// Applications that need to run on Android should assume their [`NativeWindow`] has been
+    /// destroyed, which indirectly invalidates any existing render surfaces that may have been
+    /// created outside of Winit (such as an `EGLSurface`, [`VkSurfaceKHR`] or [`wgpu::Surface`]).
+    ///
+    /// When receiving [`destroy_surfaces()`] Android applications should drop all render surfaces
+    /// before the event callback completes, which may be re-created when the application next
+    /// receives [`can_create_surfaces()`].
+    ///
+    /// [`NativeWindow`]: https://developer.android.com/ndk/reference/group/a-native-window
+    /// [`Surface`]: https://developer.android.com/reference/android/view/Surface
+    /// [`onStop`]: https://developer.android.com/reference/android/app/Activity#onStop()
+    /// [`VkSurfaceKHR`]: https://www.khronos.org/registry/vulkan/specs/1.3-extensions/man/html/VkSurfaceKHR.html
+    /// [`wgpu::Surface`]: https://docs.rs/wgpu/latest/wgpu/struct.Surface.html
+    ///
+    /// ### Others
+    ///
+    /// - **iOS / macOS / Orbital / Wayland / Web / Windows / X11:** Unsupported.
+    ///
+    /// [`can_create_surfaces()`]: Self::can_create_surfaces()
+    /// [`destroy_surfaces()`]: Self::destroy_surfaces()
+    fn destroy_surfaces(&mut self, event_loop: &dyn ActiveEventLoop) {
         let _ = event_loop;
     }
 
@@ -219,7 +343,154 @@ pub trait ApplicationHandler<T: 'static = ()> {
     /// ### Others
     ///
     /// - **macOS / Orbital / Wayland / Web / Windows:** Unsupported.
-    fn memory_warning(&mut self, event_loop: &ActiveEventLoop) {
+    fn memory_warning(&mut self, event_loop: &dyn ActiveEventLoop) {
         let _ = event_loop;
     }
+
+    /// The macOS-specific handler.
+    ///
+    /// The return value from this should not change at runtime.
+    #[cfg(macos_platform)]
+    #[inline(always)]
+    fn macos_handler(&mut self) -> Option<&mut dyn ApplicationHandlerExtMacOS> {
+        None
+    }
+}
+
+#[deny(clippy::missing_trait_methods)]
+impl<A: ?Sized + ApplicationHandler> ApplicationHandler for &mut A {
+    #[inline]
+    fn new_events(&mut self, event_loop: &dyn ActiveEventLoop, cause: StartCause) {
+        (**self).new_events(event_loop, cause);
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn resumed(&mut self, event_loop: &dyn ActiveEventLoop) {
+        (**self).resumed(event_loop);
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn can_create_surfaces(&mut self, event_loop: &dyn ActiveEventLoop) {
+        (**self).can_create_surfaces(event_loop);
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn proxy_wake_up(&mut self, event_loop: &dyn ActiveEventLoop) {
+        (**self).proxy_wake_up(event_loop);
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn window_event(
+        &mut self,
+        event_loop: &dyn ActiveEventLoop,
+        window_id: WindowId,
+        event: WindowEvent,
+    ) {
+        (**self).window_event(event_loop, window_id, event);
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn device_event(
+        &mut self,
+        event_loop: &dyn ActiveEventLoop,
+        device_id: Option<DeviceId>,
+        event: DeviceEvent,
+    ) {
+        (**self).device_event(event_loop, device_id, event);
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn about_to_wait(&mut self, event_loop: &dyn ActiveEventLoop) {
+        (**self).about_to_wait(event_loop);
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn suspended(&mut self, event_loop: &dyn ActiveEventLoop) {
+        (**self).suspended(event_loop);
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn destroy_surfaces(&mut self, event_loop: &dyn ActiveEventLoop) {
+        (**self).destroy_surfaces(event_loop);
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn memory_warning(&mut self, event_loop: &dyn ActiveEventLoop) {
+        (**self).memory_warning(event_loop);
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(macos_platform)]
+    #[inline]
+    fn macos_handler(&mut self) -> Option<&mut dyn ApplicationHandlerExtMacOS> {
+        (**self).macos_handler()
+    }
+}
+
+#[deny(clippy::missing_trait_methods)]
+impl<A: ?Sized + ApplicationHandler> ApplicationHandler for Box<A> {
+    #[inline]
+    fn new_events(&mut self, event_loop: &dyn ActiveEventLoop, cause: StartCause) {
+        (**self).new_events(event_loop, cause);
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn resumed(&mut self, event_loop: &dyn ActiveEventLoop) {
+        (**self).resumed(event_loop);
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn can_create_surfaces(&mut self, event_loop: &dyn ActiveEventLoop) {
+        (**self).can_create_surfaces(event_loop);
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn proxy_wake_up(&mut self, event_loop: &dyn ActiveEventLoop) {
+        (**self).proxy_wake_up(event_loop);
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn window_event(
+        &mut self,
+        event_loop: &dyn ActiveEventLoop,
+        window_id: WindowId,
+        event: WindowEvent,
+    ) {
+        (**self).window_event(event_loop, window_id, event);
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn device_event(
+        &mut self,
+        event_loop: &dyn ActiveEventLoop,
+        device_id: Option<DeviceId>,
+        event: DeviceEvent,
+    ) {
+        (**self).device_event(event_loop, device_id, event);
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn about_to_wait(&mut self, event_loop: &dyn ActiveEventLoop) {
+        (**self).about_to_wait(event_loop);
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn suspended(&mut self, event_loop: &dyn ActiveEventLoop) {
+        (**self).suspended(event_loop);
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn destroy_surfaces(&mut self, event_loop: &dyn ActiveEventLoop) {
+        (**self).destroy_surfaces(event_loop);
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn memory_warning(&mut self, event_loop: &dyn ActiveEventLoop) {
+        (**self).memory_warning(event_loop);
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(macos_platform)]
+    #[inline]
+    fn macos_handler(&mut self) -> Option<&mut dyn ApplicationHandlerExtMacOS> {
+        (**self).macos_handler()
+    }
 }

src/changelog/unreleased.md

@@ -39,3 +39,209 @@ The migration guide could reference other migration examples in the current
 changelog entry.
 
 ## Unreleased
+
+### Added
+
+- Add `ActiveEventLoop::create_proxy()`.
+- On Web, add `ActiveEventLoopExtWeb::is_cursor_lock_raw()` to determine if
+  `DeviceEvent::MouseMotion` is returning raw data, not OS accelerated, when using
+  `CursorGrabMode::Locked`.
+- On Web, implement `MonitorHandle` and `VideoModeHandle`.
+
+  Without prompting the user for permission, only the current monitor is returned. But when
+  prompting and being granted permission through
+  `ActiveEventLoop::request_detailed_monitor_permission()`, access to all monitors and their
+  details is available. Handles created with "detailed monitor permissions" can be used in
+  `Window::set_fullscreen()` as well.
+
+  Keep in mind that handles do not auto-upgrade after permissions are granted and have to be
+  re-created to make full use of this feature.
+- Implement `Clone`, `Copy`, `Debug`, `Deserialize`, `Eq`, `Hash`, `Ord`, `PartialEq`, `PartialOrd`
+  and `Serialize` on many types.
+- Add `MonitorHandle::current_video_mode()`.
+- Add `ApplicationHandlerExtMacOS` trait, and a `macos_handler` method to `ApplicationHandler` which returns a `dyn ApplicationHandlerExtMacOS` which allows for macOS specific extensions to winit.
+- Add a `standard_key_binding` method to the `ApplicationHandlerExtMacOS` trait. This allows handling of standard keybindings such as "go to end of line" on macOS.
+- On macOS, add `WindowExtMacOS::set_unified_titlebar` and `WindowAttributesExtMacOS::with_unified_titlebar`
+  to use a larger style of titlebar.
+- Add `WindowId::into_raw()` and `from_raw()`.
+- Add `PointerKind`, `PointerSource`, `ButtonSource`, `FingerId`, `primary` and `position` to all
+  pointer events as part of the pointer event overhaul.
+- Add `DeviceId::into_raw()` and `from_raw()`.
+- Added `Window::surface_position`, which is the position of the surface inside the window.
+- Added `Window::safe_area`, which describes the area of the surface that is unobstructed.
+- On X11, Wayland, Windows and macOS, improved scancode conversions for more obscure key codes.
+- Add ability to make non-activating window on macOS using `NSPanel` with `NSWindowStyleMask::NonactivatingPanel`.
+- Implement `MonitorHandleProvider` for `MonitorHandle` to access common monitor API.
+- On X11, set an "area" attribute on XIM input connection to convey the cursor area.
+- Implement `CustomCursorProvider` for `CustomCursor` to access cursor API.
+- Add `CustomCursorSource::Url`, `CustomCursorSource::from_animation`.
+- Implement `CustomIconProvider` for `RgbaIcon`.
+- Add `icon` module that exposes winit's icon API.
+
+### Changed
+
+- Change `ActiveEventLoop` and `Window` to be traits, and added `cast_ref`/`cast_mut`/`cast`
+  methods to extract the backend type from those.
+- `ActiveEventLoop::create_window` now returns `Box<dyn Window>`.
+- `ApplicationHandler` now uses `dyn ActiveEventLoop`.
+- On Web, let events wake up event loop immediately when using `ControlFlow::Poll`.
+- Bump MSRV from `1.70` to `1.80`.
+- Changed `ApplicationHandler::user_event` to `user_wake_up`, removing the
+  generic user event.
+
+  Winit will now only indicate that wake up happened, you will have to pair
+  this with an external mechanism like `std::sync::mpsc::channel` if you want
+  to send specific data to be processed on the main thread.
+- Changed `EventLoopProxy::send_event` to `EventLoopProxy::wake_up`, it now
+  only wakes up the loop.
+- On X11, implement smooth resizing through the sync extension API.
+- `ApplicationHandler::can_create|destroy_surfaces()` was split off from
+  `ApplicationHandler::resumed/suspended()`.
+
+  `ApplicationHandler::can_create_surfaces()` should, for portability reasons
+  to Android, be the only place to create render surfaces.
+
+  `ApplicationHandler::resumed/suspended()` are now only emitted by iOS, Web
+  and Android, and now signify actually resuming/suspending the application.
+- Rename `platform::web::*ExtWebSys` to `*ExtWeb`.
+- Change signature of `EventLoop::run_app`, `EventLoopExtPumpEvents::pump_app_events` and
+  `EventLoopExtRunOnDemand::run_app_on_demand` to accept a `impl ApplicationHandler` directly,
+  instead of requiring a `&mut` reference to it.
+- On Web, `Window::canvas()` now returns a reference.
+- On Web, `CursorGrabMode::Locked` now lets `DeviceEvent::MouseMotion` return raw data, not OS
+  accelerated, if the browser supports it.
+- `(Active)EventLoop::create_custom_cursor()` now returns a `Result<CustomCursor, ExternalError>`.
+- Changed how `ModifiersState` is serialized by Serde.
+- `VideoModeHandle::refresh_rate_millihertz()` and `bit_depth()` now return a `Option<NonZero*>`.
+- `MonitorHandle::position()` now returns an `Option`.
+- On macOS, remove custom application delegates. You are now allowed to override the
+  application delegate yourself.
+- On X11, remove our dependency on libXcursor. (#3749)
+- Renamed the following APIs to make it clearer that the sizes apply to the underlying surface:
+  - `WindowEvent::Resized` to `SurfaceResized`.
+  - `InnerSizeWriter` to `SurfaceSizeWriter`.
+  - `WindowAttributes.inner_size` to `surface_size`.
+  - `WindowAttributes.min_inner_size` to `min_surface_size`.
+  - `WindowAttributes.max_inner_size` to `max_surface_size`.
+  - `WindowAttributes.resize_increments` to `surface_resize_increments`.
+  - `WindowAttributes::with_inner_size` to `with_surface_size`.
+  - `WindowAttributes::with_min_inner_size` to `with_min_surface_size`.
+  - `WindowAttributes::with_max_inner_size` to `with_max_surface_size`.
+  - `WindowAttributes::with_resize_increments` to `with_surface_resize_increments`.
+  - `Window::inner_size` to `surface_size`.
+  - `Window::request_inner_size` to `request_surface_size`.
+  - `Window::set_min_inner_size` to `set_min_surface_size`.
+  - `Window::set_max_inner_size` to `set_max_surface_size`.
+
+  To migrate, you can probably just replace all instances of `inner_size` with `surface_size` in your codebase.
+- Every event carrying a `DeviceId` now uses `Option<DeviceId>` instead. A `None` value signifies that the
+  device can't be uniquely identified.
+- Pointer `WindowEvent`s were overhauled. The new events can handle any type of pointer, serving as
+  a single pointer input source. Now your application can handle any pointer type without having to
+  explicitly handle e.g. `Touch`:
+  - Rename `CursorMoved` to `PointerMoved`.
+  - Rename `CursorEntered` to `PointerEntered`.
+  - Rename `CursorLeft` to `PointerLeft`.
+  - Rename `MouseInput` to `PointerButton`.
+  - Add `primary` to every `PointerEvent` as a way to identify discard non-primary pointers in a
+    multi-touch interaction.
+  - Add `position` to every `PointerEvent`.
+  - `PointerMoved` is **not sent** after `PointerEntered` anymore.
+  - Remove `Touch`, which is folded into the `Pointer*` events.
+  - New `PointerKind` added to `PointerEntered` and `PointerLeft`, signifying which pointer type is
+    the source of this event.
+  - New `PointerSource` added to `PointerMoved`, similar to `PointerKind` but holding additional
+    data.
+  - New `ButtonSource` added to `PointerButton`, similar to `PointerKind` but holding pointer type
+    specific buttons. Use `ButtonSource::mouse_button()` to easily normalize any pointer button
+    type to a generic mouse button.
+  - New `FingerId` added to `PointerKind::Touch` and `PointerSource::Touch` able to uniquely
+    identify a finger in a multi-touch interaction. Replaces the old `Touch::id`.
+  - In the same spirit rename `DeviceEvent::MouseMotion` to `PointerMotion`.
+  - Remove `Force::Calibrated::altitude_angle`.
+- On X11, use bottom-right corner for IME hotspot in `Window::set_ime_cursor_area`.
+- On macOS and iOS, no longer emit `ScaleFactorChanged` upon window creation.
+- On macOS, no longer emit `Focused` upon window creation.
+- On iOS, emit more events immediately, instead of queuing them.
+- Update `smol_str` to version `0.3`
+- Rename `VideoModeHandle` to `VideoMode`, now it only stores plain data.
+- Make `Fullscreen::Exclusive` contain `(MonitorHandle, VideoMode)`.
+- Reworked the file drag-and-drop API.
+
+  The `WindowEvent::DroppedFile`, `WindowEvent::HoveredFile` and `WindowEvent::HoveredFileCancelled`
+  events have been removed, and replaced with `WindowEvent::DragEntered`, `WindowEvent::DragMoved`,
+  `WindowEvent::DragDropped` and `WindowEvent::DragLeft`.
+
+  The old drag-and-drop events were emitted once per file. This occurred when files were *first*
+  hovered over the window, dropped, or left the window. The new drag-and-drop events are emitted
+  once per set of files dragged, and include a list of all dragged files. They also include the
+  pointer position.
+
+  The rough correspondence is:
+  - `WindowEvent::HoveredFile` -> `WindowEvent::DragEntered`
+  - `WindowEvent::DroppedFile` -> `WindowEvent::DragDropped`
+  - `WindowEvent::HoveredFileCancelled` -> `WindowEvent::DragLeft`
+
+  The `WindowEvent::DragMoved` event is entirely new, and is emitted whenever the pointer moves
+  whilst files are being dragged over the window. It doesn't contain any file paths, just the
+  pointer position.
+- Updated `objc2` to `v0.6`.
+- Updated `windows-sys` to `v0.59`.
+  - To match the corresponding changes in `windows-sys`, the `HWND`, `HMONITOR`, and `HMENU` types
+    now alias to `*mut c_void` instead of `isize`.
+- Removed `KeyEventExtModifierSupplement`, and made the fields `text_with_all_modifiers` and
+  `key_without_modifiers` public on `KeyEvent` instead.
+- Move `window::Fullscreen` to `monitor::Fullscreen`.
+- Renamed "super" key to "meta", to match the naming in the W3C specification.
+  `NamedKey::Super` still exists, but it's non-functional and deprecated, `NamedKey::Meta` should be used instead.
+- Move `IconExtWindows` into `WinIcon`.
+- `run_app_on_demand`/`pump_app_events` now accept `&mut dyn ApplicationHandler` instead of generic.
+- Moved common `EventLoop` methods like `run_app` into `EventLoopProvider` trait.
+- Moved `event_loop::EventLoop` into `platform::event_loop::EventLoop` keeping the old re-export in place.
+- `EventLoopProvider::run_app` now takes `Box<dyn ApplicationHandler` instead of owned generic.
+
+### Removed
+
+- Remove `Event`.
+- Remove already deprecated APIs:
+  - `EventLoop::create_window()`
+  - `EventLoop::run`.
+  - `EventLoopBuilder::new()`
+  - `EventLoopExtPumpEvents::pump_events`.
+  - `EventLoopExtRunOnDemand::run_on_demand`.
+  - `VideoMode`
+  - `WindowAttributes::new()`
+  - `Window::set_cursor_icon()`
+- On iOS, remove `platform::ios::EventLoopExtIOS` and related `platform::ios::Idiom` type.
+
+  This feature was incomplete, and the equivalent functionality can be trivially achieved outside
+  of `winit` using `objc2-ui-kit` and calling `UIDevice::currentDevice().userInterfaceIdiom()`.
+- On Web, remove unused `platform::web::CustomCursorError::Animation`.
+- Remove the `rwh_04` and `rwh_05` cargo feature and the corresponding `raw-window-handle` v0.4 and
+  v0.5 support. v0.6 remains in place and is enabled by default.
+- Remove `DeviceEvent::Added` and `DeviceEvent::Removed`.
+- Remove `DeviceEvent::Motion` and `WindowEvent::AxisMotion`.
+- Remove `MonitorHandle::size()` and `refresh_rate_millihertz()` in favor of
+  `MonitorHandle::current_video_mode()`.
+- On Android, remove all `MonitorHandle` support instead of emitting false data.
+- Remove `impl From<u64> for WindowId` and `impl From<WindowId> for u64`. Replaced with
+  `WindowId::into_raw()` and `from_raw()`.
+- Remove `dummy()` from `WindowId` and `DeviceId`.
+- Remove `WindowEvent::Touch` and `Touch` in favor of the new `PointerKind`, `PointerSource` and
+ `ButtonSource` as part of the new pointer event overhaul.
+- Remove `Force::altitude_angle`.
+- Remove `Window::inner_position`, use the new `Window::surface_position` instead.
+- Remove `CustomCursorExtWeb`, use the `CustomCursorSource`.
+- Remove `CustomCursor::from_rgba`, use `CustomCursorSource` instead.
+- Remove `ApplicationHandler::exited`, the event loop being shut down can now be listened to in
+  the `Drop` impl on the application handler.
+- Remove `NamedKey::Space`, match on `Key::Character(" ")` instead.
+- Remove `PartialEq` impl for `WindowAttributes`.
+
+### Fixed
+
+- On Orbital, `MonitorHandle::name()` now returns `None` instead of a dummy name.
+- On iOS, fixed `SurfaceResized` and `Window::surface_size` not reporting the size of the actual surface.
+- On macOS, fixed the scancode conversion for audio volume keys.
+- On macOS, fixed the scancode conversion for `IntlBackslash`.
+- On macOS, fixed redundant `SurfaceResized` event at window creation.

src/changelog/v0.20.md

@@ -137,7 +137,7 @@
 
 - On X11, non-resizable windows now have maximize explicitly disabled.
 - On Windows, support paths longer than MAX_PATH (260 characters) in `WindowEvent::DroppedFile`
-and `WindowEvent::HoveredFile`.
+  and `WindowEvent::HoveredFile`.
 - On Mac, implement `DeviceEvent::Button`.
 - Change `Event::Suspended(true / false)` to `Event::Suspended` and `Event::Resumed`.
 - On X11, fix sanity check which checks that a monitor's reported width and height (in millimeters) are non-zero when calculating the DPI factor.

src/changelog/v0.30.md

@@ -1,3 +1,165 @@
+## 0.30.10
+
+### Added
+
+- On Windows, add `IconExtWindows::from_resource_name`.
+- On Windows, add `CursorGrabMode::Locked`.
+- On Wayland, add `WindowExtWayland::xdg_toplevel`.
+
+### Changed
+
+- On macOS, no longer need control of the main `NSApplication` class (which means you can now override it yourself).
+- On iOS, remove custom application delegates. You are now allowed to override the
+  application delegate yourself.
+- On iOS, no longer act as-if the application successfully open all URLs. Override
+  `application:didFinishLaunchingWithOptions:` and provide the desired behaviour yourself.
+
+### Fixed
+
+- On Windows, fixed ~500 ms pause when clicking the title bar during continuous redraw.
+- On macOS, `WindowExtMacOS::set_simple_fullscreen` now honors `WindowExtMacOS::set_borderless_game`
+- On X11 and Wayland, fixed pump_events with `Some(Duration::Zero)` blocking with `Wait` polling mode
+- On Wayland, fixed a crash when consequently calling `set_cursor_grab` without pointer focus.
+- On Wayland, ensure that external event loop is woken-up when using pump_events and integrating via `FD`.
+- On Wayland, apply fractional scaling to custom cursors.
+- On macOS, fixed `run_app_on_demand` returning without closing open windows.
+- On macOS, fixed `VideoMode::refresh_rate_millihertz` for fractional refresh rates.
+- On macOS, store monitor handle to avoid panics after going in/out of sleep.
+- On macOS, allow certain invalid monitor handles and return `None` instead of panicking.
+- On Windows, fixed `Ime::Preedit` cursor offset calculation.
+
+## 0.30.9
+
+### Changed
+
+- On Wayland, no longer send an explicit clearing `Ime::Preedit` just prior to a new `Ime::Preedit`.
+
+### Fixed
+
+- On X11, fix crash with uim.
+- On X11, fix modifiers for keys that were sent by the same X11 request.
+- On iOS, fix high CPU usage even when using `ControlFlow::Wait`.
+
+## 0.30.8
+
+### Added
+
+- `ActivationToken::from_raw` and `ActivationToken::into_raw`.
+- On X11, add a workaround for disabling IME on GNOME.
+
+### Fixed
+
+- On Windows, fixed the event loop not waking on accessibility requests.
+- On X11, fixed cursor grab mode state tracking on error.
+
+## 0.30.7
+
+### Fixed
+
+- On X11, fixed KeyboardInput delivered twice when IME enabled.
+
+## 0.30.6
+
+### Added
+
+- On macOS, add `WindowExtMacOS::set_borderless_game` and `WindowAttributesExtMacOS::with_borderless_game`
+  to fully disable the menu bar and dock in Borderless Fullscreen as commonly done in games.
+- On X11, the `window` example now understands the `X11_VISUAL_ID` and `X11_SCREEN_ID` env
+  variables to test the respective modifiers of window creation.
+- On Android, the soft keyboard can now be shown using `Window::set_ime_allowed`.
+- Add basic iOS IME support. The soft keyboard can now be shown using `Window::set_ime_allowed`.
+
+### Fixed
+
+- On macOS, fix `WindowEvent::Moved` sometimes being triggered unnecessarily on resize.
+- On macOS, package manifest definitions of `LSUIElement` will no longer be overridden with the
+  default activation policy, unless explicitly provided during initialization.
+- On macOS, fix crash when calling `drag_window()` without a left click present.
+- On X11, key events forward to IME anyway, even when it's disabled.
+- On Windows, make `ControlFlow::WaitUntil` work more precisely using `CREATE_WAITABLE_TIMER_HIGH_RESOLUTION`.
+- On X11, creating windows on screen that is not the first one (e.g. `DISPLAY=:0.1`) works again.
+- On X11, creating windows while passing `with_x11_screen(non_default_screen)` works again.
+- On X11, fix XInput handling that prevented a new window from getting the focus in some cases.
+- On macOS, fix crash when pressing Caps Lock in certain configurations.
+- On iOS, fixed `MonitorHandle`'s `PartialEq` and `Hash` implementations.
+- On macOS, fixed undocumented cursors (e.g. zoom, resize, help) always appearing to be invalid and falling back to the default cursor.
+
+## 0.30.5
+
+### Added
+
+- Add `ActiveEventLoop::system_theme()`, returning the current system theme.
+- On Web, implement `Error` for `platform::web::CustomCursorError`.
+- On Android, add `{Active,}EventLoopExtAndroid::android_app()` to access the app used to create the loop.
+
+### Fixed
+
+- On MacOS, fix building with `feature = "rwh_04"`.
+- On Web, pen events are now routed through to `WindowEvent::Cursor*`.
+- On macOS, fix panic when releasing not available monitor.
+- On MacOS, return the system theme in `Window::theme()` if no theme override is set.
+
+## 0.30.4
+
+### Changed
+
+- `DeviceId::dummy()` and `WindowId::dummy()` are no longer marked `unsafe`.
+
+### Fixed
+
+- On Wayland, avoid crashing when compositor is misbehaving.
+- On Web, fix `WindowEvent::Resized` not using `requestAnimationFrame` when sending
+  `WindowEvent::RedrawRequested` and also potentially causing `WindowEvent::RedrawRequested`
+  to not be de-duplicated.
+- Account for different browser engine implementations of pointer movement coordinate space.
+
+## 0.30.3
+
+### Added
+
+- On Web, add `EventLoopExtWebSys::(set_)poll_strategy()` to allow setting
+  control flow strategies before starting the event loop.
+- On Web, add `WaitUntilStrategy`, which allows to set different strategies for
+  `ControlFlow::WaitUntil`. By default the Prioritized Task Scheduling API is
+  used, with a fallback to `setTimeout()` with a trick to circumvent throttling
+  to 4ms. But an option to use a Web worker to schedule the timer is available
+  as well, which commonly prevents any throttling when the window is not focused.
+
+### Changed
+
+- On macOS, set the window theme on the `NSWindow` instead of application-wide.
+
+### Fixed
+
+- On X11, build on arm platforms.
+- On macOS, fixed `WindowBuilder::with_theme` not having any effect on the window.
+
+## 0.30.2
+
+### Fixed
+
+- On Web, fix `EventLoopProxy::send_event()` triggering event loop immediately
+  when not called from inside the event loop. Now queues a microtask instead.
+- On Web, stop overwriting default cursor with `CursorIcon::Default`.
+- On Web, prevent crash when using `InnerSizeWriter::request_inner_size()`.
+- On macOS, fix not working opacity for entire window.
+
+## 0.30.1
+
+### Added
+
+- Reexport `raw-window-handle` versions 0.4 and 0.5 as `raw_window_handle_04` and `raw_window_handle_05`.
+- Implement `ApplicationHandler` for `&mut` references and heap allocations to something that implements `ApplicationHandler`.
+- Add traits `EventLoopExtWayland` and `EventLoopExtX11`, providing methods `is_wayland` and `is_x11` on `EventLoop`.
+
+### Fixed
+
+- On macOS, fix panic on exit when dropping windows outside the event loop.
+- On macOS, fix window dragging glitches when dragging across a monitor boundary with different scale factor.
+- On macOS, fix the range in `Ime::Preedit`.
+- On macOS, use the system's internal mechanisms for queuing events.
+- On macOS, handle events directly instead of queuing when possible.
+
 ## 0.30.0
 
 ### Added
@@ -65,7 +227,7 @@
   `Fn`. The semantics are mostly the same, given that the capture list of the
   closure is your new `State`. Consider the following code:
 
-  ```rust,no_run
+  ```rust,no_run,ignore
   use winit::event::Event;
   use winit::event_loop::EventLoop;
   use winit::window::Window;
@@ -101,7 +263,7 @@
   we move particular `match event` arms into methods on `ApplicationHandler`,
   for example:
 
-  ```rust,no_run
+  ```rust,no_run,ignore
   use winit::application::ApplicationHandler;
   use winit::event::{Event, WindowEvent, DeviceEvent, DeviceId};
   use winit::event_loop::{EventLoop, ActiveEventLoop};
@@ -164,7 +326,7 @@
 
   Using the migration example from above, you can change your code as follows:
 
-  ```rust,no_run
+  ```rust,no_run,ignore
   use winit::application::ApplicationHandler;
   use winit::event::{Event, WindowEvent, DeviceEvent, DeviceId};
   use winit::event_loop::{EventLoop, ActiveEventLoop};

src/changelog/v0.9.md

@@ -3,20 +3,20 @@
 - Added event `WindowEvent::HiDPIFactorChanged`.
 - Added method `MonitorId::get_hidpi_factor`.
 - Deprecated `get_inner_size_pixels` and `get_inner_size_points` methods of `Window` in favor of
-`get_inner_size`.
+  `get_inner_size`.
 - **Breaking:** `EventsLoop` is `!Send` and `!Sync` because of platform-dependant constraints,
   but `Window`, `WindowId`, `DeviceId` and `MonitorId` guaranteed to be `Send`.
 - `MonitorId::get_position` now returns `(i32, i32)` instead of `(u32, u32)`.
 - Rewrite of the wayland backend to use wayland-client-0.11
 - Support for dead keys on wayland for keyboard utf8 input
 - Monitor enumeration on Windows is now implemented using `EnumDisplayMonitors` instead of
-`EnumDisplayDevices`. This changes the value returned by `MonitorId::get_name()`.
+  `EnumDisplayDevices`. This changes the value returned by `MonitorId::get_name()`.
 - On Windows added `MonitorIdExt::hmonitor` method
 - Impl `Clone` for `EventsLoopProxy`
 - `EventsLoop::get_primary_monitor()` on X11 will fallback to any available monitor if no primary is found
 - Support for touch event on wayland
 - `WindowEvent`s `MouseMoved`, `MouseEntered`, and `MouseLeft` have been renamed to
-`CursorMoved`, `CursorEntered`, and `CursorLeft`.
+  `CursorMoved`, `CursorEntered`, and `CursorLeft`.
 - New `DeviceEvent`s added, `MouseMotion` and `MouseWheel`.
 - Send `CursorMoved` event after `CursorEntered` and `Focused` events.
 - Add support for `ModifiersState`, `MouseMove`, `MouseInput`, `MouseMotion` for emscripten backend.

src/cursor.rs

@@ -1,13 +1,15 @@
 use core::fmt;
 use std::error::Error;
-use std::hash::{Hash, Hasher};
+use std::hash::Hash;
+use std::ops::Deref;
 use std::sync::Arc;
+use std::time::Duration;
 
 use cursor_icon::CursorIcon;
 
-use crate::platform_impl::{PlatformCustomCursor, PlatformCustomCursorSource};
+use crate::utils::{impl_dyn_casting, AsAny};
 
-/// The maximum width and height for a cursor when using [`CustomCursor::from_rgba`].
+/// The maximum width and height for a cursor when using [`CustomCursorSource::from_rgba`].
 pub const MAX_CURSOR_SIZE: u16 = 2048;
 
 const PIXEL_SIZE: usize = 4;
@@ -50,70 +52,120 @@ impl From<CustomCursor> for Cursor {
 /// ```no_run
 /// # use winit::event_loop::ActiveEventLoop;
 /// # use winit::window::Window;
-/// # fn scope(event_loop: &ActiveEventLoop, window: &Window) {
-/// use winit::window::CustomCursor;
+/// # fn scope(event_loop: &dyn ActiveEventLoop, window: &dyn Window) {
+/// use winit::window::CustomCursorSource;
 ///
 /// let w = 10;
 /// let h = 10;
 /// let rgba = vec![255; (w * h * 4) as usize];
 ///
 /// #[cfg(not(target_family = "wasm"))]
-/// let source = CustomCursor::from_rgba(rgba, w, h, w / 2, h / 2).unwrap();
+/// let source = CustomCursorSource::from_rgba(rgba, w, h, w / 2, h / 2).unwrap();
 ///
 /// #[cfg(target_family = "wasm")]
-/// let source = {
-///     use winit::platform::web::CustomCursorExtWebSys;
-///     CustomCursor::from_url(String::from("http://localhost:3000/cursor.png"), 0, 0)
+/// let source = CustomCursorSource::Url {
+///     url: String::from("http://localhost:3000/cursor.png"),
+///     hotspot_x: 0,
+///     hotspot_y: 0,
 /// };
 ///
-/// let custom_cursor = event_loop.create_custom_cursor(source);
-///
-/// window.set_cursor(custom_cursor.clone());
+/// if let Ok(custom_cursor) = event_loop.create_custom_cursor(source) {
+///     window.set_cursor(custom_cursor.clone().into());
+/// }
 /// # }
 /// ```
-#[derive(Clone, Debug, Eq, Hash, PartialEq)]
-pub struct CustomCursor {
-    /// Platforms should make sure this is cheap to clone.
-    pub(crate) inner: PlatformCustomCursor,
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+pub struct CustomCursor(pub(crate) Arc<dyn CustomCursorProvider>);
+
+pub trait CustomCursorProvider: AsAny + fmt::Debug + Send + Sync {
+    /// Whether a cursor was backed by animation.
+    fn is_animated(&self) -> bool;
 }
 
-impl CustomCursor {
-    /// Creates a new cursor from an rgba buffer.
-    ///
-    /// The alpha channel is assumed to be **not** premultiplied.
-    pub fn from_rgba(
-        rgba: impl Into<Vec<u8>>,
-        width: u16,
-        height: u16,
-        hotspot_x: u16,
-        hotspot_y: u16,
-    ) -> Result<CustomCursorSource, BadImage> {
-        let _span =
-            tracing::debug_span!("winit::Cursor::from_rgba", width, height, hotspot_x, hotspot_y)
-                .entered();
-
-        Ok(CustomCursorSource {
-            inner: PlatformCustomCursorSource::from_rgba(
-                rgba.into(),
-                width,
-                height,
-                hotspot_x,
-                hotspot_y,
-            )?,
-        })
+impl PartialEq for CustomCursor {
+    fn eq(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {
+        Arc::ptr_eq(&self.0, &other.0)
     }
 }
 
+impl Eq for CustomCursor {}
+
+impl Hash for CustomCursor {
+    fn hash<H: std::hash::Hasher>(&self, state: &mut H) {
+        Arc::as_ptr(&self.0).hash(state);
+    }
+}
+
+impl Deref for CustomCursor {
+    type Target = dyn CustomCursorProvider;
+
+    fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target {
+        self.0.deref()
+    }
+}
+
+impl_dyn_casting!(CustomCursorProvider);
+
 /// Source for [`CustomCursor`].
 ///
 /// See [`CustomCursor`] for more details.
-#[derive(Debug)]
-pub struct CustomCursorSource {
-    pub(crate) inner: PlatformCustomCursorSource,
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Eq, Hash, PartialEq)]
+pub enum CustomCursorSource {
+    /// Cursor that is backed by RGBA image.
+    ///
+    /// See [CustomCursorSource::from_rgba] for more.
+    ///
+    /// ## Platform-specific
+    ///
+    /// - **iOS / Android / Orbital:** Unsupported
+    Image(CursorImage),
+    /// Animated cursor.
+    ///
+    /// See [CustomCursorSource::from_animation] for more.
+    ///
+    /// ## Platform-specific
+    ///
+    /// - **iOS / Android / Wayland / Windows / X11 / macOS / Orbital:** Unsupported
+    Animation(CursorAnimation),
+    /// Creates a new cursor from a URL pointing to an image.
+    /// It uses the [url css function](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/url),
+    /// but browser support for image formats is inconsistent. Using [PNG] is recommended.
+    ///
+    /// [PNG]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PNG
+    ///
+    /// ## Platform-specific
+    ///
+    /// - **iOS / Android / Wayland / Windows / X11 / macOS / Orbital:** Unsupported
+    Url { hotspot_x: u16, hotspot_y: u16, url: String },
 }
 
-/// An error produced when using [`CustomCursor::from_rgba`] with invalid arguments.
-#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+impl CustomCursorSource {
+    /// Creates a new cursor from an rgba buffer.
+    ///
+    /// The alpha channel is assumed to be **not** premultiplied.
+    pub fn from_rgba(
+        rgba: Vec<u8>,
+        width: u16,
+        height: u16,
+        hotspot_x: u16,
+        hotspot_y: u16,
+    ) -> Result<Self, BadImage> {
+        CursorImage::from_rgba(rgba, width, height, hotspot_x, hotspot_y).map(Self::Image)
+    }
+
+    /// Crates a new animated cursor from multiple [`CustomCursor`]s
+    /// Supplied `cursors` can't be empty or other animations.
+    pub fn from_animation(
+        duration: Duration,
+        cursors: Vec<CustomCursor>,
+    ) -> Result<Self, BadAnimation> {
+        CursorAnimation::new(duration, cursors).map(Self::Animation)
+    }
+}
+
+/// An error produced when using [`CustomCursorSource::from_rgba`] with invalid arguments.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
+#[cfg_attr(feature = "serde", derive(serde::Serialize, serde::Deserialize))]
 pub enum BadImage {
     /// Produced when the image dimensions are larger than [`MAX_CURSOR_SIZE`]. This doesn't
     /// guarantee that the cursor will work, but should avoid many platform and device specific
@@ -161,47 +213,30 @@ impl fmt::Display for BadImage {
 
 impl Error for BadImage {}
 
-/// Platforms export this directly as `PlatformCustomCursorSource` if they need to only work with
-/// images.
-#[allow(dead_code)]
-#[derive(Debug)]
-pub(crate) struct OnlyCursorImageSource(pub(crate) CursorImage);
+/// An error produced when using [`CustomCursorSource::from_animation`] with invalid arguments.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Eq, Hash, PartialEq)]
+#[cfg_attr(feature = "serde", derive(serde::Serialize, serde::Deserialize))]
+pub enum BadAnimation {
+    /// Produced when no cursors were supplied.
+    Empty,
+    /// Produced when a supplied cursor is an animation.
+    Animation,
+}
 
-#[allow(dead_code)]
-impl OnlyCursorImageSource {
-    pub(crate) fn from_rgba(
-        rgba: Vec<u8>,
-        width: u16,
-        height: u16,
-        hotspot_x: u16,
-        hotspot_y: u16,
-    ) -> Result<Self, BadImage> {
-        CursorImage::from_rgba(rgba, width, height, hotspot_x, hotspot_y).map(Self)
+impl fmt::Display for BadAnimation {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        match self {
+            Self::Empty => write!(f, "No cursors supplied"),
+            Self::Animation => write!(f, "A supplied cursor is an animation"),
+        }
     }
 }
 
-/// Platforms export this directly as `PlatformCustomCursor` if they don't implement caching.
+impl Error for BadAnimation {}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Eq, Hash, PartialEq)]
 #[allow(dead_code)]
-#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
-pub(crate) struct OnlyCursorImage(pub(crate) Arc<CursorImage>);
-
-impl Hash for OnlyCursorImage {
-    fn hash<H: Hasher>(&self, state: &mut H) {
-        Arc::as_ptr(&self.0).hash(state);
-    }
-}
-
-impl PartialEq for OnlyCursorImage {
-    fn eq(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {
-        Arc::ptr_eq(&self.0, &other.0)
-    }
-}
-
-impl Eq for OnlyCursorImage {}
-
-#[derive(Debug)]
-#[allow(dead_code)]
-pub(crate) struct CursorImage {
+pub struct CursorImage {
     pub(crate) rgba: Vec<u8>,
     pub(crate) width: u16,
     pub(crate) height: u16,
@@ -244,20 +279,22 @@ impl CursorImage {
     }
 }
 
-// Platforms that don't support cursors will export this as `PlatformCustomCursor`.
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Hash, PartialEq, Eq)]
-pub(crate) struct NoCustomCursor;
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
+pub struct CursorAnimation {
+    pub(crate) duration: Duration,
+    pub(crate) cursors: Vec<CustomCursor>,
+}
 
-#[allow(dead_code)]
-impl NoCustomCursor {
-    pub(crate) fn from_rgba(
-        rgba: Vec<u8>,
-        width: u16,
-        height: u16,
-        hotspot_x: u16,
-        hotspot_y: u16,
-    ) -> Result<Self, BadImage> {
-        CursorImage::from_rgba(rgba, width, height, hotspot_x, hotspot_y)?;
-        Ok(Self)
+impl CursorAnimation {
+    pub fn new(duration: Duration, cursors: Vec<CustomCursor>) -> Result<Self, BadAnimation> {
+        if cursors.is_empty() {
+            return Err(BadAnimation::Empty);
+        }
+
+        if cursors.iter().any(|cursor| cursor.is_animated()) {
+            return Err(BadAnimation::Animation);
+        }
+
+        Ok(Self { duration, cursors })
     }
 }

src/error.rs

@@ -1,44 +1,40 @@
-use std::{error, fmt};
+use std::error::Error;
+use std::fmt::{self, Display};
 
-use crate::platform_impl;
-
-// TODO: Rename
-/// An error that may be generated when requesting Winit state
-#[derive(Debug)]
-pub enum ExternalError {
-    /// The operation is not supported by the backend.
-    NotSupported(NotSupportedError),
-    /// The operation was ignored.
-    Ignored,
-    /// The OS cannot perform the operation.
-    Os(OsError),
-}
-
-/// The error type for when the requested operation is not supported by the backend.
-#[derive(Clone)]
-pub struct NotSupportedError {
-    _marker: (),
-}
-
-/// The error type for when the OS cannot perform the requested operation.
-#[derive(Debug)]
-pub struct OsError {
-    line: u32,
-    file: &'static str,
-    error: platform_impl::OsError,
-}
-
-/// A general error that may occur while running the Winit event loop
+/// A general error that may occur while running or creating
+/// the event loop.
 #[derive(Debug)]
+#[non_exhaustive]
 pub enum EventLoopError {
-    /// The operation is not supported by the backend.
-    NotSupported(NotSupportedError),
-    /// The OS cannot perform the operation.
-    Os(OsError),
     /// The event loop can't be re-created.
     RecreationAttempt,
     /// Application has exit with an error status.
     ExitFailure(i32),
+    /// Got unspecified OS-specific error during the request.
+    Os(OsError),
+    /// Creating the event loop with the requested configuration is not supported.
+    NotSupported(NotSupportedError),
+}
+
+impl fmt::Display for EventLoopError {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        match self {
+            Self::RecreationAttempt => write!(f, "EventLoop can't be recreated"),
+            Self::Os(err) => err.fmt(f),
+            Self::ExitFailure(status) => write!(f, "Exit Failure: {status}"),
+            Self::NotSupported(err) => err.fmt(f),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Error for EventLoopError {
+    fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> {
+        if let Self::Os(err) = self {
+            err.source()
+        } else {
+            None
+        }
+    }
 }
 
 impl From<OsError> for EventLoopError {
@@ -47,18 +43,102 @@ impl From<OsError> for EventLoopError {
     }
 }
 
-impl NotSupportedError {
-    #[inline]
-    #[allow(dead_code)]
-    pub(crate) fn new() -> NotSupportedError {
-        NotSupportedError { _marker: () }
+impl From<NotSupportedError> for EventLoopError {
+    fn from(value: NotSupportedError) -> Self {
+        Self::NotSupported(value)
     }
 }
 
+/// A general error that may occur during a request to the windowing system.
+#[derive(Debug)]
+#[non_exhaustive]
+pub enum RequestError {
+    /// The request is not supported.
+    NotSupported(NotSupportedError),
+    /// The request was ignored by the operating system.
+    Ignored,
+    /// Got unspecified OS specific error during the request.
+    Os(OsError),
+}
+
+impl Display for RequestError {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        match self {
+            Self::NotSupported(err) => err.fmt(f),
+            Self::Ignored => write!(f, "The request was ignored"),
+            Self::Os(err) => err.fmt(f),
+        }
+    }
+}
+impl Error for RequestError {
+    fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> {
+        if let Self::Os(err) = self {
+            err.source()
+        } else {
+            None
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<NotSupportedError> for RequestError {
+    fn from(value: NotSupportedError) -> Self {
+        Self::NotSupported(value)
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<OsError> for RequestError {
+    fn from(value: OsError) -> Self {
+        Self::Os(value)
+    }
+}
+
+/// The requested operation is not supported.
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct NotSupportedError {
+    /// The reason why a certain operation is not supported.
+    reason: &'static str,
+}
+
+impl NotSupportedError {
+    pub(crate) fn new(reason: &'static str) -> Self {
+        Self { reason }
+    }
+}
+
+impl fmt::Display for NotSupportedError {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        write!(f, "Operation is not supported: {}", self.reason)
+    }
+}
+impl Error for NotSupportedError {}
+
+/// Unclassified error from the OS.
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct OsError {
+    line: u32,
+    file: &'static str,
+    error: Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync + 'static>,
+}
+
 impl OsError {
     #[allow(dead_code)]
-    pub(crate) fn new(line: u32, file: &'static str, error: platform_impl::OsError) -> OsError {
-        OsError { line, file, error }
+    pub(crate) fn new(
+        line: u32,
+        file: &'static str,
+        error: impl Into<Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync + 'static>>,
+    ) -> Self {
+        Self { line, file, error: error.into() }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Display for OsError {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        f.pad(&format!("os error at {}:{}: {}", self.file, self.line, self.error))
+    }
+}
+impl Error for OsError {
+    fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> {
+        Some(self.error.as_ref())
     }
 }
 
@@ -68,64 +148,3 @@ macro_rules! os_error {
         crate::error::OsError::new(line!(), file!(), $error)
     }};
 }
-
-impl fmt::Display for OsError {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> Result<(), fmt::Error> {
-        f.pad(&format!("os error at {}:{}: {}", self.file, self.line, self.error))
-    }
-}
-
-impl fmt::Display for ExternalError {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> Result<(), fmt::Error> {
-        match self {
-            ExternalError::NotSupported(e) => e.fmt(f),
-            ExternalError::Ignored => write!(f, "Operation was ignored"),
-            ExternalError::Os(e) => e.fmt(f),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl fmt::Debug for NotSupportedError {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> Result<(), fmt::Error> {
-        f.debug_struct("NotSupportedError").finish()
-    }
-}
-
-impl fmt::Display for NotSupportedError {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> Result<(), fmt::Error> {
-        f.pad("the requested operation is not supported by Winit")
-    }
-}
-
-impl fmt::Display for EventLoopError {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> Result<(), fmt::Error> {
-        match self {
-            EventLoopError::RecreationAttempt => write!(f, "EventLoop can't be recreated"),
-            EventLoopError::NotSupported(e) => e.fmt(f),
-            EventLoopError::Os(e) => e.fmt(f),
-            EventLoopError::ExitFailure(status) => write!(f, "Exit Failure: {status}"),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl error::Error for OsError {}
-impl error::Error for ExternalError {}
-impl error::Error for NotSupportedError {}
-impl error::Error for EventLoopError {}
-
-#[cfg(test)]
-#[allow(clippy::redundant_clone)]
-mod tests {
-    use super::*;
-
-    // Eat attributes for testing
-    #[test]
-    fn ensure_fmt_does_not_panic() {
-        let _ = format!("{:?}, {}", NotSupportedError::new(), NotSupportedError::new().clone());
-        let _ = format!(
-            "{:?}, {}",
-            ExternalError::NotSupported(NotSupportedError::new()),
-            ExternalError::NotSupported(NotSupportedError::new())
-        );
-    }
-}

src/event_loop.rs

@@ -3,153 +3,153 @@
 //!
 //! If you want to send custom events to the event loop, use
 //! [`EventLoop::create_proxy`] to acquire an [`EventLoopProxy`] and call its
-//! [`send_event`][EventLoopProxy::send_event] method.
+//! [`wake_up`][EventLoopProxy::wake_up] method. Then during handling the wake up
+//! you can poll your event sources.
 //!
 //! See the root-level documentation for information on how to create and use an event loop to
 //! handle events.
-use std::marker::PhantomData;
-#[cfg(any(x11_platform, wayland_platform))]
-use std::os::unix::io::{AsFd, AsRawFd, BorrowedFd, RawFd};
-use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicBool, AtomicUsize, Ordering};
-use std::{error, fmt};
-
+use std::fmt;
+use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicUsize, Ordering};
+use std::sync::Arc;
 #[cfg(not(web_platform))]
 use std::time::{Duration, Instant};
+
+use rwh_06::{DisplayHandle, HandleError, HasDisplayHandle};
 #[cfg(web_platform)]
 use web_time::{Duration, Instant};
 
 use crate::application::ApplicationHandler;
-use crate::error::{EventLoopError, OsError};
-use crate::event::Event;
+use crate::error::{EventLoopError, RequestError};
 use crate::monitor::MonitorHandle;
-use crate::platform_impl;
-use crate::window::{CustomCursor, CustomCursorSource, Window, WindowAttributes};
+pub use crate::platform::event_loop::*;
+use crate::utils::{impl_dyn_casting, AsAny};
+use crate::window::{CustomCursor, CustomCursorSource, Theme, Window, WindowAttributes};
 
-/// Provides a way to retrieve events from the system and from the windows that were registered to
-/// the events loop.
-///
-/// An `EventLoop` can be seen more or less as a "context". Calling [`EventLoop::new`]
-/// initializes everything that will be required to create windows. For example on Linux creating
-/// an event loop opens a connection to the X or Wayland server.
-///
-/// To wake up an `EventLoop` from a another thread, see the [`EventLoopProxy`] docs.
-///
-/// Note that this cannot be shared across threads (due to platform-dependant logic
-/// forbidding it), as such it is neither [`Send`] nor [`Sync`]. If you need cross-thread access,
-/// the [`Window`] created from this _can_ be sent to an other thread, and the
-/// [`EventLoopProxy`] allows you to wake up an `EventLoop` from another thread.
-///
-/// [`Window`]: crate::window::Window
-pub struct EventLoop<T: 'static> {
-    pub(crate) event_loop: platform_impl::EventLoop<T>,
-    pub(crate) _marker: PhantomData<*mut ()>, // Not Send nor Sync
-}
-
-/// Target that associates windows with an [`EventLoop`].
-///
-/// This type exists to allow you to create new windows while Winit executes
-/// your callback.
-pub struct ActiveEventLoop {
-    pub(crate) p: platform_impl::ActiveEventLoop,
-    pub(crate) _marker: PhantomData<*mut ()>, // Not Send nor Sync
-}
-
-/// Object that allows building the event loop.
-///
-/// This is used to make specifying options that affect the whole application
-/// easier. But note that constructing multiple event loops is not supported.
-///
-/// This can be created using [`EventLoop::new`] or [`EventLoop::with_user_event`].
-#[derive(Default)]
-pub struct EventLoopBuilder<T: 'static> {
-    pub(crate) platform_specific: platform_impl::PlatformSpecificEventLoopAttributes,
-    _p: PhantomData<T>,
-}
-
-static EVENT_LOOP_CREATED: AtomicBool = AtomicBool::new(false);
-
-impl EventLoopBuilder<()> {
-    /// Start building a new event loop.
-    #[inline]
-    #[deprecated = "use `EventLoop::builder` instead"]
-    pub fn new() -> Self {
-        EventLoop::builder()
-    }
-}
-
-impl<T> EventLoopBuilder<T> {
-    /// Builds a new event loop.
+/// Common interface to describe event loop.
+pub trait EventLoopProvider: AsAny + fmt::Debug {
+    /// Run the application with the event loop on the calling thread.
     ///
-    /// ***For cross-platform compatibility, the [`EventLoop`] must be created on the main thread,
-    /// and only once per application.***
+    /// ## Event loop flow
     ///
-    /// Calling this function will result in display backend initialisation.
+    /// This function internally handles the different parts of a traditional event-handling loop.
+    /// You can imagine this method as being implemented like this:
     ///
-    /// ## Panics
+    /// ```rust,ignore
+    /// let mut start_cause = StartCause::Init;
     ///
-    /// Attempting to create the event loop off the main thread will panic. This
-    /// restriction isn't strictly necessary on all platforms, but is imposed to
-    /// eliminate any nasty surprises when porting to platforms that require it.
-    /// `EventLoopBuilderExt::any_thread` functions are exposed in the relevant
-    /// [`platform`] module if the target platform supports creating an event
-    /// loop on any thread.
+    /// // Run the event loop.
+    /// while !event_loop.exiting() {
+    ///     // Wake up.
+    ///     app.new_events(event_loop, start_cause);
+    ///
+    ///     // Indicate that surfaces can now safely be created.
+    ///     if start_cause == StartCause::Init {
+    ///         app.can_create_surfaces(event_loop);
+    ///     }
+    ///
+    ///     // Handle proxy wake-up event.
+    ///     if event_loop.proxy_wake_up_set() {
+    ///         event_loop.proxy_wake_up_clear();
+    ///         app.proxy_wake_up(event_loop);
+    ///     }
+    ///
+    ///     // Handle actions done by the user / system such as moving the cursor, resizing the
+    ///     // window, changing the window theme, etc.
+    ///     for event in event_loop.events() {
+    ///         match event {
+    ///             window event => app.window_event(event_loop, window_id, event),
+    ///             device event => app.device_event(event_loop, device_id, event),
+    ///         }
+    ///     }
+    ///
+    ///     // Handle redraws.
+    ///     for window_id in event_loop.pending_redraws() {
+    ///         app.window_event(event_loop, window_id, WindowEvent::RedrawRequested);
+    ///     }
+    ///
+    ///     // Done handling events, wait until we're woken up again.
+    ///     app.about_to_wait(event_loop);
+    ///     start_cause = event_loop.wait_if_necessary();
+    /// }
+    ///
+    /// // Finished running, drop application state.
+    /// drop(app);
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// This is of course a very coarse-grained overview, and leaves out timing details like
+    /// [`ControlFlow::WaitUntil`] and life-cycle methods like [`ApplicationHandler::resumed`], but
+    /// it should give you an idea of how things fit together.
     ///
     /// ## Platform-specific
     ///
-    /// - **Wayland/X11:** to prevent running under `Wayland` or `X11` unset `WAYLAND_DISPLAY` or
-    ///   `DISPLAY` respectively when building the event loop.
-    /// - **Android:** must be configured with an `AndroidApp` from `android_main()` by calling
-    ///   [`.with_android_app(app)`] before calling `.build()`, otherwise it'll panic.
+    /// - **iOS:** Will never return to the caller and so values not passed to this function will
+    ///   *not* be dropped before the process exits.
+    /// - **Web:** Will _act_ as if it never returns to the caller by throwing a Javascript
+    ///   exception (that Rust doesn't see) that will also mean that the rest of the function is
+    ///   never executed and any values not passed to this function will *not* be dropped.
     ///
-    /// [`platform`]: crate::platform
+    ///   Web applications are recommended to use
     #[cfg_attr(
-        android,
-        doc = "[`.with_android_app(app)`]: \
-               crate::platform::android::EventLoopBuilderExtAndroid::with_android_app"
+        web_platform,
+        doc = "  [`EventLoopExtWeb::spawn_app()`][crate::platform::web::EventLoopExtWeb::spawn_app()]"
     )]
-    #[cfg_attr(not(android), doc = "[`.with_android_app(app)`]: #only-available-on-android")]
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn build(&mut self) -> Result<EventLoop<T>, EventLoopError> {
-        let _span = tracing::debug_span!("winit::EventLoopBuilder::build").entered();
+    #[cfg_attr(not(web_platform), doc = "  `EventLoopExtWeb::spawn_app()`")]
+    ///   [^1] instead of [`run_app()`] to avoid the need for the Javascript exception trick, and to
+    ///   make   it clearer that the event loop runs asynchronously (via the browser's own,
+    ///   internal, event   loop) and doesn't block the current thread of execution like it does
+    ///   on other platforms.
+    ///
+    ///   This function won't be available with `target_feature = "exception-handling"`.
+    ///
+    /// [^1]: `spawn_app()` is only available on the Web platform.
+    ///
+    /// [`set_control_flow()`]: ActiveEventLoop::set_control_flow()
+    /// [`run_app()`]: Self::run_app()
+    fn run_app(self, app: impl ApplicationHandler) -> Result<(), EventLoopError>
+    where
+        Self: Sized;
 
-        if EVENT_LOOP_CREATED.swap(true, Ordering::Relaxed) {
-            return Err(EventLoopError::RecreationAttempt);
-        }
+    /// Creates an [`EventLoopProxy`] that can be used to dispatch user events
+    /// to the main event loop, possibly from another thread.
+    fn create_proxy(&self) -> EventLoopProxy;
 
-        // Certain platforms accept a mutable reference in their API.
-        #[allow(clippy::unnecessary_mut_passed)]
-        Ok(EventLoop {
-            event_loop: platform_impl::EventLoop::new(&mut self.platform_specific)?,
-            _marker: PhantomData,
-        })
-    }
+    /// Gets a persistent reference to the underlying platform display.
+    ///
+    /// See the [`OwnedDisplayHandle`] type for more information.
+    fn owned_display_handle(&self) -> OwnedDisplayHandle;
 
-    #[cfg(web_platform)]
-    pub(crate) fn allow_event_loop_recreation() {
-        EVENT_LOOP_CREATED.store(false, Ordering::Relaxed);
-    }
+    /// Change if or when [`DeviceEvent`]s are captured.
+    ///
+    /// See [`ActiveEventLoop::listen_device_events`] for details.
+    ///
+    /// [`DeviceEvent`]: crate::event::DeviceEvent
+    fn listen_device_events(&self, allowed: DeviceEvents);
+
+    /// Sets the [`ControlFlow`].
+    fn set_control_flow(&self, control_flow: ControlFlow);
+
+    /// Create custom cursor.
+    ///
+    /// ## Platform-specific
+    ///
+    /// **iOS / Android / Orbital:** Unsupported.
+    fn create_custom_cursor(
+        &self,
+        custom_cursor: CustomCursorSource,
+    ) -> Result<CustomCursor, RequestError>;
 }
 
-impl<T> fmt::Debug for EventLoop<T> {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
-        f.pad("EventLoop { .. }")
-    }
-}
-
-impl fmt::Debug for ActiveEventLoop {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
-        f.pad("ActiveEventLoop { .. }")
-    }
-}
+impl_dyn_casting!(EventLoopProvider);
 
 /// Set through [`ActiveEventLoop::set_control_flow()`].
 ///
-/// Indicates the desired behavior of the event loop after [`Event::AboutToWait`] is emitted.
+/// Indicates the desired behavior of the event loop after [`about_to_wait`] is called.
 ///
 /// Defaults to [`Wait`].
 ///
 /// [`Wait`]: Self::Wait
-#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, Default, PartialEq, Eq)]
+/// [`about_to_wait`]: crate::application::ApplicationHandler::about_to_wait
+#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, Default, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
 pub enum ControlFlow {
     /// When the current loop iteration finishes, immediately begin a new iteration regardless of
     /// whether or not new events are available to process.
@@ -186,218 +186,45 @@ impl ControlFlow {
     }
 }
 
-impl EventLoop<()> {
-    /// Create the event loop.
-    ///
-    /// This is an alias of `EventLoop::builder().build()`.
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn new() -> Result<EventLoop<()>, EventLoopError> {
-        Self::builder().build()
-    }
-
-    /// Start building a new event loop.
-    ///
-    /// This returns an [`EventLoopBuilder`], to allow configuring the event loop before creation.
-    ///
-    /// To get the actual event loop, call [`build`][EventLoopBuilder::build] on that.
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn builder() -> EventLoopBuilder<()> {
-        Self::with_user_event()
-    }
-}
-
-impl<T> EventLoop<T> {
-    /// Start building a new event loop, with the given type as the user event
-    /// type.
-    pub fn with_user_event() -> EventLoopBuilder<T> {
-        EventLoopBuilder { platform_specific: Default::default(), _p: PhantomData }
-    }
-
-    /// See [`run_app`].
-    ///
-    /// [`run_app`]: Self::run_app
-    #[inline]
-    #[deprecated = "use `EventLoop::run_app` instead"]
-    #[cfg(not(all(web_platform, target_feature = "exception-handling")))]
-    pub fn run<F>(self, event_handler: F) -> Result<(), EventLoopError>
-    where
-        F: FnMut(Event<T>, &ActiveEventLoop),
-    {
-        let _span = tracing::debug_span!("winit::EventLoop::run").entered();
-
-        self.event_loop.run(event_handler)
-    }
-
-    /// Run the application with the event loop on the calling thread.
-    ///
-    /// See the [`set_control_flow()`] docs on how to change the event loop's behavior.
-    ///
-    /// ## Platform-specific
-    ///
-    /// - **iOS:** Will never return to the caller and so values not passed to this function will
-    ///   *not* be dropped before the process exits.
-    /// - **Web:** Will _act_ as if it never returns to the caller by throwing a Javascript
-    ///   exception (that Rust doesn't see) that will also mean that the rest of the function is
-    ///   never executed and any values not passed to this function will *not* be dropped.
-    ///
-    ///   Web applications are recommended to use
-    #[cfg_attr(
-        web_platform,
-        doc = "[`EventLoopExtWebSys::spawn_app()`][crate::platform::web::EventLoopExtWebSys::spawn_app()]"
-    )]
-    #[cfg_attr(not(web_platform), doc = "`EventLoopExtWebSys::spawn()`")]
-    ///   [^1] instead of [`run_app()`] to avoid the need
-    ///   for the Javascript exception trick, and to make it clearer that the event loop runs
-    ///   asynchronously (via the browser's own, internal, event loop) and doesn't block the
-    ///   current thread of execution like it does on other platforms.
-    ///
-    ///   This function won't be available with `target_feature = "exception-handling"`.
-    ///
-    /// [`set_control_flow()`]: ActiveEventLoop::set_control_flow()
-    /// [`run_app()`]: Self::run_app()
-    /// [^1]: `EventLoopExtWebSys::spawn_app()` is only available on Web.
-    #[inline]
-    #[cfg(not(all(web_platform, target_feature = "exception-handling")))]
-    pub fn run_app<A: ApplicationHandler<T>>(self, app: &mut A) -> Result<(), EventLoopError> {
-        self.event_loop.run(|event, event_loop| dispatch_event_for_app(app, event_loop, event))
-    }
-
+pub trait ActiveEventLoop: AsAny + fmt::Debug {
     /// Creates an [`EventLoopProxy`] that can be used to dispatch user events
     /// to the main event loop, possibly from another thread.
-    pub fn create_proxy(&self) -> EventLoopProxy<T> {
-        EventLoopProxy { event_loop_proxy: self.event_loop.create_proxy() }
-    }
+    fn create_proxy(&self) -> EventLoopProxy;
 
-    /// Gets a persistent reference to the underlying platform display.
-    ///
-    /// See the [`OwnedDisplayHandle`] type for more information.
-    pub fn owned_display_handle(&self) -> OwnedDisplayHandle {
-        OwnedDisplayHandle { platform: self.event_loop.window_target().p.owned_display_handle() }
-    }
-
-    /// Change if or when [`DeviceEvent`]s are captured.
-    ///
-    /// See [`ActiveEventLoop::listen_device_events`] for details.
-    ///
-    /// [`DeviceEvent`]: crate::event::DeviceEvent
-    pub fn listen_device_events(&self, allowed: DeviceEvents) {
-        let _span = tracing::debug_span!(
-            "winit::EventLoop::listen_device_events",
-            allowed = ?allowed
-        )
-        .entered();
-
-        self.event_loop.window_target().p.listen_device_events(allowed);
-    }
-
-    /// Sets the [`ControlFlow`].
-    pub fn set_control_flow(&self, control_flow: ControlFlow) {
-        self.event_loop.window_target().p.set_control_flow(control_flow)
-    }
-
-    /// Create a window.
-    ///
-    /// Creating window without event loop running often leads to improper window creation;
-    /// use [`ActiveEventLoop::create_window`] instead.
-    #[deprecated = "use `ActiveEventLoop::create_window` instead"]
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn create_window(&self, window_attributes: WindowAttributes) -> Result<Window, OsError> {
-        let _span = tracing::debug_span!(
-            "winit::EventLoop::create_window",
-            window_attributes = ?window_attributes
-        )
-        .entered();
-
-        let window =
-            platform_impl::Window::new(&self.event_loop.window_target().p, window_attributes)?;
-        Ok(Window { window })
-    }
-
-    /// Create custom cursor.
-    pub fn create_custom_cursor(&self, custom_cursor: CustomCursorSource) -> CustomCursor {
-        self.event_loop.window_target().p.create_custom_cursor(custom_cursor)
-    }
-}
-
-#[cfg(feature = "rwh_06")]
-impl<T> rwh_06::HasDisplayHandle for EventLoop<T> {
-    fn display_handle(&self) -> Result<rwh_06::DisplayHandle<'_>, rwh_06::HandleError> {
-        rwh_06::HasDisplayHandle::display_handle(self.event_loop.window_target())
-    }
-}
-
-#[cfg(feature = "rwh_05")]
-unsafe impl<T> rwh_05::HasRawDisplayHandle for EventLoop<T> {
-    /// Returns a [`rwh_05::RawDisplayHandle`] for the event loop.
-    fn raw_display_handle(&self) -> rwh_05::RawDisplayHandle {
-        rwh_05::HasRawDisplayHandle::raw_display_handle(self.event_loop.window_target())
-    }
-}
-
-#[cfg(any(x11_platform, wayland_platform))]
-impl<T> AsFd for EventLoop<T> {
-    /// Get the underlying [EventLoop]'s `fd` which you can register
-    /// into other event loop, like [`calloop`] or [`mio`]. When doing so, the
-    /// loop must be polled with the [`pump_app_events`] API.
-    ///
-    /// [`calloop`]: https://crates.io/crates/calloop
-    /// [`mio`]: https://crates.io/crates/mio
-    /// [`pump_app_events`]: crate::platform::pump_events::EventLoopExtPumpEvents::pump_app_events
-    fn as_fd(&self) -> BorrowedFd<'_> {
-        self.event_loop.as_fd()
-    }
-}
-
-#[cfg(any(x11_platform, wayland_platform))]
-impl<T> AsRawFd for EventLoop<T> {
-    /// Get the underlying [EventLoop]'s raw `fd` which you can register
-    /// into other event loop, like [`calloop`] or [`mio`]. When doing so, the
-    /// loop must be polled with the [`pump_app_events`] API.
-    ///
-    /// [`calloop`]: https://crates.io/crates/calloop
-    /// [`mio`]: https://crates.io/crates/mio
-    /// [`pump_app_events`]: crate::platform::pump_events::EventLoopExtPumpEvents::pump_app_events
-    fn as_raw_fd(&self) -> RawFd {
-        self.event_loop.as_raw_fd()
-    }
-}
-
-impl ActiveEventLoop {
     /// Create the window.
     ///
     /// Possible causes of error include denied permission, incompatible system, and lack of memory.
     ///
     /// ## Platform-specific
     ///
-    /// - **Web:** The window is created but not inserted into the web page automatically. Please
-    ///   see the web platform module for more information.
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn create_window(&self, window_attributes: WindowAttributes) -> Result<Window, OsError> {
-        let _span = tracing::debug_span!(
-            "winit::ActiveEventLoop::create_window",
-            window_attributes = ?window_attributes
-        )
-        .entered();
-
-        let window = platform_impl::Window::new(&self.p, window_attributes)?;
-        Ok(Window { window })
-    }
+    /// - **Web:** The window is created but not inserted into the Web page automatically. Please
+    ///   see the Web platform module for more information.
+    fn create_window(
+        &self,
+        window_attributes: WindowAttributes,
+    ) -> Result<Box<dyn Window>, RequestError>;
 
     /// Create custom cursor.
-    pub fn create_custom_cursor(&self, custom_cursor: CustomCursorSource) -> CustomCursor {
-        let _span = tracing::debug_span!("winit::ActiveEventLoop::create_custom_cursor",).entered();
-
-        self.p.create_custom_cursor(custom_cursor)
-    }
+    ///
+    /// ## Platform-specific
+    ///
+    /// **iOS / Android / Orbital:** Unsupported.
+    fn create_custom_cursor(
+        &self,
+        custom_cursor: CustomCursorSource,
+    ) -> Result<CustomCursor, RequestError>;
 
     /// Returns the list of all the monitors available on the system.
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn available_monitors(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = MonitorHandle> {
-        let _span = tracing::debug_span!("winit::ActiveEventLoop::available_monitors",).entered();
-
-        #[allow(clippy::useless_conversion)] // false positive on some platforms
-        self.p.available_monitors().into_iter().map(|inner| MonitorHandle { inner })
-    }
+    ///
+    /// ## Platform-specific
+    ///
+    /// **Web:** Only returns the current monitor without
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        web_platform,
+        doc = "[detailed monitor permissions][crate::platform::web::ActiveEventLoopExtWeb::request_detailed_monitor_permission]."
+    )]
+    #[cfg_attr(not(web_platform), doc = "detailed monitor permissions.")]
+    fn available_monitors(&self) -> Box<dyn Iterator<Item = MonitorHandle>>;
 
     /// Returns the primary monitor of the system.
     ///
@@ -405,13 +232,14 @@ impl ActiveEventLoop {
     ///
     /// ## Platform-specific
     ///
-    /// **Wayland / Web:** Always returns `None`.
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn primary_monitor(&self) -> Option<MonitorHandle> {
-        let _span = tracing::debug_span!("winit::ActiveEventLoop::primary_monitor",).entered();
-
-        self.p.primary_monitor().map(|inner| MonitorHandle { inner })
-    }
+    /// - **Wayland:** Always returns `None`.
+    /// - **Web:** Always returns `None` without
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        web_platform,
+        doc = "  [detailed monitor permissions][crate::platform::web::ActiveEventLoopExtWeb::request_detailed_monitor_permission]."
+    )]
+    #[cfg_attr(not(web_platform), doc = "  detailed monitor permissions.")]
+    fn primary_monitor(&self) -> Option<MonitorHandle>;
 
     /// Change if or when [`DeviceEvent`]s are captured.
     ///
@@ -424,70 +252,60 @@ impl ActiveEventLoop {
     /// - **Wayland / macOS / iOS / Android / Orbital:** Unsupported.
     ///
     /// [`DeviceEvent`]: crate::event::DeviceEvent
-    pub fn listen_device_events(&self, allowed: DeviceEvents) {
-        let _span = tracing::debug_span!(
-            "winit::ActiveEventLoop::listen_device_events",
-            allowed = ?allowed
-        )
-        .entered();
+    fn listen_device_events(&self, allowed: DeviceEvents);
 
-        self.p.listen_device_events(allowed);
-    }
+    /// Returns the current system theme.
+    ///
+    /// Returns `None` if it cannot be determined on the current platform.
+    ///
+    /// ## Platform-specific
+    ///
+    /// - **iOS / Android / Wayland / x11 / Orbital:** Unsupported.
+    fn system_theme(&self) -> Option<Theme>;
 
     /// Sets the [`ControlFlow`].
-    pub fn set_control_flow(&self, control_flow: ControlFlow) {
-        self.p.set_control_flow(control_flow)
-    }
+    fn set_control_flow(&self, control_flow: ControlFlow);
 
     /// Gets the current [`ControlFlow`].
-    pub fn control_flow(&self) -> ControlFlow {
-        self.p.control_flow()
-    }
+    fn control_flow(&self) -> ControlFlow;
 
-    /// This exits the event loop.
+    /// Stop the event loop.
     ///
-    /// See [`LoopExiting`][Event::LoopExiting].
-    pub fn exit(&self) {
-        let _span = tracing::debug_span!("winit::ActiveEventLoop::exit",).entered();
-
-        self.p.exit()
-    }
-
-    /// Returns if the [`EventLoop`] is about to stop.
+    /// ## Platform-specific
     ///
-    /// See [`exit()`][Self::exit].
-    pub fn exiting(&self) -> bool {
-        self.p.exiting()
-    }
+    /// ### iOS
+    ///
+    /// It is not possible to programmatically exit/quit an application on iOS, so this function is
+    /// a no-op there. See also [this technical Q&A][qa1561].
+    ///
+    /// [qa1561]: https://developer.apple.com/library/archive/qa/qa1561/_index.html
+    fn exit(&self);
+
+    /// Returns whether the [`EventLoop`] is about to stop.
+    ///
+    /// Set by [`exit()`][Self::exit].
+    fn exiting(&self) -> bool;
 
     /// Gets a persistent reference to the underlying platform display.
     ///
     /// See the [`OwnedDisplayHandle`] type for more information.
-    pub fn owned_display_handle(&self) -> OwnedDisplayHandle {
-        OwnedDisplayHandle { platform: self.p.owned_display_handle() }
+    fn owned_display_handle(&self) -> OwnedDisplayHandle;
+
+    /// Get the raw-window-handle handle.
+    fn rwh_06_handle(&self) -> &dyn HasDisplayHandle;
+}
+
+impl HasDisplayHandle for dyn ActiveEventLoop + '_ {
+    fn display_handle(&self) -> Result<DisplayHandle<'_>, HandleError> {
+        self.rwh_06_handle().display_handle()
     }
 }
 
-#[cfg(feature = "rwh_06")]
-impl rwh_06::HasDisplayHandle for ActiveEventLoop {
-    fn display_handle(&self) -> Result<rwh_06::DisplayHandle<'_>, rwh_06::HandleError> {
-        let raw = self.p.raw_display_handle_rwh_06()?;
-        // SAFETY: The display will never be deallocated while the event loop is alive.
-        Ok(unsafe { rwh_06::DisplayHandle::borrow_raw(raw) })
-    }
-}
-
-#[cfg(feature = "rwh_05")]
-unsafe impl rwh_05::HasRawDisplayHandle for ActiveEventLoop {
-    /// Returns a [`rwh_05::RawDisplayHandle`] for the event loop.
-    fn raw_display_handle(&self) -> rwh_05::RawDisplayHandle {
-        self.p.raw_display_handle_rwh_05()
-    }
-}
+impl_dyn_casting!(ActiveEventLoop);
 
 /// A proxy for the underlying display handle.
 ///
-/// The purpose of this type is to provide a cheaply clonable handle to the underlying
+/// The purpose of this type is to provide a cheaply cloneable handle to the underlying
 /// display handle. This is often used by graphics APIs to connect to the underlying APIs.
 /// It is difficult to keep a handle to the [`EventLoop`] type or the [`ActiveEventLoop`]
 /// type. In contrast, this type involves no lifetimes and can be persisted for as long as
@@ -499,87 +317,77 @@ unsafe impl rwh_05::HasRawDisplayHandle for ActiveEventLoop {
 /// - A reference-counted pointer to the underlying type.
 #[derive(Clone)]
 pub struct OwnedDisplayHandle {
-    #[cfg_attr(not(any(feature = "rwh_05", feature = "rwh_06")), allow(dead_code))]
-    platform: platform_impl::OwnedDisplayHandle,
+    pub(crate) handle: Arc<dyn HasDisplayHandle>,
+}
+
+impl OwnedDisplayHandle {
+    pub(crate) fn new(handle: Arc<dyn HasDisplayHandle>) -> Self {
+        Self { handle }
+    }
+}
+
+impl HasDisplayHandle for OwnedDisplayHandle {
+    fn display_handle(&self) -> Result<DisplayHandle<'_>, HandleError> {
+        self.handle.display_handle()
+    }
 }
 
 impl fmt::Debug for OwnedDisplayHandle {
-    #[inline]
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
         f.debug_struct("OwnedDisplayHandle").finish_non_exhaustive()
     }
 }
 
-#[cfg(feature = "rwh_06")]
-impl rwh_06::HasDisplayHandle for OwnedDisplayHandle {
-    #[inline]
-    fn display_handle(&self) -> Result<rwh_06::DisplayHandle<'_>, rwh_06::HandleError> {
-        let raw = self.platform.raw_display_handle_rwh_06()?;
-
-        // SAFETY: The underlying display handle should be safe.
-        let handle = unsafe { rwh_06::DisplayHandle::borrow_raw(raw) };
-
-        Ok(handle)
+impl PartialEq for OwnedDisplayHandle {
+    fn eq(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {
+        match (self.display_handle(), other.display_handle()) {
+            (Ok(lhs), Ok(rhs)) => lhs == rhs,
+            _ => false,
+        }
     }
 }
 
-#[cfg(feature = "rwh_05")]
-unsafe impl rwh_05::HasRawDisplayHandle for OwnedDisplayHandle {
-    #[inline]
-    fn raw_display_handle(&self) -> rwh_05::RawDisplayHandle {
-        self.platform.raw_display_handle_rwh_05()
-    }
+impl Eq for OwnedDisplayHandle {}
+
+pub(crate) trait EventLoopProxyProvider: Send + Sync + fmt::Debug {
+    /// See [`EventLoopProxy::wake_up`] for details.
+    fn wake_up(&self);
 }
 
-/// Used to send custom events to [`EventLoop`].
-pub struct EventLoopProxy<T: 'static> {
-    event_loop_proxy: platform_impl::EventLoopProxy<T>,
+/// Control the [`EventLoop`], possibly from a different thread, without referencing it directly.
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+pub struct EventLoopProxy {
+    pub(crate) proxy: Arc<dyn EventLoopProxyProvider>,
 }
 
-impl<T: 'static> Clone for EventLoopProxy<T> {
-    fn clone(&self) -> Self {
-        Self { event_loop_proxy: self.event_loop_proxy.clone() }
-    }
-}
-
-impl<T: 'static> EventLoopProxy<T> {
-    /// Send an event to the [`EventLoop`] from which this proxy was created. This emits a
-    /// `UserEvent(event)` event in the event loop, where `event` is the value passed to this
-    /// function.
+impl EventLoopProxy {
+    /// Wake up the [`EventLoop`], resulting in [`ApplicationHandler::proxy_wake_up()`] being
+    /// called.
     ///
-    /// Returns an `Err` if the associated [`EventLoop`] no longer exists.
+    /// Calls to this method are coalesced into a single call to [`proxy_wake_up`], see the
+    /// documentation on that for details.
     ///
-    /// [`UserEvent(event)`]: Event::UserEvent
-    pub fn send_event(&self, event: T) -> Result<(), EventLoopClosed<T>> {
-        let _span = tracing::debug_span!("winit::EventLoopProxy::send_event",).entered();
+    /// If the event loop is no longer running, this is a no-op.
+    ///
+    /// [`proxy_wake_up`]: ApplicationHandler::proxy_wake_up
+    ///
+    /// # Platform-specific
+    ///
+    /// - **Windows**: The wake-up may be ignored under high contention, see [#3687].
+    ///
+    /// [#3687]: https://github.com/rust-windowing/winit/pull/3687
+    pub fn wake_up(&self) {
+        self.proxy.wake_up();
+    }
 
-        self.event_loop_proxy.send_event(event)
+    pub(crate) fn new(proxy: Arc<dyn EventLoopProxyProvider>) -> Self {
+        Self { proxy }
     }
 }
 
-impl<T: 'static> fmt::Debug for EventLoopProxy<T> {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
-        f.pad("EventLoopProxy { .. }")
-    }
-}
-
-/// The error that is returned when an [`EventLoopProxy`] attempts to wake up an [`EventLoop`] that
-/// no longer exists.
-///
-/// Contains the original event given to [`EventLoopProxy::send_event`].
-#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
-pub struct EventLoopClosed<T>(pub T);
-
-impl<T> fmt::Display for EventLoopClosed<T> {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
-        f.write_str("Tried to wake up a closed `EventLoop`")
-    }
-}
-
-impl<T: fmt::Debug> error::Error for EventLoopClosed<T> {}
-
 /// Control when device events are captured.
 #[derive(Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord, Hash, Debug, Default)]
+#[cfg_attr(feature = "serde", derive(serde::Serialize, serde::Deserialize))]
 pub enum DeviceEvents {
     /// Report device events regardless of window focus.
     Always,
@@ -599,7 +407,7 @@ pub enum DeviceEvents {
 /// containing [`AsyncRequestSerial`] and some closure associated with it.
 /// Then once event is arriving the working list is being traversed and a job
 /// executed and removed from the list.
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
 pub struct AsyncRequestSerial {
     serial: usize,
 }
@@ -615,23 +423,3 @@ impl AsyncRequestSerial {
         Self { serial }
     }
 }
-
-/// Shim for various run APIs.
-#[inline(always)]
-pub(crate) fn dispatch_event_for_app<T: 'static, A: ApplicationHandler<T>>(
-    app: &mut A,
-    event_loop: &ActiveEventLoop,
-    event: Event<T>,
-) {
-    match event {
-        Event::NewEvents(cause) => app.new_events(event_loop, cause),
-        Event::WindowEvent { window_id, event } => app.window_event(event_loop, window_id, event),
-        Event::DeviceEvent { device_id, event } => app.device_event(event_loop, device_id, event),
-        Event::UserEvent(event) => app.user_event(event_loop, event),
-        Event::Suspended => app.suspended(event_loop),
-        Event::Resumed => app.resumed(event_loop),
-        Event::AboutToWait => app.about_to_wait(event_loop),
-        Event::LoopExiting => app.exiting(event_loop),
-        Event::MemoryWarning => app.memory_warning(event_loop),
-    }
-}

src/icon.rs

@@ -1,7 +1,21 @@
-use crate::platform_impl::PlatformIcon;
 use std::error::Error;
+use std::sync::Arc;
 use std::{fmt, io, mem};
 
+use crate::utils::{impl_dyn_casting, AsAny};
+
+pub(crate) const PIXEL_SIZE: usize = mem::size_of::<Pixel>();
+
+/// An icon used for the window titlebar, taskbar, etc.
+#[allow(dead_code)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct Icon(pub(crate) Arc<dyn IconProvider>);
+
+// TODO remove that once split.
+pub trait IconProvider: AsAny + fmt::Debug + Send + Sync {}
+
+impl_dyn_casting!(IconProvider);
+
 #[repr(C)]
 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub(crate) struct Pixel {
@@ -11,10 +25,8 @@ pub(crate) struct Pixel {
     pub(crate) a: u8,
 }
 
-pub(crate) const PIXEL_SIZE: usize = mem::size_of::<Pixel>();
-
 #[derive(Debug)]
-/// An error produced when using [`Icon::from_rgba`] with invalid arguments.
+/// An error produced when using [`RgbaIcon::new`] with invalid arguments.
 pub enum BadIcon {
     /// Produced when the length of the `rgba` argument isn't divisible by 4, thus `rgba` can't be
     /// safely interpreted as 32bpp RGBA pixels.
@@ -49,69 +61,48 @@ impl fmt::Display for BadIcon {
 
 impl Error for BadIcon {}
 
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
-pub(crate) struct RgbaIcon {
-    pub(crate) rgba: Vec<u8>,
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct RgbaIcon {
     pub(crate) width: u32,
     pub(crate) height: u32,
+    pub(crate) rgba: Vec<u8>,
 }
 
-/// For platforms which don't have window icons (e.g. web)
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
-pub(crate) struct NoIcon;
-
-#[allow(dead_code)] // These are not used on every platform
-mod constructors {
-    use super::*;
-
-    impl RgbaIcon {
-        pub fn from_rgba(rgba: Vec<u8>, width: u32, height: u32) -> Result<Self, BadIcon> {
-            if rgba.len() % PIXEL_SIZE != 0 {
-                return Err(BadIcon::ByteCountNotDivisibleBy4 { byte_count: rgba.len() });
-            }
-            let pixel_count = rgba.len() / PIXEL_SIZE;
-            if pixel_count != (width * height) as usize {
-                Err(BadIcon::DimensionsVsPixelCount {
-                    width,
-                    height,
-                    width_x_height: (width * height) as usize,
-                    pixel_count,
-                })
-            } else {
-                Ok(RgbaIcon { rgba, width, height })
-            }
+impl RgbaIcon {
+    pub fn new(rgba: Vec<u8>, width: u32, height: u32) -> Result<Self, BadIcon> {
+        if rgba.len() % PIXEL_SIZE != 0 {
+            return Err(BadIcon::ByteCountNotDivisibleBy4 { byte_count: rgba.len() });
+        }
+        let pixel_count = rgba.len() / PIXEL_SIZE;
+        if pixel_count != (width * height) as usize {
+            Err(BadIcon::DimensionsVsPixelCount {
+                width,
+                height,
+                width_x_height: (width * height) as usize,
+                pixel_count,
+            })
+        } else {
+            Ok(RgbaIcon { rgba, width, height })
         }
     }
 
-    impl NoIcon {
-        pub fn from_rgba(rgba: Vec<u8>, width: u32, height: u32) -> Result<Self, BadIcon> {
-            // Create the rgba icon anyway to validate the input
-            let _ = RgbaIcon::from_rgba(rgba, width, height)?;
-            Ok(NoIcon)
-        }
+    pub fn width(&self) -> u32 {
+        self.width
+    }
+
+    pub fn height(&self) -> u32 {
+        self.height
+    }
+
+    pub fn buffer(&self) -> &[u8] {
+        self.rgba.as_slice()
     }
 }
 
-/// An icon used for the window titlebar, taskbar, etc.
-#[derive(Clone)]
-pub struct Icon {
-    pub(crate) inner: PlatformIcon,
-}
+impl IconProvider for RgbaIcon {}
 
-impl fmt::Debug for Icon {
-    fn fmt(&self, formatter: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> Result<(), fmt::Error> {
-        fmt::Debug::fmt(&self.inner, formatter)
-    }
-}
-
-impl Icon {
-    /// Creates an icon from 32bpp RGBA data.
-    ///
-    /// The length of `rgba` must be divisible by 4, and `width * height` must equal
-    /// `rgba.len() / 4`. Otherwise, this will return a `BadIcon` error.
-    pub fn from_rgba(rgba: Vec<u8>, width: u32, height: u32) -> Result<Self, BadIcon> {
-        let _span = tracing::debug_span!("winit::Icon::from_rgba", width, height).entered();
-
-        Ok(Icon { inner: PlatformIcon::from_rgba(rgba, width, height)? })
+impl From<RgbaIcon> for Icon {
+    fn from(value: RgbaIcon) -> Self {
+        Self(Arc::new(value))
     }
 }

src/keyboard.rs

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 //! Types related to the keyboard.
+#![cfg_attr(feature = "serde", allow(deprecated))] // https://github.com/serde-rs/serde/issues/2195
 
 // This file contains a substantial portion of the UI Events Specification by the W3C. In
 // particular, the variant names within `Key` and `KeyCode` and their documentation are modified
@@ -84,7 +85,7 @@ pub use smol_str::SmolStr;
 /// haven't mapped for you yet, this lets you use use [`KeyCode`] to:
 ///
 /// - Correctly match key press and release events.
-/// - On non-web platforms, support assigning keybinds to virtually any key through a UI.
+/// - On non-Web platforms, support assigning keybinds to virtually any key through a UI.
 #[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord, Hash)]
 #[cfg_attr(feature = "serde", derive(Serialize, Deserialize))]
 pub enum NativeKeyCode {
@@ -283,11 +284,7 @@ impl PartialEq<PhysicalKey> for NativeKeyCode {
 
 /// Code representing the location of a physical key
 ///
-/// This mostly conforms to the UI Events Specification's [`KeyboardEvent.code`] with a few
-/// exceptions:
-/// - The keys that the specification calls "MetaLeft" and "MetaRight" are named "SuperLeft" and
-///   "SuperRight" here.
-/// - The key that the specification calls "Super" is reported as `Unidentified` here.
+/// This conforms to the UI Events Specification's [`KeyboardEvent.code`].
 ///
 /// [`KeyboardEvent.code`]: https://w3c.github.io/uievents-code/#code-value-tables
 #[non_exhaustive]
@@ -420,7 +417,7 @@ pub enum KeyCode {
     /// <kbd>CapsLock</kbd> or <kbd>⇪</kbd>
     CapsLock,
     /// The application context menu key, which is typically found between the right
-    /// <kbd>Super</kbd> key and the right <kbd>Control</kbd> key.
+    /// <kbd>Meta</kbd> key and the right <kbd>Control</kbd> key.
     ContextMenu,
     /// <kbd>Control</kbd> or <kbd>⌃</kbd>
     ControlLeft,
@@ -429,9 +426,9 @@ pub enum KeyCode {
     /// <kbd>Enter</kbd> or <kbd>↵</kbd>. Labeled <kbd>Return</kbd> on Apple keyboards.
     Enter,
     /// The Windows, <kbd>⌘</kbd>, <kbd>Command</kbd>, or other OS symbol key.
-    SuperLeft,
+    MetaLeft,
     /// The Windows, <kbd>⌘</kbd>, <kbd>Command</kbd>, or other OS symbol key.
-    SuperRight,
+    MetaRight,
     /// <kbd>Shift</kbd> or <kbd>⇧</kbd>
     ShiftLeft,
     /// <kbd>Shift</kbd> or <kbd>⇧</kbd>
@@ -613,9 +610,11 @@ pub enum KeyCode {
     AudioVolumeMute,
     AudioVolumeUp,
     WakeUp,
-    // Legacy modifier key. Also called "Super" in certain places.
-    Meta,
     // Legacy modifier key.
+    #[deprecated = "marked as legacy in the spec, use Meta instead"]
+    Super,
+    // Legacy modifier key.
+    #[deprecated = "marked as legacy in the spec, use Meta instead"]
     Hyper,
     Turbo,
     Abort,
@@ -741,12 +740,7 @@ pub enum KeyCode {
 
 /// A [`Key::Named`] value
 ///
-/// This mostly conforms to the UI Events Specification's [`KeyboardEvent.key`] with a few
-/// exceptions:
-/// - The `Super` variant here, is named `Meta` in the aforementioned specification. (There's
-///   another key which the specification calls `Super`. That does not exist here.)
-/// - The `Space` variant here, can be identified by the character it generates in the
-///   specification.
+/// This conforms to the UI Events Specification's [`KeyboardEvent.key`].
 ///
 /// [`KeyboardEvent.key`]: https://w3c.github.io/uievents-key/
 #[non_exhaustive]
@@ -791,24 +785,22 @@ pub enum NamedKey {
     /// The Symbol modifier key (used on some virtual keyboards).
     Symbol,
     SymbolLock,
-    // Legacy modifier key. Also called "Super" in certain places.
-    Meta,
     // Legacy modifier key.
+    #[deprecated = "marked as legacy in the spec, use Meta instead"]
+    Super,
+    // Legacy modifier key.
+    #[deprecated = "marked as legacy in the spec, use Meta instead"]
     Hyper,
-    /// Used to enable "super" modifier function for interpreting concurrent or subsequent keyboard
+    /// Used to enable "meta" modifier function for interpreting concurrent or subsequent keyboard
     /// input. This key value is used for the "Windows Logo" key and the Apple `Command` or `⌘`
     /// key.
-    ///
-    /// Note: In some contexts (e.g. the Web) this is referred to as the "Meta" key.
-    Super,
+    Meta,
     /// The `Enter` or `↵` key. Used to activate current selection or accept current input. This
     /// key value is also used for the `Return` (Macintosh numpad) key. This key value is also
     /// used for the Android `KEYCODE_DPAD_CENTER`.
     Enter,
     /// The Horizontal Tabulation `Tab` key.
     Tab,
-    /// Used in text to insert a space between words. Usually located below the character keys.
-    Space,
     /// Navigate or traverse downward. (`KEYCODE_DPAD_DOWN`)
     ArrowDown,
     /// Navigate or traverse leftward. (`KEYCODE_DPAD_LEFT`)
@@ -864,7 +856,7 @@ pub enum NamedKey {
     Attn,
     Cancel,
     /// Show the application’s context menu.
-    /// This key is commonly found between the right `Super` key and the right `Control` key.
+    /// This key is commonly found between the right `Meta` key and the right `Control` key.
     ContextMenu,
     /// The `Esc` key. This key was originally used to initiate an escape sequence, but is
     /// now more generally used to exit or "escape" the current context, such as closing a dialog
@@ -1232,7 +1224,7 @@ pub enum NamedKey {
     Dimmer,
     /// Swap video sources. (`VK_DISPLAY_SWAP`)
     DisplaySwap,
-    /// Select Digital Video Rrecorder. (`KEYCODE_DVR`)
+    /// Select Digital Video Recorder. (`KEYCODE_DVR`)
     DVR,
     /// Exit the current application. (`VK_EXIT`)
     Exit,
@@ -1568,17 +1560,21 @@ impl NamedKey {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```
+    /// # #[cfg(web_platform)]
+    /// # wasm_bindgen_test::wasm_bindgen_test_configure!(run_in_browser);
+    /// # #[cfg_attr(web_platform, wasm_bindgen_test::wasm_bindgen_test)]
+    /// # fn main() {
     /// use winit::keyboard::NamedKey;
     ///
     /// assert_eq!(NamedKey::Enter.to_text(), Some("\r"));
     /// assert_eq!(NamedKey::F20.to_text(), None);
+    /// # }
     /// ```
     pub fn to_text(&self) -> Option<&str> {
         match self {
             NamedKey::Enter => Some("\r"),
             NamedKey::Backspace => Some("\x08"),
             NamedKey::Tab => Some("\t"),
-            NamedKey::Space => Some(" "),
             NamedKey::Escape => Some("\x1b"),
             _ => None,
         }
@@ -1591,11 +1587,16 @@ impl Key {
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```
+    /// # #[cfg(web_platform)]
+    /// # wasm_bindgen_test::wasm_bindgen_test_configure!(run_in_browser);
+    /// # #[cfg_attr(web_platform, wasm_bindgen_test::wasm_bindgen_test)]
+    /// # fn main() {
     /// use winit::keyboard::{Key, NamedKey};
     ///
     /// assert_eq!(Key::Character("a".into()).to_text(), Some("a"));
     /// assert_eq!(Key::Named(NamedKey::Enter).to_text(), Some("\r"));
     /// assert_eq!(Key::Named(NamedKey::F20).to_text(), None);
+    /// # }
     /// ```
     pub fn to_text(&self) -> Option<&str> {
         match self {
@@ -1618,7 +1619,7 @@ impl Key {
 ///
 /// [`location`]: ../event/struct.KeyEvent.html#structfield.location
 /// [`KeyEvent`]: crate::event::KeyEvent
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Hash, PartialOrd, Ord)]
 #[cfg_attr(feature = "serde", derive(Serialize, Deserialize))]
 pub enum KeyLocation {
     /// The key is in its "normal" location on the keyboard.
@@ -1690,6 +1691,7 @@ bitflags! {
     ///
     /// Each flag represents a modifier and is set if this modifier is active.
     #[derive(Default, Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord, Hash)]
+    #[cfg_attr(feature = "serde", derive(Serialize, Deserialize))]
     pub struct ModifiersState: u32 {
         /// The "shift" key.
         const SHIFT = 0b100;
@@ -1698,7 +1700,9 @@ bitflags! {
         /// The "alt" key.
         const ALT = 0b100 << 6;
         /// This is the "windows" key on PC and "command" key on Mac.
-        const SUPER = 0b100 << 9;
+        const META = 0b100 << 9;
+        #[deprecated = "use META instead"]
+        const SUPER = Self::META.bits();
     }
 }
 
@@ -1718,14 +1722,15 @@ impl ModifiersState {
         self.intersects(Self::ALT)
     }
 
-    /// Returns `true` if the super key is pressed.
-    pub fn super_key(&self) -> bool {
-        self.intersects(Self::SUPER)
+    /// Returns `true` if the meta key is pressed.
+    pub fn meta_key(&self) -> bool {
+        self.intersects(Self::META)
     }
 }
 
 /// The state of the particular modifiers key.
-#[derive(Default, Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[derive(Default, Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Hash, PartialOrd, Ord)]
+#[cfg_attr(feature = "serde", derive(Serialize, Deserialize))]
 pub enum ModifiersKeyState {
     /// The particular key is pressed.
     Pressed,
@@ -1744,6 +1749,7 @@ pub enum ModifiersKeyState {
 // on macOS due to their AltGr/Option situation.
 bitflags! {
     #[derive(Default, Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
+    #[cfg_attr(feature = "serde", derive(Serialize, Deserialize))]
     pub(crate) struct ModifiersKeys: u8 {
         const LSHIFT   = 0b0000_0001;
         const RSHIFT   = 0b0000_0010;
@@ -1751,54 +1757,11 @@ bitflags! {
         const RCONTROL = 0b0000_1000;
         const LALT     = 0b0001_0000;
         const RALT     = 0b0010_0000;
-        const LSUPER   = 0b0100_0000;
-        const RSUPER   = 0b1000_0000;
-    }
-}
-
-#[cfg(feature = "serde")]
-mod modifiers_serde {
-    use super::ModifiersState;
-    use serde::{Deserialize, Deserializer, Serialize, Serializer};
-
-    #[derive(Default, Serialize, Deserialize)]
-    #[serde(default)]
-    #[serde(rename = "ModifiersState")]
-    pub struct ModifiersStateSerialize {
-        pub shift_key: bool,
-        pub control_key: bool,
-        pub alt_key: bool,
-        pub super_key: bool,
-    }
-
-    impl Serialize for ModifiersState {
-        fn serialize<S>(&self, serializer: S) -> Result<S::Ok, S::Error>
-        where
-            S: Serializer,
-        {
-            let s = ModifiersStateSerialize {
-                shift_key: self.shift_key(),
-                control_key: self.control_key(),
-                alt_key: self.alt_key(),
-                super_key: self.super_key(),
-            };
-            s.serialize(serializer)
-        }
-    }
-
-    impl<'de> Deserialize<'de> for ModifiersState {
-        fn deserialize<D>(deserializer: D) -> Result<Self, D::Error>
-        where
-            D: Deserializer<'de>,
-        {
-            let ModifiersStateSerialize { shift_key, control_key, alt_key, super_key } =
-                ModifiersStateSerialize::deserialize(deserializer)?;
-            let mut m = ModifiersState::empty();
-            m.set(ModifiersState::SHIFT, shift_key);
-            m.set(ModifiersState::CONTROL, control_key);
-            m.set(ModifiersState::ALT, alt_key);
-            m.set(ModifiersState::SUPER, super_key);
-            Ok(m)
-        }
+        const LMETA    = 0b0100_0000;
+        const RMETA    = 0b1000_0000;
+        #[deprecated = "use LMETA instead"]
+        const LSUPER   = Self::LMETA.bits();
+        #[deprecated = "use RMETA instead"]
+        const RSUPER   = Self::RMETA.bits();
     }
 }

src/lib.rs

@@ -7,7 +7,12 @@
 //!
 //! ```no_run
 //! use winit::event_loop::EventLoop;
-//! let event_loop = EventLoop::new().unwrap();
+//!
+//! # // Intentionally use `fn main` for clarity
+//! fn main() {
+//!     let event_loop = EventLoop::new().unwrap();
+//!     // ...
+//! }
 //! ```
 //!
 //! Then you create a [`Window`] with [`create_window`].
@@ -19,15 +24,13 @@
 //! window or a key getting pressed while the window is focused. Devices can generate
 //! [`DeviceEvent`]s, which contain unfiltered event data that isn't specific to a certain window.
 //! Some user activity, like mouse movement, can generate both a [`WindowEvent`] *and* a
-//! [`DeviceEvent`]. You can also create and handle your own custom [`Event::UserEvent`]s, if
-//! desired.
+//! [`DeviceEvent`].
 //!
-//! You can retrieve events by calling [`EventLoop::run_app()`]. This function will
-//! dispatch events for every [`Window`] that was created with that particular [`EventLoop`], and
-//! will run until [`exit()`] is used, at which point [`Event::LoopExiting`].
+//! You can retrieve events by calling [`EventLoopProvider::run_app()`]. This function will dispatch
+//! events for every [`Window`] that was created with that particular [`EventLoop`].
 //!
 //! Winit no longer uses a `EventLoop::poll_events() -> impl Iterator<Event>`-based event loop
-//! model, since that can't be implemented properly on some platforms (e.g web, iOS) and works
+//! model, since that can't be implemented properly on some platforms (e.g Web, iOS) and works
 //! poorly on most other platforms. However, this model can be re-implemented to an extent with
 #![cfg_attr(
     any(windows_platform, macos_platform, android_platform, x11_platform, wayland_platform),
@@ -44,20 +47,29 @@
 //! ```no_run
 //! use winit::application::ApplicationHandler;
 //! use winit::event::WindowEvent;
-//! use winit::event_loop::{ActiveEventLoop, ControlFlow, EventLoop};
-//! use winit::window::{Window, WindowId};
+//! use winit::event_loop::{ActiveEventLoop, ControlFlow, EventLoop, EventLoopProvider};
+//! use winit::window::{Window, WindowId, WindowAttributes};
 //!
 //! #[derive(Default)]
 //! struct App {
-//!     window: Option<Window>,
+//!     window: Option<Box<dyn Window>>,
 //! }
 //!
 //! impl ApplicationHandler for App {
-//!     fn resumed(&mut self, event_loop: &ActiveEventLoop) {
-//!         self.window = Some(event_loop.create_window(Window::default_attributes()).unwrap());
+//!     fn can_create_surfaces(&mut self, event_loop: &dyn ActiveEventLoop) {
+//!         // The event loop has launched, and we can initialize our UI state.
+//!
+//!         // Create a simple window with default attributes.
+//!         self.window = Some(event_loop.create_window(WindowAttributes::default()).unwrap());
 //!     }
 //!
-//!     fn window_event(&mut self, event_loop: &ActiveEventLoop, id: WindowId, event: WindowEvent) {
+//!     fn window_event(
+//!         &mut self,
+//!         event_loop: &dyn ActiveEventLoop,
+//!         id: WindowId,
+//!         event: WindowEvent,
+//!     ) {
+//!         // Called by `EventLoopProvider::run_app` when a new event happens on the window.
 //!         match event {
 //!             WindowEvent::CloseRequested => {
 //!                 println!("The close button was pressed; stopping");
@@ -78,25 +90,33 @@
 //!                 // applications which do not always need to. Applications that redraw continuously
 //!                 // can render here instead.
 //!                 self.window.as_ref().unwrap().request_redraw();
-//!             }
+//!             },
 //!             _ => (),
 //!         }
 //!     }
 //! }
 //!
-//! let event_loop = EventLoop::new().unwrap();
+//! # // Intentionally use `fn main` for clarity
+//! fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
+//!     // Create a new event loop.
+//!     let event_loop = EventLoop::new()?;
 //!
-//! // ControlFlow::Poll continuously runs the event loop, even if the OS hasn't
-//! // dispatched any events. This is ideal for games and similar applications.
-//! event_loop.set_control_flow(ControlFlow::Poll);
+//!     // Configure settings before launching.
 //!
-//! // ControlFlow::Wait pauses the event loop if no events are available to process.
-//! // This is ideal for non-game applications that only update in response to user
-//! // input, and uses significantly less power/CPU time than ControlFlow::Poll.
-//! event_loop.set_control_flow(ControlFlow::Wait);
+//!     // ControlFlow::Poll continuously runs the event loop, even if the OS hasn't
+//!     // dispatched any events. This is ideal for games and similar applications.
+//!     event_loop.set_control_flow(ControlFlow::Poll);
 //!
-//! let mut app = App::default();
-//! event_loop.run_app(&mut app);
+//!     // ControlFlow::Wait pauses the event loop if no events are available to process.
+//!     // This is ideal for non-game applications that only update in response to user
+//!     // input, and uses significantly less power/CPU time than ControlFlow::Poll.
+//!     event_loop.set_control_flow(ControlFlow::Wait);
+//!
+//!     // Launch and begin running the event loop.
+//!     event_loop.run_app(App::default())?;
+//!
+//!     Ok(())
+//! }
 //! ```
 //!
 //! [`WindowEvent`] has a [`WindowId`] member. In multi-window environments, it should be
@@ -116,6 +136,45 @@
 //! [`visible` set to `false`][crate::window::WindowAttributes::with_visible] and explicitly make
 //! the window visible only once you're ready to render into it.
 //!
+//! There is another important concept you need to know about when drawing: the "safe area". This
+//! can be accessed with [`Window::safe_area`], and describes a rectangle in the surface that is not
+//! obscured by notches, the status bar, and so on. You should be drawing your background and
+//! non-important content on the entire surface, but restrict important content (such as
+//! interactable UIs, text, etc.) to only being drawn inside the safe area.
+//!
+//! [`Window::safe_area`]: crate::window::Window::safe_area
+//!
+//! # Coordinate systems
+//!
+//! Windowing systems use many different coordinate systems, and this is reflected in Winit as well;
+//! there are "desktop coordinates", which is the coordinates of a window or monitor relative to the
+//! desktop at large, "window coordinates" which is the coordinates of the surface, relative to the
+//! window, and finally "surface coordinates", which is the coordinates relative to the drawn
+//! surface. All of these coordinates are relative to the top-left corner of their respective
+//! origin.
+//!
+//! Most of the functionality in Winit works with surface coordinates, so usually you only need to
+//! concern yourself with those. In case you need to convert to some other coordinate system, Winit
+//! provides [`Window::surface_position`] and [`Window::surface_size`] to describe the surface's
+//! location in window coordinates, and Winit provides [`Window::outer_position`] and
+//! [`Window::outer_size`] to describe the window's location in desktop coordinates. Using these
+//! methods, you should be able to convert a position in one coordinate system to another.
+//!
+//! An overview of how these four methods fit together can be seen in the image below:
+#![doc = concat!("\n\n", include_str!("../docs/res/coordinate-systems-desktop.svg"), "\n\n")] // Rustfmt removes \n, adding them like this works around that.
+//! On mobile, the situation is usually a bit different; because of the smaller screen space,
+//! windows usually fill the whole screen at a time, and as such there is _rarely_ a difference
+//! between these three coordinate systems, although you should still strive to handle this, as
+//! they're still relevant in more niche area such as Mac Catalyst, or multi-tasking on tablets.
+//!
+//! This is illustrated in the image below, along with the safe area since it's often relevant on
+//! mobile.
+#![doc = concat!("\n\n", include_str!("../docs/res/coordinate-systems-mobile.svg"), "\n\n")] // Rustfmt removes \n, adding them like this works around that.
+//! [`Window::surface_position`]: crate::window::Window::surface_position
+//! [`Window::surface_size`]: crate::window::Window::surface_size
+//! [`Window::outer_position`]: crate::window::Window::outer_position
+//! [`Window::outer_size`]: crate::window::Window::outer_size
+//!
 //! # UI scaling
 //!
 //! UI scaling is important, go read the docs for the [`dpi`] crate for an
@@ -141,8 +200,6 @@
 //!
 //! * `x11` (enabled by default): On Unix platforms, enables the X11 backend.
 //! * `wayland` (enabled by default): On Unix platforms, enables the Wayland backend.
-//! * `rwh_04`: Implement `raw-window-handle v0.4` traits.
-//! * `rwh_05`: Implement `raw-window-handle v0.5` traits.
 //! * `rwh_06`: Implement `raw-window-handle v0.6` traits.
 //! * `serde`: Enables serialization/deserialization of certain types with [Serde](https://crates.io/crates/serde).
 //! * `mint`: Enables mint (math interoperability standard types) conversions.
@@ -150,20 +207,73 @@
 //! See the [`platform`] module for documentation on platform-specific cargo
 //! features.
 //!
+//! # Platform/Architecture Support
+//!
+//! Platform support on `winit` has two tiers: Tier 1 and Tier 2.
+//!
+//! - Tier 1 is **guaranteed to work**. Targets in this tier are actively tested both in CI and by
+//!   maintainers.
+//! - Tier 2 is **guaranteed to build**. Code compilation is tested in CI, but deeper testing is not
+//!   done.
+//!
+//! Please open an issue if you would like to add a Tier 2 target, or if you would
+//! like a Tier 2 target moved to Tier 1.
+//!
+//! ## Tier 1 Targets
+//!
+//! |Target Name                    |Target Triple                       |APIs           |
+//! |-------------------------------|------------------------------------|---------------|
+//! |32-Bit x86 Windows with MSVC   |`i686-pc-windows-msvc`              |Win32          |
+//! |64-Bit x86 Windows with MSVC   |`x86_64-pc-windows-msvc`            |Win32          |
+//! |32-Bit x86 Windows with glibc  |`i686-pc-windows-gnu`               |Win32          |
+//! |64-Bit x86 Windows with glibc  |`x86_64-pc-windows-gnu`             |Win32          |
+//! |32-Bit x86 Linux with glibc    |`i686-unknown-linux-gnu`            |X11, Wayland   |
+//! |64-Bit x86 Linux with glibc    |`x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu`          |X11, Wayland   |
+//! |64-Bit ARM Android             |`aarch64-linux-android`             |Android        |
+//! |64-Bit x86 Redox OS            |`x86_64-unknown-redox`              |Orbital        |
+//! |32-Bit x86 Redox OS            |`i686-unknown-redox`                |Orbital        |
+//! |64-Bit ARM Redox OS            |`aarch64-unknown-redox`             |Orbital        |
+//! |64-bit x64 macOS               |`x86_64-apple-darwin`               |AppKit         |
+//! |64-bit ARM macOS               |`aarch64-apple-darwin`              |AppKit         |
+//! |32-bit Wasm Web browser        |`wasm32-unknown-unknown`            |`wasm-bindgen` |
+//!
+//! ## Tier 2 Targets
+//!
+//! |Target Name                         |Target Triple                       |APIs           |
+//! |------------------------------------|------------------------------------|---------------|
+//! |64-Bit ARM Windows with MSVC        |`aarch64-pc-windows-msvc`           |Win32          |
+//! |32-Bit x86 Windows 7 with MSVC      |`i686-win7-windows-msvc`            |Win32          |
+//! |64-Bit x86 Windows 7 with MSVC      |`x86_64-win7-windows-msvc`          |Win32          |
+//! |64-bit x86 Linux with Musl          |`x86_64-unknown-linux-musl`         |X11, Wayland   |
+//! |64-bit x86 Linux with 32-bit glibc  |`x86_64-unknown-linux-gnux32`       |X11, Wayland   |
+//! |64-bit x86 Android                  |`x86_64-linux-android`              |Android        |
+//! |64-bit x64 iOS                      |`x86_64-apple-ios`                  |UIKit          |
+//! |64-bit ARM iOS                      |`aarch64-apple-ios`                 |UIKit          |
+//! |64-bit ARM Mac Catalyst             |`aarch64-apple-ios-macabi`          |UIKit          |
+//! |32-bit x86 Android                  |`i686-linux-android`                |Android        |
+//! |64-bit x86 FreeBSD                  |`x86_64-unknown-freebsd`            |X11, Wayland   |
+//! |64-bit x86 NetBSD                   |`x86_64-unknown-netbsd`             |X11            |
+//! |32-bit x86 Linux with Musl          |`i686-unknown-linux-musl`           |X11, Wayland   |
+//! |64-bit RISC-V Linux with glibc      |`riscv64gc-unknown-linux-gnu`       |X11, Wayland   |
+//! |64-bit ARM Linux with glibc         |`aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu`         |X11, Wayland   |
+//! |64-bit ARM Linux with Musl          |`aarch64-unknown-linux-musl`        |X11, Wayland   |
+//! |64-bit PowerPC Linux with glibc     |`powerpc64le-unknown-linux-gnu`     |X11, Wayland   |
+//! |32-Bit ARM Linux with glibc         |`armv5te-unknown-linux-gnueabi`     |X11, Wayland   |
+//! |64-Bit Linux on IBM Supercomputers  |`s390x-unknown-linux-gnu`           |X11, Wayland   |
+//! |32-bit ARM Android                  |`arm-linux-androideabi`             |Android        |
+//! |64-bit SPARC Linux with glibc       |`sparc64-unknown-linux-gnu`         |X11, Wayland   |
+//!
 //! [`EventLoop`]: event_loop::EventLoop
 //! [`EventLoop::new()`]: event_loop::EventLoop::new
-//! [`EventLoop::run_app()`]: event_loop::EventLoop::run_app
+//! [`EventLoopProvider::run_app()`]: event_loop::EventLoopProvider::run_app
 //! [`exit()`]: event_loop::ActiveEventLoop::exit
 //! [`Window`]: window::Window
 //! [`WindowId`]: window::WindowId
 //! [`WindowAttributes`]: window::WindowAttributes
-//! [window_new]: window::Window::new
 //! [`create_window`]: event_loop::ActiveEventLoop::create_window
 //! [`Window::id()`]: window::Window::id
 //! [`WindowEvent`]: event::WindowEvent
 //! [`DeviceEvent`]: event::DeviceEvent
-//! [`Event::UserEvent`]: event::Event::UserEvent
-//! [`Event::LoopExiting`]: event::Event::LoopExiting
 //! [`raw_window_handle`]: ./window/struct.Window.html#method.raw_window_handle
 //! [`raw_display_handle`]: ./window/struct.Window.html#method.raw_display_handle
 //! [^1]: `EventLoopExtPumpEvents::pump_app_events()` is only available on Windows, macOS, Android, X11 and Wayland.
@@ -177,13 +287,14 @@
 // doc
 #![cfg_attr(docsrs, feature(doc_auto_cfg, doc_cfg_hide), doc(cfg_hide(doc, docsrs)))]
 #![allow(clippy::missing_safety_doc)]
-
-#[cfg(feature = "rwh_06")]
-pub use rwh_06 as raw_window_handle;
+#![warn(clippy::uninlined_format_args)]
+// TODO: wasm-binding needs to be updated for that to be resolved, for now just silence it.
+#![cfg_attr(web_platform, allow(unknown_lints, wasm_c_abi))]
 
 // Re-export DPI types so that users don't have to put it in Cargo.toml.
 #[doc(inline)]
 pub use dpi;
+pub use rwh_06 as raw_window_handle;
 
 pub mod application;
 #[cfg(any(doc, doctest, test))]
@@ -193,7 +304,7 @@ pub mod error;
 mod cursor;
 pub mod event;
 pub mod event_loop;
-mod icon;
+pub mod icon;
 pub mod keyboard;
 pub mod monitor;
 mod platform_impl;

src/monitor.rs

@@ -5,138 +5,113 @@
 //! methods, which return an iterator of [`MonitorHandle`]:
 //! - [`ActiveEventLoop::available_monitors`][crate::event_loop::ActiveEventLoop::available_monitors].
 //! - [`Window::available_monitors`][crate::window::Window::available_monitors].
+use std::borrow::Cow;
+use std::fmt;
+use std::num::{NonZeroU16, NonZeroU32};
+use std::ops::Deref;
+use std::sync::Arc;
+
 use crate::dpi::{PhysicalPosition, PhysicalSize};
-use crate::platform_impl;
-
-/// Deprecated! Use `VideoModeHandle` instead.
-#[deprecated = "Renamed to `VideoModeHandle`"]
-pub type VideoMode = VideoModeHandle;
-
-/// Describes a fullscreen video mode of a monitor.
-///
-/// Can be acquired with [`MonitorHandle::video_modes`].
-#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
-pub struct VideoModeHandle {
-    pub(crate) video_mode: platform_impl::VideoModeHandle,
-}
-
-impl std::fmt::Debug for VideoModeHandle {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
-        self.video_mode.fmt(f)
-    }
-}
-
-impl PartialOrd for VideoModeHandle {
-    fn partial_cmp(&self, other: &VideoModeHandle) -> Option<std::cmp::Ordering> {
-        Some(self.cmp(other))
-    }
-}
-
-impl Ord for VideoModeHandle {
-    fn cmp(&self, other: &VideoModeHandle) -> std::cmp::Ordering {
-        self.monitor().cmp(&other.monitor()).then(
-            self.size()
-                .cmp(&other.size())
-                .then(
-                    self.refresh_rate_millihertz()
-                        .cmp(&other.refresh_rate_millihertz())
-                        .then(self.bit_depth().cmp(&other.bit_depth())),
-                )
-                .reverse(),
-        )
-    }
-}
-
-impl VideoModeHandle {
-    /// Returns the resolution of this video mode.
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn size(&self) -> PhysicalSize<u32> {
-        self.video_mode.size()
-    }
-
-    /// Returns the bit depth of this video mode, as in how many bits you have
-    /// available per color. This is generally 24 bits or 32 bits on modern
-    /// systems, depending on whether the alpha channel is counted or not.
-    ///
-    /// ## Platform-specific
-    ///
-    /// - **Wayland / Orbital:** Always returns 32.
-    /// - **iOS:** Always returns 32.
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn bit_depth(&self) -> u16 {
-        self.video_mode.bit_depth()
-    }
-
-    /// Returns the refresh rate of this video mode in mHz.
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn refresh_rate_millihertz(&self) -> u32 {
-        self.video_mode.refresh_rate_millihertz()
-    }
-
-    /// Returns the monitor that this video mode is valid for. Each monitor has
-    /// a separate set of valid video modes.
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn monitor(&self) -> MonitorHandle {
-        MonitorHandle { inner: self.video_mode.monitor() }
-    }
-}
-
-impl std::fmt::Display for VideoModeHandle {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
-        write!(
-            f,
-            "{}x{} @ {} mHz ({} bpp)",
-            self.size().width,
-            self.size().height,
-            self.refresh_rate_millihertz(),
-            self.bit_depth()
-        )
-    }
-}
+use crate::utils::{impl_dyn_casting, AsAny};
 
 /// Handle to a monitor.
 ///
-/// Allows you to retrieve information about a given monitor and can be used in [`Window`] creation.
+/// Allows you to retrieve basic information and metadata about a monitor.
+///
+/// Can be used in [`Window`] creation to place the window on a specific
+/// monitor.
+///
+/// This can be retrieved from one of the following methods, which return an
+/// iterator of [`MonitorHandle`]s:
+/// - [`ActiveEventLoop::available_monitors`](crate::event_loop::ActiveEventLoop::available_monitors).
+/// - [`Window::available_monitors`](crate::window::Window::available_monitors).
+///
+/// ## Platform-specific
+///
+/// **Web:** A [`MonitorHandle`] created without
+#[cfg_attr(
+    web_platform,
+    doc = "[detailed monitor permissions][crate::platform::web::ActiveEventLoopExtWeb::request_detailed_monitor_permission]."
+)]
+#[cfg_attr(not(web_platform), doc = "detailed monitor permissions.")]
+/// will always represent the current monitor the browser window is in instead of a specific
+/// monitor. See
+#[cfg_attr(
+    web_platform,
+    doc = "[`MonitorHandleExtWeb::is_detailed()`][crate::platform::web::MonitorHandleExtWeb::is_detailed]"
+)]
+#[cfg_attr(not(web_platform), doc = "`MonitorHandleExtWeb::is_detailed()`")]
+/// to check.
 ///
 /// [`Window`]: crate::window::Window
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord)]
-pub struct MonitorHandle {
-    pub(crate) inner: platform_impl::MonitorHandle,
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct MonitorHandle(pub(crate) Arc<dyn MonitorHandleProvider>);
+
+impl Deref for MonitorHandle {
+    type Target = dyn MonitorHandleProvider;
+
+    fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target {
+        self.0.as_ref()
+    }
 }
 
-impl MonitorHandle {
+impl PartialEq for MonitorHandle {
+    fn eq(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {
+        self.0.as_ref().eq(other.0.as_ref())
+    }
+}
+
+impl Eq for MonitorHandle {}
+
+/// Provider of the [`MonitorHandle`].
+pub trait MonitorHandleProvider: AsAny + fmt::Debug + Send + Sync {
+    /// Identifier for this monitor.
+    ///
+    /// The representation of this modifier is not guaranteed and should be used only to compare
+    /// monitors.
+    fn id(&self) -> u128;
+
+    /// Native platform identifier of this monitor.
+    ///
+    /// # Platform-specific
+    ///
+    /// - **Windows**: This is `HMONITOR`.
+    /// - **macOS**: This is `CGDirectDisplayID`.
+    /// - **iOS**: This is `UIScreen*`.
+    /// - **Wayland**: This is the ID of the `wl_output` device.
+    /// - **X11**: This is the ID of the CRTC.
+    /// - **Web**: This is an internal ID not meant for consumption.
+    fn native_id(&self) -> u64;
+
     /// Returns a human-readable name of the monitor.
     ///
-    /// Returns `None` if the monitor doesn't exist anymore.
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn name(&self) -> Option<String> {
-        self.inner.name()
-    }
-
-    /// Returns the monitor's resolution.
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn size(&self) -> PhysicalSize<u32> {
-        self.inner.size()
-    }
-
-    /// Returns the top-left corner position of the monitor relative to the larger full
-    /// screen area.
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn position(&self) -> PhysicalPosition<i32> {
-        self.inner.position()
-    }
-
-    /// The monitor refresh rate used by the system.
+    /// Returns `None` if the monitor doesn't exist anymore or the name couldn't be obtained.
     ///
-    /// Return `Some` if succeed, or `None` if failed, which usually happens when the monitor
-    /// the window is on is removed.
+    /// ## Platform-specific
     ///
-    /// When using exclusive fullscreen, the refresh rate of the [`VideoModeHandle`] that was
-    /// used to enter fullscreen should be used instead.
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn refresh_rate_millihertz(&self) -> Option<u32> {
-        self.inner.refresh_rate_millihertz()
-    }
+    /// **Web:** Always returns [`None`] without
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        web_platform,
+        doc = "[detailed monitor permissions][crate::platform::web::ActiveEventLoopExtWeb::request_detailed_monitor_permission]."
+    )]
+    #[cfg_attr(not(web_platform), doc = "detailed monitor permissions.")]
+    fn name(&self) -> Option<Cow<'_, str>>;
+
+    /// Returns the top-left corner position of the monitor in desktop coordinates.
+    ///
+    /// This position is in the same coordinate system as [`Window::outer_position`].
+    ///
+    /// [`Window::outer_position`]: crate::window::Window::outer_position
+    ///
+    /// ## Platform-specific
+    ///
+    /// **Web:** Always returns [`None`] without
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        web_platform,
+        doc = "[detailed monitor permissions][crate::platform::web::ActiveEventLoopExtWeb::request_detailed_monitor_permission]."
+    )]
+    #[cfg_attr(not(web_platform), doc = "detailed monitor permissions.")]
+    fn position(&self) -> Option<PhysicalPosition<i32>>;
 
     /// Returns the scale factor of the underlying monitor. To map logical pixels to physical
     /// pixels and vice versa, use [`Window::scale_factor`].
@@ -148,20 +123,83 @@ impl MonitorHandle {
     /// - **X11:** Can be overridden using the `WINIT_X11_SCALE_FACTOR` environment variable.
     /// - **Wayland:** May differ from [`Window::scale_factor`].
     /// - **Android:** Always returns 1.0.
+    /// - **Web:** Always returns `0.0` without
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        web_platform,
+        doc = "  [detailed monitor permissions][crate::platform::web::ActiveEventLoopExtWeb::request_detailed_monitor_permission]."
+    )]
+    #[cfg_attr(not(web_platform), doc = "  detailed monitor permissions.")]
     ///
+    #[rustfmt::skip]
     /// [`Window::scale_factor`]: crate::window::Window::scale_factor
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn scale_factor(&self) -> f64 {
-        self.inner.scale_factor()
-    }
+    fn scale_factor(&self) -> f64;
+
+    fn current_video_mode(&self) -> Option<VideoMode>;
 
     /// Returns all fullscreen video modes supported by this monitor.
-    ///
-    /// ## Platform-specific
-    ///
-    /// - **Web:** Always returns an empty iterator
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn video_modes(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = VideoModeHandle> {
-        self.inner.video_modes().map(|video_mode| VideoModeHandle { video_mode })
+    fn video_modes(&self) -> Box<dyn Iterator<Item = VideoMode>>;
+}
+
+impl PartialEq for dyn MonitorHandleProvider + '_ {
+    fn eq(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {
+        self.id() == other.id()
     }
 }
+
+impl Eq for dyn MonitorHandleProvider + '_ {}
+
+impl_dyn_casting!(MonitorHandleProvider);
+
+/// Describes a fullscreen video mode of a monitor.
+///
+/// Can be acquired with [`MonitorHandleProvider::video_modes`].
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
+pub struct VideoMode {
+    pub(crate) size: PhysicalSize<u32>,
+    pub(crate) bit_depth: Option<NonZeroU16>,
+    pub(crate) refresh_rate_millihertz: Option<NonZeroU32>,
+}
+
+impl VideoMode {
+    /// Returns the resolution of this video mode. This **must not** be used to create your
+    /// rendering surface. Use [`Window::surface_size()`] instead.
+    ///
+    /// [`Window::surface_size()`]: crate::window::Window::surface_size
+    pub fn size(&self) -> PhysicalSize<u32> {
+        self.size
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the bit depth of this video mode, as in how many bits you have
+    /// available per color. This is generally 24 bits or 32 bits on modern
+    /// systems, depending on whether the alpha channel is counted or not.
+    pub fn bit_depth(&self) -> Option<NonZeroU16> {
+        self.bit_depth
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the refresh rate of this video mode in mHz.
+    pub fn refresh_rate_millihertz(&self) -> Option<NonZeroU32> {
+        self.refresh_rate_millihertz
+    }
+}
+
+impl fmt::Display for VideoMode {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        write!(
+            f,
+            "{}x{} {}{}",
+            self.size.width,
+            self.size.height,
+            self.refresh_rate_millihertz.map(|rate| format!("@ {rate} mHz ")).unwrap_or_default(),
+            self.bit_depth.map(|bit_depth| format!("({bit_depth} bpp)")).unwrap_or_default(),
+        )
+    }
+}
+
+/// Fullscreen modes.
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub enum Fullscreen {
+    Exclusive(MonitorHandle, VideoMode),
+
+    /// Providing `None` to `Borderless` will fullscreen on the current monitor.
+    Borderless(Option<MonitorHandle>),
+}

src/platform/android.rs

@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@
 //! If your application is currently based on `NativeActivity` via the `ndk-glue` crate and building
 //! with `cargo apk`, then the minimal changes would be:
 //! 1. Remove `ndk-glue` from your `Cargo.toml`
-//! 2. Enable the `"android-native-activity"` feature for Winit: `winit = { version = "0.30.0",
+//! 2. Enable the `"android-native-activity"` feature for Winit: `winit = { version = "0.30.10",
 //!    features = [ "android-native-activity" ] }`
 //! 3. Add an `android_main` entrypoint (as above), instead of using the '`[ndk_glue::main]` proc
 //!    macro from `ndk-macros` (optionally add a dependency on `android_logger` and initialize
@@ -70,18 +70,27 @@
 //! 4. Pass a clone of the `AndroidApp` that your application receives to Winit when building your
 //!    event loop (as shown above).
 
+use self::activity::{AndroidApp, ConfigurationRef, Rect};
 use crate::event_loop::{ActiveEventLoop, EventLoop, EventLoopBuilder};
 use crate::window::{Window, WindowAttributes};
 
-use self::activity::{AndroidApp, ConfigurationRef, Rect};
-
 /// Additional methods on [`EventLoop`] that are specific to Android.
-pub trait EventLoopExtAndroid {}
+pub trait EventLoopExtAndroid {
+    /// Get the [`AndroidApp`] which was used to create this event loop.
+    fn android_app(&self) -> &AndroidApp;
+}
 
-impl<T> EventLoopExtAndroid for EventLoop<T> {}
+impl EventLoopExtAndroid for EventLoop {
+    fn android_app(&self) -> &AndroidApp {
+        &self.event_loop.android_app
+    }
+}
 
 /// Additional methods on [`ActiveEventLoop`] that are specific to Android.
-pub trait ActiveEventLoopExtAndroid {}
+pub trait ActiveEventLoopExtAndroid {
+    /// Get the [`AndroidApp`] which was used to create this event loop.
+    fn android_app(&self) -> &AndroidApp;
+}
 
 /// Additional methods on [`Window`] that are specific to Android.
 pub trait WindowExtAndroid {
@@ -90,17 +99,24 @@ pub trait WindowExtAndroid {
     fn config(&self) -> ConfigurationRef;
 }
 
-impl WindowExtAndroid for Window {
+impl WindowExtAndroid for dyn Window + '_ {
     fn content_rect(&self) -> Rect {
-        self.window.content_rect()
+        let window = self.cast_ref::<crate::platform_impl::Window>().unwrap();
+        window.content_rect()
     }
 
     fn config(&self) -> ConfigurationRef {
-        self.window.config()
+        let window = self.cast_ref::<crate::platform_impl::Window>().unwrap();
+        window.config()
     }
 }
 
-impl ActiveEventLoopExtAndroid for ActiveEventLoop {}
+impl ActiveEventLoopExtAndroid for dyn ActiveEventLoop + '_ {
+    fn android_app(&self) -> &AndroidApp {
+        let event_loop = self.cast_ref::<crate::platform_impl::ActiveEventLoop>().unwrap();
+        &event_loop.app
+    }
+}
 
 /// Additional methods on [`WindowAttributes`] that are specific to Android.
 pub trait WindowAttributesExtAndroid {}
@@ -108,9 +124,9 @@ pub trait WindowAttributesExtAndroid {}
 impl WindowAttributesExtAndroid for WindowAttributes {}
 
 pub trait EventLoopBuilderExtAndroid {
-    /// Associates the `AndroidApp` that was passed to `android_main()` with the event loop
+    /// Associates the [`AndroidApp`] that was passed to `android_main()` with the event loop
     ///
-    /// This must be called on Android since the `AndroidApp` is not global state.
+    /// This must be called on Android since the [`AndroidApp`] is not global state.
     fn with_android_app(&mut self, app: AndroidApp) -> &mut Self;
 
     /// Calling this will mark the volume keys to be manually handled by the application
@@ -119,7 +135,7 @@ pub trait EventLoopBuilderExtAndroid {
     fn handle_volume_keys(&mut self) -> &mut Self;
 }
 
-impl<T> EventLoopBuilderExtAndroid for EventLoopBuilder<T> {
+impl EventLoopBuilderExtAndroid for EventLoopBuilder {
     fn with_android_app(&mut self, app: AndroidApp) -> &mut Self {
         self.platform_specific.android_app = Some(app);
         self
@@ -147,7 +163,7 @@ impl<T> EventLoopBuilderExtAndroid for EventLoopBuilder<T> {
 /// depending on the `android_activity` crate, and instead consume the API that
 /// is re-exported by Winit.
 ///
-/// For compatibility applications should then import the `AndroidApp` type for
+/// For compatibility applications should then import the [`AndroidApp`] type for
 /// their `android_main(app: AndroidApp)` function like:
 /// ```rust
 /// #[cfg(target_os = "android")]

src/platform/event_loop.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,193 @@
+use std::marker::PhantomData;
+#[cfg(any(x11_platform, wayland_platform))]
+use std::os::unix::io::{AsFd, AsRawFd, BorrowedFd, RawFd};
+use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicBool, Ordering};
+
+use rwh_06::{DisplayHandle, HandleError, HasDisplayHandle};
+
+use crate::application::ApplicationHandler;
+use crate::cursor::{CustomCursor, CustomCursorSource};
+use crate::error::{EventLoopError, RequestError};
+use crate::event_loop::{
+    ControlFlow, DeviceEvents, EventLoopProvider, EventLoopProxy, OwnedDisplayHandle,
+};
+use crate::platform_impl;
+
+/// Provides a way to retrieve events from the system and from the windows that were registered to
+/// the events loop.
+///
+/// An `EventLoop` can be seen more or less as a "context". Calling [`EventLoop::new`]
+/// initializes everything that will be required to create windows. For example on Linux creating
+/// an event loop opens a connection to the X or Wayland server.
+///
+/// To wake up an `EventLoop` from a another thread, see the [`EventLoopProxy`] docs.
+///
+/// Note that this cannot be shared across threads (due to platform-dependant logic
+/// forbidding it), as such it is neither [`Send`] nor [`Sync`]. If you need cross-thread access,
+/// the [`Window`] created from this _can_ be sent to an other thread, and the
+/// [`EventLoopProxy`] allows you to wake up an `EventLoop` from another thread.
+///
+/// [`Window`]: crate::window::Window
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct EventLoop {
+    pub(crate) event_loop: platform_impl::EventLoop,
+    pub(crate) _marker: PhantomData<*mut ()>, // Not Send nor Sync
+}
+
+impl EventLoop {
+    /// Create the event loop.
+    ///
+    /// This is an alias of `EventLoop::builder().build()`.
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn new() -> Result<EventLoop, EventLoopError> {
+        Self::builder().build()
+    }
+
+    /// Start building a new event loop.
+    ///
+    /// This returns an [`EventLoopBuilder`], to allow configuring the event loop before creation.
+    ///
+    /// To get the actual event loop, call [`build`][EventLoopBuilder::build] on that.
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn builder() -> EventLoopBuilder {
+        EventLoopBuilder { platform_specific: Default::default() }
+    }
+}
+
+impl EventLoopProvider for EventLoop {
+    #[cfg(not(all(web_platform, target_feature = "exception-handling")))]
+    fn run_app(self, app: impl ApplicationHandler) -> Result<(), EventLoopError> {
+        self.event_loop.run_app(app)
+    }
+
+    fn create_proxy(&self) -> EventLoopProxy {
+        self.event_loop.window_target().create_proxy()
+    }
+
+    fn owned_display_handle(&self) -> OwnedDisplayHandle {
+        self.event_loop.window_target().owned_display_handle()
+    }
+
+    fn listen_device_events(&self, allowed: DeviceEvents) {
+        let _span = tracing::debug_span!(
+            "winit::EventLoop::listen_device_events",
+            allowed = ?allowed
+        )
+        .entered();
+        self.event_loop.window_target().listen_device_events(allowed)
+    }
+
+    fn set_control_flow(&self, control_flow: ControlFlow) {
+        self.event_loop.window_target().set_control_flow(control_flow);
+    }
+
+    fn create_custom_cursor(
+        &self,
+        custom_cursor: CustomCursorSource,
+    ) -> Result<CustomCursor, RequestError> {
+        self.event_loop.window_target().create_custom_cursor(custom_cursor)
+    }
+}
+
+impl HasDisplayHandle for EventLoop {
+    fn display_handle(&self) -> Result<DisplayHandle<'_>, HandleError> {
+        HasDisplayHandle::display_handle(self.event_loop.window_target().rwh_06_handle())
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(any(x11_platform, wayland_platform))]
+impl AsFd for EventLoop {
+    /// Get the underlying [EventLoop]'s `fd` which you can register
+    /// into other event loop, like [`calloop`] or [`mio`]. When doing so, the
+    /// loop must be polled with the [`pump_app_events`] API.
+    ///
+    /// [`calloop`]: https://crates.io/crates/calloop
+    /// [`mio`]: https://crates.io/crates/mio
+    /// [`pump_app_events`]: crate::platform::pump_events::EventLoopExtPumpEvents::pump_app_events
+    fn as_fd(&self) -> BorrowedFd<'_> {
+        self.event_loop.as_fd()
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(any(x11_platform, wayland_platform))]
+impl AsRawFd for EventLoop {
+    /// Get the underlying [EventLoop]'s raw `fd` which you can register
+    /// into other event loop, like [`calloop`] or [`mio`]. When doing so, the
+    /// loop must be polled with the [`pump_app_events`] API.
+    ///
+    /// [`calloop`]: https://crates.io/crates/calloop
+    /// [`mio`]: https://crates.io/crates/mio
+    /// [`pump_app_events`]: crate::platform::pump_events::EventLoopExtPumpEvents::pump_app_events
+    fn as_raw_fd(&self) -> RawFd {
+        self.event_loop.as_raw_fd()
+    }
+}
+
+/// Object that allows building the event loop.
+///
+/// This is used to make specifying options that affect the whole application
+/// easier. But note that constructing multiple event loops is not supported.
+///
+/// This can be created using [`EventLoop::builder`].
+#[derive(Default, Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
+pub struct EventLoopBuilder {
+    pub(crate) platform_specific: platform_impl::PlatformSpecificEventLoopAttributes,
+}
+
+static EVENT_LOOP_CREATED: AtomicBool = AtomicBool::new(false);
+
+impl EventLoopBuilder {
+    /// Builds a new event loop.
+    ///
+    /// ***For cross-platform compatibility, the [`EventLoop`] must be created on the main thread,
+    /// and only once per application.***
+    ///
+    /// Calling this function will result in display backend initialisation.
+    ///
+    /// ## Panics
+    ///
+    /// Attempting to create the event loop off the main thread will panic. This
+    /// restriction isn't strictly necessary on all platforms, but is imposed to
+    /// eliminate any nasty surprises when porting to platforms that require it.
+    /// `EventLoopBuilderExt::with_any_thread` functions are exposed in the relevant
+    /// [`platform`] module if the target platform supports creating an event
+    /// loop on any thread.
+    ///
+    /// ## Platform-specific
+    ///
+    /// - **Wayland/X11:** to prevent running under `Wayland` or `X11` unset `WAYLAND_DISPLAY` or
+    ///   `DISPLAY` respectively when building the event loop.
+    /// - **Android:** must be configured with an `AndroidApp` from `android_main()` by calling
+    ///   [`.with_android_app(app)`] before calling `.build()`, otherwise it'll panic.
+    ///
+    /// [`platform`]: crate::platform
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        android_platform,
+        doc = "[`.with_android_app(app)`]: \
+               crate::platform::android::EventLoopBuilderExtAndroid::with_android_app"
+    )]
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        not(android_platform),
+        doc = "[`.with_android_app(app)`]: #only-available-on-android"
+    )]
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn build(&mut self) -> Result<EventLoop, EventLoopError> {
+        let _span = tracing::debug_span!("winit::EventLoopBuilder::build").entered();
+
+        if EVENT_LOOP_CREATED.swap(true, Ordering::Relaxed) {
+            return Err(EventLoopError::RecreationAttempt);
+        }
+
+        // Certain platforms accept a mutable reference in their API.
+        #[allow(clippy::unnecessary_mut_passed)]
+        Ok(EventLoop {
+            event_loop: platform_impl::EventLoop::new(&mut self.platform_specific)?,
+            _marker: PhantomData,
+        })
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(web_platform)]
+    pub(crate) fn allow_event_loop_recreation() {
+        EVENT_LOOP_CREATED.store(false, Ordering::Relaxed);
+    }
+}

src/platform/ios.rs

@@ -1,51 +1,79 @@
 //! # iOS / UIKit
 //!
-//! Winit has an OS requirement of iOS 8 or higher, and is regularly tested on
-//! iOS 9.3.
+//! Winit has [the same iOS version requirements as `rustc`][rustc-ios-version], although it's
+//! frequently only tested on newer iOS versions.
 //!
-//! iOS's main `UIApplicationMain` does some init work that's required by all
-//! UI-related code (see issue [#1705]). It is best to create your windows
-//! inside `Event::Resumed`.
+//! [rustc-ios-version]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/rustc/platform-support/apple-ios.html#os-version
 //!
-//! [#1705]: https://github.com/rust-windowing/winit/issues/1705
+//! ## Running on Mac Catalyst
 //!
-//! ## Building app
+//! Mac Catalyst allows running applications using UIKit on macOS, which can be very useful for
+//! testing. See [`rustc`'s documentation on Mac Catalyst][rustc-mac-catalyst] for details on how to
+//! use these targets. To use these with Winit, you'll need to bundle your application before
+//! running it, otherwise UIKit will exit with an error.
 //!
-//! To build ios app you will need rustc built for this targets:
+//! To run e.g. the `window` example in the Winit repository, you can use [`cargo-bundle`] as
+//! follows:
 //!
-//!  - armv7-apple-ios
-//!  - armv7s-apple-ios
-//!  - i386-apple-ios
-//!  - aarch64-apple-ios
-//!  - x86_64-apple-ios
-//!
-//! Then
-//!
-//! ```
-//! cargo build --target=...
-//! ```
-//! The simplest way to integrate your app into xcode environment is to build it
-//! as a static library. Wrap your main function and export it.
-//!
-//! ```rust, ignore
-//! #[no_mangle]
-//! pub extern fn start_winit_app() {
-//!     start_inner()
-//! }
-//!
-//! fn start_inner() {
-//!    ...
-//! }
+//! ```console
+//! $ cargo +nightly bundle --format=ios --target=aarch64-apple-ios-macabi --example=window
+//! $ ./target/aarch64-apple-ios-macabi/debug/examples/bundle/ios/winit.app/window
 //! ```
 //!
-//! Compile project and then drag resulting .a into Xcode project. Add winit.h to xcode.
+//! [rustc-mac-catalyst]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/rustc/platform-support/apple-ios-macabi.html
+//! [`cargo-bundle`]: https://github.com/burtonageo/cargo-bundle
 //!
-//! ```ignore
-//! void start_winit_app();
+//! ## Introduction to building an app
+//!
+//! Building and running your application in the iOS simulator, or on a real device, is a bit more
+//! complicated than Mac Catalyst - fundamentally, you must use Xcode, since the binary needs to be
+//! bundled, signed, notarized and uploaded to the device (there is [an open source work-in-progress
+//! on re-implementing parts of this][apple-platform-rs], but the user-story around it is not yet
+//! clear).
+//!
+//! This means that you're left with effectively two options: Use a tool that manages the Xcode
+//! configuration for you, or use Xcode directly. [`cargo-dinghy`] and [`cargo-mobile2`] are notable
+//! projects in the ecosystem that attempt the former, and [`cargo-xcode`] is an excellent project
+//! that attempts the latter. We will also attempt to describe here how you would go about using
+//! Xcode directly:
+//!
+//! First off, you'll need the correct Rust targets, see [`rustc`'s documentation on iOS][rustc-ios]
+//! for details. Nowadays, the correct targets are usually `aarch64-apple-ios-sim` for the
+//! simulator, and `aarch64-apple-ios` for the actual device.
+//!
+//! Next, create a new Xcode project using the "App" template. The exact configuration does not
+//! really matter, as we're going to delete most of it, since it's tailored for Objective-C and/or
+//! Swift, and Rust/Winit is neither. Specifically, we need to delete:
+//! - Everything relating to storyboards (unless you want to use e.g. a launch screen). This
+//!   includes the relevant keys in `Info.plist`.
+//! - All the generated C header, Objective-C and/or Swift files.
+//!
+//! Now that we have a fairly clean slate that we can build upon, you can add a "run script" build
+//! phase to your Xcode target, which will get invoked instead of the "compile sources" and "link
+//! binary" steps. The basic script should look something like:
+//!
+//! ```sh
+//! # Build desired targets based on `ARCHS` environment variable
+//! cargo build --target=aarch64-apple-ios --target=armv7s-apple-ios
+//! # Merge these with `lipo`, and place the result in "$TARGET_BUILD_DIR/$EXECUTABLE_PATH", which
+//! # is understood by Xcode
+//! lipo "$TARGET_BUILD_DIR/$EXECUTABLE_PATH" target/aarch64-apple-ios/debug/my_app target/armv7s-apple-ios/debug/my_app
 //! ```
 //!
-//! Use start_winit_app inside your xcode's main function.
+//! Note that this is very much the overall idea; the script needs to be much more involved to
+//! properly deal with different target architectures, invoking `lipo` when needed, incremental
+//! rebuild change detection, and so on. `cargo-xcode` has a script [here][cargo-xcode-script] that
+//! handles most of this complexity, you might be able to build upon that.
 //!
+//! Apologies that we're not able to provide you with more than this; work is in-progress on
+//! improving the situation, but it's slow-going.
+//!
+//! [apple-platform-rs]: https://github.com/indygreg/apple-platform-rs
+//! [`cargo-dinghy`]: https://github.com/sonos/dinghy
+//! [`cargo-mobile2`]: https://github.com/tauri-apps/cargo-mobile2
+//! [`cargo-xcode`]: https://crates.io/crates/cargo-xcode
+//! [rustc-ios]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/rustc/platform-support/apple-ios.html
+//! [cargo-xcode-script]: https://gitlab.com/kornelski/cargo-xcode/-/blob/main/src/xcodebuild.sh
 //!
 //! ## App lifecycle and events
 //!
@@ -57,40 +85,39 @@
 //!
 //!  - applicationDidBecomeActive is Resumed
 //!  - applicationWillResignActive is Suspended
-//!  - applicationWillTerminate is LoopExiting
+//!  - applicationWillTerminate corresponds to `Drop`ping the application handler.
 //!
-//! Keep in mind that after LoopExiting event is received every attempt to draw with
-//! opengl will result in segfault.
+//! Note that an app may not receive the `Drop` event if suspended; it might be SIGKILL'ed.
 //!
-//! Also note that app may not receive the LoopExiting event if suspended; it might be SIGKILL'ed.
+//! ## Custom `UIApplicationDelegate`
+//!
+//! Winit usually handles everything related to the lifecycle events of the application. Sometimes,
+//! though, you might want to access some of the more niche stuff that [the application
+//! delegate][app-delegate] provides. This functionality is not exposed directly in Winit, since it
+//! would increase the API surface by quite a lot. Instead, Winit guarantees that it will not
+//! register an application delegate, so you can set up a custom one in a nib file instead.
+//!
+//! [app-delegate]: https://developer.apple.com/documentation/uikit/uiapplicationdelegate?language=objc
 
 use std::os::raw::c_void;
 
-use crate::event_loop::EventLoop;
-use crate::monitor::{MonitorHandle, VideoModeHandle};
+#[cfg(feature = "serde")]
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+
+use crate::monitor::{MonitorHandle, VideoMode};
+use crate::platform_impl::MonitorHandle as IosMonitorHandle;
 use crate::window::{Window, WindowAttributes};
 
-/// Additional methods on [`EventLoop`] that are specific to iOS.
-pub trait EventLoopExtIOS {
-    /// Returns the [`Idiom`] (phone/tablet/tv/etc) for the current device.
-    fn idiom(&self) -> Idiom;
-}
-
-impl<T: 'static> EventLoopExtIOS for EventLoop<T> {
-    fn idiom(&self) -> Idiom {
-        self.event_loop.idiom()
-    }
-}
-
 /// Additional methods on [`Window`] that are specific to iOS.
 pub trait WindowExtIOS {
     /// Sets the [`contentScaleFactor`] of the underlying [`UIWindow`] to `scale_factor`.
     ///
     /// The default value is device dependent, and it's recommended GLES or Metal applications set
-    /// this to [`MonitorHandle::scale_factor()`].
+    /// this to [`MonitorHandleProvider::scale_factor()`].
     ///
     /// [`UIWindow`]: https://developer.apple.com/documentation/uikit/uiwindow?language=objc
     /// [`contentScaleFactor`]: https://developer.apple.com/documentation/uikit/uiview/1622657-contentscalefactor?language=objc
+    /// [`MonitorHandleProvider::scale_factor()`]: crate::monitor::MonitorHandleProvider::scale_factor()
     fn set_scale_factor(&self, scale_factor: f64);
 
     /// Sets the valid orientations for the [`Window`].
@@ -181,42 +208,49 @@ pub trait WindowExtIOS {
     fn recognize_rotation_gesture(&self, should_recognize: bool);
 }
 
-impl WindowExtIOS for Window {
+impl WindowExtIOS for dyn Window + '_ {
     #[inline]
     fn set_scale_factor(&self, scale_factor: f64) {
-        self.window.maybe_queue_on_main(move |w| w.set_scale_factor(scale_factor))
+        let window = self.cast_ref::<crate::platform_impl::Window>().unwrap();
+        window.maybe_wait_on_main(move |w| w.set_scale_factor(scale_factor));
     }
 
     #[inline]
     fn set_valid_orientations(&self, valid_orientations: ValidOrientations) {
-        self.window.maybe_queue_on_main(move |w| w.set_valid_orientations(valid_orientations))
+        let window = self.cast_ref::<crate::platform_impl::Window>().unwrap();
+        window.maybe_wait_on_main(move |w| w.set_valid_orientations(valid_orientations));
     }
 
     #[inline]
     fn set_prefers_home_indicator_hidden(&self, hidden: bool) {
-        self.window.maybe_queue_on_main(move |w| w.set_prefers_home_indicator_hidden(hidden))
+        let window = self.cast_ref::<crate::platform_impl::Window>().unwrap();
+        window.maybe_wait_on_main(move |w| w.set_prefers_home_indicator_hidden(hidden));
     }
 
     #[inline]
     fn set_preferred_screen_edges_deferring_system_gestures(&self, edges: ScreenEdge) {
-        self.window.maybe_queue_on_main(move |w| {
+        let window = self.cast_ref::<crate::platform_impl::Window>().unwrap();
+        window.maybe_wait_on_main(move |w| {
             w.set_preferred_screen_edges_deferring_system_gestures(edges)
-        })
+        });
     }
 
     #[inline]
     fn set_prefers_status_bar_hidden(&self, hidden: bool) {
-        self.window.maybe_queue_on_main(move |w| w.set_prefers_status_bar_hidden(hidden))
+        let window = self.cast_ref::<crate::platform_impl::Window>().unwrap();
+        window.maybe_wait_on_main(move |w| w.set_prefers_status_bar_hidden(hidden));
     }
 
     #[inline]
     fn set_preferred_status_bar_style(&self, status_bar_style: StatusBarStyle) {
-        self.window.maybe_queue_on_main(move |w| w.set_preferred_status_bar_style(status_bar_style))
+        let window = self.cast_ref::<crate::platform_impl::Window>().unwrap();
+        window.maybe_wait_on_main(move |w| w.set_preferred_status_bar_style(status_bar_style))
     }
 
     #[inline]
     fn recognize_pinch_gesture(&self, should_recognize: bool) {
-        self.window.maybe_queue_on_main(move |w| w.recognize_pinch_gesture(should_recognize));
+        let window = self.cast_ref::<crate::platform_impl::Window>().unwrap();
+        window.maybe_wait_on_main(move |w| w.recognize_pinch_gesture(should_recognize));
     }
 
     #[inline]
@@ -226,7 +260,8 @@ impl WindowExtIOS for Window {
         minimum_number_of_touches: u8,
         maximum_number_of_touches: u8,
     ) {
-        self.window.maybe_queue_on_main(move |w| {
+        let window = self.cast_ref::<crate::platform_impl::Window>().unwrap();
+        window.maybe_wait_on_main(move |w| {
             w.recognize_pan_gesture(
                 should_recognize,
                 minimum_number_of_touches,
@@ -237,12 +272,14 @@ impl WindowExtIOS for Window {
 
     #[inline]
     fn recognize_doubletap_gesture(&self, should_recognize: bool) {
-        self.window.maybe_queue_on_main(move |w| w.recognize_doubletap_gesture(should_recognize));
+        let window = self.cast_ref::<crate::platform_impl::Window>().unwrap();
+        window.maybe_wait_on_main(move |w| w.recognize_doubletap_gesture(should_recognize));
     }
 
     #[inline]
     fn recognize_rotation_gesture(&self, should_recognize: bool) {
-        self.window.maybe_queue_on_main(move |w| w.recognize_rotation_gesture(should_recognize));
+        let window = self.cast_ref::<crate::platform_impl::Window>().unwrap();
+        window.maybe_wait_on_main(move |w| w.recognize_rotation_gesture(should_recognize));
     }
 }
 
@@ -251,10 +288,11 @@ pub trait WindowAttributesExtIOS {
     /// Sets the [`contentScaleFactor`] of the underlying [`UIWindow`] to `scale_factor`.
     ///
     /// The default value is device dependent, and it's recommended GLES or Metal applications set
-    /// this to [`MonitorHandle::scale_factor()`].
+    /// this to [`MonitorHandleProvider::scale_factor()`].
     ///
     /// [`UIWindow`]: https://developer.apple.com/documentation/uikit/uiwindow?language=objc
     /// [`contentScaleFactor`]: https://developer.apple.com/documentation/uikit/uiview/1622657-contentscalefactor?language=objc
+    /// [`MonitorHandleProvider::scale_factor()`]: crate::monitor::MonitorHandleProvider::scale_factor()
     fn with_scale_factor(self, scale_factor: f64) -> Self;
 
     /// Sets the valid orientations for the [`Window`].
@@ -346,28 +384,31 @@ pub trait MonitorHandleExtIOS {
     /// [`UIScreen`]: https://developer.apple.com/documentation/uikit/uiscreen?language=objc
     fn ui_screen(&self) -> *mut c_void;
 
-    /// Returns the preferred [`VideoModeHandle`] for this monitor.
+    /// Returns the preferred [`VideoMode`] for this monitor.
     ///
     /// This translates to a call to [`-[UIScreen preferredMode]`](https://developer.apple.com/documentation/uikit/uiscreen/1617823-preferredmode?language=objc).
-    fn preferred_video_mode(&self) -> VideoModeHandle;
+    fn preferred_video_mode(&self) -> VideoMode;
 }
 
 impl MonitorHandleExtIOS for MonitorHandle {
     #[inline]
     fn ui_screen(&self) -> *mut c_void {
         // SAFETY: The marker is only used to get the pointer of the screen
-        let mtm = unsafe { objc2_foundation::MainThreadMarker::new_unchecked() };
-        objc2::rc::Id::as_ptr(self.inner.ui_screen(mtm)) as *mut c_void
+        let mtm = unsafe { objc2::MainThreadMarker::new_unchecked() };
+        let monitor = self.cast_ref::<IosMonitorHandle>().unwrap();
+        objc2::rc::Retained::as_ptr(monitor.ui_screen(mtm)) as *mut c_void
     }
 
     #[inline]
-    fn preferred_video_mode(&self) -> VideoModeHandle {
-        VideoModeHandle { video_mode: self.inner.preferred_video_mode() }
+    fn preferred_video_mode(&self) -> VideoMode {
+        let monitor = self.cast_ref::<IosMonitorHandle>().unwrap();
+        monitor.preferred_video_mode()
     }
 }
 
 /// Valid orientations for a particular [`Window`].
 #[derive(Default, Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
+#[cfg_attr(feature = "serde", derive(Serialize, Deserialize))]
 pub enum ValidOrientations {
     /// Excludes `PortraitUpsideDown` on iphone
     #[default]
@@ -379,29 +420,12 @@ pub enum ValidOrientations {
     Portrait,
 }
 
-/// The device [idiom].
-///
-/// [idiom]: https://developer.apple.com/documentation/uikit/uidevice/1620037-userinterfaceidiom?language=objc
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
-pub enum Idiom {
-    Unspecified,
-
-    /// iPhone and iPod touch.
-    Phone,
-
-    /// iPad.
-    Pad,
-
-    /// tvOS and Apple TV.
-    TV,
-    CarPlay,
-}
-
 bitflags::bitflags! {
     /// The [edges] of a screen.
     ///
     /// [edges]: https://developer.apple.com/documentation/uikit/uirectedge?language=objc
     #[derive(Default, Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
+    #[cfg_attr(feature = "serde", derive(Serialize, Deserialize))]
     pub struct ScreenEdge: u8 {
         const NONE   = 0;
         const TOP    = 1 << 0;
@@ -413,7 +437,8 @@ bitflags::bitflags! {
     }
 }
 
-#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Default, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Default, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
+#[cfg_attr(feature = "serde", derive(Serialize, Deserialize))]
 pub enum StatusBarStyle {
     #[default]
     Default,

src/platform/macos.rs

@@ -1,27 +1,80 @@
 //! # macOS / AppKit
 //!
-//! Winit has an OS requirement of macOS 10.11 or higher (same as Rust
-//! itself), and is regularly tested on macOS 10.14.
+//! Winit has [the same macOS version requirements as `rustc`][rustc-macos-version], and is tested
+//! once in a while on as low as macOS 10.14.
 //!
-//! A lot of functionality expects the application to be ready before you
-//! start doing anything; this includes creating windows, fetching monitors,
-//! drawing, and so on, see issues [#2238], [#2051] and [#2087].
+//! [rustc-macos-version]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/rustc/platform-support/apple-darwin.html#os-version
 //!
-//! If you encounter problems, you should try doing your initialization inside
-//! `Event::Resumed`.
+//! ## Custom `NSApplicationDelegate`
 //!
-//! [#2238]: https://github.com/rust-windowing/winit/issues/2238
-//! [#2051]: https://github.com/rust-windowing/winit/issues/2051
-//! [#2087]: https://github.com/rust-windowing/winit/issues/2087
+//! Winit usually handles everything related to the lifecycle events of the application. Sometimes,
+//! though, you might want to do more niche stuff, such as [handle when the user re-activates the
+//! application][reopen]. Such functionality is not exposed directly in Winit, since it would
+//! increase the API surface by quite a lot.
+//!
+//! [reopen]: https://developer.apple.com/documentation/appkit/nsapplicationdelegate/1428638-applicationshouldhandlereopen?language=objc
+//!
+//! Instead, Winit guarantees that it will not register an application delegate, so the solution is
+//! to register your own application delegate, as outlined in the following example (see
+//! `objc2-app-kit` for more detailed information).
+#![cfg_attr(target_os = "macos", doc = "```")]
+#![cfg_attr(not(target_os = "macos"), doc = "```ignore")]
+//! use objc2::rc::Retained;
+//! use objc2::runtime::ProtocolObject;
+//! use objc2::{define_class, msg_send, DefinedClass, MainThreadMarker, MainThreadOnly};
+//! use objc2_app_kit::{NSApplication, NSApplicationDelegate};
+//! use objc2_foundation::{NSArray, NSURL, NSObject, NSObjectProtocol};
+//! use winit::event_loop::EventLoop;
+//!
+//! define_class!(
+//!     #[unsafe(super(NSObject))]
+//!     #[thread_kind = MainThreadOnly]
+//!     #[name = "AppDelegate"]
+//!     struct AppDelegate;
+//!
+//!     unsafe impl NSObjectProtocol for AppDelegate {}
+//!
+//!     unsafe impl NSApplicationDelegate for AppDelegate {
+//!         #[unsafe(method(application:openURLs:))]
+//!         fn application_openURLs(&self, application: &NSApplication, urls: &NSArray<NSURL>) {
+//!             // Note: To specifically get `application:openURLs:` to work, you _might_
+//!             // have to bundle your application. This is not done in this example.
+//!             println!("open urls: {application:?}, {urls:?}");
+//!         }
+//!     }
+//! );
+//!
+//! impl AppDelegate {
+//!     fn new(mtm: MainThreadMarker) -> Retained<Self> {
+//!         unsafe { msg_send![super(Self::alloc(mtm).set_ivars(())), init] }
+//!     }
+//! }
+//!
+//! fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
+//!     let event_loop = EventLoop::new()?;
+//!
+//!     let mtm = MainThreadMarker::new().unwrap();
+//!     let delegate = AppDelegate::new(mtm);
+//!     // Important: Call `sharedApplication` after `EventLoop::new`,
+//!     // doing it before is not yet supported.
+//!     let app = NSApplication::sharedApplication(mtm);
+//!     app.setDelegate(Some(ProtocolObject::from_ref(&*delegate)));
+//!
+//!     // event_loop.run_app(&mut my_app);
+//!     Ok(())
+//! }
+//! ```
 
 use std::os::raw::c_void;
 
 #[cfg(feature = "serde")]
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 
+use crate::application::ApplicationHandler;
 use crate::event_loop::{ActiveEventLoop, EventLoopBuilder};
 use crate::monitor::MonitorHandle;
-use crate::window::{Window, WindowAttributes};
+use crate::platform_impl::MonitorHandle as MacOsMonitorHandle;
+use crate::window::{Window, WindowAttributes, WindowId};
 
 /// Additional methods on [`Window`] that are specific to MacOS.
 pub trait WindowExtMacOS {
@@ -35,6 +88,9 @@ pub trait WindowExtMacOS {
     /// This is how fullscreen used to work on macOS in versions before Lion.
     /// And allows the user to have a fullscreen window without using another
     /// space or taking control over the entire monitor.
+    ///
+    /// Make sure you only draw your important content inside the safe area so that it does not
+    /// overlap with the notch on newer devices, see [`Window::safe_area`] for details.
     fn set_simple_fullscreen(&self, fullscreen: bool) -> bool;
 
     /// Returns whether or not the window has shadow.
@@ -94,82 +150,136 @@ pub trait WindowExtMacOS {
 
     /// Getter for the [`WindowExtMacOS::set_option_as_alt`].
     fn option_as_alt(&self) -> OptionAsAlt;
+
+    /// Disable the Menu Bar and Dock in Simple or Borderless Fullscreen mode. Useful for games.
+    /// The effect is applied when [`WindowExtMacOS::set_simple_fullscreen`] or
+    /// [`Window::set_fullscreen`] is called.
+    fn set_borderless_game(&self, borderless_game: bool);
+
+    /// Getter for the [`WindowExtMacOS::set_borderless_game`].
+    fn is_borderless_game(&self) -> bool;
+
+    /// Makes the titlebar bigger, effectively adding more space around the
+    /// window controls if the titlebar is invisible.
+    fn set_unified_titlebar(&self, unified_titlebar: bool);
+
+    /// Getter for the [`WindowExtMacOS::set_unified_titlebar`].
+    fn unified_titlebar(&self) -> bool;
 }
 
-impl WindowExtMacOS for Window {
+impl WindowExtMacOS for dyn Window + '_ {
     #[inline]
     fn simple_fullscreen(&self) -> bool {
-        self.window.maybe_wait_on_main(|w| w.simple_fullscreen())
+        let window = self.cast_ref::<crate::platform_impl::Window>().unwrap();
+        window.maybe_wait_on_main(|w| w.simple_fullscreen())
     }
 
     #[inline]
     fn set_simple_fullscreen(&self, fullscreen: bool) -> bool {
-        self.window.maybe_wait_on_main(move |w| w.set_simple_fullscreen(fullscreen))
+        let window = self.cast_ref::<crate::platform_impl::Window>().unwrap();
+        window.maybe_wait_on_main(move |w| w.set_simple_fullscreen(fullscreen))
     }
 
     #[inline]
     fn has_shadow(&self) -> bool {
-        self.window.maybe_wait_on_main(|w| w.has_shadow())
+        let window = self.cast_ref::<crate::platform_impl::Window>().unwrap();
+        window.maybe_wait_on_main(|w| w.has_shadow())
     }
 
     #[inline]
     fn set_has_shadow(&self, has_shadow: bool) {
-        self.window.maybe_queue_on_main(move |w| w.set_has_shadow(has_shadow))
+        let window = self.cast_ref::<crate::platform_impl::Window>().unwrap();
+        window.maybe_wait_on_main(move |w| w.set_has_shadow(has_shadow));
     }
 
     #[inline]
     fn set_tabbing_identifier(&self, identifier: &str) {
-        self.window.maybe_wait_on_main(|w| w.set_tabbing_identifier(identifier))
+        let window = self.cast_ref::<crate::platform_impl::Window>().unwrap();
+        window.maybe_wait_on_main(|w| w.set_tabbing_identifier(identifier))
     }
 
     #[inline]
     fn tabbing_identifier(&self) -> String {
-        self.window.maybe_wait_on_main(|w| w.tabbing_identifier())
+        let window = self.cast_ref::<crate::platform_impl::Window>().unwrap();
+        window.maybe_wait_on_main(|w| w.tabbing_identifier())
     }
 
     #[inline]
     fn select_next_tab(&self) {
-        self.window.maybe_queue_on_main(|w| w.select_next_tab())
+        let window = self.cast_ref::<crate::platform_impl::Window>().unwrap();
+        window.maybe_wait_on_main(|w| w.select_next_tab());
     }
 
     #[inline]
     fn select_previous_tab(&self) {
-        self.window.maybe_queue_on_main(|w| w.select_previous_tab())
+        let window = self.cast_ref::<crate::platform_impl::Window>().unwrap();
+        window.maybe_wait_on_main(|w| w.select_previous_tab());
     }
 
     #[inline]
     fn select_tab_at_index(&self, index: usize) {
-        self.window.maybe_queue_on_main(move |w| w.select_tab_at_index(index))
+        let window = self.cast_ref::<crate::platform_impl::Window>().unwrap();
+        window.maybe_wait_on_main(move |w| w.select_tab_at_index(index));
     }
 
     #[inline]
     fn num_tabs(&self) -> usize {
-        self.window.maybe_wait_on_main(|w| w.num_tabs())
+        let window = self.cast_ref::<crate::platform_impl::Window>().unwrap();
+        window.maybe_wait_on_main(|w| w.num_tabs())
     }
 
     #[inline]
     fn is_document_edited(&self) -> bool {
-        self.window.maybe_wait_on_main(|w| w.is_document_edited())
+        let window = self.cast_ref::<crate::platform_impl::Window>().unwrap();
+        window.maybe_wait_on_main(|w| w.is_document_edited())
     }
 
     #[inline]
     fn set_document_edited(&self, edited: bool) {
-        self.window.maybe_queue_on_main(move |w| w.set_document_edited(edited))
+        let window = self.cast_ref::<crate::platform_impl::Window>().unwrap();
+        window.maybe_wait_on_main(move |w| w.set_document_edited(edited));
     }
 
     #[inline]
     fn set_option_as_alt(&self, option_as_alt: OptionAsAlt) {
-        self.window.maybe_queue_on_main(move |w| w.set_option_as_alt(option_as_alt))
+        let window = self.cast_ref::<crate::platform_impl::Window>().unwrap();
+        window.maybe_wait_on_main(move |w| w.set_option_as_alt(option_as_alt));
     }
 
     #[inline]
     fn option_as_alt(&self) -> OptionAsAlt {
-        self.window.maybe_wait_on_main(|w| w.option_as_alt())
+        let window = self.cast_ref::<crate::platform_impl::Window>().unwrap();
+        window.maybe_wait_on_main(|w| w.option_as_alt())
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn set_borderless_game(&self, borderless_game: bool) {
+        let window = self.cast_ref::<crate::platform_impl::Window>().unwrap();
+        window.maybe_wait_on_main(|w| w.set_borderless_game(borderless_game))
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn is_borderless_game(&self) -> bool {
+        let window = self.cast_ref::<crate::platform_impl::Window>().unwrap();
+        window.maybe_wait_on_main(|w| w.is_borderless_game())
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn set_unified_titlebar(&self, unified_titlebar: bool) {
+        let window = self.cast_ref::<crate::platform_impl::Window>().unwrap();
+        window.maybe_wait_on_main(|w| w.set_unified_titlebar(unified_titlebar))
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn unified_titlebar(&self) -> bool {
+        let window = self.cast_ref::<crate::platform_impl::Window>().unwrap();
+        window.maybe_wait_on_main(|w| w.unified_titlebar())
     }
 }
 
 /// Corresponds to `NSApplicationActivationPolicy`.
 #[derive(Debug, Default, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
+#[cfg_attr(feature = "serde", derive(Serialize, Deserialize))]
 pub enum ActivationPolicy {
     /// Corresponds to `NSApplicationActivationPolicyRegular`.
     #[default]
@@ -216,6 +326,17 @@ pub trait WindowAttributesExtMacOS {
     ///
     /// See [`WindowExtMacOS::set_option_as_alt`] for details on what this means if set.
     fn with_option_as_alt(self, option_as_alt: OptionAsAlt) -> Self;
+    /// See [`WindowExtMacOS::set_borderless_game`] for details on what this means if set.
+    fn with_borderless_game(self, borderless_game: bool) -> Self;
+    /// See [`WindowExtMacOS::set_unified_titlebar`] for details on what this means if set.
+    fn with_unified_titlebar(self, unified_titlebar: bool) -> Self;
+    /// Use [`NSPanel`] window with [`NonactivatingPanel`] window style mask instead of
+    /// [`NSWindow`].
+    ///
+    /// [`NSWindow`]: https://developer.apple.com/documentation/appkit/NSWindow?language=objc
+    /// [`NSPanel`]: https://developer.apple.com/documentation/appkit/NSPanel?language=objc
+    /// [`NonactivatingPanel`]: https://developer.apple.com/documentation/appkit/nswindow/stylemask-swift.struct/nonactivatingpanel?language=objc
+    fn with_panel(self, panel: bool) -> Self;
 }
 
 impl WindowAttributesExtMacOS for WindowAttributes {
@@ -284,23 +405,44 @@ impl WindowAttributesExtMacOS for WindowAttributes {
         self.platform_specific.option_as_alt = option_as_alt;
         self
     }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn with_borderless_game(mut self, borderless_game: bool) -> Self {
+        self.platform_specific.borderless_game = borderless_game;
+        self
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn with_unified_titlebar(mut self, unified_titlebar: bool) -> Self {
+        self.platform_specific.unified_titlebar = unified_titlebar;
+        self
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn with_panel(mut self, panel: bool) -> Self {
+        self.platform_specific.panel = panel;
+        self
+    }
 }
 
 pub trait EventLoopBuilderExtMacOS {
-    /// Sets the activation policy for the application.
+    /// Sets the activation policy for the application. If used, this will override
+    /// any relevant settings provided in the package manifest.
+    /// For instance, `with_activation_policy(ActivationPolicy::Regular)` will prevent
+    /// the application from running as an "agent", even if LSUIElement is set to true.
     ///
-    /// It is set to [`ActivationPolicy::Regular`] by default.
+    /// If unused, the Winit will honor the package manifest.
     ///
     /// # Example
     ///
     /// Set the activation policy to "accessory".
     ///
     /// ```
-    /// use winit::event_loop::EventLoopBuilder;
+    /// use winit::event_loop::EventLoop;
     /// #[cfg(target_os = "macos")]
     /// use winit::platform::macos::{ActivationPolicy, EventLoopBuilderExtMacOS};
     ///
-    /// let mut builder = EventLoopBuilder::new();
+    /// let mut builder = EventLoop::builder();
     /// #[cfg(target_os = "macos")]
     /// builder.with_activation_policy(ActivationPolicy::Accessory);
     /// # if false { // We can't test this part
@@ -318,11 +460,11 @@ pub trait EventLoopBuilderExtMacOS {
     /// Disable creating a default menubar.
     ///
     /// ```
-    /// use winit::event_loop::EventLoopBuilder;
+    /// use winit::event_loop::EventLoop;
     /// #[cfg(target_os = "macos")]
     /// use winit::platform::macos::EventLoopBuilderExtMacOS;
     ///
-    /// let mut builder = EventLoopBuilder::new();
+    /// let mut builder = EventLoop::builder();
     /// #[cfg(target_os = "macos")]
     /// builder.with_default_menu(false);
     /// # if false { // We can't test this part
@@ -338,10 +480,10 @@ pub trait EventLoopBuilderExtMacOS {
     fn with_activate_ignoring_other_apps(&mut self, ignore: bool) -> &mut Self;
 }
 
-impl<T> EventLoopBuilderExtMacOS for EventLoopBuilder<T> {
+impl EventLoopBuilderExtMacOS for EventLoopBuilder {
     #[inline]
     fn with_activation_policy(&mut self, activation_policy: ActivationPolicy) -> &mut Self {
-        self.platform_specific.activation_policy = activation_policy;
+        self.platform_specific.activation_policy = Some(activation_policy);
         self
     }
 
@@ -360,22 +502,16 @@ impl<T> EventLoopBuilderExtMacOS for EventLoopBuilder<T> {
 
 /// Additional methods on [`MonitorHandle`] that are specific to MacOS.
 pub trait MonitorHandleExtMacOS {
-    /// Returns the identifier of the monitor for Cocoa.
-    fn native_id(&self) -> u32;
     /// Returns a pointer to the NSScreen representing this monitor.
     fn ns_screen(&self) -> Option<*mut c_void>;
 }
 
 impl MonitorHandleExtMacOS for MonitorHandle {
-    #[inline]
-    fn native_id(&self) -> u32 {
-        self.inner.native_identifier()
-    }
-
     fn ns_screen(&self) -> Option<*mut c_void> {
+        let monitor = self.cast_ref::<MacOsMonitorHandle>().unwrap();
         // SAFETY: We only use the marker to get a pointer
-        let mtm = unsafe { objc2_foundation::MainThreadMarker::new_unchecked() };
-        self.inner.ns_screen(mtm).map(|s| objc2::rc::Id::as_ptr(&s) as _)
+        let mtm = unsafe { objc2::MainThreadMarker::new_unchecked() };
+        monitor.ns_screen(mtm).map(|s| objc2::rc::Retained::as_ptr(&s) as _)
     }
 }
 
@@ -395,28 +531,40 @@ pub trait ActiveEventLoopExtMacOS {
     fn allows_automatic_window_tabbing(&self) -> bool;
 }
 
-impl ActiveEventLoopExtMacOS for ActiveEventLoop {
+impl ActiveEventLoopExtMacOS for dyn ActiveEventLoop + '_ {
     fn hide_application(&self) {
-        self.p.hide_application()
+        let event_loop = self
+            .cast_ref::<crate::platform_impl::ActiveEventLoop>()
+            .expect("non macOS event loop on macOS");
+        event_loop.hide_application()
     }
 
     fn hide_other_applications(&self) {
-        self.p.hide_other_applications()
+        let event_loop = self
+            .cast_ref::<crate::platform_impl::ActiveEventLoop>()
+            .expect("non macOS event loop on macOS");
+        event_loop.hide_other_applications()
     }
 
     fn set_allows_automatic_window_tabbing(&self, enabled: bool) {
-        self.p.set_allows_automatic_window_tabbing(enabled);
+        let event_loop = self
+            .cast_ref::<crate::platform_impl::ActiveEventLoop>()
+            .expect("non macOS event loop on macOS");
+        event_loop.set_allows_automatic_window_tabbing(enabled);
     }
 
     fn allows_automatic_window_tabbing(&self) -> bool {
-        self.p.allows_automatic_window_tabbing()
+        let event_loop = self
+            .cast_ref::<crate::platform_impl::ActiveEventLoop>()
+            .expect("non macOS event loop on macOS");
+        event_loop.allows_automatic_window_tabbing()
     }
 }
 
 /// Option as alt behavior.
 ///
 /// The default is `None`.
-#[derive(Default, Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[derive(Default, Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
 #[cfg_attr(feature = "serde", derive(Serialize, Deserialize))]
 pub enum OptionAsAlt {
     /// The left `Option` key is treated as `Alt`.
@@ -432,3 +580,52 @@ pub enum OptionAsAlt {
     #[default]
     None,
 }
+
+/// Additional events on [`ApplicationHandler`] that are specific to macOS.
+///
+/// This can be registered with [`ApplicationHandler::macos_handler`].
+pub trait ApplicationHandlerExtMacOS: ApplicationHandler {
+    /// The system interpreted a keypress as a standard key binding command.
+    ///
+    /// Examples include inserting tabs and newlines, or moving the insertion point, see
+    /// [`NSStandardKeyBindingResponding`] for the full list of key bindings. They are often text
+    /// editing related.
+    ///
+    /// This corresponds to the [`doCommandBySelector:`] method on `NSTextInputClient`.
+    ///
+    /// The `action` parameter contains the string representation of the selector. Examples include
+    /// `"insertBacktab:"`, `"indent:"` and `"noop:"`.
+    ///
+    /// # Example
+    ///
+    /// ```ignore
+    /// impl ApplicationHandlerExtMacOS for App {
+    ///     fn standard_key_binding(
+    ///         &mut self,
+    ///         event_loop: &dyn ActiveEventLoop,
+    ///         window_id: WindowId,
+    ///         action: &str,
+    ///     ) {
+    ///         match action {
+    ///             "moveBackward:" => self.cursor.position -= 1,
+    ///             "moveForward:" => self.cursor.position += 1,
+    ///             _ => {} // Ignore other actions
+    ///         }
+    ///     }
+    /// }
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// [`NSStandardKeyBindingResponding`]: https://developer.apple.com/documentation/appkit/nsstandardkeybindingresponding?language=objc
+    /// [`doCommandBySelector:`]: https://developer.apple.com/documentation/appkit/nstextinputclient/1438256-docommandbyselector?language=objc
+    #[doc(alias = "doCommandBySelector:")]
+    fn standard_key_binding(
+        &mut self,
+        event_loop: &dyn ActiveEventLoop,
+        window_id: WindowId,
+        action: &str,
+    ) {
+        let _ = event_loop;
+        let _ = window_id;
+        let _ = action;
+    }
+}

src/platform/mod.rs

@@ -2,25 +2,26 @@
 //!
 //! Only the modules corresponding to the platform you're compiling to will be available.
 
-#[cfg(any(android_platform, docsrs))]
+#[cfg(android_platform)]
 pub mod android;
-#[cfg(any(ios_platform, docsrs))]
+#[cfg(ios_platform)]
 pub mod ios;
-#[cfg(any(macos_platform, docsrs))]
+#[cfg(macos_platform)]
 pub mod macos;
-#[cfg(any(orbital_platform, docsrs))]
+#[cfg(orbital_platform)]
 pub mod orbital;
-#[cfg(any(x11_platform, wayland_platform, docsrs))]
+#[cfg(any(x11_platform, wayland_platform))]
 pub mod startup_notify;
-#[cfg(any(wayland_platform, docsrs))]
+#[cfg(wayland_platform)]
 pub mod wayland;
-#[cfg(any(web_platform, docsrs))]
+#[cfg(web_platform)]
 pub mod web;
-#[cfg(any(windows_platform, docsrs))]
+#[cfg(windows_platform)]
 pub mod windows;
-#[cfg(any(x11_platform, docsrs))]
+#[cfg(x11_platform)]
 pub mod x11;
 
+#[allow(unused_imports)]
 #[cfg(any(
     windows_platform,
     macos_platform,
@@ -41,15 +42,7 @@ pub mod run_on_demand;
 ))]
 pub mod pump_events;
 
-#[cfg(any(
-    windows_platform,
-    macos_platform,
-    x11_platform,
-    wayland_platform,
-    orbital_platform,
-    docsrs
-))]
-pub mod modifier_supplement;
-
 #[cfg(any(windows_platform, macos_platform, x11_platform, wayland_platform, docsrs))]
 pub mod scancode;
+
+pub mod event_loop;

src/platform/modifier_supplement.rs

@@ -1,35 +0,0 @@
-use crate::event::KeyEvent;
-use crate::keyboard::Key;
-
-/// Additional methods for the `KeyEvent` which cannot be implemented on all
-/// platforms.
-pub trait KeyEventExtModifierSupplement {
-    /// Identical to `KeyEvent::text` but this is affected by <kbd>Ctrl</kbd>.
-    ///
-    /// For example, pressing <kbd>Ctrl</kbd>+<kbd>a</kbd> produces `Some("\x01")`.
-    fn text_with_all_modifiers(&self) -> Option<&str>;
-
-    /// This value ignores all modifiers including,
-    /// but not limited to <kbd>Shift</kbd>, <kbd>Caps Lock</kbd>,
-    /// and <kbd>Ctrl</kbd>. In most cases this means that the
-    /// unicode character in the resulting string is lowercase.
-    ///
-    /// This is useful for key-bindings / shortcut key combinations.
-    ///
-    /// In case `logical_key` reports `Dead`, this will still report the
-    /// key as `Character` according to the current keyboard layout. This value
-    /// cannot be `Dead`.
-    fn key_without_modifiers(&self) -> Key;
-}
-
-impl KeyEventExtModifierSupplement for KeyEvent {
-    #[inline]
-    fn text_with_all_modifiers(&self) -> Option<&str> {
-        self.platform_specific.text_with_all_modifiers.as_ref().map(|s| s.as_str())
-    }
-
-    #[inline]
-    fn key_without_modifiers(&self) -> Key {
-        self.platform_specific.key_without_modifiers.clone()
-    }
-}

src/platform/pump_events.rs

@@ -1,14 +1,10 @@
 use std::time::Duration;
 
 use crate::application::ApplicationHandler;
-use crate::event::Event;
-use crate::event_loop::{self, ActiveEventLoop, EventLoop};
+use crate::event_loop::EventLoop;
 
 /// Additional methods on [`EventLoop`] for pumping events within an external event loop
 pub trait EventLoopExtPumpEvents {
-    /// A type provided by the user that can be passed through [`Event::UserEvent`].
-    type UserEvent: 'static;
-
     /// Pump the `EventLoop` to check for and dispatch pending events.
     ///
     /// This API is designed to enable applications to integrate Winit into an
@@ -51,19 +47,19 @@ pub trait EventLoopExtPumpEvents {
     /// buffered and handled outside of Winit include:
     /// - `RedrawRequested` events, used to schedule rendering.
     ///
-    ///     macOS for example uses a `drawRect` callback to drive rendering
-    /// within applications and expects rendering to be finished before
-    /// the `drawRect` callback returns.
+    ///   macOS for example uses a `drawRect` callback to drive rendering
+    ///   within applications and expects rendering to be finished before
+    ///   the `drawRect` callback returns.
     ///
-    ///     For portability it's strongly recommended that applications should
-    /// keep their rendering inside the closure provided to Winit.
+    ///   For portability it's strongly recommended that applications should
+    ///   keep their rendering inside the closure provided to Winit.
     /// - Any lifecycle events, such as `Suspended` / `Resumed`.
     ///
-    ///     The handling of these events needs to be synchronized with the
-    /// operating system and it would never be appropriate to buffer a
-    /// notification that your application has been suspended or resumed and
-    /// then handled that later since there would always be a chance that
-    /// other lifecycle events occur while the event is buffered.
+    ///   The handling of these events needs to be synchronized with the
+    ///   operating system and it would never be appropriate to buffer a
+    ///   notification that your application has been suspended or resumed and
+    ///   then handled that later since there would always be a chance that
+    ///   other lifecycle events occur while the event is buffered.
     ///
     /// ## Supported Platforms
     ///
@@ -74,13 +70,13 @@ pub trait EventLoopExtPumpEvents {
     ///
     /// ## Unsupported Platforms
     ///
-    /// - **Web:**  This API is fundamentally incompatible with the event-based way in which
-    /// Web browsers work because it's not possible to have a long-running external
-    /// loop that would block the browser and there is nothing that can be
-    /// polled to ask for new new events. Events are delivered via callbacks based
-    /// on an event loop that is internal to the browser itself.
+    /// - **Web:**  This API is fundamentally incompatible with the event-based way in which Web
+    ///   browsers work because it's not possible to have a long-running external loop that would
+    ///   block the browser and there is nothing that can be polled to ask for new new events.
+    ///   Events are delivered via callbacks based on an event loop that is internal to the browser
+    ///   itself.
     /// - **iOS:** It's not possible to stop and start an `NSApplication` repeatedly on iOS so
-    /// there's no way to support the same approach to polling as on MacOS.
+    ///   there's no way to support the same approach to polling as on MacOS.
     ///
     /// ## Platform-specific
     ///
@@ -103,38 +99,27 @@ pub trait EventLoopExtPumpEvents {
     ///   If you render outside of Winit you are likely to see window resizing artifacts
     ///   since MacOS expects applications to render synchronously during any `drawRect`
     ///   callback.
-    fn pump_app_events<A: ApplicationHandler<Self::UserEvent>>(
+    fn pump_app_events(
         &mut self,
         timeout: Option<Duration>,
-        app: &mut A,
-    ) -> PumpStatus {
-        #[allow(deprecated)]
-        self.pump_events(timeout, |event, event_loop| {
-            event_loop::dispatch_event_for_app(app, event_loop, event)
-        })
-    }
-
-    /// See [`pump_app_events`].
-    ///
-    /// [`pump_app_events`]: Self::pump_app_events
-    #[deprecated = "use EventLoopExtPumpEvents::pump_app_events"]
-    fn pump_events<F>(&mut self, timeout: Option<Duration>, event_handler: F) -> PumpStatus
+        app: impl ApplicationHandler,
+    ) -> PumpStatus
     where
-        F: FnMut(Event<Self::UserEvent>, &ActiveEventLoop);
+        Self: Sized;
 }
 
-impl<T> EventLoopExtPumpEvents for EventLoop<T> {
-    type UserEvent = T;
-
-    fn pump_events<F>(&mut self, timeout: Option<Duration>, event_handler: F) -> PumpStatus
-    where
-        F: FnMut(Event<Self::UserEvent>, &ActiveEventLoop),
-    {
-        self.event_loop.pump_events(timeout, event_handler)
+impl EventLoopExtPumpEvents for EventLoop {
+    fn pump_app_events(
+        &mut self,
+        timeout: Option<Duration>,
+        app: impl ApplicationHandler,
+    ) -> PumpStatus {
+        self.event_loop.pump_app_events(timeout, app)
     }
 }
 
 /// The return status for `pump_events`
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Eq, Hash, PartialEq)]
 pub enum PumpStatus {
     /// Continue running external loop.
     Continue,

src/platform/run_on_demand.rs

@@ -1,28 +1,17 @@
 use crate::application::ApplicationHandler;
 use crate::error::EventLoopError;
-use crate::event::Event;
-use crate::event_loop::{self, ActiveEventLoop, EventLoop};
-
+use crate::event_loop::EventLoop;
 #[cfg(doc)]
-use crate::{platform::pump_events::EventLoopExtPumpEvents, window::Window};
+use crate::{
+    event_loop::ActiveEventLoop, platform::pump_events::EventLoopExtPumpEvents, window::Window,
+};
 
 /// Additional methods on [`EventLoop`] to return control flow to the caller.
 pub trait EventLoopExtRunOnDemand {
-    /// A type provided by the user that can be passed through [`Event::UserEvent`].
-    type UserEvent: 'static;
-
-    /// See [`run_app_on_demand`].
-    ///
-    /// [`run_app_on_demand`]: Self::run_app_on_demand
-    #[deprecated = "use EventLoopExtRunOnDemand::run_app_on_demand"]
-    fn run_on_demand<F>(&mut self, event_handler: F) -> Result<(), EventLoopError>
-    where
-        F: FnMut(Event<Self::UserEvent>, &ActiveEventLoop);
-
     /// Run the application with the event loop on the calling thread.
     ///
-    /// Unlike [`EventLoop::run_app`], this function accepts non-`'static` (i.e. non-`move`)
-    /// closures and it is possible to return control back to the caller without
+    /// Unlike [`EventLoopProvider::run_app()`], this function accepts non-`'static` (i.e.
+    /// non-`move`) closures and it is possible to return control back to the caller without
     /// consuming the `EventLoop` (by using [`exit()`]) and
     /// so the event loop can be re-run after it has exit.
     ///
@@ -42,11 +31,17 @@ pub trait EventLoopExtRunOnDemand {
     /// # Caveats
     /// - This extension isn't available on all platforms, since it's not always possible to return
     ///   to the caller (specifically this is impossible on iOS and Web - though with the Web
-    ///   backend it is possible to use `EventLoopExtWebSys::spawn()`[^1] more than once instead).
+    ///   backend it is possible to use
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        web_platform,
+        doc = "  [`EventLoopExtWeb::spawn_app()`][crate::platform::web::EventLoopExtWeb::spawn_app()]"
+    )]
+    #[cfg_attr(not(web_platform), doc = "  `EventLoopExtWeb::spawn_app()`")]
+    ///   [^1] more than once instead).
     /// - No [`Window`] state can be carried between separate runs of the event loop.
     ///
-    /// You are strongly encouraged to use [`EventLoop::run_app()`] for portability, unless you
-    /// specifically need the ability to re-run a single event loop more than once
+    /// You are strongly encouraged to use [`EventLoopProvider::run_app()`] for portability, unless
+    /// you specifically need the ability to re-run a single event loop more than once
     ///
     /// # Supported Platforms
     /// - Windows
@@ -60,38 +55,20 @@ pub trait EventLoopExtRunOnDemand {
     ///   block the browser and there is nothing that can be polled to ask for new events. Events
     ///   are delivered via callbacks based on an event loop that is internal to the browser itself.
     /// - **iOS:** It's not possible to stop and start an `UIApplication` repeatedly on iOS.
-    #[cfg_attr(not(web_platform), doc = "[^1]: `spawn()` is only available on `wasm` platforms.")]
-    #[rustfmt::skip]
+    ///
+    /// [^1]: `spawn_app()` is only available on the Web platforms.
     ///
     /// [`exit()`]: ActiveEventLoop::exit()
     /// [`set_control_flow()`]: ActiveEventLoop::set_control_flow()
-    fn run_app_on_demand<A: ApplicationHandler<Self::UserEvent>>(
-        &mut self,
-        app: &mut A,
-    ) -> Result<(), EventLoopError> {
-        #[allow(deprecated)]
-        self.run_on_demand(|event, event_loop| {
-            event_loop::dispatch_event_for_app(app, event_loop, event)
-        })
-    }
-}
-
-impl<T> EventLoopExtRunOnDemand for EventLoop<T> {
-    type UserEvent = T;
-
-    fn run_on_demand<F>(&mut self, event_handler: F) -> Result<(), EventLoopError>
+    /// [`EventLoopProvider::run_app()`]: crate::event_loop::EventLoopProvider::run_app
+    fn run_app_on_demand(&mut self, app: impl ApplicationHandler) -> Result<(), EventLoopError>
     where
-        F: FnMut(Event<Self::UserEvent>, &ActiveEventLoop),
-    {
-        self.event_loop.window_target().clear_exit();
-        self.event_loop.run_on_demand(event_handler)
-    }
+        Self: Sized;
 }
 
-impl ActiveEventLoop {
-    /// Clear exit status.
-    pub(crate) fn clear_exit(&self) {
-        self.p.clear_exit()
+impl EventLoopExtRunOnDemand for EventLoop {
+    fn run_app_on_demand(&mut self, app: impl ApplicationHandler) -> Result<(), EventLoopError> {
+        self.event_loop.run_app_on_demand(app)
     }
 }
 

src/platform/startup_notify.rs

@@ -23,8 +23,10 @@
 
 use std::env;
 
-use crate::error::NotSupportedError;
+use crate::error::{NotSupportedError, RequestError};
 use crate::event_loop::{ActiveEventLoop, AsyncRequestSerial};
+#[cfg(wayland_platform)]
+use crate::platform::wayland::ActiveEventLoopExtWayland;
 use crate::window::{ActivationToken, Window, WindowAttributes};
 
 /// The variable which is used mostly on X11.
@@ -44,7 +46,7 @@ pub trait WindowExtStartupNotify {
     /// Request a new activation token.
     ///
     /// The token will be delivered inside
-    fn request_activation_token(&self) -> Result<AsyncRequestSerial, NotSupportedError>;
+    fn request_activation_token(&self) -> Result<AsyncRequestSerial, RequestError>;
 }
 
 pub trait WindowAttributesExtStartupNotify {
@@ -55,22 +57,34 @@ pub trait WindowAttributesExtStartupNotify {
     fn with_activation_token(self, token: ActivationToken) -> Self;
 }
 
-impl EventLoopExtStartupNotify for ActiveEventLoop {
+impl EventLoopExtStartupNotify for dyn ActiveEventLoop + '_ {
     fn read_token_from_env(&self) -> Option<ActivationToken> {
-        match self.p {
-            #[cfg(wayland_platform)]
-            crate::platform_impl::ActiveEventLoop::Wayland(_) => env::var(WAYLAND_VAR),
-            #[cfg(x11_platform)]
-            crate::platform_impl::ActiveEventLoop::X(_) => env::var(X11_VAR),
+        #[cfg(x11_platform)]
+        let _is_wayland = false;
+        #[cfg(wayland_platform)]
+        let _is_wayland = self.is_wayland();
+
+        if _is_wayland {
+            env::var(WAYLAND_VAR).ok().map(ActivationToken::from_raw)
+        } else {
+            env::var(X11_VAR).ok().map(ActivationToken::from_raw)
         }
-        .ok()
-        .map(ActivationToken::_new)
     }
 }
 
-impl WindowExtStartupNotify for Window {
-    fn request_activation_token(&self) -> Result<AsyncRequestSerial, NotSupportedError> {
-        self.window.request_activation_token()
+impl WindowExtStartupNotify for dyn Window + '_ {
+    fn request_activation_token(&self) -> Result<AsyncRequestSerial, RequestError> {
+        #[cfg(wayland_platform)]
+        if let Some(window) = self.cast_ref::<crate::platform_impl::wayland::Window>() {
+            return window.request_activation_token();
+        }
+
+        #[cfg(x11_platform)]
+        if let Some(window) = self.cast_ref::<crate::platform_impl::x11::window::Window>() {
+            return window.request_activation_token();
+        }
+
+        Err(NotSupportedError::new("startup notify is not supported").into())
     }
 }
 
@@ -94,6 +108,6 @@ pub fn reset_activation_token_env() {
 ///
 /// This could be used before running daemon processes.
 pub fn set_activation_token_env(token: ActivationToken) {
-    env::set_var(X11_VAR, &token._token);
-    env::set_var(WAYLAND_VAR, token._token);
+    env::set_var(X11_VAR, &token.token);
+    env::set_var(WAYLAND_VAR, token.token);
 }

src/platform/wayland.rs

@@ -13,11 +13,14 @@
 //! * `wayland-csd-adwaita` (default).
 //! * `wayland-csd-adwaita-crossfont`.
 //! * `wayland-csd-adwaita-notitle`.
-use crate::event_loop::{ActiveEventLoop, EventLoopBuilder};
-use crate::monitor::MonitorHandle;
-use crate::window::{Window, WindowAttributes};
 
+use std::ffi::c_void;
+use std::ptr::NonNull;
+
+use crate::event_loop::{ActiveEventLoop, EventLoop, EventLoopBuilder};
+use crate::platform_impl::wayland::Window;
 pub use crate::window::Theme;
+use crate::window::{Window as CoreWindow, WindowAttributes};
 
 /// Additional methods on [`ActiveEventLoop`] that are specific to Wayland.
 pub trait ActiveEventLoopExtWayland {
@@ -25,10 +28,23 @@ pub trait ActiveEventLoopExtWayland {
     fn is_wayland(&self) -> bool;
 }
 
-impl ActiveEventLoopExtWayland for ActiveEventLoop {
+impl ActiveEventLoopExtWayland for dyn ActiveEventLoop + '_ {
     #[inline]
     fn is_wayland(&self) -> bool {
-        self.p.is_wayland()
+        self.cast_ref::<crate::platform_impl::wayland::ActiveEventLoop>().is_some()
+    }
+}
+
+/// Additional methods on [`EventLoop`] that are specific to Wayland.
+pub trait EventLoopExtWayland {
+    /// True if the [`EventLoop`] uses Wayland.
+    fn is_wayland(&self) -> bool;
+}
+
+impl EventLoopExtWayland for EventLoop {
+    #[inline]
+    fn is_wayland(&self) -> bool {
+        self.event_loop.is_wayland()
     }
 }
 
@@ -44,7 +60,7 @@ pub trait EventLoopBuilderExtWayland {
     fn with_any_thread(&mut self, any_thread: bool) -> &mut Self;
 }
 
-impl<T> EventLoopBuilderExtWayland for EventLoopBuilder<T> {
+impl EventLoopBuilderExtWayland for EventLoopBuilder {
     #[inline]
     fn with_wayland(&mut self) -> &mut Self {
         self.platform_specific.forced_backend = Some(crate::platform_impl::Backend::Wayland);
@@ -59,9 +75,19 @@ impl<T> EventLoopBuilderExtWayland for EventLoopBuilder<T> {
 }
 
 /// Additional methods on [`Window`] that are specific to Wayland.
-pub trait WindowExtWayland {}
+///
+/// [`Window`]: crate::window::Window
+pub trait WindowExtWayland {
+    /// Returns `xdg_toplevel` of the window or [`None`] if the window is X11 window.
+    fn xdg_toplevel(&self) -> Option<NonNull<c_void>>;
+}
 
-impl WindowExtWayland for Window {}
+impl WindowExtWayland for dyn CoreWindow + '_ {
+    #[inline]
+    fn xdg_toplevel(&self) -> Option<NonNull<c_void>> {
+        self.cast_ref::<Window>()?.xdg_toplevel()
+    }
+}
 
 /// Additional methods on [`WindowAttributes`] that are specific to Wayland.
 pub trait WindowAttributesExtWayland {
@@ -83,16 +109,3 @@ impl WindowAttributesExtWayland for WindowAttributes {
         self
     }
 }
-
-/// Additional methods on `MonitorHandle` that are specific to Wayland.
-pub trait MonitorHandleExtWayland {
-    /// Returns the inner identifier of the monitor.
-    fn native_id(&self) -> u32;
-}
-
-impl MonitorHandleExtWayland for MonitorHandle {
-    #[inline]
-    fn native_id(&self) -> u32 {
-        self.inner.native_identifier()
-    }
-}

src/platform/web.rs

@@ -1,24 +1,23 @@
 //! # Web
 //!
-//! The officially supported browsers are Chrome, Firefox and Safari 13.1+,
-//! though forks of these should work fine.
+//! Winit supports running in Browsers by compiling to WebAssembly with
+//! [`wasm-bindgen`][wasm_bindgen]. For information on using Rust on WebAssembly, check out the
+//! [Rust and WebAssembly book].
 //!
-//! Winit supports compiling to the `wasm32-unknown-unknown` target with
-//! `web-sys`.
+//! The officially supported browsers are Chrome, Firefox and Safari 13.1+, though forks of these
+//! should work fine.
 //!
-//! On the web platform, a Winit window is backed by a `<canvas>` element. You
-//! can either [provide Winit with a `<canvas>` element][with_canvas], or
-//! [let Winit create a `<canvas>` element which you can then retrieve][get]
-//! and insert it into the DOM yourself.
+//! On the Web platform, a Winit [`Window`] is backed by a [`HTMLCanvasElement`][canvas]. Winit will
+//! create that canvas for you or you can [provide your own][with_canvas]. Then you can either let
+//! Winit [insert it into the DOM for you][insert], or [retrieve the canvas][get] and insert it
+//! yourself.
 //!
-//! Currently, there is no example code using Winit on Web, see [#3473]. For
-//! information on using Rust on WebAssembly, check out the [Rust and
-//! WebAssembly book].
-//!
-//! [with_canvas]: WindowAttributesExtWebSys::with_canvas
-//! [get]: WindowExtWebSys::canvas
-//! [#3473]: https://github.com/rust-windowing/winit/issues/3473
-//! [Rust and WebAssembly book]: https://rustwasm.github.io/book/
+//! [canvas]: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/HTMLCanvasElement
+//! [with_canvas]: WindowAttributesExtWeb::with_canvas
+//! [get]: WindowExtWeb::canvas
+//! [insert]: WindowAttributesExtWeb::with_append
+#![cfg_attr(not(web_platform), doc = "[wasm_bindgen]: https://docs.rs/wasm-bindgen")]
+//! [Rust and WebAssembly book]: https://rustwasm.github.io/book
 //!
 //! ## CSS properties
 //!
@@ -28,52 +27,60 @@
 //! - [`padding`](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/padding)
 //!
 //! The following APIs can't take them into account and will therefore provide inaccurate results:
-//! - [`WindowEvent::Resized`] and [`Window::(set_)inner_size()`]
+//! - [`WindowEvent::SurfaceResized`] and [`Window::(set_)surface_size()`]
 //! - [`WindowEvent::Occluded`]
-//! - [`WindowEvent::CursorMoved`], [`WindowEvent::CursorEntered`], [`WindowEvent::CursorLeft`], and
-//!   [`WindowEvent::Touch`].
+//! - [`WindowEvent::PointerMoved`], [`WindowEvent::PointerEntered`] and
+//!   [`WindowEvent::PointerLeft`].
 //! - [`Window::set_outer_position()`]
 //!
-//! [`WindowEvent::Resized`]: crate::event::WindowEvent::Resized
-//! [`Window::(set_)inner_size()`]: crate::window::Window::inner_size
+//! [`WindowEvent::SurfaceResized`]: crate::event::WindowEvent::SurfaceResized
+//! [`Window::(set_)surface_size()`]: crate::window::Window::surface_size
 //! [`WindowEvent::Occluded`]: crate::event::WindowEvent::Occluded
-//! [`WindowEvent::CursorMoved`]: crate::event::WindowEvent::CursorMoved
-//! [`WindowEvent::CursorEntered`]: crate::event::WindowEvent::CursorEntered
-//! [`WindowEvent::CursorLeft`]: crate::event::WindowEvent::CursorLeft
-//! [`WindowEvent::Touch`]: crate::event::WindowEvent::Touch
+//! [`WindowEvent::PointerMoved`]: crate::event::WindowEvent::PointerMoved
+//! [`WindowEvent::PointerEntered`]: crate::event::WindowEvent::PointerEntered
+//! [`WindowEvent::PointerLeft`]: crate::event::WindowEvent::PointerLeft
 //! [`Window::set_outer_position()`]: crate::window::Window::set_outer_position
 
+use std::cell::Ref;
 use std::error::Error;
 use std::fmt::{self, Display, Formatter};
 use std::future::Future;
 use std::pin::Pin;
+use std::sync::Arc;
 use std::task::{Context, Poll};
-use std::time::Duration;
 
+#[cfg(feature = "serde")]
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 #[cfg(web_platform)]
 use web_sys::HtmlCanvasElement;
 
 use crate::application::ApplicationHandler;
 use crate::cursor::CustomCursorSource;
-use crate::event::Event;
-use crate::event_loop::{self, ActiveEventLoop, EventLoop};
+use crate::error::NotSupportedError;
+use crate::event_loop::{ActiveEventLoop, EventLoop};
+use crate::monitor::MonitorHandleProvider;
+use crate::platform_impl::MonitorHandle as WebMonitorHandle;
 #[cfg(web_platform)]
-use crate::platform_impl::CustomCursorFuture as PlatformCustomCursorFuture;
-use crate::platform_impl::PlatformCustomCursorSource;
+use crate::platform_impl::{
+    CustomCursorFuture as PlatformCustomCursorFuture,
+    HasMonitorPermissionFuture as PlatformHasMonitorPermissionFuture,
+    MonitorPermissionFuture as PlatformMonitorPermissionFuture,
+    OrientationLockFuture as PlatformOrientationLockFuture,
+};
 use crate::window::{CustomCursor, Window, WindowAttributes};
 
 #[cfg(not(web_platform))]
 #[doc(hidden)]
 pub struct HtmlCanvasElement;
 
-pub trait WindowExtWebSys {
+pub trait WindowExtWeb {
     /// Only returns the canvas if called from inside the window context (the
     /// main thread).
-    fn canvas(&self) -> Option<HtmlCanvasElement>;
+    fn canvas(&self) -> Option<Ref<'_, HtmlCanvasElement>>;
 
     /// Returns [`true`] if calling `event.preventDefault()` is enabled.
     ///
-    /// See [`Window::set_prevent_default()`] for more details.
+    /// See [`WindowExtWeb::set_prevent_default()`] for more details.
     fn prevent_default(&self) -> bool;
 
     /// Sets whether `event.preventDefault()` should be called on events on the
@@ -85,28 +92,46 @@ pub trait WindowExtWebSys {
     /// Some events are impossible to prevent. E.g. Firefox allows to access the native browser
     /// context menu with Shift+Rightclick.
     fn set_prevent_default(&self, prevent_default: bool);
+
+    /// Returns whether using [`CursorGrabMode::Locked`] returns raw, un-accelerated mouse input.
+    ///
+    /// This is the same as [`ActiveEventLoopExtWeb::is_cursor_lock_raw()`], and is provided for
+    /// convenience.
+    ///
+    /// [`CursorGrabMode::Locked`]: crate::window::CursorGrabMode::Locked
+    fn is_cursor_lock_raw(&self) -> bool;
 }
 
-impl WindowExtWebSys for Window {
+impl WindowExtWeb for dyn Window + '_ {
     #[inline]
-    fn canvas(&self) -> Option<HtmlCanvasElement> {
-        self.window.canvas()
+    fn canvas(&self) -> Option<Ref<'_, HtmlCanvasElement>> {
+        self.cast_ref::<crate::platform_impl::Window>().expect("non Web window on Web").canvas()
     }
 
     fn prevent_default(&self) -> bool {
-        self.window.prevent_default()
+        self.cast_ref::<crate::platform_impl::Window>()
+            .expect("non Web window on Web")
+            .prevent_default()
     }
 
     fn set_prevent_default(&self, prevent_default: bool) {
-        self.window.set_prevent_default(prevent_default)
+        self.cast_ref::<crate::platform_impl::Window>()
+            .expect("non Web window on Web")
+            .set_prevent_default(prevent_default)
+    }
+
+    fn is_cursor_lock_raw(&self) -> bool {
+        self.cast_ref::<crate::platform_impl::Window>()
+            .expect("non Web window on Web")
+            .is_cursor_lock_raw()
     }
 }
 
-pub trait WindowAttributesExtWebSys {
+pub trait WindowAttributesExtWeb {
     /// Pass an [`HtmlCanvasElement`] to be used for this [`Window`]. If [`None`],
     /// [`WindowAttributes::default()`] will create one.
     ///
-    /// In any case, the canvas won't be automatically inserted into the web page.
+    /// In any case, the canvas won't be automatically inserted into the Web page.
     ///
     /// [`None`] by default.
     #[cfg_attr(not(web_platform), doc = "", doc = "[`HtmlCanvasElement`]: #only-available-on-wasm")]
@@ -115,7 +140,7 @@ pub trait WindowAttributesExtWebSys {
     /// Sets whether `event.preventDefault()` should be called on events on the
     /// canvas that have side effects.
     ///
-    /// See [`Window::set_prevent_default()`] for more details.
+    /// See [`WindowExtWeb::set_prevent_default()`] for more details.
     ///
     /// Enabled by default.
     fn with_prevent_default(self, prevent_default: bool) -> Self;
@@ -126,13 +151,13 @@ pub trait WindowAttributesExtWebSys {
     /// Enabled by default.
     fn with_focusable(self, focusable: bool) -> Self;
 
-    /// On window creation, append the canvas element to the web page if it isn't already.
+    /// On window creation, append the canvas element to the Web page if it isn't already.
     ///
     /// Disabled by default.
     fn with_append(self, append: bool) -> Self;
 }
 
-impl WindowAttributesExtWebSys for WindowAttributes {
+impl WindowAttributesExtWeb for WindowAttributes {
     fn with_canvas(mut self, canvas: Option<HtmlCanvasElement>) -> Self {
         self.platform_specific.set_canvas(canvas);
         self
@@ -154,11 +179,8 @@ impl WindowAttributesExtWebSys for WindowAttributes {
     }
 }
 
-/// Additional methods on `EventLoop` that are specific to the web.
-pub trait EventLoopExtWebSys {
-    /// A type provided by the user that can be passed through `Event::UserEvent`.
-    type UserEvent: 'static;
-
+/// Additional methods on `EventLoop` that are specific to the Web.
+pub trait EventLoopExtWeb {
     /// Initializes the winit event loop.
     ///
     /// Unlike
@@ -178,38 +200,11 @@ pub trait EventLoopExtWebSys {
     ///
     #[cfg_attr(
         not(all(web_platform, target_feature = "exception-handling")),
-        doc = "[`run_app()`]: EventLoop::run_app()"
+        doc = "[`run_app()`]: crate::event_loop::EventLoopProvider::run_app()"
     )]
-    /// [^1]: `run_app()` is _not_ available on WASM when the target supports `exception-handling`.
-    fn spawn_app<A: ApplicationHandler<Self::UserEvent> + 'static>(self, app: A);
+    /// [^1]: `run_app()` is _not_ available on Wasm when the target supports `exception-handling`.
+    fn spawn_app<A: ApplicationHandler + 'static>(self, app: A);
 
-    /// See [`spawn_app`].
-    ///
-    /// [`spawn_app`]: Self::spawn_app
-    #[deprecated = "use EventLoopExtWebSys::spawn_app"]
-    fn spawn<F>(self, event_handler: F)
-    where
-        F: 'static + FnMut(Event<Self::UserEvent>, &ActiveEventLoop);
-}
-
-impl<T> EventLoopExtWebSys for EventLoop<T> {
-    type UserEvent = T;
-
-    fn spawn_app<A: ApplicationHandler<Self::UserEvent> + 'static>(self, mut app: A) {
-        self.event_loop.spawn(move |event, event_loop| {
-            event_loop::dispatch_event_for_app(&mut app, event_loop, event)
-        });
-    }
-
-    fn spawn<F>(self, event_handler: F)
-    where
-        F: 'static + FnMut(Event<Self::UserEvent>, &ActiveEventLoop),
-    {
-        self.event_loop.spawn(event_handler)
-    }
-}
-
-pub trait ActiveEventLoopExtWebSys {
     /// Sets the strategy for [`ControlFlow::Poll`].
     ///
     /// See [`PollStrategy`].
@@ -224,30 +219,225 @@ pub trait ActiveEventLoopExtWebSys {
     /// [`ControlFlow::Poll`]: crate::event_loop::ControlFlow::Poll
     fn poll_strategy(&self) -> PollStrategy;
 
+    /// Sets the strategy for [`ControlFlow::WaitUntil`].
+    ///
+    /// See [`WaitUntilStrategy`].
+    ///
+    /// [`ControlFlow::WaitUntil`]: crate::event_loop::ControlFlow::WaitUntil
+    fn set_wait_until_strategy(&self, strategy: WaitUntilStrategy);
+
+    /// Gets the strategy for [`ControlFlow::WaitUntil`].
+    ///
+    /// See [`WaitUntilStrategy`].
+    ///
+    /// [`ControlFlow::WaitUntil`]: crate::event_loop::ControlFlow::WaitUntil
+    fn wait_until_strategy(&self) -> WaitUntilStrategy;
+
+    /// Returns if the users device has multiple screens. Useful to check before prompting the user
+    /// with [`EventLoopExtWeb::request_detailed_monitor_permission()`].
+    ///
+    /// Browsers might always return [`false`] to reduce fingerprinting.
+    fn has_multiple_screens(&self) -> Result<bool, NotSupportedError>;
+
+    /// Prompts the user for permission to query detailed information about available monitors. The
+    /// returned [`MonitorPermissionFuture`] can be dropped without aborting the request.
+    ///
+    /// Check [`EventLoopExtWeb::has_multiple_screens()`] before unnecessarily prompting the user
+    /// for such permissions.
+    ///
+    /// [`MonitorHandle`]s don't automatically make use of this after permission is granted. New
+    /// [`MonitorHandle`]s have to be created instead.
+    ///
+    /// [`MonitorHandle`]: crate::monitor::MonitorHandle
+    fn request_detailed_monitor_permission(&self) -> MonitorPermissionFuture;
+
+    /// Returns whether the user has given permission to access detailed monitor information.
+    ///
+    /// [`MonitorHandle`]s don't automatically make use of detailed monitor information after
+    /// permission is granted. New [`MonitorHandle`]s have to be created instead.
+    ///
+    /// [`MonitorHandle`]: crate::monitor::MonitorHandle
+    ///
+    /// [`MonitorHandle`]: crate::monitor::MonitorHandle
+    fn has_detailed_monitor_permission(&self) -> HasMonitorPermissionFuture;
+}
+
+impl EventLoopExtWeb for EventLoop {
+    fn spawn_app<A: ApplicationHandler + 'static>(self, app: A) {
+        self.event_loop.spawn_app(app);
+    }
+
+    fn set_poll_strategy(&self, strategy: PollStrategy) {
+        self.event_loop.set_poll_strategy(strategy);
+    }
+
+    fn poll_strategy(&self) -> PollStrategy {
+        self.event_loop.poll_strategy()
+    }
+
+    fn set_wait_until_strategy(&self, strategy: WaitUntilStrategy) {
+        self.event_loop.set_wait_until_strategy(strategy);
+    }
+
+    fn wait_until_strategy(&self) -> WaitUntilStrategy {
+        self.event_loop.wait_until_strategy()
+    }
+
+    fn has_multiple_screens(&self) -> Result<bool, NotSupportedError> {
+        self.event_loop.has_multiple_screens()
+    }
+
+    fn request_detailed_monitor_permission(&self) -> MonitorPermissionFuture {
+        MonitorPermissionFuture(self.event_loop.request_detailed_monitor_permission())
+    }
+
+    fn has_detailed_monitor_permission(&self) -> HasMonitorPermissionFuture {
+        HasMonitorPermissionFuture(self.event_loop.has_detailed_monitor_permission())
+    }
+}
+
+pub trait ActiveEventLoopExtWeb {
+    /// Sets the strategy for [`ControlFlow::Poll`].
+    ///
+    /// See [`PollStrategy`].
+    ///
+    /// [`ControlFlow::Poll`]: crate::event_loop::ControlFlow::Poll
+    fn set_poll_strategy(&self, strategy: PollStrategy);
+
+    /// Gets the strategy for [`ControlFlow::Poll`].
+    ///
+    /// See [`PollStrategy`].
+    ///
+    /// [`ControlFlow::Poll`]: crate::event_loop::ControlFlow::Poll
+    fn poll_strategy(&self) -> PollStrategy;
+
+    /// Sets the strategy for [`ControlFlow::WaitUntil`].
+    ///
+    /// See [`WaitUntilStrategy`].
+    ///
+    /// [`ControlFlow::WaitUntil`]: crate::event_loop::ControlFlow::WaitUntil
+    fn set_wait_until_strategy(&self, strategy: WaitUntilStrategy);
+
+    /// Gets the strategy for [`ControlFlow::WaitUntil`].
+    ///
+    /// See [`WaitUntilStrategy`].
+    ///
+    /// [`ControlFlow::WaitUntil`]: crate::event_loop::ControlFlow::WaitUntil
+    fn wait_until_strategy(&self) -> WaitUntilStrategy;
+
     /// Async version of [`ActiveEventLoop::create_custom_cursor()`] which waits until the
     /// cursor has completely finished loading.
     fn create_custom_cursor_async(&self, source: CustomCursorSource) -> CustomCursorFuture;
+
+    /// Returns whether using [`CursorGrabMode::Locked`] returns raw, un-accelerated mouse input.
+    ///
+    /// [`CursorGrabMode::Locked`]: crate::window::CursorGrabMode::Locked
+    fn is_cursor_lock_raw(&self) -> bool;
+
+    /// Returns if the users device has multiple screens. Useful to check before prompting the user
+    /// with [`EventLoopExtWeb::request_detailed_monitor_permission()`].
+    ///
+    /// Browsers might always return [`false`] to reduce fingerprinting.
+    fn has_multiple_screens(&self) -> Result<bool, NotSupportedError>;
+
+    /// Prompts the user for permission to query detailed information about available monitors. The
+    /// returned [`MonitorPermissionFuture`] can be dropped without aborting the request.
+    ///
+    /// Check [`EventLoopExtWeb::has_multiple_screens()`] before unnecessarily prompting the user
+    /// for such permissions.
+    ///
+    /// [`MonitorHandle`]s don't automatically make use of this after permission is granted. New
+    /// [`MonitorHandle`]s have to be created instead.
+    ///
+    /// [`MonitorHandle`]: crate::monitor::MonitorHandle
+    fn request_detailed_monitor_permission(&self) -> MonitorPermissionFuture;
+
+    /// Returns whether the user has given permission to access detailed monitor information.
+    ///
+    /// [`MonitorHandle`]s don't automatically make use of detailed monitor information after
+    /// permission is granted. New [`MonitorHandle`]s have to be created instead.
+    ///
+    /// [`MonitorHandle`]: crate::monitor::MonitorHandle
+    fn has_detailed_monitor_permission(&self) -> bool;
 }
 
-impl ActiveEventLoopExtWebSys for ActiveEventLoop {
+impl ActiveEventLoopExtWeb for dyn ActiveEventLoop + '_ {
     #[inline]
     fn create_custom_cursor_async(&self, source: CustomCursorSource) -> CustomCursorFuture {
-        self.p.create_custom_cursor_async(source)
+        let event_loop = self
+            .cast_ref::<crate::platform_impl::ActiveEventLoop>()
+            .expect("non Web event loop on Web");
+        event_loop.create_custom_cursor_async(source)
     }
 
     #[inline]
     fn set_poll_strategy(&self, strategy: PollStrategy) {
-        self.p.set_poll_strategy(strategy);
+        let event_loop = self
+            .cast_ref::<crate::platform_impl::ActiveEventLoop>()
+            .expect("non Web event loop on Web");
+        event_loop.set_poll_strategy(strategy);
     }
 
     #[inline]
     fn poll_strategy(&self) -> PollStrategy {
-        self.p.poll_strategy()
+        let event_loop = self
+            .cast_ref::<crate::platform_impl::ActiveEventLoop>()
+            .expect("non Web event loop on Web");
+        event_loop.poll_strategy()
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn set_wait_until_strategy(&self, strategy: WaitUntilStrategy) {
+        let event_loop = self
+            .cast_ref::<crate::platform_impl::ActiveEventLoop>()
+            .expect("non Web event loop on Web");
+        event_loop.set_wait_until_strategy(strategy);
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn wait_until_strategy(&self) -> WaitUntilStrategy {
+        let event_loop = self
+            .cast_ref::<crate::platform_impl::ActiveEventLoop>()
+            .expect("non Web event loop on Web");
+        event_loop.wait_until_strategy()
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn is_cursor_lock_raw(&self) -> bool {
+        let event_loop = self
+            .cast_ref::<crate::platform_impl::ActiveEventLoop>()
+            .expect("non Web event loop on Web");
+        event_loop.is_cursor_lock_raw()
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn has_multiple_screens(&self) -> Result<bool, NotSupportedError> {
+        let event_loop = self
+            .cast_ref::<crate::platform_impl::ActiveEventLoop>()
+            .expect("non Web event loop on Web");
+        event_loop.has_multiple_screens()
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn request_detailed_monitor_permission(&self) -> MonitorPermissionFuture {
+        let event_loop = self
+            .cast_ref::<crate::platform_impl::ActiveEventLoop>()
+            .expect("non Web event loop on Web");
+        MonitorPermissionFuture(event_loop.request_detailed_monitor_permission())
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn has_detailed_monitor_permission(&self) -> bool {
+        let event_loop = self
+            .cast_ref::<crate::platform_impl::ActiveEventLoop>()
+            .expect("non Web event loop on Web");
+        event_loop.has_detailed_monitor_permission()
     }
 }
 
 /// Strategy used for [`ControlFlow::Poll`][crate::event_loop::ControlFlow::Poll].
-#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Default, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Default, Eq, Hash, PartialEq)]
+#[cfg_attr(feature = "serde", derive(Serialize, Deserialize))]
 pub enum PollStrategy {
     /// Uses [`Window.requestIdleCallback()`] to queue the next event loop. If not available
     /// this will fallback to [`setTimeout()`].
@@ -272,72 +462,30 @@ pub enum PollStrategy {
     Scheduler,
 }
 
-pub trait CustomCursorExtWebSys {
-    /// Returns if this cursor is an animation.
-    fn is_animation(&self) -> bool;
-
-    /// Creates a new cursor from a URL pointing to an image.
-    /// It uses the [url css function](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/url),
-    /// but browser support for image formats is inconsistent. Using [PNG] is recommended.
+/// Strategy used for [`ControlFlow::WaitUntil`][crate::event_loop::ControlFlow::WaitUntil].
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Default, Eq, Hash, PartialEq)]
+#[cfg_attr(feature = "serde", derive(Serialize, Deserialize))]
+pub enum WaitUntilStrategy {
+    /// Uses the [Prioritized Task Scheduling API] to queue the next event loop. If not available
+    /// this will fallback to [`setTimeout()`].
     ///
-    /// [PNG]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PNG
-    fn from_url(url: String, hotspot_x: u16, hotspot_y: u16) -> CustomCursorSource;
-
-    /// Crates a new animated cursor from multiple [`CustomCursor`]s.
-    /// Supplied `cursors` can't be empty or other animations.
-    fn from_animation(
-        duration: Duration,
-        cursors: Vec<CustomCursor>,
-    ) -> Result<CustomCursorSource, BadAnimation>;
+    /// This strategy is commonly not affected by browser throttling unless the window is not
+    /// focused.
+    ///
+    /// This is the default strategy.
+    ///
+    /// [Prioritized Task Scheduling API]: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Prioritized_Task_Scheduling_API
+    /// [`setTimeout()`]: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/setTimeout
+    #[default]
+    Scheduler,
+    /// Equal to [`Scheduler`][Self::Scheduler] but wakes up the event loop from a [worker].
+    ///
+    /// This strategy is commonly not affected by browser throttling regardless of window focus.
+    ///
+    /// [worker]: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Web_Workers_API
+    Worker,
 }
 
-impl CustomCursorExtWebSys for CustomCursor {
-    fn is_animation(&self) -> bool {
-        self.inner.animation
-    }
-
-    fn from_url(url: String, hotspot_x: u16, hotspot_y: u16) -> CustomCursorSource {
-        CustomCursorSource { inner: PlatformCustomCursorSource::Url { url, hotspot_x, hotspot_y } }
-    }
-
-    fn from_animation(
-        duration: Duration,
-        cursors: Vec<CustomCursor>,
-    ) -> Result<CustomCursorSource, BadAnimation> {
-        if cursors.is_empty() {
-            return Err(BadAnimation::Empty);
-        }
-
-        if cursors.iter().any(CustomCursor::is_animation) {
-            return Err(BadAnimation::Animation);
-        }
-
-        Ok(CustomCursorSource {
-            inner: PlatformCustomCursorSource::Animation { duration, cursors },
-        })
-    }
-}
-
-/// An error produced when using [`CustomCursor::from_animation`] with invalid arguments.
-#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
-pub enum BadAnimation {
-    /// Produced when no cursors were supplied.
-    Empty,
-    /// Produced when a supplied cursor is an animation.
-    Animation,
-}
-
-impl fmt::Display for BadAnimation {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
-        match self {
-            Self::Empty => write!(f, "No cursors supplied"),
-            Self::Animation => write!(f, "A supplied cursor is an animtion"),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl Error for BadAnimation {}
-
 #[cfg(not(web_platform))]
 struct PlatformCustomCursorFuture;
 
@@ -348,15 +496,15 @@ impl Future for CustomCursorFuture {
     type Output = Result<CustomCursor, CustomCursorError>;
 
     fn poll(mut self: Pin<&mut Self>, cx: &mut Context<'_>) -> Poll<Self::Output> {
-        Pin::new(&mut self.0).poll(cx).map_ok(|cursor| CustomCursor { inner: cursor })
+        Pin::new(&mut self.0).poll(cx).map_ok(|cursor| CustomCursor(Arc::new(cursor)))
     }
 }
 
-#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, Eq, Hash, PartialEq)]
+#[cfg_attr(feature = "serde", derive(Serialize, Deserialize))]
 pub enum CustomCursorError {
     Blob,
     Decode(String),
-    Animation,
 }
 
 impl Display for CustomCursorError {
@@ -364,9 +512,203 @@ impl Display for CustomCursorError {
         match self {
             Self::Blob => write!(f, "failed to create `Blob`"),
             Self::Decode(error) => write!(f, "failed to decode image: {error}"),
-            Self::Animation => {
-                write!(f, "found `CustomCursor` that is an animation when building an animation")
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Error for CustomCursorError {}
+
+#[cfg(not(web_platform))]
+struct PlatformMonitorPermissionFuture;
+
+/// Can be dropped without aborting the request for detailed monitor permissions.
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct MonitorPermissionFuture(pub(crate) PlatformMonitorPermissionFuture);
+
+impl Future for MonitorPermissionFuture {
+    type Output = Result<(), MonitorPermissionError>;
+
+    fn poll(mut self: Pin<&mut Self>, cx: &mut Context<'_>) -> Poll<Self::Output> {
+        Pin::new(&mut self.0).poll(cx)
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Eq, Hash, PartialEq)]
+pub enum MonitorPermissionError {
+    /// User has explicitly denied permission to query detailed monitor information.
+    Denied,
+    /// User has not decided to give permission to query detailed monitor information.
+    Prompt,
+    /// Browser does not support detailed monitor information.
+    Unsupported,
+}
+
+impl Display for MonitorPermissionError {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        match self {
+            MonitorPermissionError::Denied => write!(
+                f,
+                "User has explicitly denied permission to query detailed monitor information"
+            ),
+            MonitorPermissionError::Prompt => write!(
+                f,
+                "User has not decided to give permission to query detailed monitor information"
+            ),
+            MonitorPermissionError::Unsupported => {
+                write!(f, "Browser does not support detailed monitor information")
             },
         }
     }
 }
+
+impl Error for MonitorPermissionError {}
+
+#[cfg(not(web_platform))]
+struct PlatformHasMonitorPermissionFuture;
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct HasMonitorPermissionFuture(PlatformHasMonitorPermissionFuture);
+
+impl Future for HasMonitorPermissionFuture {
+    type Output = bool;
+
+    fn poll(mut self: Pin<&mut Self>, cx: &mut Context<'_>) -> Poll<Self::Output> {
+        Pin::new(&mut self.0).poll(cx)
+    }
+}
+
+/// Additional methods on [`MonitorHandle`] that are specific to the Web.
+///
+/// [`MonitorHandle`]: crate::monitor::MonitorHandle
+pub trait MonitorHandleExtWeb {
+    /// Returns whether the screen is internal to the device or external.
+    ///
+    /// External devices are generally manufactured separately from the device they are attached to
+    /// and can be connected and disconnected as needed, whereas internal screens are part of
+    /// the device and not intended to be disconnected.
+    fn is_internal(&self) -> Option<bool>;
+
+    /// Returns screen orientation data for this monitor.
+    fn orientation(&self) -> OrientationData;
+
+    /// Lock the screen orientation. The returned [`OrientationLockFuture`] can be dropped without
+    /// aborting the request.
+    ///
+    /// Will fail if another locking call is in progress.
+    fn request_lock(&self, orientation: OrientationLock) -> OrientationLockFuture;
+
+    /// Unlock the screen orientation.
+    ///
+    /// Will fail if a locking call is in progress.
+    fn unlock(&self) -> Result<(), OrientationLockError>;
+
+    /// Returns whether this [`MonitorHandle`] was created using detailed monitor permissions. If
+    /// [`false`] will always represent the current monitor the browser window is in instead of a
+    /// specific monitor.
+    ///
+    /// See [`ActiveEventLoopExtWeb::request_detailed_monitor_permission()`].
+    ///
+    /// [`MonitorHandle`]: crate::monitor::MonitorHandle
+    fn is_detailed(&self) -> bool;
+}
+
+impl MonitorHandleExtWeb for dyn MonitorHandleProvider + '_ {
+    fn is_internal(&self) -> Option<bool> {
+        self.cast_ref::<WebMonitorHandle>().unwrap().is_internal()
+    }
+
+    fn orientation(&self) -> OrientationData {
+        self.cast_ref::<WebMonitorHandle>().unwrap().orientation()
+    }
+
+    fn request_lock(&self, orientation_lock: OrientationLock) -> OrientationLockFuture {
+        let future = self.cast_ref::<WebMonitorHandle>().unwrap().request_lock(orientation_lock);
+        OrientationLockFuture(future)
+    }
+
+    fn unlock(&self) -> Result<(), OrientationLockError> {
+        self.cast_ref::<WebMonitorHandle>().unwrap().unlock()
+    }
+
+    fn is_detailed(&self) -> bool {
+        self.cast_ref::<WebMonitorHandle>().unwrap().is_detailed()
+    }
+}
+
+/// Screen orientation data.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Eq, Hash, PartialEq)]
+pub struct OrientationData {
+    /// The orientation.
+    pub orientation: Orientation,
+    /// [`true`] if the [`orientation`](Self::orientation) is flipped upside down.
+    pub flipped: bool,
+    /// The most natural orientation for the screen. Computer monitors are commonly naturally
+    /// landscape mode, while mobile phones are commonly naturally portrait mode.
+    pub natural: Orientation,
+}
+
+/// Screen orientation.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Eq, Hash, PartialEq)]
+pub enum Orientation {
+    /// The screen's aspect ratio has a width greater than the height.
+    Landscape,
+    /// The screen's aspect ratio has a height greater than the width.
+    Portrait,
+}
+
+/// Screen orientation lock options. Represents which orientations a user can use.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Eq, Hash, PartialEq)]
+pub enum OrientationLock {
+    /// User is free to use any orientation.
+    Any,
+    /// User is locked to the most upright natural orientation for the screen. Computer monitors
+    /// are commonly naturally landscape mode, while mobile phones are commonly
+    /// naturally portrait mode.
+    Natural,
+    /// User is locked to landscape mode.
+    Landscape {
+        /// - [`None`]: User is locked to both upright or upside down landscape mode.
+        /// - [`true`]: User is locked to upright landscape mode.
+        /// - [`false`]: User is locked to upside down landscape mode.
+        flipped: Option<bool>,
+    },
+    /// User is locked to portrait mode.
+    Portrait {
+        /// - [`None`]: User is locked to both upright or upside down portrait mode.
+        /// - [`true`]: User is locked to upright portrait mode.
+        /// - [`false`]: User is locked to upside down portrait mode.
+        flipped: Option<bool>,
+    },
+}
+
+#[cfg(not(web_platform))]
+struct PlatformOrientationLockFuture;
+
+/// Can be dropped without aborting the request to lock the screen.
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct OrientationLockFuture(PlatformOrientationLockFuture);
+
+impl Future for OrientationLockFuture {
+    type Output = Result<(), OrientationLockError>;
+
+    fn poll(mut self: Pin<&mut Self>, cx: &mut Context<'_>) -> Poll<Self::Output> {
+        Pin::new(&mut self.0).poll(cx)
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Eq, Hash, PartialEq)]
+pub enum OrientationLockError {
+    Unsupported,
+    Busy,
+}
+
+impl Display for OrientationLockError {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        match self {
+            Self::Unsupported => write!(f, "Locking the screen orientation is not supported"),
+            Self::Busy => write!(f, "Another locking call is in progress"),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Error for OrientationLockError {}

src/platform/windows.rs

@@ -4,20 +4,28 @@
 //! tested regularly.
 use std::borrow::Borrow;
 use std::ffi::c_void;
+use std::ops::Deref;
 use std::path::Path;
+use std::sync::Arc;
+
+#[cfg(feature = "serde")]
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+#[cfg(windows_platform)]
+use windows_sys::Win32::Foundation::HANDLE;
 
 use crate::dpi::PhysicalSize;
 use crate::event::DeviceId;
 use crate::event_loop::EventLoopBuilder;
-use crate::monitor::MonitorHandle;
-use crate::window::{BadIcon, Icon, Window, WindowAttributes};
+use crate::icon::BadIcon;
+use crate::platform_impl::RaiiIcon;
+use crate::window::{Icon, Window, WindowAttributes};
 
 /// Window Handle type used by Win32 API
-pub type HWND = isize;
+pub type HWND = *mut c_void;
 /// Menu Handle type used by Win32 API
-pub type HMENU = isize;
+pub type HMENU = *mut c_void;
 /// Monitor Handle type used by Win32 API
-pub type HMONITOR = isize;
+pub type HMONITOR = *mut c_void;
 
 /// Describes a system-drawn backdrop material of a window.
 ///
@@ -25,6 +33,7 @@ pub type HMONITOR = isize;
 ///
 /// [`DWM_SYSTEMBACKDROP_TYPE docs`]: https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/api/dwmapi/ne-dwmapi-dwm_systembackdrop_type
 #[derive(Debug, Default, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
+#[cfg_attr(feature = "serde", derive(Serialize, Deserialize))]
 pub enum BackdropType {
     /// Corresponds to `DWMSBT_AUTO`.
     ///
@@ -54,6 +63,7 @@ pub enum BackdropType {
 /// Describes a color used by Windows
 #[repr(transparent)]
 #[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, Eq, PartialEq, Hash)]
+#[cfg_attr(feature = "serde", derive(Serialize, Deserialize))]
 pub struct Color(u32);
 
 impl Color {
@@ -82,6 +92,7 @@ impl Default for Color {
 /// [`DWM_WINDOW_CORNER_PREFERENCE docs`]: https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/api/dwmapi/ne-dwmapi-dwm_window_corner_preference
 #[repr(i32)]
 #[derive(Debug, Default, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
+#[cfg_attr(feature = "serde", derive(Serialize, Deserialize))]
 pub enum CornerPreference {
     /// Corresponds to `DWMWCP_DEFAULT`.
     ///
@@ -108,51 +119,25 @@ pub enum CornerPreference {
 /// A wrapper around a [`Window`] that ignores thread-specific window handle limitations.
 ///
 /// See [`WindowBorrowExtWindows::any_thread`] for more information.
-#[derive(Debug)]
-pub struct AnyThread<W>(W);
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+pub struct AnyThread<W: Window>(W);
 
-impl<W: Borrow<Window>> AnyThread<W> {
+impl<W: Window> AnyThread<W> {
     /// Get a reference to the inner window.
     #[inline]
-    pub fn get_ref(&self) -> &Window {
-        self.0.borrow()
-    }
-
-    /// Get a reference to the inner object.
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn inner(&self) -> &W {
+    pub fn get_ref(&self) -> &dyn Window {
         &self.0
     }
-
-    /// Unwrap and get the inner window.
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn into_inner(self) -> W {
-        self.0
-    }
 }
 
-impl<W: Borrow<Window>> AsRef<Window> for AnyThread<W> {
-    fn as_ref(&self) -> &Window {
-        self.get_ref()
-    }
-}
-
-impl<W: Borrow<Window>> Borrow<Window> for AnyThread<W> {
-    fn borrow(&self) -> &Window {
-        self.get_ref()
-    }
-}
-
-impl<W: Borrow<Window>> std::ops::Deref for AnyThread<W> {
-    type Target = Window;
-
+impl<W: Window> Deref for AnyThread<W> {
+    type Target = W;
     fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target {
-        self.get_ref()
+        &self.0
     }
 }
 
-#[cfg(feature = "rwh_06")]
-impl<W: Borrow<Window>> rwh_06::HasWindowHandle for AnyThread<W> {
+impl<W: Window> rwh_06::HasWindowHandle for AnyThread<W> {
     fn window_handle(&self) -> Result<rwh_06::WindowHandle<'_>, rwh_06::HandleError> {
         // SAFETY: The top level user has asserted this is only used safely.
         unsafe { self.get_ref().window_handle_any_thread() }
@@ -183,11 +168,11 @@ pub trait EventLoopBuilderExtWindows {
     /// Disable process-wide DPI awareness.
     ///
     /// ```
-    /// use winit::event_loop::EventLoopBuilder;
+    /// use winit::event_loop::EventLoop;
     /// #[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
     /// use winit::platform::windows::EventLoopBuilderExtWindows;
     ///
-    /// let mut builder = EventLoopBuilder::new();
+    /// let mut builder = EventLoop::builder();
     /// #[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
     /// builder.with_dpi_aware(false);
     /// # if false { // We can't test this part
@@ -203,11 +188,11 @@ pub trait EventLoopBuilderExtWindows {
     ///
     /// ```
     /// # use windows_sys::Win32::UI::WindowsAndMessaging::{ACCEL, CreateAcceleratorTableW, TranslateAcceleratorW, DispatchMessageW, TranslateMessage, MSG};
-    /// use winit::event_loop::EventLoopBuilder;
+    /// use winit::event_loop::EventLoop;
     /// #[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
     /// use winit::platform::windows::EventLoopBuilderExtWindows;
     ///
-    /// let mut builder = EventLoopBuilder::new();
+    /// let mut builder = EventLoop::builder();
     /// #[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
     /// builder.with_msg_hook(|msg|{
     ///     let msg = msg as *const MSG;
@@ -227,7 +212,7 @@ pub trait EventLoopBuilderExtWindows {
         F: FnMut(*const c_void) -> bool + 'static;
 }
 
-impl<T> EventLoopBuilderExtWindows for EventLoopBuilder<T> {
+impl EventLoopBuilderExtWindows for EventLoopBuilder {
     #[inline]
     fn with_any_thread(&mut self, any_thread: bool) -> &mut Self {
         self.platform_specific.any_thread = any_thread;
@@ -335,8 +320,9 @@ pub trait WindowExtWindows {
     ///
     /// ```no_run
     /// # use winit::window::Window;
-    /// # fn scope(window: Window) {
+    /// # fn scope(window: Box<dyn Window>) {
     /// use std::thread;
+    ///
     /// use winit::platform::windows::WindowExtWindows;
     /// use winit::raw_window_handle::HasWindowHandle;
     ///
@@ -352,41 +338,46 @@ pub trait WindowExtWindows {
     /// });
     /// # }
     /// ```
-    #[cfg(feature = "rwh_06")]
     unsafe fn window_handle_any_thread(
         &self,
     ) -> Result<rwh_06::WindowHandle<'_>, rwh_06::HandleError>;
 }
 
-impl WindowExtWindows for Window {
+impl WindowExtWindows for dyn Window + '_ {
     #[inline]
     fn set_enable(&self, enabled: bool) {
-        self.window.set_enable(enabled)
+        let window = self.cast_ref::<crate::platform_impl::Window>().unwrap();
+        window.set_enable(enabled)
     }
 
     #[inline]
     fn set_taskbar_icon(&self, taskbar_icon: Option<Icon>) {
-        self.window.set_taskbar_icon(taskbar_icon)
+        let window = self.cast_ref::<crate::platform_impl::Window>().unwrap();
+        window.set_taskbar_icon(taskbar_icon)
     }
 
     #[inline]
     fn set_skip_taskbar(&self, skip: bool) {
-        self.window.set_skip_taskbar(skip)
+        let window = self.cast_ref::<crate::platform_impl::Window>().unwrap();
+        window.set_skip_taskbar(skip)
     }
 
     #[inline]
     fn set_undecorated_shadow(&self, shadow: bool) {
-        self.window.set_undecorated_shadow(shadow)
+        let window = self.cast_ref::<crate::platform_impl::Window>().unwrap();
+        window.set_undecorated_shadow(shadow)
     }
 
     #[inline]
     fn set_system_backdrop(&self, backdrop_type: BackdropType) {
-        self.window.set_system_backdrop(backdrop_type)
+        let window = self.cast_ref::<crate::platform_impl::Window>().unwrap();
+        window.set_system_backdrop(backdrop_type)
     }
 
     #[inline]
     fn set_border_color(&self, color: Option<Color>) {
-        self.window.set_border_color(color.unwrap_or(Color::NONE))
+        let window = self.cast_ref::<crate::platform_impl::Window>().unwrap();
+        window.set_border_color(color.unwrap_or(Color::NONE))
     }
 
     #[inline]
@@ -394,25 +385,28 @@ impl WindowExtWindows for Window {
         // The windows docs don't mention NONE as a valid options but it works in practice and is
         // useful to circumvent the Windows option "Show accent color on title bars and
         // window borders"
-        self.window.set_title_background_color(color.unwrap_or(Color::NONE))
+        let window = self.cast_ref::<crate::platform_impl::Window>().unwrap();
+        window.set_title_background_color(color.unwrap_or(Color::NONE))
     }
 
     #[inline]
     fn set_title_text_color(&self, color: Color) {
-        self.window.set_title_text_color(color)
+        let window = self.cast_ref::<crate::platform_impl::Window>().unwrap();
+        window.set_title_text_color(color)
     }
 
     #[inline]
     fn set_corner_preference(&self, preference: CornerPreference) {
-        self.window.set_corner_preference(preference)
+        let window = self.cast_ref::<crate::platform_impl::Window>().unwrap();
+        window.set_corner_preference(preference)
     }
 
-    #[cfg(feature = "rwh_06")]
     unsafe fn window_handle_any_thread(
         &self,
     ) -> Result<rwh_06::WindowHandle<'_>, rwh_06::HandleError> {
+        let window = self.cast_ref::<crate::platform_impl::Window>().unwrap();
         unsafe {
-            let handle = self.window.rwh_06_no_thread_check()?;
+            let handle = window.rwh_06_no_thread_check()?;
 
             // SAFETY: The handle is valid in this context.
             Ok(rwh_06::WindowHandle::borrow_raw(handle))
@@ -423,7 +417,7 @@ impl WindowExtWindows for Window {
 /// Additional methods for anything that dereference to [`Window`].
 ///
 /// [`Window`]: crate::window::Window
-pub trait WindowBorrowExtWindows: Borrow<Window> + Sized {
+pub trait WindowBorrowExtWindows: Borrow<dyn Window> + Sized {
     /// Create an object that allows accessing the inner window handle in a thread-unsafe way.
     ///
     /// It is possible to call [`window_handle_any_thread`] to get around Windows's thread
@@ -439,15 +433,18 @@ pub trait WindowBorrowExtWindows: Borrow<Window> + Sized {
     /// It is the responsibility of the user to only pass the window handle into thread-safe
     /// Win32 APIs.
     ///
-    /// [`window_handle_any_thread`]: WindowExtWindows::window_handle_any_thread
     /// [`Window`]: crate::window::Window
     /// [`HasWindowHandle`]: rwh_06::HasWindowHandle
-    unsafe fn any_thread(self) -> AnyThread<Self> {
+    /// [`window_handle_any_thread`]: WindowExtWindows::window_handle_any_thread
+    unsafe fn any_thread(self) -> AnyThread<Self>
+    where
+        Self: Window,
+    {
         AnyThread(self)
     }
 }
 
-impl<W: Borrow<Window> + Sized> WindowBorrowExtWindows for W {}
+impl<W: Borrow<dyn Window> + Sized> WindowBorrowExtWindows for W {}
 
 /// Additional methods on `WindowAttributes` that are specific to Windows.
 #[allow(rustdoc::broken_intra_doc_links)]
@@ -476,10 +473,10 @@ pub trait WindowAttributesExtWindows {
     /// the menus look. If you use this, it is recommended that you combine it with
     /// `with_theme(Some(Theme::Light))` to avoid a jarring effect.
     #[cfg_attr(
-        platform_windows,
+        windows_platform,
         doc = "[`CreateMenu`]: windows_sys::Win32::UI::WindowsAndMessaging::CreateMenu"
     )]
-    #[cfg_attr(not(platform_windows), doc = "[`CreateMenu`]: #only-available-on-windows")]
+    #[cfg_attr(not(windows_platform), doc = "[`CreateMenu`]: #only-available-on-windows")]
     fn with_menu(self, menu: HMENU) -> Self;
 
     /// This sets `ICON_BIG`. A good ceiling here is 256x256.
@@ -623,27 +620,6 @@ impl WindowAttributesExtWindows for WindowAttributes {
     }
 }
 
-/// Additional methods on `MonitorHandle` that are specific to Windows.
-pub trait MonitorHandleExtWindows {
-    /// Returns the name of the monitor adapter specific to the Win32 API.
-    fn native_id(&self) -> String;
-
-    /// Returns the handle of the monitor - `HMONITOR`.
-    fn hmonitor(&self) -> HMONITOR;
-}
-
-impl MonitorHandleExtWindows for MonitorHandle {
-    #[inline]
-    fn native_id(&self) -> String {
-        self.inner.native_identifier()
-    }
-
-    #[inline]
-    fn hmonitor(&self) -> HMONITOR {
-        self.inner.hmonitor()
-    }
-}
-
 /// Additional methods on `DeviceId` that are specific to Windows.
 pub trait DeviceIdExtWindows {
     /// Returns an identifier that persistently refers to this specific device.
@@ -652,15 +628,36 @@ pub trait DeviceIdExtWindows {
     fn persistent_identifier(&self) -> Option<String>;
 }
 
+#[cfg(windows_platform)]
 impl DeviceIdExtWindows for DeviceId {
-    #[inline]
     fn persistent_identifier(&self) -> Option<String> {
-        self.0.persistent_identifier()
+        let raw_id = self.into_raw();
+        if raw_id != 0 {
+            crate::platform_impl::raw_input::get_raw_input_device_name(raw_id as HANDLE)
+        } else {
+            None
+        }
     }
 }
 
-/// Additional methods on `Icon` that are specific to Windows.
-pub trait IconExtWindows: Sized {
+/// Windows specific `Icon`.
+///
+/// Windows icons can be created from files, or from the [`embedded resources`](https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/menurc/about-resource-files).
+///
+/// The `ICON` resource definition statement use the following syntax:
+/// ```rc
+/// nameID ICON filename
+/// ```
+/// `nameID` is a unique name or a 16-bit unsigned integer value identifying the resource,
+/// `filename` is the name of the file that contains the resource.
+///
+/// More information about the `ICON` resource can be found at [`Microsoft Learn`](https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/menurc/icon-resource) portal.
+#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
+pub struct WinIcon {
+    pub(crate) inner: Arc<RaiiIcon>,
+}
+
+impl WinIcon {
     /// Create an icon from a file path.
     ///
     /// Specify `size` to load a specific icon size from the file, or `None` to load the default
@@ -668,30 +665,88 @@ pub trait IconExtWindows: Sized {
     ///
     /// In cases where the specified size does not exist in the file, Windows may perform scaling
     /// to get an icon of the desired size.
-    fn from_path<P: AsRef<Path>>(path: P, size: Option<PhysicalSize<u32>>)
-        -> Result<Self, BadIcon>;
+    pub fn from_path<P: AsRef<Path>>(
+        path: P,
+        size: Option<PhysicalSize<u32>>,
+    ) -> Result<Self, BadIcon> {
+        Self::from_path_impl(path, size)
+    }
 
-    /// Create an icon from a resource embedded in this executable or library.
+    /// Create an icon from a resource embedded in this executable or library by its ordinal id.
+    ///
+    /// The valid `ordinal` values range from 1 to [`u16::MAX`] (inclusive). The value `0` is an
+    /// invalid ordinal id, but it can be used with [`from_resource_name`] as `"0"`.
+    ///
+    /// [`from_resource_name`]: Self::from_resource_name
     ///
     /// Specify `size` to load a specific icon size from the file, or `None` to load the default
     /// icon size from the file.
     ///
     /// In cases where the specified size does not exist in the file, Windows may perform scaling
     /// to get an icon of the desired size.
-    fn from_resource(ordinal: u16, size: Option<PhysicalSize<u32>>) -> Result<Self, BadIcon>;
-}
-
-impl IconExtWindows for Icon {
-    fn from_path<P: AsRef<Path>>(
-        path: P,
+    pub fn from_resource(
+        resource_id: u16,
         size: Option<PhysicalSize<u32>>,
     ) -> Result<Self, BadIcon> {
-        let win_icon = crate::platform_impl::WinIcon::from_path(path, size)?;
-        Ok(Icon { inner: win_icon })
+        Self::from_resource_impl(resource_id, size)
     }
 
-    fn from_resource(ordinal: u16, size: Option<PhysicalSize<u32>>) -> Result<Self, BadIcon> {
-        let win_icon = crate::platform_impl::WinIcon::from_resource(ordinal, size)?;
-        Ok(Icon { inner: win_icon })
+    /// Create an icon from a resource embedded in this executable or library by its name.
+    ///
+    /// Specify `size` to load a specific icon size from the file, or `None` to load the default
+    /// icon size from the file.
+    ///
+    /// In cases where the specified size does not exist in the file, Windows may perform scaling
+    /// to get an icon of the desired size.
+    ///
+    /// # Notes
+    ///
+    /// Consider the following resource definition statements:
+    /// ```rc
+    /// app     ICON "app.ico"
+    /// 1       ICON "a.ico"
+    /// 0027    ICON "custom.ico"
+    /// 0       ICON "alt.ico"
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// Due to some internal implementation details of the resource embedding/loading process on
+    /// Windows platform, strings that can be interpreted as 16-bit unsigned integers (`"1"`,
+    /// `"002"`, etc.) cannot be used as valid resource names, and instead should be passed into
+    /// [`from_resource`]:
+    ///
+    /// [`from_resource`]: Self::from_resource
+    ///
+    /// ```rust,no_run
+    /// use winit::platform::windows::WinIcon;
+    ///
+    /// assert!(WinIcon::from_resource_name("app", None).is_ok());
+    /// assert!(WinIcon::from_resource(1, None).is_ok());
+    /// assert!(WinIcon::from_resource(27, None).is_ok());
+    /// assert!(WinIcon::from_resource_name("27", None).is_err());
+    /// assert!(WinIcon::from_resource_name("0027", None).is_err());
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// While `0` cannot be used as an ordinal id (see [`from_resource`]), it can be used as a
+    /// name:
+    ///
+    /// [`from_resource`]: IconExtWindows::from_resource
+    ///
+    /// ```rust,no_run
+    /// # use winit::platform::windows::WinIcon;
+    /// # use winit::window::Icon;
+    /// assert!(WinIcon::from_resource_name("0", None).is_ok());
+    /// assert!(WinIcon::from_resource(0, None).is_err());
+    /// ```
+    pub fn from_resource_name(
+        resource_name: &str,
+        size: Option<PhysicalSize<u32>>,
+    ) -> Result<Self, BadIcon> {
+        Self::from_resource_name_impl(resource_name, size)
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<WinIcon> for Icon {
+    fn from(value: WinIcon) -> Self {
+        Self(Arc::new(value))
     }
 }

src/platform/x11.rs

@@ -2,11 +2,9 @@
 #[cfg(feature = "serde")]
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 
-use crate::event_loop::{ActiveEventLoop, EventLoopBuilder};
-use crate::monitor::MonitorHandle;
-use crate::window::{Window, WindowAttributes};
-
 use crate::dpi::Size;
+use crate::event_loop::{ActiveEventLoop, EventLoop, EventLoopBuilder};
+use crate::window::{Window as CoreWindow, WindowAttributes};
 
 /// X window type. Maps directly to
 /// [`_NET_WM_WINDOW_TYPE`](https://specifications.freedesktop.org/wm-spec/wm-spec-1.5.html).
@@ -81,9 +79,7 @@ pub type XWindow = u32;
 #[inline]
 pub fn register_xlib_error_hook(hook: XlibErrorHook) {
     // Append new hook.
-    unsafe {
-        crate::platform_impl::XLIB_ERROR_HOOKS.lock().unwrap().push(hook);
-    }
+    crate::platform_impl::x11::XLIB_ERROR_HOOKS.lock().unwrap().push(hook);
 }
 
 /// Additional methods on [`ActiveEventLoop`] that are specific to X11.
@@ -92,10 +88,23 @@ pub trait ActiveEventLoopExtX11 {
     fn is_x11(&self) -> bool;
 }
 
-impl ActiveEventLoopExtX11 for ActiveEventLoop {
+impl ActiveEventLoopExtX11 for dyn ActiveEventLoop + '_ {
     #[inline]
     fn is_x11(&self) -> bool {
-        !self.p.is_wayland()
+        self.cast_ref::<crate::platform_impl::x11::ActiveEventLoop>().is_some()
+    }
+}
+
+/// Additional methods on [`EventLoop`] that are specific to X11.
+pub trait EventLoopExtX11 {
+    /// True if the [`EventLoop`] uses X11.
+    fn is_x11(&self) -> bool;
+}
+
+impl EventLoopExtX11 for EventLoop {
+    #[inline]
+    fn is_x11(&self) -> bool {
+        !self.event_loop.is_wayland()
     }
 }
 
@@ -111,7 +120,7 @@ pub trait EventLoopBuilderExtX11 {
     fn with_any_thread(&mut self, any_thread: bool) -> &mut Self;
 }
 
-impl<T> EventLoopBuilderExtX11 for EventLoopBuilder<T> {
+impl EventLoopBuilderExtX11 for EventLoopBuilder {
     #[inline]
     fn with_x11(&mut self) -> &mut Self {
         self.platform_specific.forced_backend = Some(crate::platform_impl::Backend::X);
@@ -126,9 +135,11 @@ impl<T> EventLoopBuilderExtX11 for EventLoopBuilder<T> {
 }
 
 /// Additional methods on [`Window`] that are specific to X11.
+///
+/// [`Window`]: crate::window::Window
 pub trait WindowExtX11 {}
 
-impl WindowExtX11 for Window {}
+impl WindowExtX11 for dyn CoreWindow {}
 
 /// Additional methods on [`WindowAttributes`] that are specific to X11.
 pub trait WindowAttributesExtX11 {
@@ -157,13 +168,13 @@ pub trait WindowAttributesExtX11 {
     ///
     /// ```
     /// # use winit::dpi::{LogicalSize, PhysicalSize};
-    /// # use winit::window::Window;
+    /// # use winit::window::{Window, WindowAttributes};
     /// # use winit::platform::x11::WindowAttributesExtX11;
     /// // Specify the size in logical dimensions like this:
-    /// Window::default_attributes().with_base_size(LogicalSize::new(400.0, 200.0));
+    /// WindowAttributes::default().with_base_size(LogicalSize::new(400.0, 200.0));
     ///
     /// // Or specify the size in physical dimensions like this:
-    /// Window::default_attributes().with_base_size(PhysicalSize::new(400, 200));
+    /// WindowAttributes::default().with_base_size(PhysicalSize::new(400, 200));
     /// ```
     fn with_base_size<S: Into<Size>>(self, base_size: S) -> Self;
 
@@ -172,12 +183,12 @@ pub trait WindowAttributesExtX11 {
     /// # Example
     ///
     /// ```no_run
-    /// use winit::window::Window;
+    /// use winit::window::{Window, WindowAttributes};
     /// use winit::event_loop::ActiveEventLoop;
     /// use winit::platform::x11::{XWindow, WindowAttributesExtX11};
-    /// # fn create_window(event_loop: &ActiveEventLoop) -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
+    /// # fn create_window(event_loop: &dyn ActiveEventLoop) -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
     /// let parent_window_id = std::env::args().nth(1).unwrap().parse::<XWindow>()?;
-    /// let window_attributes = Window::default_attributes().with_embed_parent_window(parent_window_id);
+    /// let window_attributes = WindowAttributes::default().with_embed_parent_window(parent_window_id);
     /// let window = event_loop.create_window(window_attributes)?;
     /// # Ok(()) }
     /// ```
@@ -228,16 +239,3 @@ impl WindowAttributesExtX11 for WindowAttributes {
         self
     }
 }
-
-/// Additional methods on `MonitorHandle` that are specific to X11.
-pub trait MonitorHandleExtX11 {
-    /// Returns the inner identifier of the monitor.
-    fn native_id(&self) -> u32;
-}
-
-impl MonitorHandleExtX11 for MonitorHandle {
-    #[inline]
-    fn native_id(&self) -> u32 {
-        self.inner.native_identifier()
-    }
-}

src/platform_impl/android/keycodes.rs

@@ -143,8 +143,8 @@ pub fn to_physical_key(keycode: Keycode) -> PhysicalKey {
         Keycode::AltLeft => KeyCode::AltLeft,
         Keycode::AltRight => KeyCode::AltRight,
 
-        Keycode::MetaLeft => KeyCode::SuperLeft,
-        Keycode::MetaRight => KeyCode::SuperRight,
+        Keycode::MetaLeft => KeyCode::MetaLeft,
+        Keycode::MetaRight => KeyCode::MetaRight,
 
         Keycode::LeftBracket => KeyCode::BracketLeft,
         Keycode::RightBracket => KeyCode::BracketRight,
@@ -309,7 +309,7 @@ pub fn to_logical(key_char: Option<KeyMapChar>, keycode: Keycode) -> Key {
             ShiftLeft => Key::Named(NamedKey::Shift),
             ShiftRight => Key::Named(NamedKey::Shift),
             Tab => Key::Named(NamedKey::Tab),
-            Space => Key::Named(NamedKey::Space),
+            Space => Key::Character(" ".into()),
             Sym => Key::Named(NamedKey::Symbol),
             Explorer => Key::Named(NamedKey::LaunchWebBrowser),
             Envelope => Key::Named(NamedKey::LaunchMail),
@@ -340,8 +340,8 @@ pub fn to_logical(key_char: Option<KeyMapChar>, keycode: Keycode) -> Key {
             CtrlRight => Key::Named(NamedKey::Control),
             CapsLock => Key::Named(NamedKey::CapsLock),
             ScrollLock => Key::Named(NamedKey::ScrollLock),
-            MetaLeft => Key::Named(NamedKey::Super),
-            MetaRight => Key::Named(NamedKey::Super),
+            MetaLeft => Key::Named(NamedKey::Meta),
+            MetaRight => Key::Named(NamedKey::Meta),
             Function => Key::Named(NamedKey::Fn),
             Sysrq => Key::Named(NamedKey::PrintScreen),
             Break => Key::Named(NamedKey::Pause),

src/platform_impl/apple/appkit/app.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,188 @@
+#![allow(clippy::unnecessary_cast)]
+
+use std::cell::Cell;
+use std::mem;
+use std::rc::Rc;
+
+use dispatch2::MainThreadBound;
+use objc2::runtime::{Imp, Sel};
+use objc2::sel;
+use objc2_app_kit::{NSApplication, NSEvent, NSEventModifierFlags, NSEventType};
+use objc2_foundation::MainThreadMarker;
+
+use super::app_state::AppState;
+use crate::event::{DeviceEvent, ElementState};
+
+type SendEvent = extern "C-unwind" fn(&NSApplication, Sel, &NSEvent);
+
+static ORIGINAL: MainThreadBound<Cell<Option<SendEvent>>> = {
+    // SAFETY: Creating in a `const` context, where there is no concept of the main thread.
+    MainThreadBound::new(Cell::new(None), unsafe { MainThreadMarker::new_unchecked() })
+};
+
+extern "C-unwind" fn send_event(app: &NSApplication, sel: Sel, event: &NSEvent) {
+    let mtm = MainThreadMarker::from(app);
+
+    // Normally, holding Cmd + any key never sends us a `keyUp` event for that key.
+    // Overriding `sendEvent:` fixes that. (https://stackoverflow.com/a/15294196)
+    // Fun fact: Firefox still has this bug! (https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=1299553)
+    //
+    // For posterity, there are some undocumented event types
+    // (https://github.com/servo/cocoa-rs/issues/155)
+    // but that doesn't really matter here.
+    let event_type = unsafe { event.r#type() };
+    let modifier_flags = unsafe { event.modifierFlags() };
+    if event_type == NSEventType::KeyUp && modifier_flags.contains(NSEventModifierFlags::Command) {
+        if let Some(key_window) = app.keyWindow() {
+            key_window.sendEvent(event);
+        }
+        return;
+    }
+
+    // Events are generally scoped to the window level, so the best way
+    // to get device events is to listen for them on NSApplication.
+    let app_state = AppState::get(mtm);
+    maybe_dispatch_device_event(&app_state, event);
+
+    let original = ORIGINAL.get(mtm).get().expect("no existing sendEvent: handler set");
+    original(app, sel, event)
+}
+
+/// Override the [`sendEvent:`][NSApplication::sendEvent] method on the given application class.
+///
+/// The previous implementation created a subclass of [`NSApplication`], however we would like to
+/// give the user full control over their `NSApplication`, so we override the method here using
+/// method swizzling instead.
+///
+/// This _should_ also allow two versions of Winit to exist in the same application.
+///
+/// See the following links for more info on method swizzling:
+/// - <https://nshipster.com/method-swizzling/>
+/// - <https://spin.atomicobject.com/method-swizzling-objective-c/>
+/// - <https://web.archive.org/web/20130308110627/http://cocoadev.com/wiki/MethodSwizzling>
+///
+/// NOTE: This function assumes that the passed in application object is the one returned from
+/// [`NSApplication::sharedApplication`], i.e. the one and only global shared application object.
+/// For testing though, we allow it to be a different object.
+pub(crate) fn override_send_event(global_app: &NSApplication) {
+    let mtm = MainThreadMarker::from(global_app);
+    let class = global_app.class();
+
+    let method =
+        class.instance_method(sel!(sendEvent:)).expect("NSApplication must have sendEvent: method");
+
+    // SAFETY: Converting our `sendEvent:` implementation to an IMP.
+    let overridden = unsafe { mem::transmute::<SendEvent, Imp>(send_event) };
+
+    // If we've already overridden the method, don't do anything.
+    // FIXME(madsmtm): Use `std::ptr::fn_addr_eq` (Rust 1.85) once available in MSRV.
+    #[allow(unknown_lints, unpredictable_function_pointer_comparisons)]
+    if overridden == method.implementation() {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    // SAFETY: Our implementation has:
+    // 1. The same signature as `sendEvent:`.
+    // 2. Does not impose extra safety requirements on callers.
+    let original = unsafe { method.set_implementation(overridden) };
+
+    // SAFETY: This is the actual signature of `sendEvent:`.
+    let original = unsafe { mem::transmute::<Imp, SendEvent>(original) };
+
+    // NOTE: If NSApplication was safe to use from multiple threads, then this would potentially be
+    // a (checked) race-condition, since one could call `sendEvent:` before the original had been
+    // stored here.
+    //
+    // It is only usable from the main thread, however, so we're good!
+    ORIGINAL.get(mtm).set(Some(original));
+}
+
+fn maybe_dispatch_device_event(app_state: &Rc<AppState>, event: &NSEvent) {
+    let event_type = unsafe { event.r#type() };
+    #[allow(non_upper_case_globals)]
+    match event_type {
+        NSEventType::MouseMoved
+        | NSEventType::LeftMouseDragged
+        | NSEventType::OtherMouseDragged
+        | NSEventType::RightMouseDragged => {
+            let delta_x = unsafe { event.deltaX() } as f64;
+            let delta_y = unsafe { event.deltaY() } as f64;
+
+            if delta_x != 0.0 || delta_y != 0.0 {
+                app_state.maybe_queue_with_handler(move |app, event_loop| {
+                    app.device_event(event_loop, None, DeviceEvent::PointerMotion {
+                        delta: (delta_x, delta_y),
+                    });
+                });
+            }
+        },
+        NSEventType::LeftMouseDown | NSEventType::RightMouseDown | NSEventType::OtherMouseDown => {
+            let button = unsafe { event.buttonNumber() } as u32;
+            app_state.maybe_queue_with_handler(move |app, event_loop| {
+                app.device_event(event_loop, None, DeviceEvent::Button {
+                    button,
+                    state: ElementState::Pressed,
+                });
+            });
+        },
+        NSEventType::LeftMouseUp | NSEventType::RightMouseUp | NSEventType::OtherMouseUp => {
+            let button = unsafe { event.buttonNumber() } as u32;
+            app_state.maybe_queue_with_handler(move |app, event_loop| {
+                app.device_event(event_loop, None, DeviceEvent::Button {
+                    button,
+                    state: ElementState::Released,
+                });
+            });
+        },
+        _ => (),
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use objc2::rc::Retained;
+    use objc2::{define_class, msg_send, ClassType};
+    use objc2_app_kit::NSResponder;
+    use objc2_foundation::NSObject;
+
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_override() {
+        // FIXME(madsmtm): Ensure this always runs (maybe use cargo-nextest or `--test-threads=1`?)
+        let Some(mtm) = MainThreadMarker::new() else { return };
+
+        // Create a new application, without making it the shared application.
+        let app = unsafe { NSApplication::new(mtm) };
+        override_send_event(&app);
+        // Test calling twice works.
+        override_send_event(&app);
+
+        // FIXME(madsmtm): Can't test this yet, need some way to mock AppState.
+        // unsafe {
+        //     let event = super::super::event::dummy_event().unwrap();
+        //     app.sendEvent(&event)
+        // }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_custom_class() {
+        let Some(_mtm) = MainThreadMarker::new() else { return };
+
+        define_class!(
+            #[unsafe(super(NSApplication, NSResponder, NSObject))]
+            #[name = "TestApplication"]
+            pub(super) struct TestApplication;
+
+            impl TestApplication {
+                #[unsafe(method(sendEvent:))]
+                fn send_event(&self, _event: &NSEvent) {
+                    todo!()
+                }
+            }
+        );
+
+        let app: Retained<TestApplication> = unsafe { msg_send![TestApplication::class(), new] };
+        override_send_event(&app);
+    }
+}

src/platform_impl/apple/appkit/app_state.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,392 @@
+use std::cell::{Cell, OnceCell, RefCell};
+use std::mem;
+use std::rc::{Rc, Weak};
+use std::sync::Arc;
+use std::time::Instant;
+
+use dispatch2::MainThreadBound;
+use objc2::MainThreadMarker;
+use objc2_app_kit::{NSApplication, NSApplicationActivationPolicy, NSRunningApplication};
+use objc2_foundation::NSNotification;
+
+use super::super::event_handler::EventHandler;
+use super::super::event_loop_proxy::EventLoopProxy;
+use super::event_loop::{notify_windows_of_exit, stop_app_immediately, ActiveEventLoop, PanicInfo};
+use super::menu;
+use super::observer::{EventLoopWaker, RunLoop};
+use crate::application::ApplicationHandler;
+use crate::event::{StartCause, WindowEvent};
+use crate::event_loop::ControlFlow;
+use crate::window::WindowId;
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub(super) struct AppState {
+    mtm: MainThreadMarker,
+    activation_policy: Option<NSApplicationActivationPolicy>,
+    default_menu: bool,
+    activate_ignoring_other_apps: bool,
+    run_loop: RunLoop,
+    event_loop_proxy: Arc<EventLoopProxy>,
+    event_handler: EventHandler,
+    stop_on_launch: Cell<bool>,
+    stop_before_wait: Cell<bool>,
+    stop_after_wait: Cell<bool>,
+    stop_on_redraw: Cell<bool>,
+    /// Whether `applicationDidFinishLaunching:` has been run or not.
+    is_launched: Cell<bool>,
+    /// Whether an `EventLoop` is currently running.
+    is_running: Cell<bool>,
+    /// Whether the user has requested the event loop to exit.
+    exit: Cell<bool>,
+    control_flow: Cell<ControlFlow>,
+    waker: RefCell<EventLoopWaker>,
+    start_time: Cell<Option<Instant>>,
+    wait_timeout: Cell<Option<Instant>>,
+    pending_redraw: RefCell<Vec<WindowId>>,
+    // NOTE: This is strongly referenced by our `NSWindowDelegate` and our `NSView` subclass, and
+    // as such should be careful to not add fields that, in turn, strongly reference those.
+}
+
+// SAFETY: Creating `MainThreadBound` in a `const` context, where there is no concept of the
+// main thread.
+static GLOBAL: MainThreadBound<OnceCell<Rc<AppState>>> =
+    MainThreadBound::new(OnceCell::new(), unsafe { MainThreadMarker::new_unchecked() });
+
+impl AppState {
+    pub(super) fn setup_global(
+        mtm: MainThreadMarker,
+        activation_policy: Option<NSApplicationActivationPolicy>,
+        default_menu: bool,
+        activate_ignoring_other_apps: bool,
+    ) -> Rc<Self> {
+        let event_loop_proxy = Arc::new(EventLoopProxy::new(mtm, move || {
+            Self::get(mtm).with_handler(|app, event_loop| app.proxy_wake_up(event_loop));
+        }));
+
+        let this = Rc::new(Self {
+            mtm,
+            activation_policy,
+            default_menu,
+            activate_ignoring_other_apps,
+            run_loop: RunLoop::main(mtm),
+            event_loop_proxy,
+            event_handler: EventHandler::new(),
+            stop_on_launch: Cell::new(false),
+            stop_before_wait: Cell::new(false),
+            stop_after_wait: Cell::new(false),
+            stop_on_redraw: Cell::new(false),
+            is_launched: Cell::new(false),
+            is_running: Cell::new(false),
+            exit: Cell::new(false),
+            control_flow: Cell::new(ControlFlow::default()),
+            waker: RefCell::new(EventLoopWaker::new()),
+            start_time: Cell::new(None),
+            wait_timeout: Cell::new(None),
+            pending_redraw: RefCell::new(vec![]),
+        });
+
+        GLOBAL.get(mtm).set(this.clone()).expect("application state can only be set once");
+        this
+    }
+
+    pub fn get(mtm: MainThreadMarker) -> Rc<Self> {
+        GLOBAL
+            .get(mtm)
+            .get()
+            .expect("tried to get application state before it was registered")
+            .clone()
+    }
+
+    // NOTE: This notification will, globally, only be emitted once,
+    // no matter how many `EventLoop`s the user creates.
+    pub fn did_finish_launching(self: &Rc<Self>, _notification: &NSNotification) {
+        trace_scope!("NSApplicationDidFinishLaunchingNotification");
+        self.is_launched.set(true);
+
+        let app = NSApplication::sharedApplication(self.mtm);
+        // We need to delay setting the activation policy and activating the app
+        // until `applicationDidFinishLaunching` has been called. Otherwise the
+        // menu bar is initially unresponsive on macOS 10.15.
+        if let Some(activation_policy) = self.activation_policy {
+            app.setActivationPolicy(activation_policy);
+        } else {
+            // If no activation policy is explicitly provided, and the application
+            // is bundled, do not set the activation policy at all, to allow the
+            // package manifest to define the behavior via LSUIElement.
+            //
+            // See:
+            // - https://github.com/rust-windowing/winit/issues/261
+            // - https://github.com/rust-windowing/winit/issues/3958
+            let is_bundled =
+                unsafe { NSRunningApplication::currentApplication().bundleIdentifier().is_some() };
+            if !is_bundled {
+                app.setActivationPolicy(NSApplicationActivationPolicy::Regular);
+            }
+        }
+
+        #[allow(deprecated)]
+        app.activateIgnoringOtherApps(self.activate_ignoring_other_apps);
+
+        if self.default_menu {
+            // The menubar initialization should be before the `NewEvents` event, to allow
+            // overriding of the default menu even if it's created
+            menu::initialize(&app);
+        }
+
+        self.waker.borrow_mut().start();
+
+        self.set_is_running(true);
+        self.dispatch_init_events();
+
+        // If the application is being launched via `EventLoop::pump_app_events()` then we'll
+        // want to stop the app once it is launched (and return to the external loop)
+        //
+        // In this case we still want to consider Winit's `EventLoop` to be "running",
+        // so we call `start_running()` above.
+        if self.stop_on_launch.get() {
+            // NOTE: the original idea had been to only stop the underlying `RunLoop`
+            // for the app but that didn't work as expected (`-[NSApplication run]`
+            // effectively ignored the attempt to stop the RunLoop and re-started it).
+            //
+            // So we return from `pump_events` by stopping the application.
+            let app = NSApplication::sharedApplication(self.mtm);
+            stop_app_immediately(&app);
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn will_terminate(self: &Rc<Self>, _notification: &NSNotification) {
+        trace_scope!("NSApplicationWillTerminateNotification");
+        let app = NSApplication::sharedApplication(self.mtm);
+        notify_windows_of_exit(&app);
+        self.event_handler.terminate();
+        self.internal_exit();
+    }
+
+    /// Place the event handler in the application state for the duration
+    /// of the given closure.
+    pub fn set_event_handler<R>(
+        &self,
+        handler: impl ApplicationHandler,
+        closure: impl FnOnce() -> R,
+    ) -> R {
+        self.event_handler.set(Box::new(handler), closure)
+    }
+
+    pub fn event_loop_proxy(&self) -> &Arc<EventLoopProxy> {
+        &self.event_loop_proxy
+    }
+
+    /// If `pump_events` is called to progress the event loop then we
+    /// bootstrap the event loop via `-[NSApplication run]` but will use
+    /// `CFRunLoopRunInMode` for subsequent calls to `pump_events`.
+    pub fn set_stop_on_launch(&self) {
+        self.stop_on_launch.set(true);
+    }
+
+    pub fn set_stop_before_wait(&self, value: bool) {
+        self.stop_before_wait.set(value)
+    }
+
+    pub fn set_stop_after_wait(&self, value: bool) {
+        self.stop_after_wait.set(value)
+    }
+
+    pub fn set_stop_on_redraw(&self, value: bool) {
+        self.stop_on_redraw.set(value)
+    }
+
+    pub fn set_wait_timeout(&self, value: Option<Instant>) {
+        self.wait_timeout.set(value)
+    }
+
+    /// Clears the `running` state and resets the `control_flow` state when an `EventLoop` exits.
+    ///
+    /// NOTE: that if the `NSApplication` has been launched then that state is preserved,
+    /// and we won't need to re-launch the app if subsequent EventLoops are run.
+    pub fn internal_exit(self: &Rc<Self>) {
+        self.set_is_running(false);
+        self.set_stop_on_redraw(false);
+        self.set_stop_before_wait(false);
+        self.set_stop_after_wait(false);
+        self.set_wait_timeout(None);
+    }
+
+    pub fn is_launched(&self) -> bool {
+        self.is_launched.get()
+    }
+
+    pub fn set_is_running(&self, value: bool) {
+        self.is_running.set(value)
+    }
+
+    pub fn is_running(&self) -> bool {
+        self.is_running.get()
+    }
+
+    pub fn exit(&self) {
+        self.exit.set(true)
+    }
+
+    pub fn clear_exit(&self) {
+        self.exit.set(false)
+    }
+
+    pub fn exiting(&self) -> bool {
+        self.exit.get()
+    }
+
+    pub fn set_control_flow(&self, value: ControlFlow) {
+        self.control_flow.set(value)
+    }
+
+    pub fn control_flow(&self) -> ControlFlow {
+        self.control_flow.get()
+    }
+
+    pub fn handle_redraw(self: &Rc<Self>, window_id: WindowId) {
+        // Redraw request might come out of order from the OS.
+        // -> Don't go back into the event handler when our callstack originates from there
+        if !self.event_handler.in_use() {
+            self.with_handler(|app, event_loop| {
+                app.window_event(event_loop, window_id, WindowEvent::RedrawRequested);
+            });
+
+            // `pump_events` will request to stop immediately _after_ dispatching RedrawRequested
+            // events as a way to ensure that `pump_events` can't block an external loop
+            // indefinitely
+            if self.stop_on_redraw.get() {
+                let app = NSApplication::sharedApplication(self.mtm);
+                stop_app_immediately(&app);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn queue_redraw(&self, window_id: WindowId) {
+        let mut pending_redraw = self.pending_redraw.borrow_mut();
+        if !pending_redraw.contains(&window_id) {
+            pending_redraw.push(window_id);
+        }
+        self.run_loop.wakeup();
+    }
+
+    #[track_caller]
+    pub fn maybe_queue_with_handler(
+        self: &Rc<Self>,
+        callback: impl FnOnce(&mut dyn ApplicationHandler, &ActiveEventLoop) + 'static,
+    ) {
+        // Most programmer actions in AppKit (e.g. change window fullscreen, set focused, etc.)
+        // result in an event being queued, and applied at a later point.
+        //
+        // However, it is not documented which actions do this, and which ones are done immediately,
+        // so to make sure that we don't encounter re-entrancy issues, we first check if we're
+        // currently handling another event, and if we are, we queue the event instead.
+        if !self.event_handler.in_use() {
+            self.with_handler(callback);
+        } else {
+            tracing::debug!("had to queue event since another is currently being handled");
+            let this = Rc::clone(self);
+            self.run_loop.queue_closure(move || {
+                this.with_handler(callback);
+            });
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[track_caller]
+    fn with_handler(
+        self: &Rc<Self>,
+        callback: impl FnOnce(&mut dyn ApplicationHandler, &ActiveEventLoop),
+    ) {
+        let event_loop = ActiveEventLoop { app_state: Rc::clone(self), mtm: self.mtm };
+        self.event_handler.handle(|app| callback(app, &event_loop));
+    }
+
+    /// dispatch `NewEvents(Init)` + `Resumed`
+    pub fn dispatch_init_events(self: &Rc<Self>) {
+        self.with_handler(|app, event_loop| app.new_events(event_loop, StartCause::Init));
+        // NB: For consistency all platforms must call `can_create_surfaces` even though macOS
+        // applications don't themselves have a formal surface destroy/create lifecycle.
+        self.with_handler(|app, event_loop| app.can_create_surfaces(event_loop));
+    }
+
+    // Called by RunLoopObserver after finishing waiting for new events
+    pub fn wakeup(self: &Rc<Self>, panic_info: Weak<PanicInfo>) {
+        let panic_info = panic_info
+            .upgrade()
+            .expect("The panic info must exist here. This failure indicates a developer error.");
+
+        // Return when in event handler due to https://github.com/rust-windowing/winit/issues/1779
+        if panic_info.is_panicking() || !self.event_handler.ready() || !self.is_running() {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        if self.stop_after_wait.get() {
+            let app = NSApplication::sharedApplication(self.mtm);
+            stop_app_immediately(&app);
+        }
+
+        let start = self.start_time.get().unwrap();
+        let cause = match self.control_flow() {
+            ControlFlow::Poll => StartCause::Poll,
+            ControlFlow::Wait => StartCause::WaitCancelled { start, requested_resume: None },
+            ControlFlow::WaitUntil(requested_resume) => {
+                if Instant::now() >= requested_resume {
+                    StartCause::ResumeTimeReached { start, requested_resume }
+                } else {
+                    StartCause::WaitCancelled { start, requested_resume: Some(requested_resume) }
+                }
+            },
+        };
+
+        self.with_handler(|app, event_loop| app.new_events(event_loop, cause));
+    }
+
+    // Called by RunLoopObserver before waiting for new events
+    pub fn cleared(self: &Rc<Self>, panic_info: Weak<PanicInfo>) {
+        let panic_info = panic_info
+            .upgrade()
+            .expect("The panic info must exist here. This failure indicates a developer error.");
+
+        // Return when in event handler due to https://github.com/rust-windowing/winit/issues/1779
+        // XXX: how does it make sense that `event_handler.ready()` can ever return `false` here if
+        // we're about to return to the `CFRunLoop` to poll for new events?
+        if panic_info.is_panicking() || !self.event_handler.ready() || !self.is_running() {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        let redraw = mem::take(&mut *self.pending_redraw.borrow_mut());
+        for window_id in redraw {
+            self.with_handler(|app, event_loop| {
+                app.window_event(event_loop, window_id, WindowEvent::RedrawRequested);
+            });
+        }
+        self.with_handler(|app, event_loop| {
+            app.about_to_wait(event_loop);
+        });
+
+        if self.exiting() {
+            let app = NSApplication::sharedApplication(self.mtm);
+            stop_app_immediately(&app);
+            notify_windows_of_exit(&app);
+        }
+
+        if self.stop_before_wait.get() {
+            let app = NSApplication::sharedApplication(self.mtm);
+            stop_app_immediately(&app);
+        }
+        self.start_time.set(Some(Instant::now()));
+        let wait_timeout = self.wait_timeout.get(); // configured by pump_events
+        let app_timeout = match self.control_flow() {
+            ControlFlow::Wait => None,
+            ControlFlow::Poll => Some(Instant::now()),
+            ControlFlow::WaitUntil(instant) => Some(instant),
+        };
+        self.waker.borrow_mut().start_at(min_timeout(wait_timeout, app_timeout));
+    }
+}
+
+/// Returns the minimum `Option<Instant>`, taking into account that `None`
+/// equates to an infinite timeout, not a zero timeout (so can't just use
+/// `Option::min`)
+fn min_timeout(a: Option<Instant>, b: Option<Instant>) -> Option<Instant> {
+    a.map_or(b, |a_timeout| b.map_or(Some(a_timeout), |b_timeout| Some(a_timeout.min(b_timeout))))
+}

src/platform_impl/apple/appkit/cursor.rs

@@ -2,20 +2,26 @@ use std::ffi::c_uchar;
 use std::slice;
 use std::sync::OnceLock;
 
-use objc2::rc::Id;
+use objc2::rc::Retained;
 use objc2::runtime::Sel;
-use objc2::{msg_send_id, sel, ClassType};
+use objc2::{available, msg_send, sel, AllocAnyThread, ClassType};
 use objc2_app_kit::{NSBitmapImageRep, NSCursor, NSDeviceRGBColorSpace, NSImage};
 use objc2_foundation::{
-    ns_string, NSData, NSDictionary, NSNumber, NSObject, NSObjectProtocol, NSPoint, NSSize,
-    NSString,
+    ns_string, NSData, NSDictionary, NSNumber, NSObject, NSPoint, NSSize, NSString,
 };
 
-use crate::cursor::{CursorImage, OnlyCursorImageSource};
+use crate::cursor::{CursorImage, CustomCursorProvider, CustomCursorSource};
+use crate::error::{NotSupportedError, RequestError};
 use crate::window::CursorIcon;
 
 #[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
-pub struct CustomCursor(pub(crate) Id<NSCursor>);
+pub struct CustomCursor(pub(crate) Retained<NSCursor>);
+
+impl CustomCursorProvider for CustomCursor {
+    fn is_animated(&self) -> bool {
+        false
+    }
+}
 
 // SAFETY: NSCursor is immutable and thread-safe
 // TODO(madsmtm): Put this logic in objc2-app-kit itself
@@ -23,12 +29,19 @@ unsafe impl Send for CustomCursor {}
 unsafe impl Sync for CustomCursor {}
 
 impl CustomCursor {
-    pub(crate) fn new(cursor: OnlyCursorImageSource) -> CustomCursor {
-        Self(cursor_from_image(&cursor.0))
+    pub(crate) fn new(cursor: CustomCursorSource) -> Result<CustomCursor, RequestError> {
+        let cursor = match cursor {
+            CustomCursorSource::Image(cursor_image) => cursor_image,
+            CustomCursorSource::Animation { .. } | CustomCursorSource::Url { .. } => {
+                return Err(NotSupportedError::new("unsupported cursor kind").into())
+            },
+        };
+
+        cursor_from_image(&cursor).map(Self)
     }
 }
 
-pub(crate) fn cursor_from_image(cursor: &CursorImage) -> Id<NSCursor> {
+pub(crate) fn cursor_from_image(cursor: &CursorImage) -> Result<Retained<NSCursor>, RequestError> {
     let width = cursor.width;
     let height = cursor.height;
 
@@ -45,8 +58,8 @@ pub(crate) fn cursor_from_image(cursor: &CursorImage) -> Id<NSCursor> {
             NSDeviceRGBColorSpace,
             width as isize * 4,
             32,
-        ).unwrap()
-    };
+        )
+    }.ok_or_else(|| os_error!("parent view should be installed in a window"))?;
     let bitmap_data = unsafe { slice::from_raw_parts_mut(bitmap.bitmapData(), cursor.rgba.len()) };
     bitmap_data.copy_from_slice(&cursor.rgba);
 
@@ -57,17 +70,17 @@ pub(crate) fn cursor_from_image(cursor: &CursorImage) -> Id<NSCursor> {
 
     let hotspot = NSPoint::new(cursor.hotspot_x as f64, cursor.hotspot_y as f64);
 
-    NSCursor::initWithImage_hotSpot(NSCursor::alloc(), &image, hotspot)
+    Ok(NSCursor::initWithImage_hotSpot(NSCursor::alloc(), &image, hotspot))
 }
 
-pub(crate) fn default_cursor() -> Id<NSCursor> {
+pub(crate) fn default_cursor() -> Retained<NSCursor> {
     NSCursor::arrowCursor()
 }
 
-unsafe fn try_cursor_from_selector(sel: Sel) -> Option<Id<NSCursor>> {
+unsafe fn try_cursor_from_selector(sel: Sel) -> Option<Retained<NSCursor>> {
     let cls = NSCursor::class();
-    if cls.responds_to(sel) {
-        let cursor: Id<NSCursor> = unsafe { msg_send_id![cls, performSelector: sel] };
+    if unsafe { msg_send![cls, respondsToSelector: sel] } {
+        let cursor: Retained<NSCursor> = unsafe { msg_send![cls, performSelector: sel] };
         Some(cursor)
     } else {
         tracing::warn!("cursor `{sel}` appears to be invalid");
@@ -82,7 +95,7 @@ macro_rules! def_undocumented_cursor {
     )*} => {$(
         $(#[$($m)*])*
         #[allow(non_snake_case)]
-        fn $name() -> Id<NSCursor> {
+        fn $name() -> Retained<NSCursor> {
             unsafe { try_cursor_from_selector(sel!($name)).unwrap_or_else(|| default_cursor()) }
         }
     )*};
@@ -112,7 +125,7 @@ def_undocumented_cursor!(
 
 // Note that loading `busybutclickable` with this code won't animate
 // the frames; instead you'll just get them all in a column.
-unsafe fn load_webkit_cursor(name: &NSString) -> Id<NSCursor> {
+unsafe fn load_webkit_cursor(name: &NSString) -> Retained<NSCursor> {
     // Snatch a cursor from WebKit; They fit the style of the native
     // cursors, and will seem completely standard to macOS users.
     //
@@ -128,26 +141,22 @@ unsafe fn load_webkit_cursor(name: &NSString) -> Id<NSCursor> {
 
     // TODO: Handle PLists better
     let info_path = cursor_path.stringByAppendingPathComponent(ns_string!("info.plist"));
-    let info: Id<NSDictionary<NSObject, NSObject>> = unsafe {
-        msg_send_id![
+    let info: Retained<NSDictionary<NSObject, NSObject>> = unsafe {
+        msg_send![
             <NSDictionary<NSObject, NSObject>>::class(),
             dictionaryWithContentsOfFile: &*info_path,
         ]
     };
     let mut x = 0.0;
-    if let Some(n) = info.get(&*ns_string!("hotx")) {
-        if n.is_kind_of::<NSNumber>() {
-            let ptr: *const NSObject = n;
-            let ptr: *const NSNumber = ptr.cast();
-            x = unsafe { &*ptr }.as_cgfloat()
+    if let Some(n) = info.objectForKey(ns_string!("hotx")) {
+        if let Ok(n) = n.downcast::<NSNumber>() {
+            x = n.as_cgfloat();
         }
     }
     let mut y = 0.0;
-    if let Some(n) = info.get(&*ns_string!("hotx")) {
-        if n.is_kind_of::<NSNumber>() {
-            let ptr: *const NSObject = n;
-            let ptr: *const NSNumber = ptr.cast();
-            y = unsafe { &*ptr }.as_cgfloat()
+    if let Some(n) = info.objectForKey(ns_string!("hoty")) {
+        if let Ok(n) = n.downcast::<NSNumber>() {
+            y = n.as_cgfloat();
         }
     }
 
@@ -155,15 +164,15 @@ unsafe fn load_webkit_cursor(name: &NSString) -> Id<NSCursor> {
     NSCursor::initWithImage_hotSpot(NSCursor::alloc(), &image, hotspot)
 }
 
-fn webkit_move() -> Id<NSCursor> {
+fn webkit_move() -> Retained<NSCursor> {
     unsafe { load_webkit_cursor(ns_string!("move")) }
 }
 
-fn webkit_cell() -> Id<NSCursor> {
+fn webkit_cell() -> Retained<NSCursor> {
     unsafe { load_webkit_cursor(ns_string!("cell")) }
 }
 
-pub(crate) fn invisible_cursor() -> Id<NSCursor> {
+pub(crate) fn invisible_cursor() -> Retained<NSCursor> {
     // 16x16 GIF data for invisible cursor
     // You can reproduce this via ImageMagick.
     // $ convert -size 16x16 xc:none cursor.gif
@@ -174,7 +183,7 @@ pub(crate) fn invisible_cursor() -> Id<NSCursor> {
         0xa3, 0x9c, 0xb4, 0xda, 0x8b, 0xb3, 0x3e, 0x05, 0x00, 0x3b,
     ];
 
-    fn new_invisible() -> Id<NSCursor> {
+    fn new_invisible() -> Retained<NSCursor> {
         // TODO: Consider using `dataWithBytesNoCopy:`
         let data = NSData::with_bytes(CURSOR_BYTES);
         let image = NSImage::initWithData(NSImage::alloc(), &data).unwrap();
@@ -187,7 +196,8 @@ pub(crate) fn invisible_cursor() -> Id<NSCursor> {
     CURSOR.get_or_init(|| CustomCursor(new_invisible())).0.clone()
 }
 
-pub(crate) fn cursor_from_icon(icon: CursorIcon) -> Id<NSCursor> {
+#[allow(deprecated)]
+pub(crate) fn cursor_from_icon(icon: CursorIcon) -> Retained<NSCursor> {
     match icon {
         CursorIcon::Default => default_cursor(),
         CursorIcon::Pointer => NSCursor::pointingHandCursor(),
@@ -207,7 +217,9 @@ pub(crate) fn cursor_from_icon(icon: CursorIcon) -> Id<NSCursor> {
         CursorIcon::EwResize | CursorIcon::ColResize => NSCursor::resizeLeftRightCursor(),
         CursorIcon::NsResize | CursorIcon::RowResize => NSCursor::resizeUpDownCursor(),
         CursorIcon::Help => _helpCursor(),
+        CursorIcon::ZoomIn if available!(macos = 15.0) => unsafe { NSCursor::zoomInCursor() },
         CursorIcon::ZoomIn => _zoomInCursor(),
+        CursorIcon::ZoomOut if available!(macos = 15.0) => unsafe { NSCursor::zoomOutCursor() },
         CursorIcon::ZoomOut => _zoomOutCursor(),
         CursorIcon::NeResize => _windowResizeNorthEastCursor(),
         CursorIcon::NwResize => _windowResizeNorthWestCursor(),

src/platform_impl/apple/appkit/event.rs

@@ -1,50 +1,42 @@
-use std::ffi::c_void;
+use std::ptr::NonNull;
 
-use core_foundation::base::CFRelease;
-use core_foundation::data::{CFDataGetBytePtr, CFDataRef};
-use objc2::rc::Id;
+use dispatch2::run_on_main;
+use objc2::rc::Retained;
 use objc2_app_kit::{NSEvent, NSEventModifierFlags, NSEventSubtype, NSEventType};
-use objc2_foundation::{run_on_main, NSPoint};
+use objc2_core_foundation::{CFData, CFRetained};
+use objc2_foundation::NSPoint;
 use smol_str::SmolStr;
 
+use super::ffi;
 use crate::event::{ElementState, KeyEvent, Modifiers};
 use crate::keyboard::{
     Key, KeyCode, KeyLocation, ModifiersKeys, ModifiersState, NamedKey, NativeKey, NativeKeyCode,
     PhysicalKey,
 };
-use crate::platform_impl::platform::ffi;
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
-pub struct KeyEventExtra {
-    pub text_with_all_modifiers: Option<SmolStr>,
-    pub key_without_modifiers: Key,
-}
 
 /// Ignores ALL modifiers.
 pub fn get_modifierless_char(scancode: u16) -> Key {
-    let mut string = [0; 16];
-    let input_source;
-    let layout;
-    unsafe {
-        input_source = ffi::TISCopyCurrentKeyboardLayoutInputSource();
-        if input_source.is_null() {
-            tracing::error!("`TISCopyCurrentKeyboardLayoutInputSource` returned null ptr");
-            return Key::Unidentified(NativeKey::MacOS(scancode));
-        }
-        let layout_data =
-            ffi::TISGetInputSourceProperty(input_source, ffi::kTISPropertyUnicodeKeyLayoutData);
-        if layout_data.is_null() {
-            CFRelease(input_source as *mut c_void);
-            tracing::error!("`TISGetInputSourceProperty` returned null ptr");
-            return Key::Unidentified(NativeKey::MacOS(scancode));
-        }
-        layout = CFDataGetBytePtr(layout_data as CFDataRef) as *const ffi::UCKeyboardLayout;
-    }
+    let Some(ptr) = NonNull::new(unsafe { ffi::TISCopyCurrentKeyboardLayoutInputSource() }) else {
+        tracing::error!("`TISCopyCurrentKeyboardLayoutInputSource` returned null ptr");
+        return Key::Unidentified(NativeKey::MacOS(scancode));
+    };
+    let input_source = unsafe { CFRetained::from_raw(ptr) };
+
+    let layout_data = unsafe {
+        ffi::TISGetInputSourceProperty(&input_source, ffi::kTISPropertyUnicodeKeyLayoutData)
+    };
+    let Some(layout_data) = (unsafe { layout_data.cast::<CFData>().as_ref() }) else {
+        tracing::error!("`TISGetInputSourceProperty` returned null ptr");
+        return Key::Unidentified(NativeKey::MacOS(scancode));
+    };
+
+    let layout = layout_data.byte_ptr().cast();
     let keyboard_type = run_on_main(|_mtm| unsafe { ffi::LMGetKbdType() });
 
     let mut result_len = 0;
     let mut dead_keys = 0;
     let modifiers = 0;
+    let mut string = [0; 16];
     let translate_result = unsafe {
         ffi::UCKeyTranslate(
             layout,
@@ -59,9 +51,6 @@ pub fn get_modifierless_char(scancode: u16) -> Key {
             string.as_mut_ptr(),
         )
     };
-    unsafe {
-        CFRelease(input_source as *mut c_void);
-    }
     if translate_result != 0 {
         tracing::error!("`UCKeyTranslate` returned with the non-zero value: {}", translate_result);
         return Key::Unidentified(NativeKey::MacOS(scancode));
@@ -92,17 +81,12 @@ fn get_logical_key_char(ns_event: &NSEvent, modifierless_chars: &str) -> Key {
 /// Create `KeyEvent` for the given `NSEvent`.
 ///
 /// This function shouldn't be called when the IME input is in process.
-pub(crate) fn create_key_event(
-    ns_event: &NSEvent,
-    is_press: bool,
-    is_repeat: bool,
-    key_override: Option<PhysicalKey>,
-) -> KeyEvent {
+pub(crate) fn create_key_event(ns_event: &NSEvent, is_press: bool, is_repeat: bool) -> KeyEvent {
     use ElementState::{Pressed, Released};
     let state = if is_press { Pressed } else { Released };
 
     let scancode = unsafe { ns_event.keyCode() };
-    let mut physical_key = key_override.unwrap_or_else(|| scancode_to_physicalkey(scancode as u32));
+    let mut physical_key = scancode_to_physicalkey(scancode as u32);
 
     // NOTE: The logical key should heed both SHIFT and ALT if possible.
     // For instance:
@@ -111,20 +95,15 @@ pub(crate) fn create_key_event(
     // * Pressing CTRL SHIFT A: logical key should also be "A"
     // This is not easy to tease out of `NSEvent`, but we do our best.
 
-    let text_with_all_modifiers: Option<SmolStr> = if key_override.is_some() {
+    let characters = unsafe { ns_event.characters() }.map(|s| s.to_string()).unwrap_or_default();
+    let text_with_all_modifiers = if characters.is_empty() {
         None
     } else {
-        let characters =
-            unsafe { ns_event.characters() }.map(|s| s.to_string()).unwrap_or_default();
-        if characters.is_empty() {
-            None
-        } else {
-            if matches!(physical_key, PhysicalKey::Unidentified(_)) {
-                // The key may be one of the funky function keys
-                physical_key = extra_function_key_to_code(scancode, &characters);
-            }
-            Some(SmolStr::new(characters))
+        if matches!(physical_key, PhysicalKey::Unidentified(_)) {
+            // The key may be one of the funky function keys
+            physical_key = extra_function_key_to_code(scancode, &characters);
         }
+        Some(SmolStr::new(characters))
     };
 
     let key_from_code = code_to_key(physical_key, scancode);
@@ -133,8 +112,8 @@ pub(crate) fn create_key_event(
         let key_without_modifiers = get_modifierless_char(scancode);
 
         let modifiers = unsafe { ns_event.modifierFlags() };
-        let has_ctrl = flags_contains(modifiers, NSEventModifierFlags::NSEventModifierFlagControl);
-        let has_cmd = flags_contains(modifiers, NSEventModifierFlags::NSEventModifierFlagCommand);
+        let has_ctrl = modifiers.contains(NSEventModifierFlags::Control);
+        let has_cmd = modifiers.contains(NSEventModifierFlags::Command);
 
         let logical_key = match text_with_all_modifiers.as_ref() {
             // Only checking for ctrl and cmd here, not checking for alt because we DO want to
@@ -172,7 +151,8 @@ pub(crate) fn create_key_event(
         repeat: is_repeat,
         state,
         text,
-        platform_specific: KeyEventExtra { text_with_all_modifiers, key_without_modifiers },
+        text_with_all_modifiers,
+        key_without_modifiers,
     }
 }
 
@@ -182,28 +162,34 @@ pub fn code_to_key(key: PhysicalKey, scancode: u16) -> Key {
         PhysicalKey::Unidentified(code) => return Key::Unidentified(code.into()),
     };
 
+    // Roughly same handling as Firefox and Chromium:
+    // https://searchfox.org/mozilla-central/rev/c597e9c789ad36af84a0370d395be066b7dc94f4/widget/NativeKeyToDOMKeyName.h
+    // https://chromium.googlesource.com/chromium/src.git/+/010a75a426c4a2292955a52f480e9251cacf750e/ui/events/keycodes/keyboard_code_conversion_mac.mm#100
     Key::Named(match code {
         KeyCode::Enter => NamedKey::Enter,
         KeyCode::Tab => NamedKey::Tab,
-        KeyCode::Space => NamedKey::Space,
+        KeyCode::Space => return Key::Character(" ".into()),
         KeyCode::Backspace => NamedKey::Backspace,
         KeyCode::Escape => NamedKey::Escape,
-        KeyCode::SuperRight => NamedKey::Super,
-        KeyCode::SuperLeft => NamedKey::Super,
+        KeyCode::MetaRight => NamedKey::Meta,
+        KeyCode::MetaLeft => NamedKey::Meta,
         KeyCode::ShiftLeft => NamedKey::Shift,
         KeyCode::AltLeft => NamedKey::Alt,
         KeyCode::ControlLeft => NamedKey::Control,
         KeyCode::ShiftRight => NamedKey::Shift,
         KeyCode::AltRight => NamedKey::Alt,
         KeyCode::ControlRight => NamedKey::Control,
+        KeyCode::CapsLock => NamedKey::CapsLock,
 
         KeyCode::NumLock => NamedKey::NumLock,
         KeyCode::AudioVolumeUp => NamedKey::AudioVolumeUp,
         KeyCode::AudioVolumeDown => NamedKey::AudioVolumeDown,
+        KeyCode::AudioVolumeMute => NamedKey::AudioVolumeMute,
 
         // Other numpad keys all generate text on macOS (if I understand correctly)
         KeyCode::NumpadEnter => NamedKey::Enter,
 
+        KeyCode::Fn => NamedKey::Fn,
         KeyCode::F1 => NamedKey::F1,
         KeyCode::F2 => NamedKey::F2,
         KeyCode::F3 => NamedKey::F3,
@@ -224,17 +210,27 @@ pub fn code_to_key(key: PhysicalKey, scancode: u16) -> Key {
         KeyCode::F18 => NamedKey::F18,
         KeyCode::F19 => NamedKey::F19,
         KeyCode::F20 => NamedKey::F20,
+        KeyCode::F21 => NamedKey::F21,
+        KeyCode::F22 => NamedKey::F22,
+        KeyCode::F23 => NamedKey::F23,
+        KeyCode::F24 => NamedKey::F24,
 
         KeyCode::Insert => NamedKey::Insert,
         KeyCode::Home => NamedKey::Home,
         KeyCode::PageUp => NamedKey::PageUp,
         KeyCode::Delete => NamedKey::Delete,
         KeyCode::End => NamedKey::End,
+        KeyCode::Help => NamedKey::Help,
         KeyCode::PageDown => NamedKey::PageDown,
         KeyCode::ArrowLeft => NamedKey::ArrowLeft,
         KeyCode::ArrowRight => NamedKey::ArrowRight,
         KeyCode::ArrowDown => NamedKey::ArrowDown,
         KeyCode::ArrowUp => NamedKey::ArrowUp,
+        KeyCode::ContextMenu => NamedKey::ContextMenu,
+
+        KeyCode::Lang2 => NamedKey::Eisu,
+        KeyCode::Lang1 => NamedKey::KanjiMode,
+
         _ => return Key::Unidentified(NativeKey::MacOS(scancode)),
     })
 }
@@ -246,8 +242,8 @@ pub fn code_to_location(key: PhysicalKey) -> KeyLocation {
     };
 
     match code {
-        KeyCode::SuperRight => KeyLocation::Right,
-        KeyCode::SuperLeft => KeyLocation::Left,
+        KeyCode::MetaRight => KeyLocation::Right,
+        KeyCode::MetaLeft => KeyLocation::Left,
         KeyCode::ShiftLeft => KeyLocation::Left,
         KeyCode::AltLeft => KeyLocation::Left,
         KeyCode::ControlLeft => KeyLocation::Left,
@@ -305,16 +301,12 @@ const NX_DEVICELALTKEYMASK: NSEventModifierFlags = NSEventModifierFlags(0x000000
 const NX_DEVICERALTKEYMASK: NSEventModifierFlags = NSEventModifierFlags(0x00000040);
 const NX_DEVICERCTLKEYMASK: NSEventModifierFlags = NSEventModifierFlags(0x00002000);
 
-pub(super) fn flags_contains(flags: NSEventModifierFlags, value: NSEventModifierFlags) -> bool {
-    flags.0 & value.0 == value.0
-}
-
 pub(super) fn lalt_pressed(event: &NSEvent) -> bool {
-    flags_contains(unsafe { event.modifierFlags() }, NX_DEVICELALTKEYMASK)
+    unsafe { event.modifierFlags() }.contains(NX_DEVICELALTKEYMASK)
 }
 
 pub(super) fn ralt_pressed(event: &NSEvent) -> bool {
-    flags_contains(unsafe { event.modifierFlags() }, NX_DEVICERALTKEYMASK)
+    unsafe { event.modifierFlags() }.contains(NX_DEVICERALTKEYMASK)
 }
 
 pub(super) fn event_mods(event: &NSEvent) -> Modifiers {
@@ -322,38 +314,26 @@ pub(super) fn event_mods(event: &NSEvent) -> Modifiers {
     let mut state = ModifiersState::empty();
     let mut pressed_mods = ModifiersKeys::empty();
 
-    state.set(
-        ModifiersState::SHIFT,
-        flags_contains(flags, NSEventModifierFlags::NSEventModifierFlagShift),
-    );
-    pressed_mods.set(ModifiersKeys::LSHIFT, flags_contains(flags, NX_DEVICELSHIFTKEYMASK));
-    pressed_mods.set(ModifiersKeys::RSHIFT, flags_contains(flags, NX_DEVICERSHIFTKEYMASK));
+    state.set(ModifiersState::SHIFT, flags.contains(NSEventModifierFlags::Shift));
+    pressed_mods.set(ModifiersKeys::LSHIFT, flags.contains(NX_DEVICELSHIFTKEYMASK));
+    pressed_mods.set(ModifiersKeys::RSHIFT, flags.contains(NX_DEVICERSHIFTKEYMASK));
 
-    state.set(
-        ModifiersState::CONTROL,
-        flags_contains(flags, NSEventModifierFlags::NSEventModifierFlagControl),
-    );
-    pressed_mods.set(ModifiersKeys::LCONTROL, flags_contains(flags, NX_DEVICELCTLKEYMASK));
-    pressed_mods.set(ModifiersKeys::RCONTROL, flags_contains(flags, NX_DEVICERCTLKEYMASK));
+    state.set(ModifiersState::CONTROL, flags.contains(NSEventModifierFlags::Control));
+    pressed_mods.set(ModifiersKeys::LCONTROL, flags.contains(NX_DEVICELCTLKEYMASK));
+    pressed_mods.set(ModifiersKeys::RCONTROL, flags.contains(NX_DEVICERCTLKEYMASK));
 
-    state.set(
-        ModifiersState::ALT,
-        flags_contains(flags, NSEventModifierFlags::NSEventModifierFlagOption),
-    );
-    pressed_mods.set(ModifiersKeys::LALT, flags_contains(flags, NX_DEVICELALTKEYMASK));
-    pressed_mods.set(ModifiersKeys::RALT, flags_contains(flags, NX_DEVICERALTKEYMASK));
+    state.set(ModifiersState::ALT, flags.contains(NSEventModifierFlags::Option));
+    pressed_mods.set(ModifiersKeys::LALT, flags.contains(NX_DEVICELALTKEYMASK));
+    pressed_mods.set(ModifiersKeys::RALT, flags.contains(NX_DEVICERALTKEYMASK));
 
-    state.set(
-        ModifiersState::SUPER,
-        flags_contains(flags, NSEventModifierFlags::NSEventModifierFlagCommand),
-    );
-    pressed_mods.set(ModifiersKeys::LSUPER, flags_contains(flags, NX_DEVICELCMDKEYMASK));
-    pressed_mods.set(ModifiersKeys::RSUPER, flags_contains(flags, NX_DEVICERCMDKEYMASK));
+    state.set(ModifiersState::META, flags.contains(NSEventModifierFlags::Command));
+    pressed_mods.set(ModifiersKeys::LMETA, flags.contains(NX_DEVICELCMDKEYMASK));
+    pressed_mods.set(ModifiersKeys::RMETA, flags.contains(NX_DEVICERCMDKEYMASK));
 
     Modifiers { state, pressed_mods }
 }
 
-pub(super) fn dummy_event() -> Option<Id<NSEvent>> {
+pub(super) fn dummy_event() -> Option<Retained<NSEvent>> {
     unsafe {
         NSEvent::otherEventWithType_location_modifierFlags_timestamp_windowNumber_context_subtype_data1_data2(
             NSEventType::ApplicationDefined,
@@ -386,6 +366,7 @@ pub(crate) fn physicalkey_to_scancode(physical_key: PhysicalKey) -> Option<u32>
         KeyCode::KeyX => Some(0x07),
         KeyCode::KeyC => Some(0x08),
         KeyCode::KeyV => Some(0x09),
+        KeyCode::IntlBackslash => Some(0x0a),
         KeyCode::KeyB => Some(0x0b),
         KeyCode::KeyQ => Some(0x0c),
         KeyCode::KeyW => Some(0x0d),
@@ -428,21 +409,24 @@ pub(crate) fn physicalkey_to_scancode(physical_key: PhysicalKey) -> Option<u32>
         KeyCode::Backquote => Some(0x32),
         KeyCode::Backspace => Some(0x33),
         KeyCode::Escape => Some(0x35),
-        KeyCode::SuperRight => Some(0x36),
-        KeyCode::SuperLeft => Some(0x37),
+        KeyCode::MetaRight => Some(0x36),
+        KeyCode::MetaLeft => Some(0x37),
         KeyCode::ShiftLeft => Some(0x38),
+        KeyCode::CapsLock => Some(0x39),
         KeyCode::AltLeft => Some(0x3a),
         KeyCode::ControlLeft => Some(0x3b),
         KeyCode::ShiftRight => Some(0x3c),
         KeyCode::AltRight => Some(0x3d),
         KeyCode::ControlRight => Some(0x3e),
+        KeyCode::Fn => Some(0x3f),
         KeyCode::F17 => Some(0x40),
         KeyCode::NumpadDecimal => Some(0x41),
         KeyCode::NumpadMultiply => Some(0x43),
         KeyCode::NumpadAdd => Some(0x45),
         KeyCode::NumLock => Some(0x47),
-        KeyCode::AudioVolumeUp => Some(0x49),
-        KeyCode::AudioVolumeDown => Some(0x4a),
+        KeyCode::AudioVolumeUp => Some(0x48),
+        KeyCode::AudioVolumeDown => Some(0x49),
+        KeyCode::AudioVolumeMute => Some(0x4a),
         KeyCode::NumpadDivide => Some(0x4b),
         KeyCode::NumpadEnter => Some(0x4c),
         KeyCode::NumpadSubtract => Some(0x4e),
@@ -461,17 +445,22 @@ pub(crate) fn physicalkey_to_scancode(physical_key: PhysicalKey) -> Option<u32>
         KeyCode::Numpad8 => Some(0x5b),
         KeyCode::Numpad9 => Some(0x5c),
         KeyCode::IntlYen => Some(0x5d),
+        KeyCode::IntlRo => Some(0x5e),
+        KeyCode::NumpadComma => Some(0x5f),
         KeyCode::F5 => Some(0x60),
         KeyCode::F6 => Some(0x61),
         KeyCode::F7 => Some(0x62),
         KeyCode::F3 => Some(0x63),
         KeyCode::F8 => Some(0x64),
         KeyCode::F9 => Some(0x65),
+        KeyCode::Lang2 => Some(0x66),
         KeyCode::F11 => Some(0x67),
+        KeyCode::Lang1 => Some(0x68),
         KeyCode::F13 => Some(0x69),
         KeyCode::F16 => Some(0x6a),
         KeyCode::F14 => Some(0x6b),
         KeyCode::F10 => Some(0x6d),
+        KeyCode::ContextMenu => Some(0x6e),
         KeyCode::F12 => Some(0x6f),
         KeyCode::F15 => Some(0x71),
         KeyCode::Insert => Some(0x72),
@@ -487,11 +476,26 @@ pub(crate) fn physicalkey_to_scancode(physical_key: PhysicalKey) -> Option<u32>
         KeyCode::ArrowRight => Some(0x7c),
         KeyCode::ArrowDown => Some(0x7d),
         KeyCode::ArrowUp => Some(0x7e),
+        KeyCode::Power => Some(0x7f),
         _ => None,
     }
 }
 
 pub(crate) fn scancode_to_physicalkey(scancode: u32) -> PhysicalKey {
+    // Follows what Chromium and Firefox do:
+    // https://chromium.googlesource.com/chromium/src.git/+/3e1a26c44c024d97dc9a4c09bbc6a2365398ca2c/ui/events/keycodes/dom/dom_code_data.inc
+    // https://searchfox.org/mozilla-central/rev/c597e9c789ad36af84a0370d395be066b7dc94f4/widget/NativeKeyToDOMCodeName.h
+    //
+    // See also:
+    // Carbon.framework/Versions/A/Frameworks/HIToolbox.framework/Versions/A/Headers/Events.h
+    //
+    // Also see https://developer.apple.com/documentation/appkit/function-key-unicode-values:
+    //
+    // > the system handles some function keys at a lower level and your app never sees them.
+    // > Examples include the Volume Up key, Volume Down key, Volume Mute key, Eject key, and
+    // > Function key found on many Macs.
+    //
+    // So the handling of some of these is mostly for show.
     PhysicalKey::Code(match scancode {
         0x00 => KeyCode::KeyA,
         0x01 => KeyCode::KeyS,
@@ -503,7 +507,11 @@ pub(crate) fn scancode_to_physicalkey(scancode: u32) -> PhysicalKey {
         0x07 => KeyCode::KeyX,
         0x08 => KeyCode::KeyC,
         0x09 => KeyCode::KeyV,
-        // 0x0a => World 1,
+        // This key is typically located near LeftShift key, roughly the same location as backquote
+        // (`) on Windows' US layout.
+        //
+        // The keycap varies on international keyboards.
+        0x0a => KeyCode::IntlBackslash,
         0x0b => KeyCode::KeyB,
         0x0c => KeyCode::KeyQ,
         0x0d => KeyCode::KeyW,
@@ -545,10 +553,10 @@ pub(crate) fn scancode_to_physicalkey(scancode: u32) -> PhysicalKey {
         0x31 => KeyCode::Space,
         0x32 => KeyCode::Backquote,
         0x33 => KeyCode::Backspace,
-        // 0x34 => unknown,
+        // 0x34 => unknown, // kVK_Powerbook_KeypadEnter
         0x35 => KeyCode::Escape,
-        0x36 => KeyCode::SuperRight,
-        0x37 => KeyCode::SuperLeft,
+        0x36 => KeyCode::MetaRight,
+        0x37 => KeyCode::MetaLeft,
         0x38 => KeyCode::ShiftLeft,
         0x39 => KeyCode::CapsLock,
         0x3a => KeyCode::AltLeft,
@@ -564,15 +572,10 @@ pub(crate) fn scancode_to_physicalkey(scancode: u32) -> PhysicalKey {
         // 0x44 => unknown,
         0x45 => KeyCode::NumpadAdd,
         // 0x46 => unknown,
-        0x47 => KeyCode::NumLock,
-        // 0x48 => KeyCode::NumpadClear,
-
-        // TODO: (Artur) for me, kVK_VolumeUp is 0x48
-        // macOS 10.11
-        // /System/Library/Frameworks/Carbon.framework/Versions/A/Frameworks/HIToolbox.framework/
-        // Versions/A/Headers/Events.h
-        0x49 => KeyCode::AudioVolumeUp,
-        0x4a => KeyCode::AudioVolumeDown,
+        0x47 => KeyCode::NumLock, // kVK_ANSI_KeypadClear
+        0x48 => KeyCode::AudioVolumeUp,
+        0x49 => KeyCode::AudioVolumeDown,
+        0x4a => KeyCode::AudioVolumeMute,
         0x4b => KeyCode::NumpadDivide,
         0x4c => KeyCode::NumpadEnter,
         // 0x4d => unknown,
@@ -592,23 +595,23 @@ pub(crate) fn scancode_to_physicalkey(scancode: u32) -> PhysicalKey {
         0x5b => KeyCode::Numpad8,
         0x5c => KeyCode::Numpad9,
         0x5d => KeyCode::IntlYen,
-        // 0x5e => JIS Ro,
-        // 0x5f => unknown,
+        0x5e => KeyCode::IntlRo,
+        0x5f => KeyCode::NumpadComma,
         0x60 => KeyCode::F5,
         0x61 => KeyCode::F6,
         0x62 => KeyCode::F7,
         0x63 => KeyCode::F3,
         0x64 => KeyCode::F8,
         0x65 => KeyCode::F9,
-        // 0x66 => JIS Eisuu (macOS),
+        0x66 => KeyCode::Lang2,
         0x67 => KeyCode::F11,
-        // 0x68 => JIS Kanna (macOS),
+        0x68 => KeyCode::Lang1,
         0x69 => KeyCode::F13,
         0x6a => KeyCode::F16,
         0x6b => KeyCode::F14,
         // 0x6c => unknown,
         0x6d => KeyCode::F10,
-        // 0x6e => unknown,
+        0x6e => KeyCode::ContextMenu,
         0x6f => KeyCode::F12,
         // 0x70 => unknown,
         0x71 => KeyCode::F15,
@@ -625,11 +628,7 @@ pub(crate) fn scancode_to_physicalkey(scancode: u32) -> PhysicalKey {
         0x7c => KeyCode::ArrowRight,
         0x7d => KeyCode::ArrowDown,
         0x7e => KeyCode::ArrowUp,
-        // 0x7f =>  unknown,
-
-        // 0xA is the caret (^) an macOS's German QERTZ layout. This key is at the same location as
-        // backquote (`) on Windows' US layout.
-        0xa => KeyCode::Backquote,
+        0x7f => KeyCode::Power, // On 10.7 and 10.8 only
         _ => return PhysicalKey::Unidentified(NativeKeyCode::MacOS(scancode as u16)),
     })
 }

src/platform_impl/apple/appkit/event_loop.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,450 @@
+use std::any::Any;
+use std::cell::Cell;
+use std::fmt;
+use std::panic::{catch_unwind, resume_unwind, RefUnwindSafe, UnwindSafe};
+use std::rc::{Rc, Weak};
+use std::sync::Arc;
+use std::time::{Duration, Instant};
+
+use objc2::rc::{autoreleasepool, Retained};
+use objc2::runtime::ProtocolObject;
+use objc2::{available, MainThreadMarker};
+use objc2_app_kit::{
+    NSApplication, NSApplicationActivationPolicy, NSApplicationDidFinishLaunchingNotification,
+    NSApplicationWillTerminateNotification, NSWindow,
+};
+use objc2_foundation::{NSNotificationCenter, NSObjectProtocol};
+use rwh_06::HasDisplayHandle;
+
+use super::super::notification_center::create_observer;
+use super::app::override_send_event;
+use super::app_state::AppState;
+use super::cursor::CustomCursor;
+use super::event::dummy_event;
+use super::monitor;
+use super::observer::setup_control_flow_observers;
+use crate::application::ApplicationHandler;
+use crate::error::{EventLoopError, RequestError};
+use crate::event_loop::{
+    ActiveEventLoop as RootActiveEventLoop, ControlFlow, DeviceEvents,
+    EventLoopProxy as CoreEventLoopProxy, OwnedDisplayHandle as CoreOwnedDisplayHandle,
+};
+use crate::monitor::MonitorHandle as CoreMonitorHandle;
+use crate::platform::macos::ActivationPolicy;
+use crate::platform::pump_events::PumpStatus;
+use crate::platform_impl::Window;
+use crate::window::{CustomCursor as CoreCustomCursor, CustomCursorSource, Theme};
+
+#[derive(Default)]
+pub struct PanicInfo {
+    inner: Cell<Option<Box<dyn Any + Send + 'static>>>,
+}
+
+impl fmt::Debug for PanicInfo {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        f.debug_struct("PanicInfo").finish_non_exhaustive()
+    }
+}
+
+// WARNING:
+// As long as this struct is used through its `impl`, it is UnwindSafe.
+// (If `get_mut` is called on `inner`, unwind safety may get broken.)
+impl UnwindSafe for PanicInfo {}
+impl RefUnwindSafe for PanicInfo {}
+impl PanicInfo {
+    pub fn is_panicking(&self) -> bool {
+        let inner = self.inner.take();
+        let result = inner.is_some();
+        self.inner.set(inner);
+        result
+    }
+
+    /// Overwrites the current state if the current state is not panicking
+    pub fn set_panic(&self, p: Box<dyn Any + Send + 'static>) {
+        if !self.is_panicking() {
+            self.inner.set(Some(p));
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn take(&self) -> Option<Box<dyn Any + Send + 'static>> {
+        self.inner.take()
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct ActiveEventLoop {
+    pub(super) app_state: Rc<AppState>,
+    pub(super) mtm: MainThreadMarker,
+}
+
+impl ActiveEventLoop {
+    pub(crate) fn hide_application(&self) {
+        NSApplication::sharedApplication(self.mtm).hide(None)
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn hide_other_applications(&self) {
+        NSApplication::sharedApplication(self.mtm).hideOtherApplications(None)
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn set_allows_automatic_window_tabbing(&self, enabled: bool) {
+        NSWindow::setAllowsAutomaticWindowTabbing(enabled, self.mtm)
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn allows_automatic_window_tabbing(&self) -> bool {
+        NSWindow::allowsAutomaticWindowTabbing(self.mtm)
+    }
+}
+
+impl RootActiveEventLoop for ActiveEventLoop {
+    fn create_proxy(&self) -> CoreEventLoopProxy {
+        CoreEventLoopProxy::new(self.app_state.event_loop_proxy().clone())
+    }
+
+    fn create_window(
+        &self,
+        window_attributes: crate::window::WindowAttributes,
+    ) -> Result<Box<dyn crate::window::Window>, RequestError> {
+        Ok(Box::new(Window::new(self, window_attributes)?))
+    }
+
+    fn create_custom_cursor(
+        &self,
+        source: CustomCursorSource,
+    ) -> Result<CoreCustomCursor, RequestError> {
+        Ok(CoreCustomCursor(Arc::new(CustomCursor::new(source)?)))
+    }
+
+    fn available_monitors(&self) -> Box<dyn Iterator<Item = CoreMonitorHandle>> {
+        Box::new(
+            monitor::available_monitors()
+                .into_iter()
+                .map(|monitor| CoreMonitorHandle(Arc::new(monitor))),
+        )
+    }
+
+    fn primary_monitor(&self) -> Option<crate::monitor::MonitorHandle> {
+        let monitor = monitor::primary_monitor();
+        Some(CoreMonitorHandle(Arc::new(monitor)))
+    }
+
+    fn listen_device_events(&self, _allowed: DeviceEvents) {}
+
+    fn system_theme(&self) -> Option<Theme> {
+        let app = NSApplication::sharedApplication(self.mtm);
+
+        // Dark appearance was introduced in macOS 10.14
+        if available!(macos = 10.14) {
+            Some(super::window_delegate::appearance_to_theme(&app.effectiveAppearance()))
+        } else {
+            Some(Theme::Light)
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn set_control_flow(&self, control_flow: ControlFlow) {
+        self.app_state.set_control_flow(control_flow)
+    }
+
+    fn control_flow(&self) -> ControlFlow {
+        self.app_state.control_flow()
+    }
+
+    fn exit(&self) {
+        self.app_state.exit()
+    }
+
+    fn exiting(&self) -> bool {
+        self.app_state.exiting()
+    }
+
+    fn owned_display_handle(&self) -> CoreOwnedDisplayHandle {
+        CoreOwnedDisplayHandle::new(Arc::new(OwnedDisplayHandle))
+    }
+
+    fn rwh_06_handle(&self) -> &dyn rwh_06::HasDisplayHandle {
+        self
+    }
+}
+
+impl rwh_06::HasDisplayHandle for ActiveEventLoop {
+    fn display_handle(&self) -> Result<rwh_06::DisplayHandle<'_>, rwh_06::HandleError> {
+        let raw = rwh_06::RawDisplayHandle::AppKit(rwh_06::AppKitDisplayHandle::new());
+        unsafe { Ok(rwh_06::DisplayHandle::borrow_raw(raw)) }
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct EventLoop {
+    /// Store a reference to the application for convenience.
+    ///
+    /// We intentionally don't store `WinitApplication` since we want to have
+    /// the possibility of swapping that out at some point.
+    app: Retained<NSApplication>,
+    app_state: Rc<AppState>,
+
+    window_target: ActiveEventLoop,
+    panic_info: Rc<PanicInfo>,
+
+    // Since macOS 10.11, we no longer need to remove the observers before they are deallocated;
+    // the system instead cleans it up next time it would have posted a notification to it.
+    //
+    // Though we do still need to keep the observers around to prevent them from being deallocated.
+    _did_finish_launching_observer: Retained<ProtocolObject<dyn NSObjectProtocol>>,
+    _will_terminate_observer: Retained<ProtocolObject<dyn NSObjectProtocol>>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
+pub(crate) struct PlatformSpecificEventLoopAttributes {
+    pub(crate) activation_policy: Option<ActivationPolicy>,
+    pub(crate) default_menu: bool,
+    pub(crate) activate_ignoring_other_apps: bool,
+}
+
+impl Default for PlatformSpecificEventLoopAttributes {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self { activation_policy: None, default_menu: true, activate_ignoring_other_apps: true }
+    }
+}
+
+impl EventLoop {
+    pub(crate) fn new(
+        attributes: &PlatformSpecificEventLoopAttributes,
+    ) -> Result<Self, EventLoopError> {
+        let mtm = MainThreadMarker::new()
+            .expect("on macOS, `EventLoop` must be created on the main thread!");
+
+        let activation_policy = match attributes.activation_policy {
+            None => None,
+            Some(ActivationPolicy::Regular) => Some(NSApplicationActivationPolicy::Regular),
+            Some(ActivationPolicy::Accessory) => Some(NSApplicationActivationPolicy::Accessory),
+            Some(ActivationPolicy::Prohibited) => Some(NSApplicationActivationPolicy::Prohibited),
+        };
+
+        let app_state = AppState::setup_global(
+            mtm,
+            activation_policy,
+            attributes.default_menu,
+            attributes.activate_ignoring_other_apps,
+        );
+
+        // Initialize the application (if it has not already been).
+        let app = NSApplication::sharedApplication(mtm);
+
+        // Override `sendEvent:` on the application to forward to our application state.
+        override_send_event(&app);
+
+        let center = unsafe { NSNotificationCenter::defaultCenter() };
+
+        let weak_app_state = Rc::downgrade(&app_state);
+        let _did_finish_launching_observer = create_observer(
+            &center,
+            // `applicationDidFinishLaunching:`
+            unsafe { NSApplicationDidFinishLaunchingNotification },
+            move |notification| {
+                if let Some(app_state) = weak_app_state.upgrade() {
+                    app_state.did_finish_launching(notification);
+                }
+            },
+        );
+
+        let weak_app_state = Rc::downgrade(&app_state);
+        let _will_terminate_observer = create_observer(
+            &center,
+            // `applicationWillTerminate:`
+            unsafe { NSApplicationWillTerminateNotification },
+            move |notification| {
+                if let Some(app_state) = weak_app_state.upgrade() {
+                    app_state.will_terminate(notification);
+                }
+            },
+        );
+
+        let panic_info: Rc<PanicInfo> = Default::default();
+        setup_control_flow_observers(mtm, Rc::downgrade(&panic_info));
+
+        Ok(EventLoop {
+            app,
+            app_state: app_state.clone(),
+            window_target: ActiveEventLoop { app_state, mtm },
+            panic_info,
+            _did_finish_launching_observer,
+            _will_terminate_observer,
+        })
+    }
+
+    pub fn window_target(&self) -> &dyn RootActiveEventLoop {
+        &self.window_target
+    }
+
+    pub fn run_app<A: ApplicationHandler>(mut self, app: A) -> Result<(), EventLoopError> {
+        self.run_app_on_demand(app)
+    }
+
+    // NB: we don't base this on `pump_events` because for `MacOs` we can't support
+    // `pump_events` elegantly (we just ask to run the loop for a "short" amount of
+    // time and so a layered implementation would end up using a lot of CPU due to
+    // redundant wake ups.
+    pub fn run_app_on_demand<A: ApplicationHandler>(
+        &mut self,
+        app: A,
+    ) -> Result<(), EventLoopError> {
+        self.app_state.clear_exit();
+        self.app_state.set_event_handler(app, || {
+            autoreleasepool(|_| {
+                // clear / normalize pump_events state
+                self.app_state.set_wait_timeout(None);
+                self.app_state.set_stop_before_wait(false);
+                self.app_state.set_stop_after_wait(false);
+                self.app_state.set_stop_on_redraw(false);
+
+                if self.app_state.is_launched() {
+                    debug_assert!(!self.app_state.is_running());
+                    self.app_state.set_is_running(true);
+                    self.app_state.dispatch_init_events();
+                }
+
+                // NOTE: Make sure to not run the application re-entrantly, as that'd be confusing.
+                self.app.run();
+
+                // While the app is running it's possible that we catch a panic
+                // to avoid unwinding across an objective-c ffi boundary, which
+                // will lead to us stopping the `NSApplication` and saving the
+                // `PanicInfo` so that we can resume the unwind at a controlled,
+                // safe point in time.
+                if let Some(panic) = self.panic_info.take() {
+                    resume_unwind(panic);
+                }
+
+                self.app_state.internal_exit()
+            })
+        });
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    pub fn pump_app_events<A: ApplicationHandler>(
+        &mut self,
+        timeout: Option<Duration>,
+        app: A,
+    ) -> PumpStatus {
+        self.app_state.set_event_handler(app, || {
+            autoreleasepool(|_| {
+                // As a special case, if the application hasn't been launched yet then we at least
+                // run the loop until it has fully launched.
+                if !self.app_state.is_launched() {
+                    debug_assert!(!self.app_state.is_running());
+
+                    self.app_state.set_stop_on_launch();
+                    self.app.run();
+
+                    // Note: we dispatch `NewEvents(Init)` + `Resumed` events after the application
+                    // has launched
+                } else if !self.app_state.is_running() {
+                    // Even though the application may have been launched, it's possible we aren't
+                    // running if the `EventLoop` was run before and has since
+                    // exited. This indicates that we just starting to re-run
+                    // the same `EventLoop` again.
+                    self.app_state.set_is_running(true);
+                    self.app_state.dispatch_init_events();
+                } else {
+                    // Only run for as long as the given `Duration` allows so we don't block the
+                    // external loop.
+                    match timeout {
+                        Some(Duration::ZERO) => {
+                            self.app_state.set_wait_timeout(None);
+                            self.app_state.set_stop_before_wait(true);
+                        },
+                        Some(duration) => {
+                            self.app_state.set_stop_before_wait(false);
+                            let timeout = Instant::now() + duration;
+                            self.app_state.set_wait_timeout(Some(timeout));
+                            self.app_state.set_stop_after_wait(true);
+                        },
+                        None => {
+                            self.app_state.set_wait_timeout(None);
+                            self.app_state.set_stop_before_wait(false);
+                            self.app_state.set_stop_after_wait(true);
+                        },
+                    }
+                    self.app_state.set_stop_on_redraw(true);
+                    self.app.run();
+                }
+
+                // While the app is running it's possible that we catch a panic
+                // to avoid unwinding across an objective-c ffi boundary, which
+                // will lead to us stopping the application and saving the
+                // `PanicInfo` so that we can resume the unwind at a controlled,
+                // safe point in time.
+                if let Some(panic) = self.panic_info.take() {
+                    resume_unwind(panic);
+                }
+
+                if self.app_state.exiting() {
+                    self.app_state.internal_exit();
+                    PumpStatus::Exit(0)
+                } else {
+                    PumpStatus::Continue
+                }
+            })
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+pub(crate) struct OwnedDisplayHandle;
+
+impl HasDisplayHandle for OwnedDisplayHandle {
+    fn display_handle(&self) -> Result<rwh_06::DisplayHandle<'_>, rwh_06::HandleError> {
+        let raw = rwh_06::RawDisplayHandle::AppKit(rwh_06::AppKitDisplayHandle::new());
+        unsafe { Ok(rwh_06::DisplayHandle::borrow_raw(raw)) }
+    }
+}
+
+pub(super) fn stop_app_immediately(app: &NSApplication) {
+    autoreleasepool(|_| {
+        app.stop(None);
+        // To stop event loop immediately, we need to post some event here.
+        // See: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/48041279/stopping-the-nsapplication-main-event-loop/48064752#48064752
+        app.postEvent_atStart(&dummy_event().unwrap(), true);
+    });
+}
+
+/// Tell all windows to close.
+///
+/// This will synchronously trigger `WindowEvent::Destroyed` within
+/// `windowWillClose:`, giving the application one last chance to handle
+/// those events. It doesn't matter if the user also ends up closing the
+/// windows in `Window`'s `Drop` impl, once a window has been closed once, it
+/// stays closed.
+///
+/// This ensures that no windows linger on after the event loop has exited,
+/// see <https://github.com/rust-windowing/winit/issues/4135>.
+pub(super) fn notify_windows_of_exit(app: &NSApplication) {
+    for window in app.windows() {
+        window.close();
+    }
+}
+
+/// Catches panics that happen inside `f` and when a panic
+/// happens, stops the `sharedApplication`
+#[inline]
+pub fn stop_app_on_panic<F: FnOnce() -> R + UnwindSafe, R>(
+    mtm: MainThreadMarker,
+    panic_info: Weak<PanicInfo>,
+    f: F,
+) -> Option<R> {
+    match catch_unwind(f) {
+        Ok(r) => Some(r),
+        Err(e) => {
+            // It's important that we set the panic before requesting a `stop`
+            // because some callback are still called during the `stop` message
+            // and we need to know in those callbacks if the application is currently
+            // panicking
+            {
+                let panic_info = panic_info.upgrade().unwrap();
+                panic_info.set_panic(e);
+            }
+            let app = NSApplication::sharedApplication(mtm);
+            stop_app_immediately(&app);
+            None
+        },
+    }
+}

src/platform_impl/apple/appkit/ffi.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,89 @@
+// TODO: Upstream these
+
+#![allow(non_upper_case_globals)]
+
+use std::ffi::c_void;
+
+use objc2::ffi::NSInteger;
+use objc2::runtime::AnyObject;
+use objc2_core_foundation::{cf_type, CFString, CFUUID};
+use objc2_core_graphics::CGDirectDisplayID;
+
+pub const IO16BitDirectPixels: &str = "-RRRRRGGGGGBBBBB";
+pub const IO32BitDirectPixels: &str = "--------RRRRRRRRGGGGGGGGBBBBBBBB";
+
+pub const kIO30BitDirectPixels: &str = "--RRRRRRRRRRGGGGGGGGGGBBBBBBBBBB";
+
+// `CGDisplayCreateUUIDFromDisplayID` comes from the `ColorSync` framework.
+// However, that framework was only introduced "publicly" in macOS 10.13.
+//
+// Since we want to support older versions, we can't link to `ColorSync`
+// directly. Fortunately, it has always been available as a subframework of
+// `ApplicationServices`, see:
+// https://developer.apple.com/library/archive/documentation/MacOSX/Conceptual/OSX_Technology_Overview/SystemFrameworks/SystemFrameworks.html#//apple_ref/doc/uid/TP40001067-CH210-BBCFFIEG
+#[link(name = "ApplicationServices", kind = "framework")]
+extern "C" {
+    pub fn CGDisplayCreateUUIDFromDisplayID(display: CGDirectDisplayID) -> *mut CFUUID;
+
+    pub fn CGDisplayGetDisplayIDFromUUID(uuid: &CFUUID) -> CGDirectDisplayID;
+}
+
+#[link(name = "CoreGraphics", kind = "framework")]
+extern "C" {
+    // Wildly used private APIs; Apple uses them for their Terminal.app.
+    pub fn CGSMainConnectionID() -> *mut AnyObject;
+    pub fn CGSSetWindowBackgroundBlurRadius(
+        connection_id: *mut AnyObject,
+        window_id: NSInteger,
+        radius: i64,
+    ) -> i32;
+}
+
+#[repr(transparent)]
+pub struct TISInputSource(std::ffi::c_void);
+
+cf_type!(
+    unsafe impl TISInputSource {}
+);
+
+#[repr(transparent)]
+pub struct UCKeyboardLayout(std::ffi::c_void);
+
+pub type OptionBits = u32;
+pub type UniCharCount = std::os::raw::c_ulong;
+pub type UniChar = std::os::raw::c_ushort;
+pub type OSStatus = i32;
+
+#[allow(non_upper_case_globals)]
+pub const kUCKeyActionDisplay: u16 = 3;
+#[allow(non_upper_case_globals)]
+pub const kUCKeyTranslateNoDeadKeysMask: OptionBits = 1;
+
+#[link(name = "Carbon", kind = "framework")]
+extern "C" {
+    pub static kTISPropertyUnicodeKeyLayoutData: &'static CFString;
+
+    #[allow(non_snake_case)]
+    pub fn TISGetInputSourceProperty(
+        inputSource: &TISInputSource,
+        propertyKey: &CFString,
+    ) -> *mut c_void;
+
+    pub fn TISCopyCurrentKeyboardLayoutInputSource() -> *mut TISInputSource;
+
+    pub fn LMGetKbdType() -> u8;
+
+    #[allow(non_snake_case)]
+    pub fn UCKeyTranslate(
+        keyLayoutPtr: *const UCKeyboardLayout,
+        virtualKeyCode: u16,
+        keyAction: u16,
+        modifierKeyState: u32,
+        keyboardType: u32,
+        keyTranslateOptions: OptionBits,
+        deadKeyState: *mut u32,
+        maxStringLength: UniCharCount,
+        actualStringLength: *mut UniCharCount,
+        unicodeString: *mut UniChar,
+    ) -> OSStatus;
+}

src/platform_impl/apple/appkit/menu.rs

@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-use objc2::rc::Id;
+use objc2::rc::Retained;
 use objc2::runtime::Sel;
-use objc2::sel;
+use objc2::{sel, MainThreadMarker};
 use objc2_app_kit::{NSApplication, NSEventModifierFlags, NSMenu, NSMenuItem};
-use objc2_foundation::{ns_string, MainThreadMarker, NSProcessInfo, NSString};
+use objc2_foundation::{ns_string, NSProcessInfo, NSString};
 
 struct KeyEquivalent<'a> {
     key: &'a NSString,
@@ -48,10 +48,7 @@ pub fn initialize(app: &NSApplication) {
         Some(sel!(hideOtherApplications:)),
         Some(KeyEquivalent {
             key: ns_string!("h"),
-            masks: Some(NSEventModifierFlags(
-                NSEventModifierFlags::NSEventModifierFlagOption.0
-                    | NSEventModifierFlags::NSEventModifierFlagCommand.0,
-            )),
+            masks: Some(NSEventModifierFlags::Option | NSEventModifierFlags::Command),
         }),
     );
 
@@ -91,7 +88,7 @@ fn menu_item(
     title: &NSString,
     selector: Option<Sel>,
     key_equivalent: Option<KeyEquivalent<'_>>,
-) -> Id<NSMenuItem> {
+) -> Retained<NSMenuItem> {
     let (key, masks) = match key_equivalent {
         Some(ke) => (ke.key, ke.masks),
         None => (ns_string!(""), None),

src/platform_impl/apple/appkit/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+#[macro_use]
+mod util;
+
+mod app;
+mod app_state;
+mod cursor;
+mod event;
+mod event_loop;
+mod ffi;
+mod menu;
+mod monitor;
+mod observer;
+mod view;
+mod window;
+mod window_delegate;
+
+pub(crate) use self::event::{physicalkey_to_scancode, scancode_to_physicalkey};
+pub(crate) use self::event_loop::{
+    ActiveEventLoop, EventLoop, PlatformSpecificEventLoopAttributes,
+};
+pub(crate) use self::monitor::MonitorHandle;
+pub(crate) use self::window::Window;
+pub(crate) use self::window_delegate::PlatformSpecificWindowAttributes;

src/platform_impl/apple/appkit/monitor.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,399 @@
+#![allow(clippy::unnecessary_cast)]
+
+use std::collections::VecDeque;
+use std::num::{NonZeroU16, NonZeroU32};
+use std::ptr::NonNull;
+use std::{fmt, ptr};
+
+use dispatch2::run_on_main;
+use objc2::rc::Retained;
+use objc2::MainThreadMarker;
+use objc2_app_kit::NSScreen;
+use objc2_core_foundation::{CFArray, CFRetained, CFUUID};
+use objc2_core_graphics::{
+    CGDirectDisplayID, CGDisplayBounds, CGDisplayCopyAllDisplayModes, CGDisplayCopyDisplayMode,
+    CGDisplayMode, CGDisplayModelNumber, CGGetActiveDisplayList, CGMainDisplayID,
+};
+use objc2_core_video::{kCVReturnSuccess, CVDisplayLink, CVTimeFlags};
+use objc2_foundation::{ns_string, NSNumber, NSPoint, NSRect};
+use tracing::warn;
+
+use super::ffi;
+use super::util::cgerr;
+use crate::dpi::{LogicalPosition, PhysicalPosition, PhysicalSize};
+use crate::monitor::{MonitorHandleProvider, VideoMode};
+
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub struct VideoModeHandle {
+    pub(crate) mode: VideoMode,
+    pub(crate) monitor: MonitorHandle,
+    pub(crate) native_mode: NativeDisplayMode,
+}
+
+impl PartialEq for VideoModeHandle {
+    fn eq(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {
+        self.monitor == other.monitor && self.mode == other.mode
+    }
+}
+
+impl Eq for VideoModeHandle {}
+
+impl std::hash::Hash for VideoModeHandle {
+    fn hash<H: std::hash::Hasher>(&self, state: &mut H) {
+        self.monitor.hash(state);
+    }
+}
+
+impl std::fmt::Debug for VideoModeHandle {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        f.debug_struct("VideoModeHandle")
+            .field("mode", &self.mode)
+            .field("monitor", &self.monitor)
+            .finish()
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
+pub struct NativeDisplayMode(pub CFRetained<CGDisplayMode>);
+
+unsafe impl Send for NativeDisplayMode {}
+unsafe impl Sync for NativeDisplayMode {}
+
+impl VideoModeHandle {
+    fn new(
+        monitor: MonitorHandle,
+        native_mode: NativeDisplayMode,
+        refresh_rate_millihertz: Option<NonZeroU32>,
+    ) -> Self {
+        unsafe {
+            #[allow(deprecated)]
+            let pixel_encoding =
+                CGDisplayMode::pixel_encoding(Some(&native_mode.0)).unwrap().to_string();
+            let bit_depth = if pixel_encoding.eq_ignore_ascii_case(ffi::IO32BitDirectPixels) {
+                32
+            } else if pixel_encoding.eq_ignore_ascii_case(ffi::IO16BitDirectPixels) {
+                16
+            } else if pixel_encoding.eq_ignore_ascii_case(ffi::kIO30BitDirectPixels) {
+                30
+            } else {
+                unimplemented!()
+            };
+
+            let mode = VideoMode {
+                size: PhysicalSize::new(
+                    CGDisplayMode::pixel_width(Some(&native_mode.0)) as u32,
+                    CGDisplayMode::pixel_height(Some(&native_mode.0)) as u32,
+                ),
+                refresh_rate_millihertz,
+                bit_depth: NonZeroU16::new(bit_depth),
+            };
+
+            VideoModeHandle { mode, monitor: monitor.clone(), native_mode }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// `CGDirectDisplayID` is documented as:
+/// > a framebuffer, a color correction (gamma) table, and possibly an attached monitor.
+///
+/// That is, it doesn't actually represent the monitor itself. Instead, we use the UUID of the
+/// monitor, as retrieved from `CGDisplayCreateUUIDFromDisplayID` (this makes the monitor ID stable,
+/// even across reboots and video mode changes).
+///
+/// NOTE: I'd be perfectly valid to store `[u8; 16]` in here instead, we only store `CFUUID` to
+/// avoid having to re-create it when we want to fetch the display ID.
+#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
+pub struct MonitorHandle(CFRetained<CFUUID>);
+
+impl MonitorHandle {
+    /// Internal comparisons of [`MonitorHandle`]s are done first requesting a UUID for the handle.
+    fn uuid(&self) -> u128 {
+        u128::from_ne_bytes(self.0.uuid_bytes().into())
+    }
+
+    fn display_id(&self) -> CGDirectDisplayID {
+        unsafe { ffi::CGDisplayGetDisplayIDFromUUID(&self.0) }
+    }
+
+    #[track_caller]
+    pub(crate) fn new(display_id: CGDirectDisplayID) -> Option<Self> {
+        // kCGNullDirectDisplay
+        if display_id == 0 {
+            // `CGDisplayCreateUUIDFromDisplayID` checks kCGNullDirectDisplay internally.
+            warn!("constructing monitor from invalid display ID 0; falling back to main monitor");
+        }
+        // SAFETY: Valid to call.
+        let ptr = unsafe { ffi::CGDisplayCreateUUIDFromDisplayID(display_id) };
+        let ptr = NonNull::new(ptr)?;
+        // SAFETY: `CGDisplayCreateUUIDFromDisplayID` is a "create" function, so the pointer has
+        // +1 retain count.
+        let uuid = unsafe { CFRetained::from_raw(ptr) };
+        Some(Self(uuid))
+    }
+
+    fn refresh_rate_millihertz(&self) -> Option<NonZeroU32> {
+        let current_display_mode =
+            NativeDisplayMode(unsafe { CGDisplayCopyDisplayMode(self.display_id()) }.unwrap());
+        refresh_rate_millihertz(self.display_id(), &current_display_mode)
+    }
+
+    pub fn video_mode_handles(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = VideoModeHandle> {
+        let refresh_rate_millihertz = self.refresh_rate_millihertz();
+        let monitor = self.clone();
+
+        let array = unsafe { CGDisplayCopyAllDisplayModes(self.display_id(), None) };
+        let modes = if let Some(array) = array {
+            // SAFETY: `CGDisplayCopyAllDisplayModes` is documented to return an array of
+            // display modes.
+            unsafe { CFRetained::cast_unchecked::<CFArray<CGDisplayMode>>(array) }
+        } else {
+            // Occasionally, certain CalDigit Thunderbolt Hubs report a spurious monitor during
+            // sleep/wake/cycling monitors. It tends to have null or 1 video mode only.
+            // See <https://github.com/bevyengine/bevy/issues/17827>.
+            warn!(monitor = ?self, "failed to get a list of display modes");
+            CFArray::empty()
+        };
+
+        modes.into_iter().map(move |mode| {
+            let cg_refresh_rate_hertz = unsafe { CGDisplayMode::refresh_rate(Some(&mode)) };
+
+            // CGDisplayModeGetRefreshRate returns 0.0 for any display that
+            // isn't a CRT
+            let refresh_rate_millihertz = if cg_refresh_rate_hertz > 0.0 {
+                NonZeroU32::new((cg_refresh_rate_hertz * 1000.0).round() as u32)
+            } else {
+                refresh_rate_millihertz
+            };
+
+            VideoModeHandle::new(monitor.clone(), NativeDisplayMode(mode), refresh_rate_millihertz)
+        })
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn ns_screen(&self, mtm: MainThreadMarker) -> Option<Retained<NSScreen>> {
+        let uuid = self.uuid();
+        NSScreen::screens(mtm).into_iter().find(|screen| {
+            let other_native_id = get_display_id(screen);
+            if let Some(other) = MonitorHandle::new(other_native_id) {
+                uuid == other.uuid()
+            } else {
+                // Display ID was just fetched from live NSScreen, but can still result in `None`
+                // with certain Thunderbolt docked monitors.
+                warn!(other_native_id, "comparing against screen with invalid display ID");
+                false
+            }
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+impl MonitorHandleProvider for MonitorHandle {
+    fn id(&self) -> u128 {
+        self.uuid()
+    }
+
+    fn native_id(&self) -> u64 {
+        self.display_id() as _
+    }
+
+    // TODO: Be smarter about this:
+    //
+    // <https://github.com/glfw/glfw/blob/57cbded0760a50b9039ee0cb3f3c14f60145567c/src/cocoa_monitor.m#L44-L126>
+    fn name(&self) -> Option<std::borrow::Cow<'_, str>> {
+        let screen_num = unsafe { CGDisplayModelNumber(self.display_id()) };
+        Some(format!("Monitor #{screen_num}").into())
+    }
+
+    fn position(&self) -> Option<PhysicalPosition<i32>> {
+        // This is already in screen coordinates. If we were using `NSScreen`,
+        // then a conversion would've been needed:
+        // flip_window_screen_coordinates(self.ns_screen(mtm)?.frame())
+        let bounds = unsafe { CGDisplayBounds(self.display_id()) };
+        let position = LogicalPosition::new(bounds.origin.x, bounds.origin.y);
+        Some(position.to_physical(self.scale_factor()))
+    }
+
+    fn scale_factor(&self) -> f64 {
+        run_on_main(|mtm| {
+            match self.ns_screen(mtm) {
+                Some(screen) => screen.backingScaleFactor() as f64,
+                None => 1.0, // default to 1.0 when we can't find the screen
+            }
+        })
+    }
+
+    fn current_video_mode(&self) -> Option<VideoMode> {
+        let mode =
+            NativeDisplayMode(unsafe { CGDisplayCopyDisplayMode(self.display_id()) }.unwrap());
+        let refresh_rate_millihertz = refresh_rate_millihertz(self.display_id(), &mode);
+        Some(VideoModeHandle::new(self.clone(), mode, refresh_rate_millihertz).mode)
+    }
+
+    fn video_modes(&self) -> Box<dyn Iterator<Item = VideoMode>> {
+        Box::new(self.video_mode_handles().map(|mode| mode.mode))
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn available_monitors() -> VecDeque<MonitorHandle> {
+    let mut expected_count = 0;
+    let res = cgerr(unsafe { CGGetActiveDisplayList(0, ptr::null_mut(), &mut expected_count) });
+    if res.is_err() {
+        return VecDeque::with_capacity(0);
+    }
+
+    let mut displays: Vec<CGDirectDisplayID> = vec![0; expected_count as usize];
+    let mut actual_count = 0;
+    let res = cgerr(unsafe {
+        CGGetActiveDisplayList(expected_count, displays.as_mut_ptr(), &mut actual_count)
+    });
+    displays.truncate(actual_count as usize);
+
+    if res.is_err() {
+        return VecDeque::with_capacity(0);
+    }
+
+    let mut monitors = VecDeque::with_capacity(displays.len());
+    for display in displays {
+        // Display ID just fetched from `CGGetActiveDisplayList`, should be fine to unwrap.
+        monitors.push_back(MonitorHandle::new(display).expect("invalid display ID"));
+    }
+    monitors
+}
+
+pub fn primary_monitor() -> MonitorHandle {
+    // Display ID just fetched from `CGMainDisplayID`, should be fine to unwrap.
+    MonitorHandle::new(unsafe { CGMainDisplayID() }).expect("invalid display ID")
+}
+
+impl fmt::Debug for MonitorHandle {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        f.debug_struct("MonitorHandle")
+            .field("name", &self.name())
+            .field("uuid", &self.uuid())
+            .field("display_id", &self.display_id())
+            .field("position", &self.position())
+            .field("scale_factor", &self.scale_factor())
+            .finish_non_exhaustive()
+    }
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn get_display_id(screen: &NSScreen) -> u32 {
+    let key = ns_string!("NSScreenNumber");
+
+    objc2::rc::autoreleasepool(|_| {
+        let device_description = screen.deviceDescription();
+
+        // Retrieve the CGDirectDisplayID associated with this screen
+        //
+        // The value from @"NSScreenNumber" in deviceDescription is guaranteed
+        // to be an NSNumber. See documentation for details:
+        // <https://developer.apple.com/documentation/appkit/nsscreen/1388360-devicedescription?language=objc>
+        let obj = device_description
+            .objectForKey(key)
+            .expect("failed getting screen display id from device description")
+            .downcast::<NSNumber>()
+            .expect("NSScreenNumber must be NSNumber");
+
+        obj.as_u32()
+    })
+}
+
+/// Core graphics screen coordinates are relative to the top-left corner of
+/// the so-called "main" display, with y increasing downwards - which is
+/// exactly what we want in Winit.
+///
+/// However, `NSWindow` and `NSScreen` changes these coordinates to:
+/// 1. Be relative to the bottom-left corner of the "main" screen.
+/// 2. Be relative to the bottom-left corner of the window/screen itself.
+/// 3. Have y increasing upwards.
+///
+/// This conversion happens to be symmetric, so we only need this one function
+/// to convert between the two coordinate systems.
+pub(crate) fn flip_window_screen_coordinates(frame: NSRect) -> NSPoint {
+    // It is intentional that we use `CGMainDisplayID` (as opposed to
+    // `NSScreen::mainScreen`), because that's what the screen coordinates
+    // are relative to, no matter which display the window is currently on.
+    let main_screen_height = unsafe { CGDisplayBounds(CGMainDisplayID()) }.size.height;
+
+    let y = main_screen_height - frame.size.height - frame.origin.y;
+    NSPoint::new(frame.origin.x, y)
+}
+
+fn refresh_rate_millihertz(id: CGDirectDisplayID, mode: &NativeDisplayMode) -> Option<NonZeroU32> {
+    unsafe {
+        let refresh_rate = CGDisplayMode::refresh_rate(Some(&mode.0));
+        if refresh_rate > 0.0 {
+            return NonZeroU32::new((refresh_rate * 1000.0).round() as u32);
+        }
+
+        let mut display_link = std::ptr::null_mut();
+        #[allow(deprecated)]
+        if CVDisplayLink::create_with_cg_display(id, NonNull::from(&mut display_link))
+            != kCVReturnSuccess
+        {
+            return None;
+        }
+        let display_link = CFRetained::from_raw(NonNull::new(display_link).unwrap());
+        #[allow(deprecated)]
+        let time = display_link.nominal_output_video_refresh_period();
+
+        // This value is indefinite if an invalid display link was specified
+        if time.flags & CVTimeFlags::IsIndefinite.0 != 0 {
+            return None;
+        }
+
+        (time.timeScale as i64)
+            .checked_div(time.timeValue)
+            .map(|v| (v * 1000) as u32)
+            .and_then(NonZeroU32::new)
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn uuid_stable() {
+        let handle_a = MonitorHandle::new(1).unwrap();
+        let handle_b = MonitorHandle::new(1).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(handle_a, handle_b);
+        assert_eq!(handle_a.display_id(), handle_b.display_id());
+        assert_eq!(handle_a.uuid(), handle_b.uuid());
+
+        let handle_a = primary_monitor();
+        let handle_b = primary_monitor();
+        assert_eq!(handle_a, handle_b);
+        assert_eq!(handle_a.display_id(), handle_b.display_id());
+        assert_eq!(handle_a.uuid(), handle_b.uuid());
+    }
+
+    /// Test the MonitorHandle::new fallback.
+    #[test]
+    fn monitorhandle_from_zero() {
+        let handle0 = MonitorHandle::new(0).unwrap();
+        let handle1 = MonitorHandle::new(1).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(handle0, handle1);
+        assert_eq!(handle0.display_id(), handle1.display_id());
+        assert_eq!(handle0.uuid(), handle1.uuid());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn from_invalid_id() {
+        // Assume there are never this many monitors connected.
+        assert!(MonitorHandle::new(10000).is_none());
+    }
+
+    /// Test that calling `CGDisplayGetDisplayIDFromUUID` on an invalid UUID returns an invalid
+    /// display ID.
+    #[test]
+    fn invalid_monitor_handle() {
+        // `CGMainDisplayID` must be called to avoid:
+        // ```
+        // Assertion failed: (did_initialize), function CGS_REQUIRE_INIT, file CGInitialization.c, line 44.
+        // ```
+        // See https://github.com/JXA-Cookbook/JXA-Cookbook/issues/27#issuecomment-277517668
+        let _ = unsafe { CGMainDisplayID() };
+
+        let handle = MonitorHandle(CFUUID::new(None).unwrap());
+        assert_eq!(handle.display_id(), 0);
+    }
+}

src/platform_impl/apple/appkit/observer.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,286 @@
+//! Utilities for working with `CFRunLoop`.
+//!
+//! See Apple's documentation on Run Loops for details:
+//! <https://developer.apple.com/library/archive/documentation/Cocoa/Conceptual/Multithreading/RunLoopManagement/RunLoopManagement.html>
+use std::cell::Cell;
+use std::ffi::c_void;
+use std::panic::{AssertUnwindSafe, UnwindSafe};
+use std::ptr;
+use std::rc::Weak;
+use std::time::Instant;
+
+use objc2::MainThreadMarker;
+use objc2_core_foundation::{
+    kCFRunLoopCommonModes, kCFRunLoopDefaultMode, CFAbsoluteTimeGetCurrent, CFIndex, CFRetained,
+    CFRunLoop, CFRunLoopActivity, CFRunLoopObserver, CFRunLoopObserverCallBack,
+    CFRunLoopObserverContext, CFRunLoopTimer,
+};
+use tracing::error;
+
+use super::app_state::AppState;
+use super::event_loop::{stop_app_on_panic, PanicInfo};
+
+unsafe fn control_flow_handler<F>(panic_info: *mut c_void, f: F)
+where
+    F: FnOnce(Weak<PanicInfo>) + UnwindSafe,
+{
+    let info_from_raw = unsafe { Weak::from_raw(panic_info as *mut PanicInfo) };
+    // Asserting unwind safety on this type should be fine because `PanicInfo` is
+    // `RefUnwindSafe` and `Rc<T>` is `UnwindSafe` if `T` is `RefUnwindSafe`.
+    let panic_info = AssertUnwindSafe(Weak::clone(&info_from_raw));
+    // `from_raw` takes ownership of the data behind the pointer.
+    // But if this scope takes ownership of the weak pointer, then
+    // the weak pointer will get free'd at the end of the scope.
+    // However we want to keep that weak reference around after the function.
+    std::mem::forget(info_from_raw);
+
+    let mtm = MainThreadMarker::new().unwrap();
+    stop_app_on_panic(mtm, Weak::clone(&panic_info), move || {
+        let _ = &panic_info;
+        f(panic_info.0)
+    });
+}
+
+// begin is queued with the highest priority to ensure it is processed before other observers
+extern "C-unwind" fn control_flow_begin_handler(
+    _: *mut CFRunLoopObserver,
+    activity: CFRunLoopActivity,
+    panic_info: *mut c_void,
+) {
+    unsafe {
+        control_flow_handler(panic_info, |panic_info| {
+            #[allow(non_upper_case_globals)]
+            match activity {
+                CFRunLoopActivity::AfterWaiting => {
+                    // trace!("Triggered `CFRunLoopAfterWaiting`");
+                    AppState::get(MainThreadMarker::new().unwrap()).wakeup(panic_info);
+                    // trace!("Completed `CFRunLoopAfterWaiting`");
+                },
+                _ => unreachable!(),
+            }
+        });
+    }
+}
+
+// end is queued with the lowest priority to ensure it is processed after other observers
+// without that, LoopExiting would  get sent after AboutToWait
+extern "C-unwind" fn control_flow_end_handler(
+    _: *mut CFRunLoopObserver,
+    activity: CFRunLoopActivity,
+    panic_info: *mut c_void,
+) {
+    unsafe {
+        control_flow_handler(panic_info, |panic_info| {
+            #[allow(non_upper_case_globals)]
+            match activity {
+                CFRunLoopActivity::BeforeWaiting => {
+                    // trace!("Triggered `CFRunLoopBeforeWaiting`");
+                    AppState::get(MainThreadMarker::new().unwrap()).cleared(panic_info);
+                    // trace!("Completed `CFRunLoopBeforeWaiting`");
+                },
+                CFRunLoopActivity::Exit => (), /* unimplemented!(), // not expected to ever happen */
+                _ => unreachable!(),
+            }
+        });
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct RunLoop(CFRetained<CFRunLoop>);
+
+impl RunLoop {
+    pub fn main(mtm: MainThreadMarker) -> Self {
+        // SAFETY: We have a MainThreadMarker here, which means we know we're on the main thread, so
+        // scheduling (and scheduling a non-`Send` block) to that thread is allowed.
+        let _ = mtm;
+        RunLoop(CFRunLoop::main().unwrap())
+    }
+
+    pub fn wakeup(&self) {
+        self.0.wake_up();
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn add_observer(
+        &self,
+        flags: CFRunLoopActivity,
+        // The lower the value, the sooner this will run
+        priority: CFIndex,
+        handler: CFRunLoopObserverCallBack,
+        context: *mut CFRunLoopObserverContext,
+    ) {
+        let observer =
+            unsafe { CFRunLoopObserver::new(None, flags.0, true, priority, handler, context) }
+                .unwrap();
+        self.0.add_observer(Some(&observer), unsafe { kCFRunLoopCommonModes });
+    }
+
+    /// Submit a closure to run on the main thread as the next step in the run loop, before other
+    /// event sources are processed.
+    ///
+    /// This is used for running event handlers, as those are not allowed to run re-entrantly.
+    ///
+    /// # Implementation
+    ///
+    /// This queuing could be implemented in the following several ways with subtle differences in
+    /// timing. This list is sorted in rough order in which they are run:
+    ///
+    /// 1. Using `CFRunLoopPerformBlock` or `-[NSRunLoop performBlock:]`.
+    ///
+    /// 2. Using `-[NSObject performSelectorOnMainThread:withObject:waitUntilDone:]` or wrapping the
+    ///    event in `NSEvent` and posting that to `-[NSApplication postEvent:atStart:]` (both
+    ///    creates a custom `CFRunLoopSource`, and signals that to wake up the main event loop).
+    ///
+    ///    a. `atStart = true`.
+    ///
+    ///    b. `atStart = false`.
+    ///
+    /// 3. `dispatch_async` or `dispatch_async_f`. Note that this may appear before 2b, it does not
+    ///    respect the ordering that runloop events have.
+    ///
+    /// We choose the first one, both for ease-of-implementation, but mostly for consistency, as we
+    /// want the event to be queued in a way that preserves the order the events originally arrived
+    /// in.
+    ///
+    /// As an example, let's assume that we receive two events from the user, a mouse click which we
+    /// handled by queuing it, and a window resize which we handled immediately. If we allowed
+    /// AppKit to choose the ordering when queuing the mouse event, it might get put in the back of
+    /// the queue, and the events would appear out of order to the user of Winit. So we must instead
+    /// put the event at the very front of the queue, to be handled as soon as possible after
+    /// handling whatever event it's currently handling.
+    pub fn queue_closure(&self, closure: impl FnOnce() + 'static) {
+        // Convert `FnOnce()` to `Block<dyn Fn()>`.
+        let closure = Cell::new(Some(closure));
+        let block = block2::RcBlock::new(move || {
+            if let Some(closure) = closure.take() {
+                closure()
+            } else {
+                error!("tried to execute queued closure on main thread twice");
+            }
+        });
+
+        // There are a few common modes (`kCFRunLoopCommonModes`) defined by Cocoa:
+        // - `NSDefaultRunLoopMode`, alias of `kCFRunLoopDefaultMode`.
+        // - `NSEventTrackingRunLoopMode`, used when mouse-dragging and live-resizing a window.
+        // - `NSModalPanelRunLoopMode`, used when running a modal inside the Winit event loop.
+        // - `NSConnectionReplyMode`: TODO.
+        //
+        // We only want to run event handlers in the default mode, as we support running a blocking
+        // modal inside a Winit event handler (see [#1779]) which outrules the modal panel mode, and
+        // resizing such panel window enters the event tracking run loop mode, so we can't directly
+        // trigger events inside that mode either.
+        //
+        // Any events that are queued while running a modal or when live-resizing will instead wait,
+        // and be delivered to the application afterwards.
+        //
+        // [#1779]: https://github.com/rust-windowing/winit/issues/1779
+        let mode = unsafe { kCFRunLoopDefaultMode.unwrap() };
+
+        // SAFETY: The runloop is valid, the mode is a `CFStringRef`, and the block is `'static`.
+        unsafe { self.0.perform_block(Some(mode), Some(&block)) }
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn setup_control_flow_observers(mtm: MainThreadMarker, panic_info: Weak<PanicInfo>) {
+    let run_loop = RunLoop::main(mtm);
+    unsafe {
+        let mut context = CFRunLoopObserverContext {
+            info: Weak::into_raw(panic_info) as *mut _,
+            version: 0,
+            retain: None,
+            release: None,
+            copyDescription: None,
+        };
+        run_loop.add_observer(
+            CFRunLoopActivity::AfterWaiting,
+            CFIndex::MIN,
+            Some(control_flow_begin_handler),
+            &mut context as *mut _,
+        );
+        run_loop.add_observer(
+            CFRunLoopActivity::Exit | CFRunLoopActivity::BeforeWaiting,
+            CFIndex::MAX,
+            Some(control_flow_end_handler),
+            &mut context as *mut _,
+        );
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct EventLoopWaker {
+    timer: CFRetained<CFRunLoopTimer>,
+
+    /// An arbitrary instant in the past, that will trigger an immediate wake
+    /// We save this as the `next_fire_date` for consistency so we can
+    /// easily check if the next_fire_date needs updating.
+    start_instant: Instant,
+
+    /// This is what the `NextFireDate` has been set to.
+    /// `None` corresponds to `waker.stop()` and `start_instant` is used
+    /// for `waker.start()`
+    next_fire_date: Option<Instant>,
+}
+
+impl Drop for EventLoopWaker {
+    fn drop(&mut self) {
+        self.timer.invalidate();
+    }
+}
+
+impl EventLoopWaker {
+    pub(crate) fn new() -> Self {
+        extern "C-unwind" fn wakeup_main_loop(_timer: *mut CFRunLoopTimer, _info: *mut c_void) {}
+        unsafe {
+            // Create a timer with a 0.1µs interval (1ns does not work) to mimic polling.
+            // It is initially setup with a first fire time really far into the
+            // future, but that gets changed to fire immediately in did_finish_launching
+            let timer = CFRunLoopTimer::new(
+                None,
+                f64::MAX,
+                0.000_000_1,
+                0,
+                0,
+                Some(wakeup_main_loop),
+                ptr::null_mut(),
+            )
+            .unwrap();
+            CFRunLoop::main().unwrap().add_timer(Some(&timer), kCFRunLoopCommonModes);
+            Self { timer, start_instant: Instant::now(), next_fire_date: None }
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn stop(&mut self) {
+        if self.next_fire_date.is_some() {
+            self.next_fire_date = None;
+            self.timer.set_next_fire_date(f64::MAX);
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn start(&mut self) {
+        if self.next_fire_date != Some(self.start_instant) {
+            self.next_fire_date = Some(self.start_instant);
+            self.timer.set_next_fire_date(f64::MIN);
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn start_at(&mut self, instant: Option<Instant>) {
+        let now = Instant::now();
+        match instant {
+            Some(instant) if now >= instant => {
+                self.start();
+            },
+            Some(instant) => {
+                if self.next_fire_date != Some(instant) {
+                    self.next_fire_date = Some(instant);
+                    let current = CFAbsoluteTimeGetCurrent();
+                    let duration = instant - now;
+                    let fsecs = duration.subsec_nanos() as f64 / 1_000_000_000.0
+                        + duration.as_secs() as f64;
+                    self.timer.set_next_fire_date(current + fsecs);
+                }
+            },
+            None => {
+                self.stop();
+            },
+        }
+    }
+}

src/platform_impl/apple/appkit/util.rs

@@ -1,11 +1,12 @@
-use objc2_foundation::{NSNotFound, NSRange, NSUInteger};
+use objc2_core_graphics::CGError;
 use tracing::trace;
 
-pub static EMPTY_RANGE: NSRange = NSRange { location: NSNotFound as NSUInteger, length: 0 };
+use crate::error::OsError;
 
 macro_rules! trace_scope {
     ($s:literal) => {
-        let _crate = $crate::platform_impl::platform::util::TraceGuard::new(module_path!(), $s);
+        let _crate =
+            $crate::platform_impl::platform::appkit::util::TraceGuard::new(module_path!(), $s);
     };
 }
 
@@ -28,3 +29,12 @@ impl Drop for TraceGuard {
         trace!(target = self.module_path, "Completed `{}`", self.called_from_fn);
     }
 }
+
+#[track_caller]
+pub(crate) fn cgerr(err: CGError) -> Result<(), OsError> {
+    if err == CGError::Success {
+        Ok(())
+    } else {
+        Err(os_error!(format!("CGError {err:?}")))
+    }
+}

src/platform_impl/apple/appkit/view.rs

@@ -2,34 +2,31 @@
 use std::cell::{Cell, RefCell};
 use std::collections::{HashMap, VecDeque};
 use std::ptr;
+use std::rc::Rc;
 
-use objc2::rc::{Id, WeakId};
+use objc2::rc::Retained;
 use objc2::runtime::{AnyObject, Sel};
-use objc2::{
-    class, declare_class, msg_send, msg_send_id, mutability, sel, ClassType, DeclaredClass,
-};
+use objc2::{define_class, msg_send, DefinedClass, MainThreadMarker};
 use objc2_app_kit::{
     NSApplication, NSCursor, NSEvent, NSEventPhase, NSResponder, NSTextInputClient,
-    NSTrackingRectTag, NSView,
+    NSTrackingRectTag, NSView, NSWindow,
 };
 use objc2_foundation::{
-    MainThreadMarker, NSArray, NSAttributedString, NSAttributedStringKey, NSCopying,
-    NSMutableAttributedString, NSObject, NSObjectProtocol, NSPoint, NSRange, NSRect, NSSize,
-    NSString, NSUInteger,
+    NSArray, NSAttributedString, NSAttributedStringKey, NSCopying, NSMutableAttributedString,
+    NSNotFound, NSObject, NSPoint, NSRange, NSRect, NSSize, NSString, NSUInteger,
 };
 
-use super::app_delegate::ApplicationDelegate;
+use super::app_state::AppState;
 use super::cursor::{default_cursor, invisible_cursor};
 use super::event::{
     code_to_key, code_to_location, create_key_event, event_mods, lalt_pressed, ralt_pressed,
     scancode_to_physicalkey,
 };
-use super::window::WinitWindow;
-use super::{util, DEVICE_ID};
+use super::window::window_id;
 use crate::dpi::{LogicalPosition, LogicalSize};
 use crate::event::{
-    DeviceEvent, ElementState, Ime, Modifiers, MouseButton, MouseScrollDelta, TouchPhase,
-    WindowEvent,
+    DeviceEvent, ElementState, Ime, KeyEvent, Modifiers, MouseButton, MouseScrollDelta,
+    PointerKind, PointerSource, TouchPhase, WindowEvent,
 };
 use crate::keyboard::{Key, KeyCode, KeyLocation, ModifiersState, NamedKey};
 use crate::platform::macos::OptionAsAlt;
@@ -37,7 +34,7 @@ use crate::platform::macos::OptionAsAlt;
 #[derive(Debug)]
 struct CursorState {
     visible: bool,
-    cursor: Id<NSCursor>,
+    cursor: Retained<NSCursor>,
 }
 
 impl Default for CursorState {
@@ -84,7 +81,7 @@ fn key_to_modifier(key: &Key) -> Option<ModifiersState> {
     match key {
         Key::Named(NamedKey::Alt) => Some(ModifiersState::ALT),
         Key::Named(NamedKey::Control) => Some(ModifiersState::CONTROL),
-        Key::Named(NamedKey::Super) => Some(ModifiersState::SUPER),
+        Key::Named(NamedKey::Meta) => Some(ModifiersState::META),
         Key::Named(NamedKey::Shift) => Some(ModifiersState::SHIFT),
         _ => None,
     }
@@ -95,7 +92,7 @@ fn get_right_modifier_code(key: &Key) -> KeyCode {
         Key::Named(NamedKey::Alt) => KeyCode::AltRight,
         Key::Named(NamedKey::Control) => KeyCode::ControlRight,
         Key::Named(NamedKey::Shift) => KeyCode::ShiftRight,
-        Key::Named(NamedKey::Super) => KeyCode::SuperRight,
+        Key::Named(NamedKey::Meta) => KeyCode::MetaRight,
         _ => unreachable!(),
     }
 }
@@ -105,13 +102,16 @@ fn get_left_modifier_code(key: &Key) -> KeyCode {
         Key::Named(NamedKey::Alt) => KeyCode::AltLeft,
         Key::Named(NamedKey::Control) => KeyCode::ControlLeft,
         Key::Named(NamedKey::Shift) => KeyCode::ShiftLeft,
-        Key::Named(NamedKey::Super) => KeyCode::SuperLeft,
+        Key::Named(NamedKey::Meta) => KeyCode::MetaLeft,
         _ => unreachable!(),
     }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, Default)]
+#[derive(Debug)]
 pub struct ViewState {
+    /// Strong reference to the global application state.
+    app_state: Rc<AppState>,
+
     cursor_state: RefCell<CursorState>,
     ime_position: Cell<NSPoint>,
     ime_size: Cell<NSSize>,
@@ -130,38 +130,28 @@ pub struct ViewState {
     /// to the application, even during IME
     forward_key_to_app: Cell<bool>,
 
-    marked_text: RefCell<Id<NSMutableAttributedString>>,
+    marked_text: RefCell<Retained<NSMutableAttributedString>>,
     accepts_first_mouse: bool,
 
-    // Weak reference because the window keeps a strong reference to the view
-    _ns_window: WeakId<WinitWindow>,
-
     /// The state of the `Option` as `Alt`.
     option_as_alt: Cell<OptionAsAlt>,
 }
 
-declare_class!(
+define_class!(
+    #[unsafe(super(NSView, NSResponder, NSObject))]
+    #[ivars = ViewState]
+    #[name = "WinitView"]
     pub(super) struct WinitView;
 
-    unsafe impl ClassType for WinitView {
-        #[inherits(NSResponder, NSObject)]
-        type Super = NSView;
-        type Mutability = mutability::MainThreadOnly;
-        const NAME: &'static str = "WinitView";
-    }
-
-    impl DeclaredClass for WinitView {
-        type Ivars = ViewState;
-    }
-
-    unsafe impl WinitView {
-        #[method(isFlipped)]
+    /// This documentation attribute makes rustfmt work for some reason?
+    impl WinitView {
+        #[unsafe(method(isFlipped))]
         fn is_flipped(&self) -> bool {
             // `winit` uses the upper-left corner as the origin.
             true
         }
 
-        #[method(viewDidMoveToWindow)]
+        #[unsafe(method(viewDidMoveToWindow))]
         fn view_did_move_to_window(&self) {
             trace_scope!("viewDidMoveToWindow");
             if let Some(tracking_rect) = self.ivars().tracking_rect.take() {
@@ -176,9 +166,10 @@ declare_class!(
             self.ivars().tracking_rect.set(Some(tracking_rect));
         }
 
-        #[method(frameDidChange:)]
-        fn frame_did_change(&self, _event: &NSEvent) {
-            trace_scope!("frameDidChange:");
+        // Not a normal method on `NSView`, it's triggered by `NSViewFrameDidChangeNotification`.
+        #[unsafe(method(viewFrameDidChangeNotification:))]
+        fn frame_did_change(&self, _notification: Option<&AnyObject>) {
+            trace_scope!("NSViewFrameDidChangeNotification");
             if let Some(tracking_rect) = self.ivars().tracking_rect.take() {
                 self.removeTrackingRect(tracking_rect);
             }
@@ -191,45 +182,45 @@ declare_class!(
             self.ivars().tracking_rect.set(Some(tracking_rect));
 
             // Emit resize event here rather than from windowDidResize because:
-            // 1. When a new window is created as a tab, the frame size may change without a window resize occurring.
-            // 2. Even when a window resize does occur on a new tabbed window, it contains the wrong size (includes tab height).
+            // 1. When a new window is created as a tab, the frame size may change without a window
+            //    resize occurring.
+            // 2. Even when a window resize does occur on a new tabbed window, it contains the wrong
+            //    size (includes tab height).
             let logical_size = LogicalSize::new(rect.size.width as f64, rect.size.height as f64);
             let size = logical_size.to_physical::<u32>(self.scale_factor());
-            self.queue_event(WindowEvent::Resized(size));
+            self.queue_event(WindowEvent::SurfaceResized(size));
         }
 
-        #[method(drawRect:)]
-        fn draw_rect(&self, rect: NSRect) {
+        #[unsafe(method(drawRect:))]
+        fn draw_rect(&self, _rect: NSRect) {
             trace_scope!("drawRect:");
 
-            // It's a workaround for https://github.com/rust-windowing/winit/issues/2640, don't replace with `self.window_id()`.
-            if let Some(window) = self.ivars()._ns_window.load() {
-                let app_delegate = ApplicationDelegate::get(MainThreadMarker::from(self));
-                app_delegate.handle_redraw(window.id());
-            }
+            self.ivars().app_state.handle_redraw(window_id(&self.window()));
 
-            #[allow(clippy::let_unit_value)]
-            unsafe {
-                let _: () = msg_send![super(self), drawRect: rect];
-            }
+            // This is a direct subclass of NSView, no need to call superclass' drawRect:
         }
 
-        #[method(acceptsFirstResponder)]
+        #[unsafe(method(acceptsFirstResponder))]
         fn accepts_first_responder(&self) -> bool {
             trace_scope!("acceptsFirstResponder");
             true
         }
 
         // This is necessary to prevent a beefy terminal error on MacBook Pros:
-        // IMKInputSession [0x7fc573576ff0 presentFunctionRowItemTextInputViewWithEndpoint:completionHandler:] : [self textInputContext]=0x7fc573558e10 *NO* NSRemoteViewController to client, NSError=Error Domain=NSCocoaErrorDomain Code=4099 "The connection from pid 0 was invalidated from this process." UserInfo={NSDebugDescription=The connection from pid 0 was invalidated from this process.}, com.apple.inputmethod.EmojiFunctionRowItem
-        // TODO: Add an API extension for using `NSTouchBar`
-        #[method_id(touchBar)]
-        fn touch_bar(&self) -> Option<Id<NSObject>> {
+        // IMKInputSession [0x7fc573576ff0
+        // presentFunctionRowItemTextInputViewWithEndpoint:completionHandler:] : [self
+        // textInputContext]=0x7fc573558e10 *NO* NSRemoteViewController to client, NSError=Error
+        // Domain=NSCocoaErrorDomain Code=4099 "The connection from pid 0 was invalidated from this
+        // process." UserInfo={NSDebugDescription=The connection from pid 0 was invalidated from
+        // this process.}, com.apple.inputmethod.EmojiFunctionRowItem TODO: Add an API
+        // extension for using `NSTouchBar`
+        #[unsafe(method_id(touchBar))]
+        fn touch_bar(&self) -> Option<Retained<NSObject>> {
             trace_scope!("touchBar");
             None
         }
 
-        #[method(resetCursorRects)]
+        #[unsafe(method(resetCursorRects))]
         fn reset_cursor_rects(&self) {
             trace_scope!("resetCursorRects");
             let bounds = self.bounds();
@@ -244,55 +235,50 @@ declare_class!(
     }
 
     unsafe impl NSTextInputClient for WinitView {
-        #[method(hasMarkedText)]
+        #[unsafe(method(hasMarkedText))]
         fn has_marked_text(&self) -> bool {
             trace_scope!("hasMarkedText");
             self.ivars().marked_text.borrow().length() > 0
         }
 
-        #[method(markedRange)]
+        #[unsafe(method(markedRange))]
         fn marked_range(&self) -> NSRange {
             trace_scope!("markedRange");
             let length = self.ivars().marked_text.borrow().length();
             if length > 0 {
                 NSRange::new(0, length)
             } else {
-                util::EMPTY_RANGE
+                // Documented to return `{NSNotFound, 0}` if there is no marked range.
+                NSRange::new(NSNotFound as NSUInteger, 0)
             }
         }
 
-        #[method(selectedRange)]
+        #[unsafe(method(selectedRange))]
         fn selected_range(&self) -> NSRange {
             trace_scope!("selectedRange");
-            util::EMPTY_RANGE
+            // Documented to return `{NSNotFound, 0}` if there is no selection.
+            NSRange::new(NSNotFound as NSUInteger, 0)
         }
 
-        #[method(setMarkedText:selectedRange:replacementRange:)]
+        #[unsafe(method(setMarkedText:selectedRange:replacementRange:))]
         fn set_marked_text(
             &self,
             string: &NSObject,
-            _selected_range: NSRange,
+            selected_range: NSRange,
             _replacement_range: NSRange,
         ) {
+            // TODO: Use _replacement_range, requires changing the event to report surrounding text.
             trace_scope!("setMarkedText:selectedRange:replacementRange:");
 
-            // SAFETY: This method is guaranteed to get either a `NSString` or a `NSAttributedString`.
-            let (marked_text, preedit_string) = if string.is_kind_of::<NSAttributedString>() {
-                let string: *const NSObject = string;
-                let string: *const NSAttributedString = string.cast();
-                let string = unsafe { &*string };
-                (
-                    NSMutableAttributedString::from_attributed_nsstring(string),
-                    string.string().to_string(),
-                )
+            let (marked_text, string) = if let Some(string) =
+                string.downcast_ref::<NSAttributedString>()
+            {
+                (NSMutableAttributedString::from_attributed_nsstring(string), string.string())
+            } else if let Some(string) = string.downcast_ref::<NSString>() {
+                (NSMutableAttributedString::from_nsstring(string), string.copy())
             } else {
-                let string: *const NSObject = string;
-                let string: *const NSString = string.cast();
-                let string = unsafe { &*string };
-                (
-                    NSMutableAttributedString::from_nsstring(string),
-                    string.to_string(),
-                )
+                // This method is guaranteed to get either a `NSString` or a `NSAttributedString`.
+                panic!("unexpected text {string:?}")
             };
 
             // Update marked text.
@@ -311,19 +297,24 @@ declare_class!(
                 self.ivars().ime_state.set(ImeState::Ground);
             }
 
-            // Empty string basically means that there's no preedit, so indicate that by sending
-            // `None` cursor range.
-            let cursor_range = if preedit_string.is_empty() {
+            let cursor_range = if string.is_empty() {
+                // An empty string basically means that there's no preedit, so indicate that by
+                // sending a `None` cursor range.
                 None
             } else {
-                Some((preedit_string.len(), preedit_string.len()))
+                // Convert the selected range from UTF-16 indices to UTF-8 indices.
+                let sub_string_a = unsafe { string.substringToIndex(selected_range.location) };
+                let sub_string_b = unsafe { string.substringToIndex(selected_range.end()) };
+                let lowerbound_utf8 = sub_string_a.len();
+                let upperbound_utf8 = sub_string_b.len();
+                Some((lowerbound_utf8, upperbound_utf8))
             };
 
             // Send WindowEvent for updating marked text
-            self.queue_event(WindowEvent::Ime(Ime::Preedit(preedit_string, cursor_range)));
+            self.queue_event(WindowEvent::Ime(Ime::Preedit(string.to_string(), cursor_range)));
         }
 
-        #[method(unmarkText)]
+        #[unsafe(method(unmarkText))]
         fn unmark_text(&self) {
             trace_scope!("unmarkText");
             *self.ivars().marked_text.borrow_mut() = NSMutableAttributedString::new();
@@ -340,60 +331,55 @@ declare_class!(
             }
         }
 
-        #[method_id(validAttributesForMarkedText)]
-        fn valid_attributes_for_marked_text(&self) -> Id<NSArray<NSAttributedStringKey>> {
+        #[unsafe(method_id(validAttributesForMarkedText))]
+        fn valid_attributes_for_marked_text(&self) -> Retained<NSArray<NSAttributedStringKey>> {
             trace_scope!("validAttributesForMarkedText");
             NSArray::new()
         }
 
-        #[method_id(attributedSubstringForProposedRange:actualRange:)]
+        #[unsafe(method_id(attributedSubstringForProposedRange:actualRange:))]
         fn attributed_substring_for_proposed_range(
             &self,
             _range: NSRange,
             _actual_range: *mut NSRange,
-        ) -> Option<Id<NSAttributedString>> {
+        ) -> Option<Retained<NSAttributedString>> {
             trace_scope!("attributedSubstringForProposedRange:actualRange:");
             None
         }
 
-        #[method(characterIndexForPoint:)]
+        #[unsafe(method(characterIndexForPoint:))]
         fn character_index_for_point(&self, _point: NSPoint) -> NSUInteger {
             trace_scope!("characterIndexForPoint:");
             0
         }
 
-        #[method(firstRectForCharacterRange:actualRange:)]
+        #[unsafe(method(firstRectForCharacterRange:actualRange:))]
         fn first_rect_for_character_range(
             &self,
             _range: NSRange,
             _actual_range: *mut NSRange,
         ) -> NSRect {
             trace_scope!("firstRectForCharacterRange:actualRange:");
-            let rect = NSRect::new(
-                self.ivars().ime_position.get(),
-                self.ivars().ime_size.get()
-            );
+            let rect = NSRect::new(self.ivars().ime_position.get(), self.ivars().ime_size.get());
             // Return value is expected to be in screen coordinates, so we need a conversion here
-            self.window()
-                .convertRectToScreen(self.convertRect_toView(rect, None))
+            self.window().convertRectToScreen(self.convertRect_toView(rect, None))
         }
 
-        #[method(insertText:replacementRange:)]
+        #[unsafe(method(insertText:replacementRange:))]
         fn insert_text(&self, string: &NSObject, _replacement_range: NSRange) {
+            // TODO: Use _replacement_range, requires changing the event to report surrounding text.
             trace_scope!("insertText:replacementRange:");
 
-            // SAFETY: This method is guaranteed to get either a `NSString` or a `NSAttributedString`.
-            let string = if string.is_kind_of::<NSAttributedString>() {
-                let string: *const NSObject = string;
-                let string: *const NSAttributedString = string.cast();
-                unsafe { &*string }.string().to_string()
+            let string = if let Some(string) = string.downcast_ref::<NSAttributedString>() {
+                string.string().to_string()
+            } else if let Some(string) = string.downcast_ref::<NSString>() {
+                string.to_string()
             } else {
-                let string: *const NSObject = string;
-                let string: *const NSString = string.cast();
-                unsafe { &*string }.to_string()
+                // This method is guaranteed to get either a `NSString` or a `NSAttributedString`.
+                panic!("unexpected text {string:?}")
             };
 
-            let is_control = string.chars().next().map_or(false, |c| c.is_control());
+            let is_control = string.chars().next().is_some_and(|c| c.is_control());
 
             // Commit only if we have marked text.
             if unsafe { self.hasMarkedText() } && self.is_ime_enabled() && !is_control {
@@ -403,14 +389,16 @@ declare_class!(
             }
         }
 
-        // Basically, we're sent this message whenever a keyboard event that doesn't generate a "human
-        // readable" character happens, i.e. newlines, tabs, and Ctrl+C.
-        #[method(doCommandBySelector:)]
-        fn do_command_by_selector(&self, _command: Sel) {
+        // Basically, we're sent this message whenever a keyboard event that doesn't generate a
+        // "human readable" character happens, i.e. newlines, tabs, and Ctrl+C.
+        #[unsafe(method(doCommandBySelector:))]
+        fn do_command_by_selector(&self, command: Sel) {
             trace_scope!("doCommandBySelector:");
-            // We shouldn't forward any character from just committed text, since we'll end up sending
-            // it twice with some IMEs like Korean one. We'll also always send `Enter` in that case,
-            // which is not desired given it was used to confirm IME input.
+
+            // We shouldn't forward any character from just committed text, since we'll end up
+            // sending it twice with some IMEs like Korean one. We'll also always send
+            // `Enter` in that case, which is not desired given it was used to confirm
+            // IME input.
             if self.ivars().ime_state.get() == ImeState::Committed {
                 return;
             }
@@ -422,11 +410,28 @@ declare_class!(
                 // Leave preedit so that we also report the key-up for this key.
                 self.ivars().ime_state.set(ImeState::Ground);
             }
+
+            // Send command action to user if they requested it.
+            let window_id = window_id(&self.window());
+            self.ivars().app_state.maybe_queue_with_handler(move |app, event_loop| {
+                if let Some(handler) = app.macos_handler() {
+                    handler.standard_key_binding(
+                        event_loop,
+                        window_id,
+                        command.name().to_str().unwrap(),
+                    );
+                }
+            });
+
+            // The documentation for `-[NSTextInputClient doCommandBySelector:]` clearly states that
+            // we should not be forwarding this event up the responder chain, so no calling `super`
+            // here either.
         }
     }
 
-    unsafe impl WinitView {
-        #[method(keyDown:)]
+    /// This documentation attribute makes rustfmt work for some reason?
+    impl WinitView {
+        #[unsafe(method(keyDown:))]
         fn key_down(&self, event: &NSEvent) {
             trace_scope!("keyDown:");
             {
@@ -469,23 +474,23 @@ declare_class!(
                     // Allow normal input after the commit.
                     self.ivars().ime_state.set(ImeState::Ground);
                     true
-                }
+                },
                 ImeState::Preedit => true,
                 // `key_down` could result in preedit clear, so compare old and current state.
                 _ => old_ime_state != self.ivars().ime_state.get(),
             };
 
             if !had_ime_input || self.ivars().forward_key_to_app.get() {
-                let key_event = create_key_event(&event, true, unsafe { event.isARepeat() }, None);
+                let key_event = create_key_event(&event, true, unsafe { event.isARepeat() });
                 self.queue_event(WindowEvent::KeyboardInput {
-                    device_id: DEVICE_ID,
+                    device_id: None,
                     event: key_event,
                     is_synthetic: false,
                 });
             }
         }
 
-        #[method(keyUp:)]
+        #[unsafe(method(keyUp:))]
         fn key_up(&self, event: &NSEvent) {
             trace_scope!("keyUp:");
 
@@ -493,26 +498,23 @@ declare_class!(
             self.update_modifiers(&event, false);
 
             // We want to send keyboard input when we are currently in the ground state.
-            if matches!(
-                self.ivars().ime_state.get(),
-                ImeState::Ground | ImeState::Disabled
-            ) {
+            if matches!(self.ivars().ime_state.get(), ImeState::Ground | ImeState::Disabled) {
                 self.queue_event(WindowEvent::KeyboardInput {
-                    device_id: DEVICE_ID,
-                    event: create_key_event(&event, false, false, None),
+                    device_id: None,
+                    event: create_key_event(&event, false, false),
                     is_synthetic: false,
                 });
             }
         }
 
-        #[method(flagsChanged:)]
+        #[unsafe(method(flagsChanged:))]
         fn flags_changed(&self, event: &NSEvent) {
             trace_scope!("flagsChanged:");
 
             self.update_modifiers(event, true);
         }
 
-        #[method(insertTab:)]
+        #[unsafe(method(insertTab:))]
         fn insert_tab(&self, _sender: Option<&AnyObject>) {
             trace_scope!("insertTab:");
             let window = self.window();
@@ -523,7 +525,7 @@ declare_class!(
             }
         }
 
-        #[method(insertBackTab:)]
+        #[unsafe(method(insertBackTab:))]
         fn insert_back_tab(&self, _sender: Option<&AnyObject>) {
             trace_scope!("insertBackTab:");
             let window = self.window();
@@ -536,7 +538,7 @@ declare_class!(
 
         // Allows us to receive Cmd-. (the shortcut for closing a dialog)
         // https://bugs.eclipse.org/bugs/show_bug.cgi?id=300620#c6
-        #[method(cancelOperation:)]
+        #[unsafe(method(cancelOperation:))]
         fn cancel_operation(&self, _sender: Option<&AnyObject>) {
             let mtm = MainThreadMarker::from(self);
             trace_scope!("cancelOperation:");
@@ -546,10 +548,10 @@ declare_class!(
                 .expect("could not find current event");
 
             self.update_modifiers(&event, false);
-            let event = create_key_event(&event, true, unsafe { event.isARepeat() }, None);
+            let event = create_key_event(&event, true, unsafe { event.isARepeat() });
 
             self.queue_event(WindowEvent::KeyboardInput {
-                device_id: DEVICE_ID,
+                device_id: None,
                 event,
                 is_synthetic: false,
             });
@@ -566,42 +568,42 @@ declare_class!(
         //
         // See https://github.com/rust-windowing/winit/pull/1490 for history.
 
-        #[method(mouseDown:)]
+        #[unsafe(method(mouseDown:))]
         fn mouse_down(&self, event: &NSEvent) {
             trace_scope!("mouseDown:");
             self.mouse_motion(event);
             self.mouse_click(event, ElementState::Pressed);
         }
 
-        #[method(mouseUp:)]
+        #[unsafe(method(mouseUp:))]
         fn mouse_up(&self, event: &NSEvent) {
             trace_scope!("mouseUp:");
             self.mouse_motion(event);
             self.mouse_click(event, ElementState::Released);
         }
 
-        #[method(rightMouseDown:)]
+        #[unsafe(method(rightMouseDown:))]
         fn right_mouse_down(&self, event: &NSEvent) {
             trace_scope!("rightMouseDown:");
             self.mouse_motion(event);
             self.mouse_click(event, ElementState::Pressed);
         }
 
-        #[method(rightMouseUp:)]
+        #[unsafe(method(rightMouseUp:))]
         fn right_mouse_up(&self, event: &NSEvent) {
             trace_scope!("rightMouseUp:");
             self.mouse_motion(event);
             self.mouse_click(event, ElementState::Released);
         }
 
-        #[method(otherMouseDown:)]
+        #[unsafe(method(otherMouseDown:))]
         fn other_mouse_down(&self, event: &NSEvent) {
             trace_scope!("otherMouseDown:");
             self.mouse_motion(event);
             self.mouse_click(event, ElementState::Pressed);
         }
 
-        #[method(otherMouseUp:)]
+        #[unsafe(method(otherMouseUp:))]
         fn other_mouse_up(&self, event: &NSEvent) {
             trace_scope!("otherMouseUp:");
             self.mouse_motion(event);
@@ -610,44 +612,55 @@ declare_class!(
 
         // No tracing on these because that would be overly verbose
 
-        #[method(mouseMoved:)]
+        #[unsafe(method(mouseMoved:))]
         fn mouse_moved(&self, event: &NSEvent) {
             self.mouse_motion(event);
         }
 
-        #[method(mouseDragged:)]
+        #[unsafe(method(mouseDragged:))]
         fn mouse_dragged(&self, event: &NSEvent) {
             self.mouse_motion(event);
         }
 
-        #[method(rightMouseDragged:)]
+        #[unsafe(method(rightMouseDragged:))]
         fn right_mouse_dragged(&self, event: &NSEvent) {
             self.mouse_motion(event);
         }
 
-        #[method(otherMouseDragged:)]
+        #[unsafe(method(otherMouseDragged:))]
         fn other_mouse_dragged(&self, event: &NSEvent) {
             self.mouse_motion(event);
         }
 
-        #[method(mouseEntered:)]
-        fn mouse_entered(&self, _event: &NSEvent) {
+        #[unsafe(method(mouseEntered:))]
+        fn mouse_entered(&self, event: &NSEvent) {
             trace_scope!("mouseEntered:");
-            self.queue_event(WindowEvent::CursorEntered {
-                device_id: DEVICE_ID,
+
+            let position = self.mouse_view_point(event).to_physical(self.scale_factor());
+
+            self.queue_event(WindowEvent::PointerEntered {
+                device_id: None,
+                primary: true,
+                position,
+                kind: PointerKind::Mouse,
             });
         }
 
-        #[method(mouseExited:)]
-        fn mouse_exited(&self, _event: &NSEvent) {
+        #[unsafe(method(mouseExited:))]
+        fn mouse_exited(&self, event: &NSEvent) {
             trace_scope!("mouseExited:");
 
-            self.queue_event(WindowEvent::CursorLeft {
-                device_id: DEVICE_ID,
+            let position = self.mouse_view_point(event).to_physical(self.scale_factor());
+
+            self.queue_event(WindowEvent::PointerLeft {
+                device_id: None,
+                primary: true,
+                position: Some(position),
+                kind: PointerKind::Mouse,
             });
         }
 
-        #[method(scrollWheel:)]
+        #[unsafe(method(scrollWheel:))]
         fn scroll_wheel(&self, event: &NSEvent) {
             trace_scope!("scrollWheel:");
 
@@ -664,9 +677,9 @@ declare_class!(
             };
 
             // The "momentum phase," if any, has higher priority than touch phase (the two should
-            // be mutually exclusive anyhow, which is why the API is rather incoherent). If no momentum
-            // phase is recorded (or rather, the started/ended cases of the momentum phase) then we
-            // report the touch phase.
+            // be mutually exclusive anyhow, which is why the API is rather incoherent). If no
+            // momentum phase is recorded (or rather, the started/ended cases of the
+            // momentum phase) then we report the touch phase.
             #[allow(non_upper_case_globals)]
             let phase = match unsafe { event.momentumPhase() } {
                 NSEventPhase::MayBegin | NSEventPhase::Began => TouchPhase::Started,
@@ -680,15 +693,13 @@ declare_class!(
 
             self.update_modifiers(event, false);
 
-            self.queue_device_event(DeviceEvent::MouseWheel { delta });
-            self.queue_event(WindowEvent::MouseWheel {
-                device_id: DEVICE_ID,
-                delta,
-                phase,
+            self.ivars().app_state.maybe_queue_with_handler(move |app, event_loop| {
+                app.device_event(event_loop, None, DeviceEvent::MouseWheel { delta })
             });
+            self.queue_event(WindowEvent::MouseWheel { device_id: None, delta, phase });
         }
 
-        #[method(magnifyWithEvent:)]
+        #[unsafe(method(magnifyWithEvent:))]
         fn magnify_with_event(&self, event: &NSEvent) {
             trace_scope!("magnifyWithEvent:");
 
@@ -704,24 +715,22 @@ declare_class!(
             };
 
             self.queue_event(WindowEvent::PinchGesture {
-                device_id: DEVICE_ID,
+                device_id: None,
                 delta: unsafe { event.magnification() },
                 phase,
             });
         }
 
-        #[method(smartMagnifyWithEvent:)]
+        #[unsafe(method(smartMagnifyWithEvent:))]
         fn smart_magnify_with_event(&self, event: &NSEvent) {
             trace_scope!("smartMagnifyWithEvent:");
 
             self.mouse_motion(event);
 
-            self.queue_event(WindowEvent::DoubleTapGesture {
-                device_id: DEVICE_ID,
-            });
+            self.queue_event(WindowEvent::DoubleTapGesture { device_id: None });
         }
 
-        #[method(rotateWithEvent:)]
+        #[unsafe(method(rotateWithEvent:))]
         fn rotate_with_event(&self, event: &NSEvent) {
             trace_scope!("rotateWithEvent:");
 
@@ -737,18 +746,18 @@ declare_class!(
             };
 
             self.queue_event(WindowEvent::RotationGesture {
-                device_id: DEVICE_ID,
+                device_id: None,
                 delta: unsafe { event.rotation() },
                 phase,
             });
         }
 
-        #[method(pressureChangeWithEvent:)]
+        #[unsafe(method(pressureChangeWithEvent:))]
         fn pressure_change_with_event(&self, event: &NSEvent) {
             trace_scope!("pressureChangeWithEvent:");
 
             self.queue_event(WindowEvent::TouchpadPressure {
-                device_id: DEVICE_ID,
+                device_id: None,
                 pressure: unsafe { event.pressure() },
                 stage: unsafe { event.stage() } as i64,
             });
@@ -757,13 +766,13 @@ declare_class!(
         // Allows us to receive Ctrl-Tab and Ctrl-Esc.
         // Note that this *doesn't* help with any missing Cmd inputs.
         // https://github.com/chromium/chromium/blob/a86a8a6bcfa438fa3ac2eba6f02b3ad1f8e0756f/ui/views/cocoa/bridged_content_view.mm#L816
-        #[method(_wantsKeyDownForEvent:)]
+        #[unsafe(method(_wantsKeyDownForEvent:))]
         fn wants_key_down_for_event(&self, _event: &NSEvent) -> bool {
             trace_scope!("_wantsKeyDownForEvent:");
             true
         }
 
-        #[method(acceptsFirstMouse:)]
+        #[unsafe(method(acceptsFirstMouse:))]
         fn accepts_first_mouse(&self, _event: &NSEvent) -> bool {
             trace_scope!("acceptsFirstMouse:");
             self.ivars().accepts_first_mouse
@@ -773,58 +782,43 @@ declare_class!(
 
 impl WinitView {
     pub(super) fn new(
-        window: &WinitWindow,
+        app_state: &Rc<AppState>,
         accepts_first_mouse: bool,
         option_as_alt: OptionAsAlt,
-    ) -> Id<Self> {
-        let mtm = MainThreadMarker::from(window);
+        mtm: MainThreadMarker,
+    ) -> Retained<Self> {
         let this = mtm.alloc().set_ivars(ViewState {
+            app_state: Rc::clone(app_state),
+            cursor_state: Default::default(),
+            ime_position: Default::default(),
+            ime_size: Default::default(),
+            modifiers: Default::default(),
+            phys_modifiers: Default::default(),
+            tracking_rect: Default::default(),
+            ime_state: Default::default(),
+            input_source: Default::default(),
+            ime_allowed: Default::default(),
+            forward_key_to_app: Default::default(),
+            marked_text: Default::default(),
             accepts_first_mouse,
-            _ns_window: WeakId::new(&window.retain()),
             option_as_alt: Cell::new(option_as_alt),
-            ..Default::default()
         });
-        let this: Id<Self> = unsafe { msg_send_id![super(this), init] };
-
-        this.setPostsFrameChangedNotifications(true);
-        let notification_center: &AnyObject =
-            unsafe { msg_send![class!(NSNotificationCenter), defaultCenter] };
-        // About frame change
-        let frame_did_change_notification_name =
-            NSString::from_str("NSViewFrameDidChangeNotification");
-        #[allow(clippy::let_unit_value)]
-        unsafe {
-            let _: () = msg_send![
-                notification_center,
-                addObserver: &*this,
-                selector: sel!(frameDidChange:),
-                name: &*frame_did_change_notification_name,
-                object: &*this,
-            ];
-        }
+        let this: Retained<Self> = unsafe { msg_send![super(this), init] };
 
         *this.ivars().input_source.borrow_mut() = this.current_input_source();
 
         this
     }
 
-    fn window(&self) -> Id<WinitWindow> {
-        // TODO: Simply use `window` property on `NSView`.
-        // That only returns a window _after_ the view has been attached though!
-        // (which is incompatible with `frameDidChange:`)
-        //
-        // unsafe { msg_send_id![self, window] }
-        self.ivars()._ns_window.load().expect("view to have a window")
+    fn window(&self) -> Retained<NSWindow> {
+        (**self).window().expect("view must be installed in a window")
     }
 
     fn queue_event(&self, event: WindowEvent) {
-        let app_delegate = ApplicationDelegate::get(MainThreadMarker::from(self));
-        app_delegate.queue_window_event(self.window().id(), event);
-    }
-
-    fn queue_device_event(&self, event: DeviceEvent) {
-        let app_delegate = ApplicationDelegate::get(MainThreadMarker::from(self));
-        app_delegate.queue_device_event(event);
+        let window_id = window_id(&self.window());
+        self.ivars().app_state.maybe_queue_with_handler(move |app, event_loop| {
+            app.window_event(event_loop, window_id, event);
+        });
     }
 
     fn scale_factor(&self) -> f64 {
@@ -843,11 +837,11 @@ impl WinitView {
             .unwrap_or_default()
     }
 
-    pub(super) fn cursor_icon(&self) -> Id<NSCursor> {
+    pub(super) fn cursor_icon(&self) -> Retained<NSCursor> {
         self.ivars().cursor_state.borrow().cursor.clone()
     }
 
-    pub(super) fn set_cursor_icon(&self, icon: Id<NSCursor>) {
+    pub(super) fn set_cursor_icon(&self, icon: Retained<NSCursor>) {
         let mut cursor_state = self.ivars().cursor_state.borrow_mut();
         cursor_state.cursor = icon;
     }
@@ -927,22 +921,34 @@ impl WinitView {
                 let scancode = unsafe { ns_event.keyCode() };
                 let physical_key = scancode_to_physicalkey(scancode as u32);
 
-                // We'll correct the `is_press` later.
-                let mut event = create_key_event(ns_event, false, false, Some(physical_key));
-
-                let key = code_to_key(physical_key, scancode);
+                let logical_key = code_to_key(physical_key, scancode);
                 // Ignore processing of unknown modifiers because we can't determine whether
                 // it was pressed or release reliably.
-                let Some(event_modifier) = key_to_modifier(&key) else {
+                //
+                // Furthermore, sometimes normal keys are reported inside flagsChanged:, such as
+                // when holding Caps Lock while pressing another key, see:
+                // https://github.com/alacritty/alacritty/issues/8268
+                let Some(event_modifier) = key_to_modifier(&logical_key) else {
                     break 'send_event;
                 };
-                event.physical_key = physical_key;
-                event.logical_key = key.clone();
-                event.location = code_to_location(physical_key);
+
+                let mut event = KeyEvent {
+                    location: code_to_location(physical_key),
+                    logical_key: logical_key.clone(),
+                    physical_key,
+                    repeat: false,
+                    // We'll correct this later.
+                    state: Pressed,
+                    text: None,
+                    text_with_all_modifiers: None,
+                    key_without_modifiers: logical_key.clone(),
+                };
+
                 let location_mask = ModLocationMask::from_location(event.location);
 
                 let mut phys_mod_state = self.ivars().phys_modifiers.borrow_mut();
-                let phys_mod = phys_mod_state.entry(key).or_insert(ModLocationMask::empty());
+                let phys_mod =
+                    phys_mod_state.entry(logical_key).or_insert(ModLocationMask::empty());
 
                 let is_active = current_modifiers.state().contains(event_modifier);
                 let mut events = VecDeque::with_capacity(2);
@@ -959,7 +965,7 @@ impl WinitView {
                         event.location = KeyLocation::Left;
                         event.physical_key = get_left_modifier_code(&event.logical_key).into();
                         events.push_back(WindowEvent::KeyboardInput {
-                            device_id: DEVICE_ID,
+                            device_id: None,
                             event,
                             is_synthetic: false,
                         });
@@ -968,7 +974,7 @@ impl WinitView {
                         event.location = KeyLocation::Right;
                         event.physical_key = get_right_modifier_code(&event.logical_key).into();
                         events.push_back(WindowEvent::KeyboardInput {
-                            device_id: DEVICE_ID,
+                            device_id: None,
                             event,
                             is_synthetic: false,
                         });
@@ -999,7 +1005,7 @@ impl WinitView {
                     }
 
                     events.push_back(WindowEvent::KeyboardInput {
-                        device_id: DEVICE_ID,
+                        device_id: None,
                         event,
                         is_synthetic: false,
                     });
@@ -1021,20 +1027,22 @@ impl WinitView {
     }
 
     fn mouse_click(&self, event: &NSEvent, button_state: ElementState) {
+        let position = self.mouse_view_point(event).to_physical(self.scale_factor());
         let button = mouse_button(event);
 
         self.update_modifiers(event, false);
 
-        self.queue_event(WindowEvent::MouseInput {
-            device_id: DEVICE_ID,
+        self.queue_event(WindowEvent::PointerButton {
+            device_id: None,
+            primary: true,
             state: button_state,
-            button,
+            position,
+            button: button.into(),
         });
     }
 
     fn mouse_motion(&self, event: &NSEvent) {
-        let window_point = unsafe { event.locationInWindow() };
-        let view_point = self.convertPoint_fromView(window_point, None);
+        let view_point = self.mouse_view_point(event);
         let frame = self.frame();
 
         if view_point.x.is_sign_negative()
@@ -1049,15 +1057,22 @@ impl WinitView {
             }
         }
 
-        let view_point = LogicalPosition::new(view_point.x, view_point.y);
-
         self.update_modifiers(event, false);
 
-        self.queue_event(WindowEvent::CursorMoved {
-            device_id: DEVICE_ID,
+        self.queue_event(WindowEvent::PointerMoved {
+            device_id: None,
+            primary: true,
             position: view_point.to_physical(self.scale_factor()),
+            source: PointerSource::Mouse,
         });
     }
+
+    fn mouse_view_point(&self, event: &NSEvent) -> LogicalPosition<f64> {
+        let window_point = unsafe { event.locationInWindow() };
+        let view_point = self.convertPoint_fromView(window_point, None);
+
+        LogicalPosition::new(view_point.x, view_point.y)
+    }
 }
 
 /// Get the mouse button from the NSEvent.
@@ -1080,7 +1095,7 @@ fn mouse_button(event: &NSEvent) -> MouseButton {
 // NOTE: to get option as alt working we need to rewrite events
 // we're getting from the operating system, which makes it
 // impossible to provide such events as extra in `KeyEvent`.
-fn replace_event(event: &NSEvent, option_as_alt: OptionAsAlt) -> Id<NSEvent> {
+fn replace_event(event: &NSEvent, option_as_alt: OptionAsAlt) -> Retained<NSEvent> {
     let ev_mods = event_mods(event).state;
     let ignore_alt_characters = match option_as_alt {
         OptionAsAlt::OnlyLeft if lalt_pressed(event) => true,
@@ -1088,7 +1103,7 @@ fn replace_event(event: &NSEvent, option_as_alt: OptionAsAlt) -> Id<NSEvent> {
         OptionAsAlt::Both if ev_mods.alt_key() => true,
         _ => false,
     } && !ev_mods.control_key()
-        && !ev_mods.super_key();
+        && !ev_mods.meta_key();
 
     if ignore_alt_characters {
         let ns_chars = unsafe {

src/platform_impl/apple/appkit/window.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,384 @@
+#![allow(clippy::unnecessary_cast)]
+
+use std::sync::Arc;
+
+use dispatch2::MainThreadBound;
+use dpi::{Position, Size};
+use objc2::rc::{autoreleasepool, Retained};
+use objc2::{define_class, MainThreadMarker, Message};
+use objc2_app_kit::{NSPanel, NSResponder, NSWindow};
+use objc2_foundation::NSObject;
+
+use super::event_loop::ActiveEventLoop;
+use super::window_delegate::WindowDelegate;
+use crate::error::RequestError;
+use crate::monitor::{Fullscreen, MonitorHandle as CoreMonitorHandle};
+use crate::window::{
+    Cursor, Icon, ImePurpose, Theme, UserAttentionType, Window as CoreWindow, WindowAttributes,
+    WindowButtons, WindowId, WindowLevel,
+};
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub(crate) struct Window {
+    window: MainThreadBound<Retained<NSWindow>>,
+    /// The window only keeps a weak reference to this, so we must keep it around here.
+    delegate: MainThreadBound<Retained<WindowDelegate>>,
+}
+
+impl Window {
+    pub(crate) fn new(
+        window_target: &ActiveEventLoop,
+        attributes: WindowAttributes,
+    ) -> Result<Self, RequestError> {
+        let mtm = window_target.mtm;
+        let delegate =
+            autoreleasepool(|_| WindowDelegate::new(&window_target.app_state, attributes, mtm))?;
+        Ok(Window {
+            window: MainThreadBound::new(delegate.window().retain(), mtm),
+            delegate: MainThreadBound::new(delegate, mtm),
+        })
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn maybe_wait_on_main<R: Send>(
+        &self,
+        f: impl FnOnce(&WindowDelegate) -> R + Send,
+    ) -> R {
+        self.delegate.get_on_main(|delegate| f(delegate))
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    pub(crate) fn raw_window_handle_rwh_06(
+        &self,
+    ) -> Result<rwh_06::RawWindowHandle, rwh_06::HandleError> {
+        if let Some(mtm) = MainThreadMarker::new() {
+            Ok(self.delegate.get(mtm).raw_window_handle_rwh_06())
+        } else {
+            Err(rwh_06::HandleError::Unavailable)
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    pub(crate) fn raw_display_handle_rwh_06(
+        &self,
+    ) -> Result<rwh_06::RawDisplayHandle, rwh_06::HandleError> {
+        Ok(rwh_06::RawDisplayHandle::AppKit(rwh_06::AppKitDisplayHandle::new()))
+    }
+}
+
+impl Drop for Window {
+    fn drop(&mut self) {
+        // Restore the video mode.
+        if matches!(self.fullscreen(), Some(Fullscreen::Exclusive(_, _))) {
+            self.set_fullscreen(None);
+        }
+
+        self.window.get_on_main(|window| autoreleasepool(|_| window.close()))
+    }
+}
+
+impl rwh_06::HasDisplayHandle for Window {
+    fn display_handle(&self) -> Result<rwh_06::DisplayHandle<'_>, rwh_06::HandleError> {
+        let raw = self.raw_display_handle_rwh_06()?;
+        unsafe { Ok(rwh_06::DisplayHandle::borrow_raw(raw)) }
+    }
+}
+
+impl rwh_06::HasWindowHandle for Window {
+    fn window_handle(&self) -> Result<rwh_06::WindowHandle<'_>, rwh_06::HandleError> {
+        let raw = self.raw_window_handle_rwh_06()?;
+        unsafe { Ok(rwh_06::WindowHandle::borrow_raw(raw)) }
+    }
+}
+
+impl CoreWindow for Window {
+    fn id(&self) -> crate::window::WindowId {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.id())
+    }
+
+    fn scale_factor(&self) -> f64 {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.scale_factor())
+    }
+
+    fn request_redraw(&self) {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.request_redraw());
+    }
+
+    fn pre_present_notify(&self) {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.pre_present_notify());
+    }
+
+    fn reset_dead_keys(&self) {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.reset_dead_keys());
+    }
+
+    fn surface_position(&self) -> dpi::PhysicalPosition<i32> {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.surface_position())
+    }
+
+    fn outer_position(&self) -> Result<dpi::PhysicalPosition<i32>, RequestError> {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.outer_position())
+    }
+
+    fn set_outer_position(&self, position: Position) {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.set_outer_position(position));
+    }
+
+    fn surface_size(&self) -> dpi::PhysicalSize<u32> {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.surface_size())
+    }
+
+    fn request_surface_size(&self, size: Size) -> Option<dpi::PhysicalSize<u32>> {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.request_surface_size(size))
+    }
+
+    fn outer_size(&self) -> dpi::PhysicalSize<u32> {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.outer_size())
+    }
+
+    fn safe_area(&self) -> dpi::PhysicalInsets<u32> {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.safe_area())
+    }
+
+    fn set_min_surface_size(&self, min_size: Option<Size>) {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.set_min_surface_size(min_size))
+    }
+
+    fn set_max_surface_size(&self, max_size: Option<Size>) {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.set_max_surface_size(max_size));
+    }
+
+    fn surface_resize_increments(&self) -> Option<dpi::PhysicalSize<u32>> {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.surface_resize_increments())
+    }
+
+    fn set_surface_resize_increments(&self, increments: Option<Size>) {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.set_surface_resize_increments(increments));
+    }
+
+    fn set_title(&self, title: &str) {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.set_title(title));
+    }
+
+    fn set_transparent(&self, transparent: bool) {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.set_transparent(transparent));
+    }
+
+    fn set_blur(&self, blur: bool) {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.set_blur(blur));
+    }
+
+    fn set_visible(&self, visible: bool) {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.set_visible(visible));
+    }
+
+    fn is_visible(&self) -> Option<bool> {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.is_visible())
+    }
+
+    fn set_resizable(&self, resizable: bool) {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.set_resizable(resizable))
+    }
+
+    fn is_resizable(&self) -> bool {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.is_resizable())
+    }
+
+    fn set_enabled_buttons(&self, buttons: WindowButtons) {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.set_enabled_buttons(buttons))
+    }
+
+    fn enabled_buttons(&self) -> WindowButtons {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.enabled_buttons())
+    }
+
+    fn set_minimized(&self, minimized: bool) {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.set_minimized(minimized));
+    }
+
+    fn is_minimized(&self) -> Option<bool> {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.is_minimized())
+    }
+
+    fn set_maximized(&self, maximized: bool) {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.set_maximized(maximized));
+    }
+
+    fn is_maximized(&self) -> bool {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.is_maximized())
+    }
+
+    fn set_fullscreen(&self, fullscreen: Option<Fullscreen>) {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.set_fullscreen(fullscreen))
+    }
+
+    fn fullscreen(&self) -> Option<Fullscreen> {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.fullscreen())
+    }
+
+    fn set_decorations(&self, decorations: bool) {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.set_decorations(decorations));
+    }
+
+    fn is_decorated(&self) -> bool {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.is_decorated())
+    }
+
+    fn set_window_level(&self, level: WindowLevel) {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.set_window_level(level));
+    }
+
+    fn set_window_icon(&self, window_icon: Option<Icon>) {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.set_window_icon(window_icon));
+    }
+
+    fn set_ime_cursor_area(&self, position: Position, size: Size) {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.set_ime_cursor_area(position, size));
+    }
+
+    fn set_ime_allowed(&self, allowed: bool) {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.set_ime_allowed(allowed));
+    }
+
+    fn set_ime_purpose(&self, purpose: ImePurpose) {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.set_ime_purpose(purpose));
+    }
+
+    fn focus_window(&self) {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.focus_window());
+    }
+
+    fn has_focus(&self) -> bool {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.has_focus())
+    }
+
+    fn request_user_attention(&self, request_type: Option<UserAttentionType>) {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.request_user_attention(request_type));
+    }
+
+    fn set_theme(&self, theme: Option<Theme>) {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.set_theme(theme));
+    }
+
+    fn theme(&self) -> Option<Theme> {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.theme())
+    }
+
+    fn set_content_protected(&self, protected: bool) {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.set_content_protected(protected));
+    }
+
+    fn title(&self) -> String {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.title())
+    }
+
+    fn set_cursor(&self, cursor: Cursor) {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.set_cursor(cursor));
+    }
+
+    fn set_cursor_position(&self, position: Position) -> Result<(), RequestError> {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.set_cursor_position(position))
+    }
+
+    fn set_cursor_grab(&self, mode: crate::window::CursorGrabMode) -> Result<(), RequestError> {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.set_cursor_grab(mode))
+    }
+
+    fn set_cursor_visible(&self, visible: bool) {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.set_cursor_visible(visible))
+    }
+
+    fn drag_window(&self) -> Result<(), RequestError> {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.drag_window())
+    }
+
+    fn drag_resize_window(
+        &self,
+        direction: crate::window::ResizeDirection,
+    ) -> Result<(), RequestError> {
+        Ok(self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.drag_resize_window(direction))?)
+    }
+
+    fn show_window_menu(&self, position: Position) {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.show_window_menu(position))
+    }
+
+    fn set_cursor_hittest(&self, hittest: bool) -> Result<(), RequestError> {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.set_cursor_hittest(hittest));
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn current_monitor(&self) -> Option<CoreMonitorHandle> {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| {
+            delegate.current_monitor().map(|monitor| CoreMonitorHandle(Arc::new(monitor)))
+        })
+    }
+
+    fn available_monitors(&self) -> Box<dyn Iterator<Item = CoreMonitorHandle>> {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| {
+            Box::new(
+                delegate
+                    .available_monitors()
+                    .into_iter()
+                    .map(|monitor| CoreMonitorHandle(Arc::new(monitor))),
+            )
+        })
+    }
+
+    fn primary_monitor(&self) -> Option<CoreMonitorHandle> {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| {
+            delegate.primary_monitor().map(|monitor| CoreMonitorHandle(Arc::new(monitor)))
+        })
+    }
+
+    fn rwh_06_display_handle(&self) -> &dyn rwh_06::HasDisplayHandle {
+        self
+    }
+
+    fn rwh_06_window_handle(&self) -> &dyn rwh_06::HasWindowHandle {
+        self
+    }
+}
+
+define_class!(
+    #[unsafe(super(NSWindow, NSResponder, NSObject))]
+    #[name = "WinitWindow"]
+    #[derive(Debug)]
+    pub struct WinitWindow;
+
+    /// This documentation attribute makes rustfmt work for some reason?
+    impl WinitWindow {
+        #[unsafe(method(canBecomeMainWindow))]
+        fn can_become_main_window(&self) -> bool {
+            trace_scope!("canBecomeMainWindow");
+            true
+        }
+
+        #[unsafe(method(canBecomeKeyWindow))]
+        fn can_become_key_window(&self) -> bool {
+            trace_scope!("canBecomeKeyWindow");
+            true
+        }
+    }
+);
+
+define_class!(
+    #[unsafe(super(NSPanel, NSWindow, NSResponder, NSObject))]
+    #[name = "WinitPanel"]
+    #[derive(Debug)]
+    pub struct WinitPanel;
+
+    /// This documentation attribute makes rustfmt work for some reason?
+    impl WinitPanel {
+        // although NSPanel can become key window
+        // it doesn't if window doesn't have NSWindowStyleMask::Titled
+        #[unsafe(method(canBecomeKeyWindow))]
+        fn can_become_key_window(&self) -> bool {
+            trace_scope!("canBecomeKeyWindow");
+            true
+        }
+    }
+);
+
+pub(super) fn window_id(window: &NSWindow) -> WindowId {
+    WindowId::from_raw(window as *const _ as usize)
+}

src/platform_impl/apple/event_handler.rs

@@ -1,31 +1,35 @@
 use std::cell::RefCell;
 use std::{fmt, mem};
 
-use super::app_delegate::HandlePendingUserEvents;
-use crate::event::Event;
-use crate::event_loop::ActiveEventLoop as RootActiveEventLoop;
+use crate::application::ApplicationHandler;
 
-struct EventHandlerData {
-    #[allow(clippy::type_complexity)]
-    handler: Box<dyn FnMut(Event<HandlePendingUserEvents>, &RootActiveEventLoop) + 'static>,
+/// A helper type for storing a reference to `ApplicationHandler`, allowing interior mutable access
+/// to it within the execution of a closure.
+#[derive(Default)]
+pub(crate) struct EventHandler {
+    /// This can be in the following states:
+    /// - Not registered by the event loop, or terminated (None).
+    /// - Present (Some(handler)).
+    /// - Currently executing the handler / in use (RefCell borrowed).
+    inner: RefCell<Option<Box<dyn ApplicationHandler + 'static>>>,
 }
 
-impl fmt::Debug for EventHandlerData {
+impl fmt::Debug for EventHandler {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
-        f.debug_struct("EventHandlerData").finish_non_exhaustive()
+        let state = match self.inner.try_borrow().as_deref() {
+            Ok(Some(_)) => "<available>",
+            Ok(None) => "<not set>",
+            Err(_) => "<in use>",
+        };
+        f.debug_struct("EventHandler").field("state", &state).finish_non_exhaustive()
     }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, Default)]
-pub(crate) struct EventHandler {
-    /// This can be in the following states:
-    /// - Not registered by the event loop (None).
-    /// - Present (Some(handler)).
-    /// - Currently executing the handler / in use (RefCell borrowed).
-    inner: RefCell<Option<EventHandlerData>>,
-}
-
 impl EventHandler {
+    pub(crate) fn new() -> Self {
+        Self { inner: RefCell::new(None) }
+    }
+
     /// Set the event loop handler for the duration of the given closure.
     ///
     /// This is similar to using the `scoped-tls` or `scoped-tls-hkt` crates
@@ -33,7 +37,7 @@ impl EventHandler {
     /// from within the closure.
     pub(crate) fn set<'handler, R>(
         &self,
-        handler: impl FnMut(Event<HandlePendingUserEvents>, &RootActiveEventLoop) + 'handler,
+        app: Box<dyn ApplicationHandler + 'handler>,
         closure: impl FnOnce() -> R,
     ) -> R {
         // SAFETY: We extend the lifetime of the handler here so that we can
@@ -44,9 +48,9 @@ impl EventHandler {
         // extended beyond `'handler`.
         let handler = unsafe {
             mem::transmute::<
-                Box<dyn FnMut(Event<HandlePendingUserEvents>, &RootActiveEventLoop) + 'handler>,
-                Box<dyn FnMut(Event<HandlePendingUserEvents>, &RootActiveEventLoop) + 'static>,
-            >(Box::new(handler))
+                Box<dyn ApplicationHandler + 'handler>,
+                Box<dyn ApplicationHandler + 'static>,
+            >(app)
         };
 
         match self.inner.try_borrow_mut().as_deref_mut() {
@@ -54,7 +58,7 @@ impl EventHandler {
                 unreachable!("tried to set handler while another was already set");
             },
             Ok(data @ None) => {
-                *data = Some(EventHandlerData { handler });
+                *data = Some(handler);
             },
             Err(_) => {
                 unreachable!("tried to set handler that is currently in use");
@@ -67,10 +71,13 @@ impl EventHandler {
             fn drop(&mut self) {
                 match self.0.inner.try_borrow_mut().as_deref_mut() {
                     Ok(data @ Some(_)) => {
-                        *data = None;
+                        let handler = data.take();
+                        // Explicitly `Drop` the application handler.
+                        drop(handler);
                     },
                     Ok(None) => {
-                        tracing::error!("tried to clear handler, but no handler was set");
+                        // Allowed, happens if the handler was cleared manually
+                        // elsewhere (such as in `applicationWillTerminate:`).
                     },
                     Err(_) => {
                         // Note: This is not expected to ever happen, this
@@ -97,6 +104,7 @@ impl EventHandler {
         // soundness.
     }
 
+    #[cfg(target_os = "macos")]
     pub(crate) fn in_use(&self) -> bool {
         self.inner.try_borrow().is_err()
     }
@@ -105,23 +113,19 @@ impl EventHandler {
         matches!(self.inner.try_borrow().as_deref(), Ok(Some(_)))
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn handle_event(
-        &self,
-        event: Event<HandlePendingUserEvents>,
-        event_loop: &RootActiveEventLoop,
-    ) {
+    pub(crate) fn handle(&self, callback: impl FnOnce(&mut (dyn ApplicationHandler + '_))) {
         match self.inner.try_borrow_mut().as_deref_mut() {
-            Ok(Some(EventHandlerData { handler })) => {
+            Ok(Some(ref mut user_app)) => {
                 // It is important that we keep the reference borrowed here,
                 // so that `in_use` can properly detect that the handler is
                 // still in use.
                 //
                 // If the handler unwinds, the `RefMut` will ensure that the
                 // handler is no longer borrowed.
-                (handler)(event, event_loop);
+                callback(&mut **user_app);
             },
             Ok(None) => {
-                // `NSApplication`, our app delegate and this handler are all
+                // `NSApplication`, our app state and this handler are all
                 // global state and so it's not impossible that we could get
                 // an event after the application has exited the `EventLoop`.
                 tracing::error!("tried to run event handler, but no handler was set");
@@ -132,4 +136,21 @@ impl EventHandler {
             },
         }
     }
+
+    pub(crate) fn terminate(&self) {
+        match self.inner.try_borrow_mut().as_deref_mut() {
+            Ok(data @ Some(_)) => {
+                let handler = data.take();
+                // Explicitly `Drop` the application handler.
+                drop(handler);
+            },
+            Ok(None) => {
+                // When terminating, we expect the application handler to still be registered.
+                tracing::error!("tried to clear handler, but no handler was set");
+            },
+            Err(_) => {
+                panic!("tried to clear handler while an event is currently being handled");
+            },
+        }
+    }
 }

src/platform_impl/apple/event_loop_proxy.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,124 @@
+use std::os::raw::c_void;
+use std::sync::Arc;
+
+use objc2::MainThreadMarker;
+use objc2_core_foundation::{
+    kCFRunLoopCommonModes, CFIndex, CFRetained, CFRunLoop, CFRunLoopSource, CFRunLoopSourceContext,
+};
+
+use crate::event_loop::EventLoopProxyProvider;
+
+/// A waker that signals a `CFRunLoopSource` on the main thread.
+///
+/// We use this to integrate with the system as cleanly as possible (instead of e.g. keeping an
+/// atomic around that we check on each iteration of the event loop).
+///
+/// See <https://developer.apple.com/documentation/corefoundation/cfrunloopsource?language=objc>.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
+pub(crate) struct EventLoopProxy {
+    source: CFRetained<CFRunLoopSource>,
+    /// Cached value of `CFRunLoopGetMain`.
+    main_loop: CFRetained<CFRunLoop>,
+}
+
+// FIXME(madsmtm): Mark `CFRunLoopSource` + `CFRunLoop` as `Send` + `Sync`.
+unsafe impl Send for EventLoopProxy {}
+unsafe impl Sync for EventLoopProxy {}
+
+impl EventLoopProxy {
+    /// Create a new proxy, registering it to be performed on the main thread.
+    ///
+    /// The provided closure should call `proxy_wake_up` on the application.
+    pub(crate) fn new<F: Fn() + 'static>(mtm: MainThreadMarker, signaller: F) -> Self {
+        // We use an `Arc` here to make sure that the reference-counting of the signal container is
+        // atomic (`Retained`/`CFRetained` would be valid alternatives too).
+        let signaller = Arc::new(signaller);
+
+        unsafe extern "C-unwind" fn retain<F>(info: *const c_void) -> *const c_void {
+            // SAFETY: The pointer was passed to `CFRunLoopSourceContext.info` below.
+            unsafe { Arc::increment_strong_count(info.cast::<F>()) };
+            info
+        }
+        unsafe extern "C-unwind" fn release<F>(info: *const c_void) {
+            // SAFETY: The pointer was passed to `CFRunLoopSourceContext.info` below.
+            unsafe { Arc::decrement_strong_count(info.cast::<F>()) };
+        }
+
+        // Pointer equality / hashing.
+        extern "C-unwind" fn equal(info1: *const c_void, info2: *const c_void) -> u8 {
+            (info1 == info2) as u8
+        }
+        extern "C-unwind" fn hash(info: *const c_void) -> usize {
+            info as usize
+        }
+
+        // Call the provided closure.
+        unsafe extern "C-unwind" fn perform<F: Fn()>(info: *mut c_void) {
+            // SAFETY: The pointer was passed to `CFRunLoopSourceContext.info` below.
+            let signaller = unsafe { &*info.cast::<F>() };
+            (signaller)();
+        }
+
+        // Fire last.
+        let order = CFIndex::MAX - 1;
+
+        // This is marked `mut` to match the signature of `CFRunLoopSourceCreate`, but the
+        // information is copied, and not actually mutated.
+        let mut context = CFRunLoopSourceContext {
+            version: 0,
+            // This is retained on creation.
+            info: Arc::as_ptr(&signaller) as *mut c_void,
+            retain: Some(retain::<F>),
+            release: Some(release::<F>),
+            copyDescription: None,
+            equal: Some(equal),
+            hash: Some(hash),
+            schedule: None,
+            cancel: None,
+            perform: Some(perform::<F>),
+        };
+
+        // SAFETY: The normal callbacks are thread-safe (`retain`/`release` use atomics, and
+        // `equal`/`hash` only access a pointer).
+        //
+        // Note that the `perform` callback isn't thread-safe (we don't have `F: Send + Sync`), but
+        // that's okay, since we are on the main thread, and the source is only added to the main
+        // run loop (below), and hence only performed there.
+        //
+        // Keeping the closure alive beyond this scope is fine, because `F: 'static`.
+        let source = unsafe {
+            let _ = mtm;
+            CFRunLoopSource::new(None, order, &mut context).unwrap()
+        };
+
+        // Register the source to be performed on the main thread.
+        let main_loop = CFRunLoop::main().unwrap();
+        unsafe { main_loop.add_source(Some(&source), kCFRunLoopCommonModes) };
+
+        Self { source, main_loop }
+    }
+
+    // FIXME(madsmtm): Use this on macOS too.
+    // More difficult there, since the user can re-start the event loop.
+    #[cfg_attr(target_os = "macos", allow(dead_code))]
+    pub(crate) fn invalidate(&self) {
+        // NOTE: We do NOT fire this on `Drop`, since we want the proxy to be cloneable, such that
+        // we only need to register a single source even if there's multiple proxies in use.
+        self.source.invalidate();
+    }
+}
+
+impl EventLoopProxyProvider for EventLoopProxy {
+    fn wake_up(&self) {
+        // Signal the source, which ends up later invoking `perform` on the main thread.
+        //
+        // Multiple signals in quick succession are automatically coalesced into a single signal.
+        self.source.signal();
+
+        // Let the main thread know there's a new event.
+        //
+        // This is required since we may be (probably are) running on a different thread, and the
+        // main loop may be sleeping (and `CFRunLoopSourceSignal` won't wake it).
+        self.main_loop.wake_up();
+    }
+}

src/platform_impl/apple/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+//! Apple/Darwin-specific implementations
+
+#[cfg(target_os = "macos")]
+mod appkit;
+mod event_handler;
+mod event_loop_proxy;
+mod notification_center;
+#[cfg(not(target_os = "macos"))]
+mod uikit;
+
+#[allow(unused_imports)]
+#[cfg(target_os = "macos")]
+pub use self::appkit::*;
+#[allow(unused_imports)]
+#[cfg(not(target_os = "macos"))]
+pub use self::uikit::*;

src/platform_impl/apple/notification_center.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+use std::ptr::NonNull;
+
+use block2::RcBlock;
+use objc2::rc::Retained;
+use objc2::runtime::ProtocolObject;
+use objc2_foundation::{
+    NSNotification, NSNotificationCenter, NSNotificationName, NSObjectProtocol,
+};
+
+/// Observe the given notification.
+///
+/// This is used in Winit as an alternative to declaring an application delegate, as we want to
+/// give the user full control over those.
+pub fn create_observer(
+    center: &NSNotificationCenter,
+    name: &NSNotificationName,
+    handler: impl Fn(&NSNotification) + 'static,
+) -> Retained<ProtocolObject<dyn NSObjectProtocol>> {
+    let block = RcBlock::new(move |notification: NonNull<NSNotification>| {
+        handler(unsafe { notification.as_ref() });
+    });
+    unsafe {
+        center.addObserverForName_object_queue_usingBlock(
+            Some(name),
+            None, // No sender filter
+            None, // No queue, run on posting thread (i.e. main thread)
+            &block,
+        )
+    }
+}

src/platform_impl/apple/uikit/app_state.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,597 @@
+#![deny(unused_results)]
+
+use std::cell::{OnceCell, RefCell, RefMut};
+use std::collections::HashSet;
+use std::os::raw::c_void;
+use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex};
+use std::time::Instant;
+use std::{mem, ptr};
+
+use dispatch2::MainThreadBound;
+use objc2::rc::Retained;
+use objc2::MainThreadMarker;
+use objc2_core_foundation::{
+    kCFRunLoopCommonModes, CFAbsoluteTimeGetCurrent, CFRetained, CFRunLoop, CFRunLoopTimer, CGRect,
+    CGSize,
+};
+use objc2_ui_kit::{UIApplication, UICoordinateSpace, UIView};
+
+use super::super::event_handler::EventHandler;
+use super::super::event_loop_proxy::EventLoopProxy;
+use super::window::WinitUIWindow;
+use super::ActiveEventLoop;
+use crate::application::ApplicationHandler;
+use crate::dpi::PhysicalSize;
+use crate::event::{StartCause, SurfaceSizeWriter, WindowEvent};
+use crate::event_loop::ControlFlow;
+use crate::window::WindowId;
+
+macro_rules! bug {
+    ($($msg:tt)*) => {
+        panic!("winit iOS bug, file an issue: {}", format!($($msg)*))
+    };
+}
+
+macro_rules! bug_assert {
+    ($test:expr, $($msg:tt)*) => {
+        assert!($test, "winit iOS bug, file an issue: {}", format!($($msg)*))
+    };
+}
+
+/// Get the global event handler for the application.
+///
+/// This is stored separately from AppState, since AppState needs to be accessible while the handler
+/// is executing.
+fn get_handler(mtm: MainThreadMarker) -> &'static EventHandler {
+    // SAFETY: Creating `StaticMainThreadBound` in a `const` context, where there is no concept
+    // of the main thread.
+    static GLOBAL: MainThreadBound<OnceCell<EventHandler>> =
+        MainThreadBound::new(OnceCell::new(), unsafe { MainThreadMarker::new_unchecked() });
+
+    GLOBAL.get(mtm).get_or_init(EventHandler::new)
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub(crate) enum EventWrapper {
+    Window { window_id: WindowId, event: WindowEvent },
+    ScaleFactorChanged(ScaleFactorChanged),
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct ScaleFactorChanged {
+    pub(super) window: Retained<WinitUIWindow>,
+    pub(super) suggested_size: PhysicalSize<u32>,
+    pub(super) scale_factor: f64,
+}
+
+impl EventWrapper {
+    fn is_redraw(&self) -> bool {
+        matches!(self, Self::Window { event: WindowEvent::RedrawRequested, .. })
+    }
+}
+
+// this is the state machine for the app lifecycle
+#[derive(Debug)]
+#[must_use = "dropping `AppStateImpl` without inspecting it is probably a bug"]
+enum AppStateImpl {
+    Initial {
+        queued_gpu_redraws: HashSet<Retained<WinitUIWindow>>,
+    },
+    ProcessingEvents {
+        queued_gpu_redraws: HashSet<Retained<WinitUIWindow>>,
+        active_control_flow: ControlFlow,
+    },
+    ProcessingRedraws {
+        active_control_flow: ControlFlow,
+    },
+    Waiting {
+        start: Instant,
+    },
+    PollFinished,
+    Terminated,
+}
+
+pub(crate) struct AppState {
+    // This should never be `None`, except for briefly during a state transition.
+    app_state: Option<AppStateImpl>,
+    control_flow: ControlFlow,
+    waker: EventLoopWaker,
+    event_loop_proxy: Arc<EventLoopProxy>,
+    queued_events: Vec<EventWrapper>,
+}
+
+impl AppState {
+    pub(crate) fn get_mut(mtm: MainThreadMarker) -> RefMut<'static, AppState> {
+        // basically everything in UIKit requires the main thread, so it's pointless to use the
+        // std::sync APIs.
+        // must be mut because plain `static` requires `Sync`
+        static mut APP_STATE: RefCell<Option<AppState>> = RefCell::new(None);
+
+        #[allow(unknown_lints)] // New lint below
+        #[allow(static_mut_refs)] // TODO: Use `MainThreadBound` instead.
+        let mut guard = unsafe { APP_STATE.borrow_mut() };
+        if guard.is_none() {
+            #[inline(never)]
+            #[cold]
+            fn init_guard(guard: &mut RefMut<'static, Option<AppState>>, mtm: MainThreadMarker) {
+                let waker = EventLoopWaker::new(CFRunLoop::main().unwrap());
+                let event_loop_proxy = Arc::new(EventLoopProxy::new(mtm, move || {
+                    get_handler(mtm).handle(|app| app.proxy_wake_up(&ActiveEventLoop { mtm }));
+                }));
+
+                **guard = Some(AppState {
+                    app_state: Some(AppStateImpl::Initial { queued_gpu_redraws: HashSet::new() }),
+                    control_flow: ControlFlow::default(),
+                    waker,
+                    event_loop_proxy,
+                    queued_events: Vec::new(),
+                });
+            }
+            init_guard(&mut guard, mtm);
+        }
+        RefMut::map(guard, |state| state.as_mut().unwrap())
+    }
+
+    fn state(&self) -> &AppStateImpl {
+        match &self.app_state {
+            Some(ref state) => state,
+            None => bug!("`AppState` previously failed a state transition"),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn state_mut(&mut self) -> &mut AppStateImpl {
+        match &mut self.app_state {
+            Some(ref mut state) => state,
+            None => bug!("`AppState` previously failed a state transition"),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn take_state(&mut self) -> AppStateImpl {
+        match self.app_state.take() {
+            Some(state) => state,
+            None => bug!("`AppState` previously failed a state transition"),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn set_state(&mut self, new_state: AppStateImpl) {
+        bug_assert!(
+            self.app_state.is_none(),
+            "attempted to set an `AppState` without calling `take_state` first {:?}",
+            self.app_state
+        );
+        self.app_state = Some(new_state)
+    }
+
+    fn replace_state(&mut self, new_state: AppStateImpl) -> AppStateImpl {
+        match &mut self.app_state {
+            Some(ref mut state) => mem::replace(state, new_state),
+            None => bug!("`AppState` previously failed a state transition"),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn has_launched(&self) -> bool {
+        !matches!(self.state(), AppStateImpl::Initial { .. })
+    }
+
+    fn has_terminated(&self) -> bool {
+        matches!(self.state(), AppStateImpl::Terminated)
+    }
+
+    fn did_finish_launching_transition(&mut self) {
+        let queued_gpu_redraws = match self.take_state() {
+            AppStateImpl::Initial { queued_gpu_redraws } => queued_gpu_redraws,
+            s => bug!("unexpected state {:?}", s),
+        };
+        self.set_state(AppStateImpl::ProcessingEvents {
+            active_control_flow: self.control_flow,
+            queued_gpu_redraws,
+        });
+    }
+
+    fn wakeup_transition(&mut self) -> Option<StartCause> {
+        // before `AppState::did_finish_launching` is called, pretend there is no running
+        // event loop.
+        if !self.has_launched() || self.has_terminated() {
+            return None;
+        }
+
+        let start_cause = match (self.control_flow, self.take_state()) {
+            (ControlFlow::Poll, AppStateImpl::PollFinished) => StartCause::Poll,
+            (ControlFlow::Wait, AppStateImpl::Waiting { start }) => {
+                StartCause::WaitCancelled { start, requested_resume: None }
+            },
+            (ControlFlow::WaitUntil(requested_resume), AppStateImpl::Waiting { start }) => {
+                if Instant::now() >= requested_resume {
+                    StartCause::ResumeTimeReached { start, requested_resume }
+                } else {
+                    StartCause::WaitCancelled { start, requested_resume: Some(requested_resume) }
+                }
+            },
+            s => bug!("`EventHandler` unexpectedly woke up {:?}", s),
+        };
+
+        self.set_state(AppStateImpl::ProcessingEvents {
+            queued_gpu_redraws: Default::default(),
+            active_control_flow: self.control_flow,
+        });
+        Some(start_cause)
+    }
+
+    fn main_events_cleared_transition(&mut self) -> HashSet<Retained<WinitUIWindow>> {
+        let (queued_gpu_redraws, active_control_flow) = match self.take_state() {
+            AppStateImpl::ProcessingEvents { queued_gpu_redraws, active_control_flow } => {
+                (queued_gpu_redraws, active_control_flow)
+            },
+            s => bug!("unexpected state {:?}", s),
+        };
+        self.set_state(AppStateImpl::ProcessingRedraws { active_control_flow });
+        queued_gpu_redraws
+    }
+
+    fn events_cleared_transition(&mut self) {
+        if !self.has_launched() || self.has_terminated() {
+            return;
+        }
+        let old = match self.take_state() {
+            AppStateImpl::ProcessingRedraws { active_control_flow } => active_control_flow,
+            s => bug!("unexpected state {:?}", s),
+        };
+
+        let new = self.control_flow;
+        match (old, new) {
+            (ControlFlow::Wait, ControlFlow::Wait) => {
+                let start = Instant::now();
+                self.set_state(AppStateImpl::Waiting { start });
+                self.waker.stop()
+            },
+            (ControlFlow::WaitUntil(old_instant), ControlFlow::WaitUntil(new_instant))
+                if old_instant == new_instant =>
+            {
+                let start = Instant::now();
+                self.set_state(AppStateImpl::Waiting { start });
+            },
+            (_, ControlFlow::Wait) => {
+                let start = Instant::now();
+                self.set_state(AppStateImpl::Waiting { start });
+                self.waker.stop()
+            },
+            (_, ControlFlow::WaitUntil(new_instant)) => {
+                let start = Instant::now();
+                self.set_state(AppStateImpl::Waiting { start });
+                self.waker.start_at(new_instant)
+            },
+            // Unlike on macOS, handle Poll to Poll transition here to call the waker
+            (_, ControlFlow::Poll) => {
+                self.set_state(AppStateImpl::PollFinished);
+                self.waker.start()
+            },
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn terminated_transition(&mut self) {
+        match self.replace_state(AppStateImpl::Terminated) {
+            AppStateImpl::ProcessingEvents { .. } => {},
+            s => bug!("terminated while not processing events {:?}", s),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn event_loop_proxy(&self) -> &Arc<EventLoopProxy> {
+        &self.event_loop_proxy
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn set_control_flow(&mut self, control_flow: ControlFlow) {
+        self.control_flow = control_flow;
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn control_flow(&self) -> ControlFlow {
+        self.control_flow
+    }
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn queue_gl_or_metal_redraw(mtm: MainThreadMarker, window: Retained<WinitUIWindow>) {
+    let mut this = AppState::get_mut(mtm);
+    match this.state_mut() {
+        &mut AppStateImpl::Initial { ref mut queued_gpu_redraws, .. }
+        | &mut AppStateImpl::ProcessingEvents { ref mut queued_gpu_redraws, .. } => {
+            let _ = queued_gpu_redraws.insert(window);
+        },
+        s @ &mut AppStateImpl::ProcessingRedraws { .. }
+        | s @ &mut AppStateImpl::Waiting { .. }
+        | s @ &mut AppStateImpl::PollFinished => bug!("unexpected state {:?}", s),
+        &mut AppStateImpl::Terminated => {
+            panic!("Attempt to create a `Window` after the app has terminated")
+        },
+    }
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn launch<R>(
+    mtm: MainThreadMarker,
+    app: impl ApplicationHandler,
+    run: impl FnOnce() -> R,
+) -> R {
+    get_handler(mtm).set(Box::new(app), run)
+}
+
+pub fn did_finish_launching(mtm: MainThreadMarker) {
+    let mut this = AppState::get_mut(mtm);
+
+    this.waker.start();
+
+    // have to drop RefMut because the window setup code below can trigger new events
+    drop(this);
+
+    AppState::get_mut(mtm).did_finish_launching_transition();
+
+    get_handler(mtm).handle(|app| app.new_events(&ActiveEventLoop { mtm }, StartCause::Init));
+    get_handler(mtm).handle(|app| app.can_create_surfaces(&ActiveEventLoop { mtm }));
+    handle_nonuser_events(mtm, []);
+}
+
+// AppState::did_finish_launching handles the special transition `Init`
+pub fn handle_wakeup_transition(mtm: MainThreadMarker) {
+    let mut this = AppState::get_mut(mtm);
+    let cause = match this.wakeup_transition() {
+        None => return,
+        Some(cause) => cause,
+    };
+    drop(this);
+
+    get_handler(mtm).handle(|app| app.new_events(&ActiveEventLoop { mtm }, cause));
+    handle_nonuser_events(mtm, []);
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn handle_nonuser_event(mtm: MainThreadMarker, event: EventWrapper) {
+    handle_nonuser_events(mtm, std::iter::once(event))
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn handle_nonuser_events<I: IntoIterator<Item = EventWrapper>>(
+    mtm: MainThreadMarker,
+    events: I,
+) {
+    let mut this = AppState::get_mut(mtm);
+    if this.has_terminated() {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    if !get_handler(mtm).ready() {
+        // Prevent re-entrancy; queue the events up for once we're done handling the event instead.
+        this.queued_events.extend(events);
+        return;
+    }
+
+    let processing_redraws = matches!(this.state(), AppStateImpl::ProcessingRedraws { .. });
+    drop(this);
+
+    for event in events {
+        if !processing_redraws && event.is_redraw() {
+            tracing::info!("processing `RedrawRequested` during the main event loop");
+        } else if processing_redraws && !event.is_redraw() {
+            tracing::warn!(
+                "processing non `RedrawRequested` event after the main event loop: {:#?}",
+                event
+            );
+        }
+        handle_wrapped_event(mtm, event)
+    }
+
+    loop {
+        let mut this = AppState::get_mut(mtm);
+        let queued_events = mem::take(&mut this.queued_events);
+        if queued_events.is_empty() {
+            break;
+        }
+        drop(this);
+
+        for event in queued_events {
+            if !processing_redraws && event.is_redraw() {
+                tracing::info!("processing `RedrawRequested` during the main event loop");
+            } else if processing_redraws && !event.is_redraw() {
+                tracing::warn!(
+                    "processing non-`RedrawRequested` event after the main event loop: {:#?}",
+                    event
+                );
+            }
+            handle_wrapped_event(mtm, event);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn handle_user_events(mtm: MainThreadMarker) {
+    let this = AppState::get_mut(mtm);
+    if matches!(this.state(), AppStateImpl::ProcessingRedraws { .. }) {
+        bug!("user events attempted to be sent out while `ProcessingRedraws`");
+    }
+    drop(this);
+
+    loop {
+        let mut this = AppState::get_mut(mtm);
+        let queued_events = mem::take(&mut this.queued_events);
+        if queued_events.is_empty() {
+            break;
+        }
+        drop(this);
+
+        for event in queued_events {
+            handle_wrapped_event(mtm, event);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn send_occluded_event_for_all_windows(application: &UIApplication, occluded: bool) {
+    let mtm = MainThreadMarker::from(application);
+
+    let mut events = Vec::new();
+    #[allow(deprecated)]
+    for window in application.windows().iter() {
+        if let Ok(window) = window.downcast::<WinitUIWindow>() {
+            events.push(EventWrapper::Window {
+                window_id: window.id(),
+                event: WindowEvent::Occluded(occluded),
+            });
+        }
+    }
+    handle_nonuser_events(mtm, events);
+}
+
+pub fn handle_main_events_cleared(mtm: MainThreadMarker) {
+    let mut this = AppState::get_mut(mtm);
+    if !this.has_launched() || this.has_terminated() {
+        return;
+    }
+    match this.state_mut() {
+        AppStateImpl::ProcessingEvents { .. } => {},
+        _ => bug!("`ProcessingRedraws` happened unexpectedly"),
+    };
+    drop(this);
+
+    handle_user_events(mtm);
+
+    let mut this = AppState::get_mut(mtm);
+    let redraw_events: Vec<EventWrapper> = this
+        .main_events_cleared_transition()
+        .into_iter()
+        .map(|window| EventWrapper::Window {
+            window_id: window.id(),
+            event: WindowEvent::RedrawRequested,
+        })
+        .collect();
+    drop(this);
+
+    handle_nonuser_events(mtm, redraw_events);
+    get_handler(mtm).handle(|app| app.about_to_wait(&ActiveEventLoop { mtm }));
+    handle_nonuser_events(mtm, []);
+}
+
+pub fn handle_events_cleared(mtm: MainThreadMarker) {
+    AppState::get_mut(mtm).events_cleared_transition();
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn handle_resumed(mtm: MainThreadMarker) {
+    get_handler(mtm).handle(|app| app.resumed(&ActiveEventLoop { mtm }));
+    handle_nonuser_events(mtm, []);
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn handle_suspended(mtm: MainThreadMarker) {
+    get_handler(mtm).handle(|app| app.suspended(&ActiveEventLoop { mtm }));
+    handle_nonuser_events(mtm, []);
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn handle_memory_warning(mtm: MainThreadMarker) {
+    get_handler(mtm).handle(|app| app.memory_warning(&ActiveEventLoop { mtm }));
+    handle_nonuser_events(mtm, []);
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn terminated(application: &UIApplication) {
+    let mtm = MainThreadMarker::from(application);
+
+    let mut events = Vec::new();
+    #[allow(deprecated)]
+    for window in application.windows().iter() {
+        if let Ok(window) = window.downcast::<WinitUIWindow>() {
+            events.push(EventWrapper::Window {
+                window_id: window.id(),
+                event: WindowEvent::Destroyed,
+            });
+        }
+    }
+    handle_nonuser_events(mtm, events);
+
+    let mut this = AppState::get_mut(mtm);
+    this.terminated_transition();
+    // Prevent EventLoopProxy from firing again.
+    this.event_loop_proxy.invalidate();
+    drop(this);
+
+    get_handler(mtm).terminate();
+}
+
+fn handle_wrapped_event(mtm: MainThreadMarker, event: EventWrapper) {
+    match event {
+        EventWrapper::Window { window_id, event } => get_handler(mtm)
+            .handle(|app| app.window_event(&ActiveEventLoop { mtm }, window_id, event)),
+        EventWrapper::ScaleFactorChanged(event) => handle_hidpi_proxy(mtm, event),
+    }
+}
+
+fn handle_hidpi_proxy(mtm: MainThreadMarker, event: ScaleFactorChanged) {
+    let ScaleFactorChanged { suggested_size, scale_factor, window } = event;
+    let new_surface_size = Arc::new(Mutex::new(suggested_size));
+    get_handler(mtm).handle(|app| {
+        app.window_event(&ActiveEventLoop { mtm }, window.id(), WindowEvent::ScaleFactorChanged {
+            scale_factor,
+            surface_size_writer: SurfaceSizeWriter::new(Arc::downgrade(&new_surface_size)),
+        });
+    });
+    let (view, screen_frame) = get_view_and_screen_frame(&window);
+    let physical_size = *new_surface_size.lock().unwrap();
+    drop(new_surface_size);
+    let logical_size = physical_size.to_logical(scale_factor);
+    let size = CGSize::new(logical_size.width, logical_size.height);
+    let new_frame: CGRect = CGRect::new(screen_frame.origin, size);
+    view.setFrame(new_frame);
+}
+
+fn get_view_and_screen_frame(window: &WinitUIWindow) -> (Retained<UIView>, CGRect) {
+    let view_controller = window.rootViewController().unwrap();
+    let view = view_controller.view().unwrap();
+    let bounds = window.bounds();
+    let screen = window.screen();
+    let screen_space = screen.coordinateSpace();
+    let screen_frame = window.convertRect_toCoordinateSpace(bounds, &screen_space);
+    (view, screen_frame)
+}
+
+struct EventLoopWaker {
+    timer: CFRetained<CFRunLoopTimer>,
+}
+
+impl Drop for EventLoopWaker {
+    fn drop(&mut self) {
+        self.timer.invalidate();
+    }
+}
+
+impl EventLoopWaker {
+    fn new(rl: CFRetained<CFRunLoop>) -> EventLoopWaker {
+        extern "C-unwind" fn wakeup_main_loop(_timer: *mut CFRunLoopTimer, _info: *mut c_void) {}
+        unsafe {
+            // Create a timer with a 0.1µs interval (1ns does not work) to mimic polling.
+            // It is initially setup with a first fire time really far into the
+            // future, but that gets changed to fire immediately in did_finish_launching
+            let timer = CFRunLoopTimer::new(
+                None,
+                f64::MAX,
+                0.000_000_1,
+                0,
+                0,
+                Some(wakeup_main_loop),
+                ptr::null_mut(),
+            )
+            .unwrap();
+            rl.add_timer(Some(&timer), kCFRunLoopCommonModes);
+
+            EventLoopWaker { timer }
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn stop(&mut self) {
+        self.timer.set_next_fire_date(f64::MAX);
+    }
+
+    fn start(&mut self) {
+        self.timer.set_next_fire_date(f64::MIN);
+    }
+
+    fn start_at(&mut self, instant: Instant) {
+        let now = Instant::now();
+        if now >= instant {
+            self.start();
+        } else {
+            let current = CFAbsoluteTimeGetCurrent();
+            let duration = instant - now;
+            let fsecs =
+                duration.subsec_nanos() as f64 / 1_000_000_000.0 + duration.as_secs() as f64;
+            self.timer.set_next_fire_date(current + fsecs);
+        }
+    }
+}

src/platform_impl/apple/uikit/event_loop.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,356 @@
+use std::ffi::c_void;
+use std::ptr;
+use std::sync::Arc;
+
+use objc2::rc::Retained;
+use objc2::runtime::ProtocolObject;
+use objc2::{msg_send, ClassType, MainThreadMarker};
+use objc2_core_foundation::{
+    kCFRunLoopDefaultMode, CFIndex, CFRunLoop, CFRunLoopActivity, CFRunLoopObserver,
+};
+use objc2_foundation::{NSNotificationCenter, NSObjectProtocol};
+use objc2_ui_kit::{
+    UIApplication, UIApplicationDidBecomeActiveNotification,
+    UIApplicationDidEnterBackgroundNotification, UIApplicationDidFinishLaunchingNotification,
+    UIApplicationDidReceiveMemoryWarningNotification, UIApplicationWillEnterForegroundNotification,
+    UIApplicationWillResignActiveNotification, UIApplicationWillTerminateNotification, UIScreen,
+};
+use rwh_06::HasDisplayHandle;
+
+use super::super::notification_center::create_observer;
+use super::app_state::{send_occluded_event_for_all_windows, AppState};
+use super::{app_state, monitor, MonitorHandle};
+use crate::application::ApplicationHandler;
+use crate::error::{EventLoopError, NotSupportedError, RequestError};
+use crate::event_loop::{
+    ActiveEventLoop as RootActiveEventLoop, ControlFlow, DeviceEvents,
+    EventLoopProxy as CoreEventLoopProxy, OwnedDisplayHandle as CoreOwnedDisplayHandle,
+};
+use crate::monitor::MonitorHandle as CoreMonitorHandle;
+use crate::platform_impl::Window;
+use crate::window::{CustomCursor, CustomCursorSource, Theme, Window as CoreWindow};
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub(crate) struct ActiveEventLoop {
+    pub(super) mtm: MainThreadMarker,
+}
+
+impl RootActiveEventLoop for ActiveEventLoop {
+    fn create_proxy(&self) -> CoreEventLoopProxy {
+        CoreEventLoopProxy::new(AppState::get_mut(self.mtm).event_loop_proxy().clone())
+    }
+
+    fn create_window(
+        &self,
+        window_attributes: crate::window::WindowAttributes,
+    ) -> Result<Box<dyn CoreWindow>, RequestError> {
+        Ok(Box::new(Window::new(self, window_attributes)?))
+    }
+
+    fn create_custom_cursor(
+        &self,
+        _source: CustomCursorSource,
+    ) -> Result<CustomCursor, RequestError> {
+        Err(NotSupportedError::new("create_custom_cursor is not supported").into())
+    }
+
+    fn available_monitors(&self) -> Box<dyn Iterator<Item = CoreMonitorHandle>> {
+        Box::new(
+            monitor::uiscreens(self.mtm)
+                .into_iter()
+                .map(|monitor| CoreMonitorHandle(Arc::new(monitor))),
+        )
+    }
+
+    fn primary_monitor(&self) -> Option<crate::monitor::MonitorHandle> {
+        #[allow(deprecated)]
+        let monitor = MonitorHandle::new(UIScreen::mainScreen(self.mtm));
+        Some(CoreMonitorHandle(Arc::new(monitor)))
+    }
+
+    fn listen_device_events(&self, _allowed: DeviceEvents) {}
+
+    fn set_control_flow(&self, control_flow: ControlFlow) {
+        AppState::get_mut(self.mtm).set_control_flow(control_flow)
+    }
+
+    fn system_theme(&self) -> Option<Theme> {
+        None
+    }
+
+    fn control_flow(&self) -> ControlFlow {
+        AppState::get_mut(self.mtm).control_flow()
+    }
+
+    fn exit(&self) {
+        // https://developer.apple.com/library/archive/qa/qa1561/_index.html
+        // it is not possible to quit an iOS app gracefully and programmatically
+        tracing::warn!("`ControlFlow::Exit` ignored on iOS");
+    }
+
+    fn exiting(&self) -> bool {
+        false
+    }
+
+    fn owned_display_handle(&self) -> CoreOwnedDisplayHandle {
+        CoreOwnedDisplayHandle::new(Arc::new(OwnedDisplayHandle))
+    }
+
+    fn rwh_06_handle(&self) -> &dyn rwh_06::HasDisplayHandle {
+        self
+    }
+}
+
+impl rwh_06::HasDisplayHandle for ActiveEventLoop {
+    fn display_handle(&self) -> Result<rwh_06::DisplayHandle<'_>, rwh_06::HandleError> {
+        let raw = rwh_06::RawDisplayHandle::UiKit(rwh_06::UiKitDisplayHandle::new());
+        unsafe { Ok(rwh_06::DisplayHandle::borrow_raw(raw)) }
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub(crate) struct OwnedDisplayHandle;
+
+impl HasDisplayHandle for OwnedDisplayHandle {
+    fn display_handle(&self) -> Result<rwh_06::DisplayHandle<'_>, rwh_06::HandleError> {
+        let raw = rwh_06::RawDisplayHandle::UiKit(rwh_06::UiKitDisplayHandle::new());
+        unsafe { Ok(rwh_06::DisplayHandle::borrow_raw(raw)) }
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct EventLoop {
+    mtm: MainThreadMarker,
+    window_target: ActiveEventLoop,
+
+    // Since iOS 9.0, we no longer need to remove the observers before they are deallocated; the
+    // system instead cleans it up next time it would have posted a notification to it.
+    //
+    // Though we do still need to keep the observers around to prevent them from being deallocated.
+    _did_finish_launching_observer: Retained<ProtocolObject<dyn NSObjectProtocol>>,
+    _did_become_active_observer: Retained<ProtocolObject<dyn NSObjectProtocol>>,
+    _will_resign_active_observer: Retained<ProtocolObject<dyn NSObjectProtocol>>,
+    _will_enter_foreground_observer: Retained<ProtocolObject<dyn NSObjectProtocol>>,
+    _did_enter_background_observer: Retained<ProtocolObject<dyn NSObjectProtocol>>,
+    _will_terminate_observer: Retained<ProtocolObject<dyn NSObjectProtocol>>,
+    _did_receive_memory_warning_observer: Retained<ProtocolObject<dyn NSObjectProtocol>>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Default, Debug, Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
+pub(crate) struct PlatformSpecificEventLoopAttributes {}
+
+impl EventLoop {
+    pub(crate) fn new(
+        _: &PlatformSpecificEventLoopAttributes,
+    ) -> Result<EventLoop, EventLoopError> {
+        let mtm = MainThreadMarker::new()
+            .expect("On iOS, `EventLoop` must be created on the main thread");
+
+        static mut SINGLETON_INIT: bool = false;
+        unsafe {
+            assert!(
+                !SINGLETON_INIT,
+                "Only one `EventLoop` is supported on iOS. `EventLoopProxy` might be helpful"
+            );
+            SINGLETON_INIT = true;
+        }
+
+        // this line sets up the main run loop before `UIApplicationMain`
+        setup_control_flow_observers();
+
+        let center = unsafe { NSNotificationCenter::defaultCenter() };
+
+        let _did_finish_launching_observer = create_observer(
+            &center,
+            // `application:didFinishLaunchingWithOptions:`
+            unsafe { UIApplicationDidFinishLaunchingNotification },
+            move |_| {
+                app_state::did_finish_launching(mtm);
+            },
+        );
+        let _did_become_active_observer = create_observer(
+            &center,
+            // `applicationDidBecomeActive:`
+            unsafe { UIApplicationDidBecomeActiveNotification },
+            move |_| app_state::handle_resumed(mtm),
+        );
+        let _will_resign_active_observer = create_observer(
+            &center,
+            // `applicationWillResignActive:`
+            unsafe { UIApplicationWillResignActiveNotification },
+            move |_| app_state::handle_suspended(mtm),
+        );
+        let _will_enter_foreground_observer = create_observer(
+            &center,
+            // `applicationWillEnterForeground:`
+            unsafe { UIApplicationWillEnterForegroundNotification },
+            move |notification| {
+                let app = unsafe { notification.object() }.expect(
+                    "UIApplicationWillEnterForegroundNotification to have application object",
+                );
+                // The `object` in `UIApplicationWillEnterForegroundNotification` is documented to
+                // be `UIApplication`.
+                let app = app.downcast::<UIApplication>().unwrap();
+                send_occluded_event_for_all_windows(&app, false);
+            },
+        );
+        let _did_enter_background_observer = create_observer(
+            &center,
+            // `applicationDidEnterBackground:`
+            unsafe { UIApplicationDidEnterBackgroundNotification },
+            move |notification| {
+                let app = unsafe { notification.object() }.expect(
+                    "UIApplicationDidEnterBackgroundNotification to have application object",
+                );
+                // The `object` in `UIApplicationDidEnterBackgroundNotification` is documented to be
+                // `UIApplication`.
+                let app = app.downcast::<UIApplication>().unwrap();
+                send_occluded_event_for_all_windows(&app, true);
+            },
+        );
+        let _will_terminate_observer = create_observer(
+            &center,
+            // `applicationWillTerminate:`
+            unsafe { UIApplicationWillTerminateNotification },
+            move |notification| {
+                let app = unsafe { notification.object() }
+                    .expect("UIApplicationWillTerminateNotification to have application object");
+                // The `object` in `UIApplicationWillTerminateNotification` is (somewhat) documented
+                // to be `UIApplication`.
+                let app = app.downcast::<UIApplication>().unwrap();
+                app_state::terminated(&app);
+            },
+        );
+        let _did_receive_memory_warning_observer = create_observer(
+            &center,
+            // `applicationDidReceiveMemoryWarning:`
+            unsafe { UIApplicationDidReceiveMemoryWarningNotification },
+            move |_| app_state::handle_memory_warning(mtm),
+        );
+
+        Ok(EventLoop {
+            mtm,
+            window_target: ActiveEventLoop { mtm },
+            _did_finish_launching_observer,
+            _did_become_active_observer,
+            _will_resign_active_observer,
+            _will_enter_foreground_observer,
+            _did_enter_background_observer,
+            _will_terminate_observer,
+            _did_receive_memory_warning_observer,
+        })
+    }
+
+    pub fn run_app<A: ApplicationHandler>(self, app: A) -> ! {
+        let application: Option<Retained<UIApplication>> =
+            unsafe { msg_send![UIApplication::class(), sharedApplication] };
+        assert!(
+            application.is_none(),
+            "\
+                `EventLoop` cannot be `run` after a call to `UIApplicationMain` on iOS\nNote: \
+             `EventLoop::run_app` calls `UIApplicationMain` on iOS",
+        );
+
+        // We intentionally override neither the application nor the delegate,
+        // to allow the user to do so themselves!
+        app_state::launch(self.mtm, app, || UIApplication::main(None, None, self.mtm))
+    }
+
+    pub fn window_target(&self) -> &dyn RootActiveEventLoop {
+        &self.window_target
+    }
+}
+
+fn setup_control_flow_observers() {
+    unsafe {
+        // begin is queued with the highest priority to ensure it is processed before other
+        // observers
+        extern "C-unwind" fn control_flow_begin_handler(
+            _: *mut CFRunLoopObserver,
+            activity: CFRunLoopActivity,
+            _: *mut c_void,
+        ) {
+            let mtm = MainThreadMarker::new().unwrap();
+            #[allow(non_upper_case_globals)]
+            match activity {
+                CFRunLoopActivity::AfterWaiting => app_state::handle_wakeup_transition(mtm),
+                _ => unreachable!(),
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Core Animation registers its `CFRunLoopObserver` that performs drawing operations in
+        // `CA::Transaction::ensure_implicit` with a priority of `0x1e8480`. We set the main_end
+        // priority to be 0, in order to send AboutToWait before RedrawRequested. This value was
+        // chosen conservatively to guard against apple using different priorities for their redraw
+        // observers in different OS's or on different devices. If it so happens that it's too
+        // conservative, the main symptom would be non-redraw events coming in after `AboutToWait`.
+        //
+        // The value of `0x1e8480` was determined by inspecting stack traces and the associated
+        // registers for every `CFRunLoopAddObserver` call on an iPad Air 2 running iOS 11.4.
+        //
+        // Also tested to be `0x1e8480` on iPhone 8, iOS 13 beta 4.
+        extern "C-unwind" fn control_flow_main_end_handler(
+            _: *mut CFRunLoopObserver,
+            activity: CFRunLoopActivity,
+            _: *mut c_void,
+        ) {
+            let mtm = MainThreadMarker::new().unwrap();
+            #[allow(non_upper_case_globals)]
+            match activity {
+                CFRunLoopActivity::BeforeWaiting => app_state::handle_main_events_cleared(mtm),
+                CFRunLoopActivity::Exit => {}, // may happen when running on macOS
+                _ => unreachable!(),
+            }
+        }
+
+        // end is queued with the lowest priority to ensure it is processed after other observers
+        extern "C-unwind" fn control_flow_end_handler(
+            _: *mut CFRunLoopObserver,
+            activity: CFRunLoopActivity,
+            _: *mut c_void,
+        ) {
+            let mtm = MainThreadMarker::new().unwrap();
+            #[allow(non_upper_case_globals)]
+            match activity {
+                CFRunLoopActivity::BeforeWaiting => app_state::handle_events_cleared(mtm),
+                CFRunLoopActivity::Exit => {}, // may happen when running on macOS
+                _ => unreachable!(),
+            }
+        }
+
+        let main_loop = CFRunLoop::main().unwrap();
+
+        let begin_observer = CFRunLoopObserver::new(
+            None,
+            CFRunLoopActivity::AfterWaiting.0,
+            true,
+            CFIndex::MIN,
+            Some(control_flow_begin_handler),
+            ptr::null_mut(),
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+        main_loop.add_observer(Some(&begin_observer), kCFRunLoopDefaultMode);
+
+        let main_end_observer = CFRunLoopObserver::new(
+            None,
+            (CFRunLoopActivity::Exit | CFRunLoopActivity::BeforeWaiting).0,
+            true,
+            0, // see comment on `control_flow_main_end_handler`
+            Some(control_flow_main_end_handler),
+            ptr::null_mut(),
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+        main_loop.add_observer(Some(&main_end_observer), kCFRunLoopDefaultMode);
+
+        let end_observer = CFRunLoopObserver::new(
+            None,
+            (CFRunLoopActivity::Exit | CFRunLoopActivity::BeforeWaiting).0,
+            true,
+            CFIndex::MAX,
+            Some(control_flow_end_handler),
+            ptr::null_mut(),
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+        main_loop.add_observer(Some(&end_observer), kCFRunLoopDefaultMode);
+    }
+}

src/platform_impl/apple/uikit/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+#![allow(clippy::let_unit_value)]
+
+mod app_state;
+mod event_loop;
+mod monitor;
+mod view;
+mod view_controller;
+mod window;
+
+use std::fmt;
+
+pub(crate) use self::event_loop::{
+    ActiveEventLoop, EventLoop, PlatformSpecificEventLoopAttributes,
+};
+pub(crate) use self::monitor::MonitorHandle;
+pub(crate) use self::window::{PlatformSpecificWindowAttributes, Window};
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub enum OsError {}
+
+impl fmt::Display for OsError {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        write!(f, "os error")
+    }
+}

src/platform_impl/apple/uikit/monitor.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,279 @@
+#![allow(clippy::unnecessary_cast)]
+
+use std::collections::VecDeque;
+use std::num::NonZeroU32;
+use std::{fmt, hash, ptr};
+
+use dispatch2::{run_on_main, MainThreadBound};
+use objc2::rc::Retained;
+use objc2::{available, MainThreadMarker, Message};
+use objc2_foundation::NSInteger;
+use objc2_ui_kit::{UIScreen, UIScreenMode};
+
+use crate::dpi::PhysicalPosition;
+use crate::monitor::{MonitorHandleProvider, VideoMode};
+
+// Workaround for `MainThreadBound` implementing almost no traits
+#[derive(Debug)]
+struct MainThreadBoundDelegateImpls<T>(MainThreadBound<Retained<T>>);
+
+impl<T: Message> Clone for MainThreadBoundDelegateImpls<T> {
+    fn clone(&self) -> Self {
+        Self(run_on_main(|mtm| MainThreadBound::new(Retained::clone(self.0.get(mtm)), mtm)))
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: Message> hash::Hash for MainThreadBoundDelegateImpls<T> {
+    fn hash<H: hash::Hasher>(&self, state: &mut H) {
+        // SAFETY: Marker only used to get the pointer
+        let mtm = unsafe { MainThreadMarker::new_unchecked() };
+        Retained::as_ptr(self.0.get(mtm)).hash(state);
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: Message> PartialEq for MainThreadBoundDelegateImpls<T> {
+    fn eq(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {
+        // SAFETY: Marker only used to get the pointer
+        let mtm = unsafe { MainThreadMarker::new_unchecked() };
+        Retained::as_ptr(self.0.get(mtm)) == Retained::as_ptr(other.0.get(mtm))
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: Message> Eq for MainThreadBoundDelegateImpls<T> {}
+
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Hash, Clone)]
+pub struct VideoModeHandle {
+    pub(crate) mode: VideoMode,
+    screen_mode: MainThreadBoundDelegateImpls<UIScreenMode>,
+}
+
+impl VideoModeHandle {
+    fn new(
+        uiscreen: Retained<UIScreen>,
+        screen_mode: Retained<UIScreenMode>,
+        mtm: MainThreadMarker,
+    ) -> VideoModeHandle {
+        let refresh_rate_millihertz = refresh_rate_millihertz(&uiscreen);
+        let size = screen_mode.size();
+        let mode = VideoMode {
+            size: (size.width as u32, size.height as u32).into(),
+            bit_depth: None,
+            refresh_rate_millihertz,
+        };
+
+        VideoModeHandle {
+            mode,
+            screen_mode: MainThreadBoundDelegateImpls(MainThreadBound::new(screen_mode, mtm)),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub(super) fn screen_mode(&self, mtm: MainThreadMarker) -> &Retained<UIScreenMode> {
+        self.screen_mode.0.get(mtm)
+    }
+}
+
+pub struct MonitorHandle {
+    ui_screen: MainThreadBound<Retained<UIScreen>>,
+}
+
+impl MonitorHandleProvider for MonitorHandle {
+    fn id(&self) -> u128 {
+        self.native_id() as _
+    }
+
+    fn native_id(&self) -> u64 {
+        // SAFETY: Only getting the pointer.
+        let mtm = unsafe { MainThreadMarker::new_unchecked() };
+        Retained::as_ptr(self.ui_screen.get(mtm)) as u64
+    }
+
+    fn name(&self) -> Option<std::borrow::Cow<'_, str>> {
+        run_on_main(|mtm| {
+            #[allow(deprecated)]
+            let main = UIScreen::mainScreen(mtm);
+            if *self.ui_screen(mtm) == main {
+                Some("Primary".into())
+            } else if Some(self.ui_screen(mtm)) == main.mirroredScreen().as_ref() {
+                Some("Mirrored".into())
+            } else {
+                #[allow(deprecated)]
+                UIScreen::screens(mtm)
+                    .iter()
+                    .position(|rhs| rhs == *self.ui_screen(mtm))
+                    .map(|idx| idx.to_string().into())
+            }
+        })
+    }
+
+    fn position(&self) -> Option<PhysicalPosition<i32>> {
+        let bounds = self.ui_screen.get_on_main(|ui_screen| ui_screen.nativeBounds());
+        Some((bounds.origin.x as f64, bounds.origin.y as f64).into())
+    }
+
+    fn scale_factor(&self) -> f64 {
+        self.ui_screen.get_on_main(|ui_screen| ui_screen.nativeScale()) as f64
+    }
+
+    fn current_video_mode(&self) -> Option<VideoMode> {
+        Some(run_on_main(|mtm| {
+            VideoModeHandle::new(
+                self.ui_screen(mtm).clone(),
+                self.ui_screen(mtm).currentMode().unwrap(),
+                mtm,
+            )
+            .mode
+        }))
+    }
+
+    fn video_modes(&self) -> Box<dyn Iterator<Item = VideoMode>> {
+        Box::new(self.video_modes())
+    }
+}
+
+impl Clone for MonitorHandle {
+    fn clone(&self) -> Self {
+        run_on_main(|mtm| Self {
+            ui_screen: MainThreadBound::new(self.ui_screen.get(mtm).clone(), mtm),
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+impl hash::Hash for MonitorHandle {
+    fn hash<H: hash::Hasher>(&self, state: &mut H) {
+        // SAFETY: Only getting the pointer.
+        let mtm = unsafe { MainThreadMarker::new_unchecked() };
+        Retained::as_ptr(self.ui_screen.get(mtm)).hash(state);
+    }
+}
+
+impl PartialEq for MonitorHandle {
+    fn eq(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {
+        // SAFETY: Only getting the pointer.
+        let mtm = unsafe { MainThreadMarker::new_unchecked() };
+        ptr::eq(
+            Retained::as_ptr(self.ui_screen.get(mtm)),
+            Retained::as_ptr(other.ui_screen.get(mtm)),
+        )
+    }
+}
+
+impl Eq for MonitorHandle {}
+
+impl PartialOrd for MonitorHandle {
+    fn partial_cmp(&self, other: &Self) -> Option<std::cmp::Ordering> {
+        Some(self.cmp(other))
+    }
+}
+
+impl Ord for MonitorHandle {
+    fn cmp(&self, other: &Self) -> std::cmp::Ordering {
+        // SAFETY: Only getting the pointer.
+        // TODO: Make a better ordering
+        let mtm = unsafe { MainThreadMarker::new_unchecked() };
+        Retained::as_ptr(self.ui_screen.get(mtm)).cmp(&Retained::as_ptr(other.ui_screen.get(mtm)))
+    }
+}
+
+impl fmt::Debug for MonitorHandle {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        f.debug_struct("MonitorHandle")
+            .field("name", &self.name())
+            .field("position", &self.position())
+            .field("scale_factor", &self.scale_factor())
+            .finish_non_exhaustive()
+    }
+}
+
+impl MonitorHandle {
+    pub(crate) fn new(ui_screen: Retained<UIScreen>) -> Self {
+        // Holding `Retained<UIScreen>` implies we're on the main thread.
+        let mtm = MainThreadMarker::new().unwrap();
+        Self { ui_screen: MainThreadBound::new(ui_screen, mtm) }
+    }
+
+    pub fn video_modes_handles(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = VideoModeHandle> {
+        run_on_main(|mtm| {
+            let ui_screen = self.ui_screen(mtm);
+
+            ui_screen
+                .availableModes()
+                .into_iter()
+                .map(|mode| VideoModeHandle::new(ui_screen.clone(), mode, mtm))
+                .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+                .into_iter()
+        })
+    }
+
+    pub fn video_modes(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = VideoMode> {
+        self.video_modes_handles().map(|handle| handle.mode)
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn ui_screen(&self, mtm: MainThreadMarker) -> &Retained<UIScreen> {
+        self.ui_screen.get(mtm)
+    }
+
+    pub fn preferred_video_mode(&self) -> VideoMode {
+        run_on_main(|mtm| {
+            VideoModeHandle::new(
+                self.ui_screen(mtm).clone(),
+                self.ui_screen(mtm).preferredMode().unwrap(),
+                mtm,
+            )
+            .mode
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+fn refresh_rate_millihertz(uiscreen: &UIScreen) -> Option<NonZeroU32> {
+    let refresh_rate_millihertz: NSInteger = {
+        if available!(ios = 10.3, tvos = 10.2) {
+            uiscreen.maximumFramesPerSecond()
+        } else {
+            // https://developer.apple.com/library/archive/technotes/tn2460/_index.html
+            // https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPad_Pro#Model_comparison
+            //
+            // All iOS devices support 60 fps, and on devices where `maximumFramesPerSecond` is not
+            // supported, they are all guaranteed to have 60hz refresh rates. This does not
+            // correctly handle external displays. ProMotion displays support 120fps, but they were
+            // introduced at the same time as the `maximumFramesPerSecond` API.
+            //
+            // FIXME: earlier OSs could calculate the refresh rate using
+            // `-[CADisplayLink duration]`.
+            tracing::warn!(
+                "`maximumFramesPerSecond` requires iOS 10.3+ or tvOS 10.2+. Defaulting to 60 fps"
+            );
+            60
+        }
+    };
+
+    NonZeroU32::new(refresh_rate_millihertz as u32 * 1000)
+}
+
+pub fn uiscreens(mtm: MainThreadMarker) -> VecDeque<MonitorHandle> {
+    #[allow(deprecated)]
+    UIScreen::screens(mtm).into_iter().map(MonitorHandle::new).collect()
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use objc2_foundation::NSSet;
+
+    use super::*;
+
+    // Test that UIScreen pointer comparisons are correct.
+    #[test]
+    #[allow(deprecated)]
+    fn screen_comparisons() {
+        // Test code, doesn't matter that it's not thread safe
+        let mtm = unsafe { MainThreadMarker::new_unchecked() };
+
+        assert!(ptr::eq(&*UIScreen::mainScreen(mtm), &*UIScreen::mainScreen(mtm)));
+
+        let main = UIScreen::mainScreen(mtm);
+        assert!(UIScreen::screens(mtm).iter().any(|screen| ptr::eq(&*screen, &*main)));
+
+        assert!(unsafe {
+            NSSet::setWithArray(&UIScreen::screens(mtm)).containsObject(&UIScreen::mainScreen(mtm))
+        });
+    }
+}

src/platform_impl/apple/uikit/view.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,685 @@
+#![allow(clippy::unnecessary_cast)]
+use std::cell::{Cell, RefCell};
+
+use objc2::rc::Retained;
+use objc2::runtime::{NSObjectProtocol, ProtocolObject};
+use objc2::{available, define_class, msg_send, sel, DefinedClass, MainThreadMarker};
+use objc2_core_foundation::{CGFloat, CGPoint, CGRect};
+use objc2_foundation::{NSObject, NSSet, NSString};
+use objc2_ui_kit::{
+    UIEvent, UIForceTouchCapability, UIGestureRecognizer, UIGestureRecognizerDelegate,
+    UIGestureRecognizerState, UIKeyInput, UIPanGestureRecognizer, UIPinchGestureRecognizer,
+    UIResponder, UIRotationGestureRecognizer, UITapGestureRecognizer, UITextInputTraits, UITouch,
+    UITouchPhase, UITouchType, UITraitEnvironment, UIView,
+};
+use tracing::debug;
+
+use super::app_state::{self, EventWrapper};
+use super::window::WinitUIWindow;
+use crate::dpi::PhysicalPosition;
+use crate::event::{
+    ButtonSource, ElementState, FingerId, Force, KeyEvent, PointerKind, PointerSource, TouchPhase,
+    WindowEvent,
+};
+use crate::keyboard::{Key, KeyCode, KeyLocation, NamedKey, NativeKeyCode, PhysicalKey};
+use crate::window::WindowAttributes;
+
+pub struct WinitViewState {
+    pinch_gesture_recognizer: RefCell<Option<Retained<UIPinchGestureRecognizer>>>,
+    doubletap_gesture_recognizer: RefCell<Option<Retained<UITapGestureRecognizer>>>,
+    rotation_gesture_recognizer: RefCell<Option<Retained<UIRotationGestureRecognizer>>>,
+    pan_gesture_recognizer: RefCell<Option<Retained<UIPanGestureRecognizer>>>,
+
+    // for iOS delta references the start of the Gesture
+    rotation_last_delta: Cell<CGFloat>,
+    pinch_last_delta: Cell<CGFloat>,
+    pan_last_delta: Cell<CGPoint>,
+
+    primary_finger: Cell<Option<FingerId>>,
+    fingers: Cell<u8>,
+}
+
+define_class!(
+    #[unsafe(super(UIView, UIResponder, NSObject))]
+    #[name = "WinitUIView"]
+    #[ivars = WinitViewState]
+    pub(crate) struct WinitView;
+
+    /// This documentation attribute makes rustfmt work for some reason?
+    impl WinitView {
+        #[unsafe(method(drawRect:))]
+        fn draw_rect(&self, rect: CGRect) {
+            let mtm = MainThreadMarker::new().unwrap();
+            let window = self.window().unwrap();
+            app_state::handle_nonuser_event(mtm, EventWrapper::Window {
+                window_id: window.id(),
+                event: WindowEvent::RedrawRequested,
+            });
+            let _: () = unsafe { msg_send![super(self), drawRect: rect] };
+        }
+
+        #[unsafe(method(layoutSubviews))]
+        fn layout_subviews(&self) {
+            let mtm = MainThreadMarker::new().unwrap();
+            let _: () = unsafe { msg_send![super(self), layoutSubviews] };
+
+            let frame = self.frame();
+            let scale_factor = self.contentScaleFactor() as f64;
+            let size = crate::dpi::LogicalSize {
+                width: frame.size.width as f64,
+                height: frame.size.height as f64,
+            }
+            .to_physical(scale_factor);
+
+            let window = self.window().unwrap();
+            app_state::handle_nonuser_event(mtm, EventWrapper::Window {
+                window_id: window.id(),
+                event: WindowEvent::SurfaceResized(size),
+            });
+        }
+
+        #[unsafe(method(setContentScaleFactor:))]
+        fn set_content_scale_factor(&self, untrusted_scale_factor: CGFloat) {
+            let mtm = MainThreadMarker::new().unwrap();
+            let _: () =
+                unsafe { msg_send![super(self), setContentScaleFactor: untrusted_scale_factor] };
+
+            // `window` is null when `setContentScaleFactor` is invoked prior to `[UIWindow
+            // makeKeyAndVisible]` at window creation time (either manually or internally by
+            // UIKit when the `UIView` is first created), in which case we send no events here
+            let window = match self.window() {
+                Some(window) => window,
+                None => return,
+            };
+            // `setContentScaleFactor` may be called with a value of 0, which means "reset the
+            // content scale factor to a device-specific default value", so we can't use the
+            // parameter here. We can query the actual factor using the getter
+            let scale_factor = self.contentScaleFactor();
+            assert!(
+                !scale_factor.is_nan()
+                    && scale_factor.is_finite()
+                    && scale_factor.is_sign_positive()
+                    && scale_factor > 0.0,
+                "invalid scale_factor set on UIView",
+            );
+            let scale_factor = scale_factor as f64;
+            let frame = self.frame();
+            let size = crate::dpi::LogicalSize {
+                width: frame.size.width as f64,
+                height: frame.size.height as f64,
+            };
+            let window_id = window.id();
+            app_state::handle_nonuser_events(
+                mtm,
+                std::iter::once(EventWrapper::ScaleFactorChanged(app_state::ScaleFactorChanged {
+                    window,
+                    scale_factor,
+                    suggested_size: size.to_physical(scale_factor),
+                }))
+                .chain(std::iter::once(EventWrapper::Window {
+                    window_id,
+                    event: WindowEvent::SurfaceResized(size.to_physical(scale_factor)),
+                })),
+            );
+        }
+
+        #[unsafe(method(safeAreaInsetsDidChange))]
+        fn safe_area_changed(&self) {
+            debug!("safeAreaInsetsDidChange was called, requesting redraw");
+            // When the safe area changes we want to make sure to emit a redraw event
+            self.setNeedsDisplay();
+        }
+
+        #[unsafe(method(touchesBegan:withEvent:))]
+        fn touches_began(&self, touches: &NSSet<UITouch>, _event: Option<&UIEvent>) {
+            self.handle_touches(touches)
+        }
+
+        #[unsafe(method(touchesMoved:withEvent:))]
+        fn touches_moved(&self, touches: &NSSet<UITouch>, _event: Option<&UIEvent>) {
+            self.handle_touches(touches)
+        }
+
+        #[unsafe(method(touchesEnded:withEvent:))]
+        fn touches_ended(&self, touches: &NSSet<UITouch>, _event: Option<&UIEvent>) {
+            self.handle_touches(touches)
+        }
+
+        #[unsafe(method(touchesCancelled:withEvent:))]
+        fn touches_cancelled(&self, touches: &NSSet<UITouch>, _event: Option<&UIEvent>) {
+            self.handle_touches(touches)
+        }
+
+        #[unsafe(method(pinchGesture:))]
+        fn pinch_gesture(&self, recognizer: &UIPinchGestureRecognizer) {
+            let window = self.window().unwrap();
+
+            let (phase, delta) = match recognizer.state() {
+                UIGestureRecognizerState::Began => {
+                    self.ivars().pinch_last_delta.set(recognizer.scale());
+                    (TouchPhase::Started, 0.0)
+                },
+                UIGestureRecognizerState::Changed => {
+                    let last_scale: f64 = self.ivars().pinch_last_delta.replace(recognizer.scale());
+                    (TouchPhase::Moved, recognizer.scale() - last_scale)
+                },
+                UIGestureRecognizerState::Ended => {
+                    let last_scale: f64 = self.ivars().pinch_last_delta.replace(0.0);
+                    (TouchPhase::Moved, recognizer.scale() - last_scale)
+                },
+                UIGestureRecognizerState::Cancelled | UIGestureRecognizerState::Failed => {
+                    self.ivars().rotation_last_delta.set(0.0);
+                    // Pass -delta so that action is reversed
+                    (TouchPhase::Cancelled, -recognizer.scale())
+                },
+                state => panic!("unexpected recognizer state: {state:?}"),
+            };
+
+            let gesture_event = EventWrapper::Window {
+                window_id: window.id(),
+                event: WindowEvent::PinchGesture { device_id: None, delta: delta as f64, phase },
+            };
+
+            let mtm = MainThreadMarker::new().unwrap();
+            app_state::handle_nonuser_event(mtm, gesture_event);
+        }
+
+        #[unsafe(method(doubleTapGesture:))]
+        fn double_tap_gesture(&self, recognizer: &UITapGestureRecognizer) {
+            let window = self.window().unwrap();
+
+            if recognizer.state() == UIGestureRecognizerState::Ended {
+                let gesture_event = EventWrapper::Window {
+                    window_id: window.id(),
+                    event: WindowEvent::DoubleTapGesture { device_id: None },
+                };
+
+                let mtm = MainThreadMarker::new().unwrap();
+                app_state::handle_nonuser_event(mtm, gesture_event);
+            }
+        }
+
+        #[unsafe(method(rotationGesture:))]
+        fn rotation_gesture(&self, recognizer: &UIRotationGestureRecognizer) {
+            let window = self.window().unwrap();
+
+            let (phase, delta) = match recognizer.state() {
+                UIGestureRecognizerState::Began => {
+                    self.ivars().rotation_last_delta.set(0.0);
+
+                    (TouchPhase::Started, 0.0)
+                },
+                UIGestureRecognizerState::Changed => {
+                    let last_rotation =
+                        self.ivars().rotation_last_delta.replace(recognizer.rotation());
+
+                    (TouchPhase::Moved, recognizer.rotation() - last_rotation)
+                },
+                UIGestureRecognizerState::Ended => {
+                    let last_rotation = self.ivars().rotation_last_delta.replace(0.0);
+
+                    (TouchPhase::Ended, recognizer.rotation() - last_rotation)
+                },
+                UIGestureRecognizerState::Cancelled | UIGestureRecognizerState::Failed => {
+                    self.ivars().rotation_last_delta.set(0.0);
+
+                    // Pass -delta so that action is reversed
+                    (TouchPhase::Cancelled, -recognizer.rotation())
+                },
+                state => panic!("unexpected recognizer state: {state:?}"),
+            };
+
+            // Make delta negative to match macos, convert to degrees
+            let gesture_event = EventWrapper::Window {
+                window_id: window.id(),
+                event: WindowEvent::RotationGesture {
+                    device_id: None,
+                    delta: -delta.to_degrees() as _,
+                    phase,
+                },
+            };
+
+            let mtm = MainThreadMarker::new().unwrap();
+            app_state::handle_nonuser_event(mtm, gesture_event);
+        }
+
+        #[unsafe(method(panGesture:))]
+        fn pan_gesture(&self, recognizer: &UIPanGestureRecognizer) {
+            let window = self.window().unwrap();
+
+            let translation = recognizer.translationInView(Some(self));
+
+            let (phase, dx, dy) = match recognizer.state() {
+                UIGestureRecognizerState::Began => {
+                    self.ivars().pan_last_delta.set(translation);
+
+                    (TouchPhase::Started, 0.0, 0.0)
+                },
+                UIGestureRecognizerState::Changed => {
+                    let last_pan: CGPoint = self.ivars().pan_last_delta.replace(translation);
+
+                    let dx = translation.x - last_pan.x;
+                    let dy = translation.y - last_pan.y;
+
+                    (TouchPhase::Moved, dx, dy)
+                },
+                UIGestureRecognizerState::Ended => {
+                    let last_pan: CGPoint =
+                        self.ivars().pan_last_delta.replace(CGPoint { x: 0.0, y: 0.0 });
+
+                    let dx = translation.x - last_pan.x;
+                    let dy = translation.y - last_pan.y;
+
+                    (TouchPhase::Ended, dx, dy)
+                },
+                UIGestureRecognizerState::Cancelled | UIGestureRecognizerState::Failed => {
+                    let last_pan: CGPoint =
+                        self.ivars().pan_last_delta.replace(CGPoint { x: 0.0, y: 0.0 });
+
+                    // Pass -delta so that action is reversed
+                    (TouchPhase::Cancelled, -last_pan.x, -last_pan.y)
+                },
+                state => panic!("unexpected recognizer state: {state:?}"),
+            };
+
+            let gesture_event = EventWrapper::Window {
+                window_id: window.id(),
+                event: WindowEvent::PanGesture {
+                    device_id: None,
+                    delta: PhysicalPosition::new(dx as _, dy as _),
+                    phase,
+                },
+            };
+
+            let mtm = MainThreadMarker::new().unwrap();
+            app_state::handle_nonuser_event(mtm, gesture_event);
+        }
+
+        #[unsafe(method(canBecomeFirstResponder))]
+        fn can_become_first_responder(&self) -> bool {
+            true
+        }
+    }
+
+    unsafe impl NSObjectProtocol for WinitView {}
+
+    unsafe impl UIGestureRecognizerDelegate for WinitView {
+        #[unsafe(method(gestureRecognizer:shouldRecognizeSimultaneouslyWithGestureRecognizer:))]
+        fn should_recognize_simultaneously(
+            &self,
+            _gesture_recognizer: &UIGestureRecognizer,
+            _other_gesture_recognizer: &UIGestureRecognizer,
+        ) -> bool {
+            true
+        }
+    }
+
+    unsafe impl UITextInputTraits for WinitView {}
+
+    unsafe impl UIKeyInput for WinitView {
+        #[unsafe(method(hasText))]
+        fn has_text(&self) -> bool {
+            true
+        }
+
+        #[unsafe(method(insertText:))]
+        fn insert_text(&self, text: &NSString) {
+            self.handle_insert_text(text)
+        }
+
+        #[unsafe(method(deleteBackward))]
+        fn delete_backward(&self) {
+            self.handle_delete_backward()
+        }
+    }
+);
+
+impl WinitView {
+    pub(crate) fn new(
+        mtm: MainThreadMarker,
+        window_attributes: &WindowAttributes,
+        frame: CGRect,
+    ) -> Retained<Self> {
+        let this = mtm.alloc().set_ivars(WinitViewState {
+            pinch_gesture_recognizer: RefCell::new(None),
+            doubletap_gesture_recognizer: RefCell::new(None),
+            rotation_gesture_recognizer: RefCell::new(None),
+            pan_gesture_recognizer: RefCell::new(None),
+
+            rotation_last_delta: Cell::new(0.0),
+            pinch_last_delta: Cell::new(0.0),
+            pan_last_delta: Cell::new(CGPoint { x: 0.0, y: 0.0 }),
+
+            primary_finger: Cell::new(None),
+            fingers: Cell::new(0),
+        });
+        let this: Retained<Self> = unsafe { msg_send![super(this), initWithFrame: frame] };
+
+        this.setMultipleTouchEnabled(true);
+
+        if let Some(scale_factor) = window_attributes.platform_specific.scale_factor {
+            this.setContentScaleFactor(scale_factor as _);
+        }
+
+        this
+    }
+
+    fn window(&self) -> Option<Retained<WinitUIWindow>> {
+        // `WinitView`s should always be installed in a `WinitUIWindow`
+        (**self).window().map(|window| window.downcast().unwrap())
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn recognize_pinch_gesture(&self, should_recognize: bool) {
+        let mtm = MainThreadMarker::from(self);
+        if should_recognize {
+            if self.ivars().pinch_gesture_recognizer.borrow().is_none() {
+                let pinch = unsafe {
+                    UIPinchGestureRecognizer::initWithTarget_action(
+                        mtm.alloc(),
+                        Some(self),
+                        Some(sel!(pinchGesture:)),
+                    )
+                };
+                pinch.setDelegate(Some(ProtocolObject::from_ref(self)));
+                self.addGestureRecognizer(&pinch);
+                self.ivars().pinch_gesture_recognizer.replace(Some(pinch));
+            }
+        } else if let Some(recognizer) = self.ivars().pinch_gesture_recognizer.take() {
+            self.removeGestureRecognizer(&recognizer);
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn recognize_pan_gesture(
+        &self,
+        should_recognize: bool,
+        minimum_number_of_touches: u8,
+        maximum_number_of_touches: u8,
+    ) {
+        let mtm = MainThreadMarker::from(self);
+        if should_recognize {
+            if self.ivars().pan_gesture_recognizer.borrow().is_none() {
+                let pan = unsafe {
+                    UIPanGestureRecognizer::initWithTarget_action(
+                        mtm.alloc(),
+                        Some(self),
+                        Some(sel!(panGesture:)),
+                    )
+                };
+                pan.setDelegate(Some(ProtocolObject::from_ref(self)));
+                pan.setMinimumNumberOfTouches(minimum_number_of_touches as _);
+                pan.setMaximumNumberOfTouches(maximum_number_of_touches as _);
+                self.addGestureRecognizer(&pan);
+                self.ivars().pan_gesture_recognizer.replace(Some(pan));
+            }
+        } else if let Some(recognizer) = self.ivars().pan_gesture_recognizer.take() {
+            self.removeGestureRecognizer(&recognizer);
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn recognize_doubletap_gesture(&self, should_recognize: bool) {
+        let mtm = MainThreadMarker::from(self);
+        if should_recognize {
+            if self.ivars().doubletap_gesture_recognizer.borrow().is_none() {
+                let tap = unsafe {
+                    UITapGestureRecognizer::initWithTarget_action(
+                        mtm.alloc(),
+                        Some(self),
+                        Some(sel!(doubleTapGesture:)),
+                    )
+                };
+                tap.setDelegate(Some(ProtocolObject::from_ref(self)));
+                tap.setNumberOfTapsRequired(2);
+                tap.setNumberOfTouchesRequired(1);
+                self.addGestureRecognizer(&tap);
+                self.ivars().doubletap_gesture_recognizer.replace(Some(tap));
+            }
+        } else if let Some(recognizer) = self.ivars().doubletap_gesture_recognizer.take() {
+            self.removeGestureRecognizer(&recognizer);
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn recognize_rotation_gesture(&self, should_recognize: bool) {
+        let mtm = MainThreadMarker::from(self);
+        if should_recognize {
+            if self.ivars().rotation_gesture_recognizer.borrow().is_none() {
+                let rotation = unsafe {
+                    UIRotationGestureRecognizer::initWithTarget_action(
+                        mtm.alloc(),
+                        Some(self),
+                        Some(sel!(rotationGesture:)),
+                    )
+                };
+                rotation.setDelegate(Some(ProtocolObject::from_ref(self)));
+                self.addGestureRecognizer(&rotation);
+                self.ivars().rotation_gesture_recognizer.replace(Some(rotation));
+            }
+        } else if let Some(recognizer) = self.ivars().rotation_gesture_recognizer.take() {
+            self.removeGestureRecognizer(&recognizer);
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn handle_touches(&self, touches: &NSSet<UITouch>) {
+        let window = self.window().unwrap();
+        let mut touch_events = Vec::new();
+        for touch in touches {
+            let logical_location = touch.locationInView(None);
+            let touch_type = touch.r#type();
+            let force = if let UITouchType::Pencil = touch_type {
+                None
+            } else if available!(ios = 9.0, tvos = 9.0, visionos = 1.0) {
+                let trait_collection = self.traitCollection();
+                let touch_capability = trait_collection.forceTouchCapability();
+                // Both the OS _and_ the device need to be checked for force touch support.
+                if touch_capability == UIForceTouchCapability::Available {
+                    let force = touch.force();
+                    let max_possible_force = touch.maximumPossibleForce();
+                    Some(Force::Calibrated {
+                        force: force as _,
+                        max_possible_force: max_possible_force as _,
+                    })
+                } else {
+                    None
+                }
+            } else {
+                None
+            };
+            let touch_id = Retained::as_ptr(&touch) as usize;
+            let phase = touch.phase();
+            let position = {
+                let scale_factor = self.contentScaleFactor();
+                PhysicalPosition::from_logical::<(f64, f64), f64>(
+                    (logical_location.x as _, logical_location.y as _),
+                    scale_factor as f64,
+                )
+            };
+            let window_id = window.id();
+            let finger_id = FingerId::from_raw(touch_id);
+
+            let ivars = self.ivars();
+
+            match phase {
+                UITouchPhase::Began => {
+                    let primary = if let UITouchType::Pencil = touch_type {
+                        true
+                    } else {
+                        ivars.fingers.set(ivars.fingers.get() + 1);
+                        // Keep the primary finger around until we clear all the fingers to
+                        // recognize it when user briefly removes it.
+                        match ivars.primary_finger.get() {
+                            Some(primary_id) => primary_id == finger_id,
+                            None => {
+                                debug_assert_eq!(
+                                    ivars.fingers.get(),
+                                    1,
+                                    "number of fingers were not counted correctly"
+                                );
+                                ivars.primary_finger.set(Some(finger_id));
+                                true
+                            },
+                        }
+                    };
+
+                    touch_events.push(EventWrapper::Window {
+                        window_id,
+                        event: WindowEvent::PointerEntered {
+                            device_id: None,
+                            primary,
+                            position,
+                            kind: if let UITouchType::Pencil = touch_type {
+                                PointerKind::Unknown
+                            } else {
+                                PointerKind::Touch(finger_id)
+                            },
+                        },
+                    });
+                    touch_events.push(EventWrapper::Window {
+                        window_id,
+                        event: WindowEvent::PointerButton {
+                            device_id: None,
+                            primary,
+                            state: ElementState::Pressed,
+                            position,
+                            button: if let UITouchType::Pencil = touch_type {
+                                ButtonSource::Unknown(0)
+                            } else {
+                                ButtonSource::Touch { finger_id, force }
+                            },
+                        },
+                    });
+                },
+                UITouchPhase::Moved => {
+                    let (primary, source) = if let UITouchType::Pencil = touch_type {
+                        (true, PointerSource::Unknown)
+                    } else {
+                        (ivars.primary_finger.get().unwrap() == finger_id, PointerSource::Touch {
+                            finger_id,
+                            force,
+                        })
+                    };
+
+                    touch_events.push(EventWrapper::Window {
+                        window_id,
+                        event: WindowEvent::PointerMoved {
+                            device_id: None,
+                            primary,
+                            position,
+                            source,
+                        },
+                    });
+                },
+                // 2 is UITouchPhase::Stationary and is not expected here
+                UITouchPhase::Ended | UITouchPhase::Cancelled => {
+                    let primary = if let UITouchType::Pencil = touch_type {
+                        true
+                    } else {
+                        ivars.fingers.set(ivars.fingers.get() - 1);
+                        let primary = ivars.primary_finger.get().unwrap() == finger_id;
+                        if ivars.fingers.get() == 0 {
+                            ivars.primary_finger.set(None);
+                        }
+                        primary
+                    };
+
+                    if let UITouchPhase::Ended = phase {
+                        touch_events.push(EventWrapper::Window {
+                            window_id,
+                            event: WindowEvent::PointerButton {
+                                device_id: None,
+                                primary,
+                                state: ElementState::Released,
+                                position,
+                                button: if let UITouchType::Pencil = touch_type {
+                                    ButtonSource::Unknown(0)
+                                } else {
+                                    ButtonSource::Touch { finger_id, force }
+                                },
+                            },
+                        });
+                    }
+
+                    touch_events.push(EventWrapper::Window {
+                        window_id,
+                        event: WindowEvent::PointerLeft {
+                            device_id: None,
+                            primary,
+                            position: Some(position),
+                            kind: if let UITouchType::Pencil = touch_type {
+                                PointerKind::Unknown
+                            } else {
+                                PointerKind::Touch(finger_id)
+                            },
+                        },
+                    });
+                },
+                _ => panic!("unexpected touch phase: {phase:?}"),
+            }
+        }
+        let mtm = MainThreadMarker::new().unwrap();
+        app_state::handle_nonuser_events(mtm, touch_events);
+    }
+
+    fn handle_insert_text(&self, text: &NSString) {
+        let window = self.window().unwrap();
+        let window_id = window.id();
+        let mtm = MainThreadMarker::new().unwrap();
+        // send individual events for each character
+        app_state::handle_nonuser_events(
+            mtm,
+            text.to_string().chars().flat_map(|c| {
+                let text = smol_str::SmolStr::from_iter([c]);
+                // Emit both press and release events
+                [ElementState::Pressed, ElementState::Released].map(|state| EventWrapper::Window {
+                    window_id,
+                    event: WindowEvent::KeyboardInput {
+                        device_id: None,
+                        event: KeyEvent {
+                            text: if state == ElementState::Pressed {
+                                Some(text.clone())
+                            } else {
+                                None
+                            },
+                            state,
+                            location: KeyLocation::Standard,
+                            repeat: false,
+                            logical_key: Key::Character(text.clone()),
+                            physical_key: PhysicalKey::Unidentified(NativeKeyCode::Unidentified),
+                            text_with_all_modifiers: if state == ElementState::Pressed {
+                                Some(text.clone())
+                            } else {
+                                None
+                            },
+                            key_without_modifiers: Key::Character(text.clone()),
+                        },
+                        is_synthetic: false,
+                    },
+                })
+            }),
+        );
+    }
+
+    fn handle_delete_backward(&self) {
+        let window = self.window().unwrap();
+        let window_id = window.id();
+        let mtm = MainThreadMarker::new().unwrap();
+        app_state::handle_nonuser_events(
+            mtm,
+            [ElementState::Pressed, ElementState::Released].map(|state| EventWrapper::Window {
+                window_id,
+                event: WindowEvent::KeyboardInput {
+                    device_id: None,
+                    event: KeyEvent {
+                        state,
+                        logical_key: Key::Named(NamedKey::Backspace),
+                        physical_key: PhysicalKey::Code(KeyCode::Backspace),
+                        repeat: false,
+                        location: KeyLocation::Standard,
+                        text: None,
+                        text_with_all_modifiers: None,
+                        key_without_modifiers: Key::Named(NamedKey::Backspace),
+                    },
+                    is_synthetic: false,
+                },
+            }),
+        );
+    }
+}

src/platform_impl/apple/uikit/view_controller.rs

@@ -1,14 +1,13 @@
 use std::cell::Cell;
 
-use objc2::rc::Id;
-use objc2::{declare_class, msg_send_id, mutability, ClassType, DeclaredClass};
-use objc2_foundation::{MainThreadMarker, NSObject};
-
-use super::app_state::{self};
-use super::uikit::{
+use objc2::rc::Retained;
+use objc2::{available, define_class, msg_send, DefinedClass, MainThreadMarker};
+use objc2_foundation::NSObject;
+use objc2_ui_kit::{
     UIDevice, UIInterfaceOrientationMask, UIRectEdge, UIResponder, UIStatusBarStyle,
     UIUserInterfaceIdiom, UIView, UIViewController,
 };
+
 use crate::platform::ios::{ScreenEdge, StatusBarStyle, ValidOrientations};
 use crate::window::WindowAttributes;
 
@@ -20,51 +19,42 @@ pub struct ViewControllerState {
     preferred_screen_edges_deferring_system_gestures: Cell<UIRectEdge>,
 }
 
-declare_class!(
+define_class!(
+    #[unsafe(super(UIViewController, UIResponder, NSObject))]
+    #[name = "WinitUIViewController"]
+    #[ivars = ViewControllerState]
     pub(crate) struct WinitViewController;
 
-    unsafe impl ClassType for WinitViewController {
-        #[inherits(UIResponder, NSObject)]
-        type Super = UIViewController;
-        type Mutability = mutability::InteriorMutable;
-        const NAME: &'static str = "WinitUIViewController";
-    }
-
-    impl DeclaredClass for WinitViewController {
-        type Ivars = ViewControllerState;
-    }
-
-    unsafe impl WinitViewController {
-        #[method(shouldAutorotate)]
+    /// This documentation attribute makes rustfmt work for some reason?
+    impl WinitViewController {
+        #[unsafe(method(shouldAutorotate))]
         fn should_autorotate(&self) -> bool {
             true
         }
 
-        #[method(prefersStatusBarHidden)]
+        #[unsafe(method(prefersStatusBarHidden))]
         fn prefers_status_bar_hidden(&self) -> bool {
             self.ivars().prefers_status_bar_hidden.get()
         }
 
-        #[method(preferredStatusBarStyle)]
+        #[unsafe(method(preferredStatusBarStyle))]
         fn preferred_status_bar_style(&self) -> UIStatusBarStyle {
             self.ivars().preferred_status_bar_style.get()
         }
 
-        #[method(prefersHomeIndicatorAutoHidden)]
+        #[unsafe(method(prefersHomeIndicatorAutoHidden))]
         fn prefers_home_indicator_auto_hidden(&self) -> bool {
             self.ivars().prefers_home_indicator_auto_hidden.get()
         }
 
-        #[method(supportedInterfaceOrientations)]
+        #[unsafe(method(supportedInterfaceOrientations))]
         fn supported_orientations(&self) -> UIInterfaceOrientationMask {
             self.ivars().supported_orientations.get()
         }
 
-        #[method(preferredScreenEdgesDeferringSystemGestures)]
+        #[unsafe(method(preferredScreenEdgesDeferringSystemGestures))]
         fn preferred_screen_edges_deferring_system_gestures(&self) -> UIRectEdge {
-            self.ivars()
-                .preferred_screen_edges_deferring_system_gestures
-                .get()
+            self.ivars().preferred_screen_edges_deferring_system_gestures.get()
         }
     }
 );
@@ -87,11 +77,13 @@ impl WinitViewController {
 
     pub(crate) fn set_prefers_home_indicator_auto_hidden(&self, val: bool) {
         self.ivars().prefers_home_indicator_auto_hidden.set(val);
-        let os_capabilities = app_state::os_capabilities();
-        if os_capabilities.home_indicator_hidden {
+        if available!(ios = 11.0, visionos = 1.0) {
             self.setNeedsUpdateOfHomeIndicatorAutoHidden();
         } else {
-            os_capabilities.home_indicator_hidden_err_msg("ignoring")
+            tracing::warn!(
+                "`setNeedsUpdateOfHomeIndicatorAutoHidden` requires iOS 11.0+ or visionOS. \
+                 Ignoring"
+            );
         }
     }
 
@@ -101,11 +93,13 @@ impl WinitViewController {
             UIRectEdge(val.bits().into())
         };
         self.ivars().preferred_screen_edges_deferring_system_gestures.set(val);
-        let os_capabilities = app_state::os_capabilities();
-        if os_capabilities.defer_system_gestures {
+        if available!(ios = 11.0, visionos = 1.0) {
             self.setNeedsUpdateOfScreenEdgesDeferringSystemGestures();
         } else {
-            os_capabilities.defer_system_gestures_err_msg("ignoring")
+            tracing::warn!(
+                "`setNeedsUpdateOfScreenEdgesDeferringSystemGestures` requires iOS 11.0+ or \
+                 visionOS. Ignoring"
+            );
         }
     }
 
@@ -114,7 +108,7 @@ impl WinitViewController {
         mtm: MainThreadMarker,
         valid_orientations: ValidOrientations,
     ) {
-        let mask = match (valid_orientations, UIDevice::current(mtm).userInterfaceIdiom()) {
+        let mask = match (valid_orientations, UIDevice::currentDevice(mtm).userInterfaceIdiom()) {
             (ValidOrientations::LandscapeAndPortrait, UIUserInterfaceIdiom::Phone) => {
                 UIInterfaceOrientationMask::AllButUpsideDown
             },
@@ -129,23 +123,24 @@ impl WinitViewController {
             },
         };
         self.ivars().supported_orientations.set(mask);
-        UIViewController::attemptRotationToDeviceOrientation();
+        #[allow(deprecated)]
+        UIViewController::attemptRotationToDeviceOrientation(mtm);
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn new(
         mtm: MainThreadMarker,
         window_attributes: &WindowAttributes,
         view: &UIView,
-    ) -> Id<Self> {
+    ) -> Retained<Self> {
         // These are set properly below, we just to set them to something in the meantime.
-        let this = Self::alloc().set_ivars(ViewControllerState {
+        let this = mtm.alloc().set_ivars(ViewControllerState {
             prefers_status_bar_hidden: Cell::new(false),
             preferred_status_bar_style: Cell::new(UIStatusBarStyle::Default),
             prefers_home_indicator_auto_hidden: Cell::new(false),
             supported_orientations: Cell::new(UIInterfaceOrientationMask::All),
-            preferred_screen_edges_deferring_system_gestures: Cell::new(UIRectEdge::NONE),
+            preferred_screen_edges_deferring_system_gestures: Cell::new(UIRectEdge::empty()),
         });
-        let this: Id<Self> = unsafe { msg_send_id![super(this), init] };
+        let this: Retained<Self> = unsafe { msg_send![super(this), init] };
 
         this.set_prefers_status_bar_hidden(
             window_attributes.platform_specific.prefers_status_bar_hidden,

src/platform_impl/apple/uikit/window.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,897 @@
+#![allow(clippy::unnecessary_cast)]
+
+use std::collections::VecDeque;
+use std::sync::Arc;
+
+use dispatch2::MainThreadBound;
+use objc2::rc::Retained;
+use objc2::{available, class, define_class, msg_send, MainThreadMarker};
+use objc2_core_foundation::{CGFloat, CGPoint, CGRect, CGSize};
+use objc2_foundation::{NSObject, NSObjectProtocol};
+use objc2_ui_kit::{
+    UIApplication, UICoordinateSpace, UIEdgeInsets, UIResponder, UIScreen,
+    UIScreenOverscanCompensation, UIViewController, UIWindow,
+};
+use tracing::{debug, warn};
+
+use super::app_state::EventWrapper;
+use super::view::WinitView;
+use super::view_controller::WinitViewController;
+use super::{app_state, monitor, ActiveEventLoop, MonitorHandle};
+use crate::cursor::Cursor;
+use crate::dpi::{
+    LogicalInsets, LogicalPosition, LogicalSize, PhysicalInsets, PhysicalPosition, PhysicalSize,
+    Position, Size,
+};
+use crate::error::{NotSupportedError, RequestError};
+use crate::event::WindowEvent;
+use crate::icon::Icon;
+use crate::monitor::{Fullscreen, MonitorHandle as CoreMonitorHandle};
+use crate::platform::ios::{ScreenEdge, StatusBarStyle, ValidOrientations};
+use crate::window::{
+    CursorGrabMode, ImePurpose, ResizeDirection, Theme, UserAttentionType, Window as CoreWindow,
+    WindowAttributes, WindowButtons, WindowId, WindowLevel,
+};
+
+define_class!(
+    #[unsafe(super(UIWindow, UIResponder, NSObject))]
+    #[name = "WinitUIWindow"]
+    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
+    pub(crate) struct WinitUIWindow;
+
+    /// This documentation attribute makes rustfmt work for some reason?
+    impl WinitUIWindow {
+        #[unsafe(method(becomeKeyWindow))]
+        fn become_key_window(&self) {
+            let mtm = MainThreadMarker::new().unwrap();
+            app_state::handle_nonuser_event(mtm, EventWrapper::Window {
+                window_id: self.id(),
+                event: WindowEvent::Focused(true),
+            });
+            let _: () = unsafe { msg_send![super(self), becomeKeyWindow] };
+        }
+
+        #[unsafe(method(resignKeyWindow))]
+        fn resign_key_window(&self) {
+            let mtm = MainThreadMarker::new().unwrap();
+            app_state::handle_nonuser_event(mtm, EventWrapper::Window {
+                window_id: self.id(),
+                event: WindowEvent::Focused(false),
+            });
+            let _: () = unsafe { msg_send![super(self), resignKeyWindow] };
+        }
+    }
+);
+
+impl WinitUIWindow {
+    pub(crate) fn new(
+        mtm: MainThreadMarker,
+        window_attributes: &WindowAttributes,
+        frame: CGRect,
+        view_controller: &UIViewController,
+    ) -> Retained<Self> {
+        // NOTE: This should only be created after the application has started launching,
+        // (`application:willFinishLaunchingWithOptions:` at the earliest), otherwise you'll run
+        // into very confusing issues with the window not being properly activated.
+        //
+        // Winit ensures this by not allowing access to `ActiveEventLoop` before handling events.
+        let this: Retained<Self> = unsafe { msg_send![mtm.alloc(), initWithFrame: frame] };
+
+        this.setRootViewController(Some(view_controller));
+
+        match window_attributes.fullscreen.clone() {
+            Some(Fullscreen::Exclusive(monitor, ref video_mode)) => {
+                let monitor = monitor.cast_ref::<MonitorHandle>().unwrap();
+                let screen = monitor.ui_screen(mtm);
+                if let Some(video_mode) =
+                    monitor.video_modes_handles().find(|mode| &mode.mode == video_mode)
+                {
+                    screen.setCurrentMode(Some(video_mode.screen_mode(mtm)));
+                }
+                this.setScreen(screen);
+            },
+            Some(Fullscreen::Borderless(Some(ref monitor))) => {
+                let monitor = monitor.cast_ref::<MonitorHandle>().unwrap();
+                let screen = monitor.ui_screen(mtm);
+                this.setScreen(screen);
+            },
+            _ => (),
+        }
+
+        this
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn id(&self) -> WindowId {
+        WindowId::from_raw(self as *const Self as usize)
+    }
+}
+
+pub struct Inner {
+    window: Retained<WinitUIWindow>,
+    view_controller: Retained<WinitViewController>,
+    view: Retained<WinitView>,
+    gl_or_metal_backed: bool,
+}
+
+impl Inner {
+    pub fn set_title(&self, _title: &str) {
+        debug!("`Window::set_title` is ignored on iOS")
+    }
+
+    pub fn set_transparent(&self, _transparent: bool) {
+        debug!("`Window::set_transparent` is ignored on iOS")
+    }
+
+    pub fn set_blur(&self, _blur: bool) {
+        debug!("`Window::set_blur` is ignored on iOS")
+    }
+
+    pub fn set_visible(&self, visible: bool) {
+        self.window.setHidden(!visible)
+    }
+
+    pub fn is_visible(&self) -> Option<bool> {
+        warn!("`Window::is_visible` is ignored on iOS");
+        None
+    }
+
+    pub fn request_redraw(&self) {
+        if self.gl_or_metal_backed {
+            let mtm = MainThreadMarker::new().unwrap();
+            // `setNeedsDisplay` does nothing on UIViews which are directly backed by CAEAGLLayer or
+            // CAMetalLayer. Ordinarily the OS sets up a bunch of UIKit state before
+            // calling drawRect: on a UIView, but when using raw or gl/metal for drawing
+            // this work is completely avoided.
+            //
+            // The docs for `setNeedsDisplay` don't mention `CAMetalLayer`; however, this has been
+            // confirmed via testing.
+            //
+            // https://developer.apple.com/documentation/uikit/uiview/1622437-setneedsdisplay?language=objc
+            app_state::queue_gl_or_metal_redraw(mtm, self.window.clone());
+        } else {
+            self.view.setNeedsDisplay();
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn pre_present_notify(&self) {}
+
+    pub fn surface_position(&self) -> PhysicalPosition<i32> {
+        let view_position = self.view.frame().origin;
+        let position =
+            unsafe { self.window.convertPoint_fromView(view_position, Some(&self.view)) };
+        let position = LogicalPosition::new(position.x, position.y);
+        position.to_physical(self.scale_factor())
+    }
+
+    pub fn outer_position(&self) -> Result<PhysicalPosition<i32>, RequestError> {
+        let screen_frame = self.screen_frame();
+        let position =
+            LogicalPosition { x: screen_frame.origin.x as f64, y: screen_frame.origin.y as f64 };
+        Ok(position.to_physical(self.scale_factor()))
+    }
+
+    pub fn set_outer_position(&self, physical_position: Position) {
+        let scale_factor = self.scale_factor();
+        let position = physical_position.to_logical::<f64>(scale_factor);
+        let screen_frame = self.screen_frame();
+        let new_screen_frame = CGRect {
+            origin: CGPoint { x: position.x as _, y: position.y as _ },
+            size: screen_frame.size,
+        };
+        let bounds = self.rect_from_screen_space(new_screen_frame);
+        self.window.setBounds(bounds);
+    }
+
+    pub fn surface_size(&self) -> PhysicalSize<u32> {
+        let frame = self.view.frame();
+        let size = LogicalSize::new(frame.size.width, frame.size.height);
+        size.to_physical(self.scale_factor())
+    }
+
+    pub fn outer_size(&self) -> PhysicalSize<u32> {
+        let frame = self.window.frame();
+        let size = LogicalSize::new(frame.size.width, frame.size.height);
+        size.to_physical(self.scale_factor())
+    }
+
+    pub fn request_surface_size(&self, _size: Size) -> Option<PhysicalSize<u32>> {
+        Some(self.surface_size())
+    }
+
+    pub fn safe_area(&self) -> PhysicalInsets<u32> {
+        let insets = if available!(ios = 11.0, tvos = 11.0, visionos = 1.0) {
+            self.view.safeAreaInsets()
+        } else {
+            // Assume the status bar frame is the only thing that obscures the view
+            let app = UIApplication::sharedApplication(MainThreadMarker::new().unwrap());
+            #[allow(deprecated)]
+            let status_bar_frame = app.statusBarFrame();
+            UIEdgeInsets { top: status_bar_frame.size.height, left: 0.0, bottom: 0.0, right: 0.0 }
+        };
+        let insets = LogicalInsets::new(insets.top, insets.left, insets.bottom, insets.right);
+        insets.to_physical(self.scale_factor())
+    }
+
+    pub fn set_min_surface_size(&self, _dimensions: Option<Size>) {
+        warn!("`Window::set_min_surface_size` is ignored on iOS")
+    }
+
+    pub fn set_max_surface_size(&self, _dimensions: Option<Size>) {
+        warn!("`Window::set_max_surface_size` is ignored on iOS")
+    }
+
+    pub fn surface_resize_increments(&self) -> Option<PhysicalSize<u32>> {
+        None
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn set_surface_resize_increments(&self, _increments: Option<Size>) {
+        warn!("`Window::set_surface_resize_increments` is ignored on iOS")
+    }
+
+    pub fn set_resizable(&self, _resizable: bool) {
+        warn!("`Window::set_resizable` is ignored on iOS")
+    }
+
+    pub fn is_resizable(&self) -> bool {
+        warn!("`Window::is_resizable` is ignored on iOS");
+        false
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn set_enabled_buttons(&self, _buttons: WindowButtons) {
+        warn!("`Window::set_enabled_buttons` is ignored on iOS");
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn enabled_buttons(&self) -> WindowButtons {
+        warn!("`Window::enabled_buttons` is ignored on iOS");
+        WindowButtons::all()
+    }
+
+    pub fn scale_factor(&self) -> f64 {
+        self.view.contentScaleFactor() as _
+    }
+
+    pub fn set_cursor(&self, _cursor: Cursor) {
+        debug!("`Window::set_cursor` ignored on iOS")
+    }
+
+    pub fn set_cursor_position(&self, _position: Position) -> Result<(), NotSupportedError> {
+        Err(NotSupportedError::new("set_cursor_position is not supported"))
+    }
+
+    pub fn set_cursor_grab(&self, _: CursorGrabMode) -> Result<(), NotSupportedError> {
+        Err(NotSupportedError::new("set_cursor_grab is not supported"))
+    }
+
+    pub fn set_cursor_visible(&self, _visible: bool) {
+        debug!("`Window::set_cursor_visible` is ignored on iOS")
+    }
+
+    pub fn drag_window(&self) -> Result<(), NotSupportedError> {
+        Err(NotSupportedError::new("drag_window is not supported"))
+    }
+
+    pub fn drag_resize_window(&self, _direction: ResizeDirection) -> Result<(), NotSupportedError> {
+        Err(NotSupportedError::new("drag_resize_window is not supported"))
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn show_window_menu(&self, _position: Position) {}
+
+    pub fn set_cursor_hittest(&self, _hittest: bool) -> Result<(), NotSupportedError> {
+        Err(NotSupportedError::new("set_cursor_hittest is not supported"))
+    }
+
+    pub fn set_minimized(&self, _minimized: bool) {
+        warn!("`Window::set_minimized` is ignored on iOS")
+    }
+
+    pub fn is_minimized(&self) -> Option<bool> {
+        warn!("`Window::is_minimized` is ignored on iOS");
+        None
+    }
+
+    pub fn set_maximized(&self, _maximized: bool) {
+        warn!("`Window::set_maximized` is ignored on iOS")
+    }
+
+    pub fn is_maximized(&self) -> bool {
+        warn!("`Window::is_maximized` is ignored on iOS");
+        false
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn set_fullscreen(&self, monitor: Option<Fullscreen>) {
+        let mtm = MainThreadMarker::new().unwrap();
+        let uiscreen = match &monitor {
+            Some(Fullscreen::Exclusive(monitor, video_mode)) => {
+                let monitor = monitor.cast_ref::<MonitorHandle>().unwrap();
+                let uiscreen = monitor.ui_screen(mtm);
+                if let Some(video_mode) =
+                    monitor.video_modes_handles().find(|mode| &mode.mode == video_mode)
+                {
+                    uiscreen.setCurrentMode(Some(video_mode.screen_mode(mtm)));
+                }
+                uiscreen.clone()
+            },
+            Some(Fullscreen::Borderless(Some(monitor))) => {
+                monitor.cast_ref::<MonitorHandle>().unwrap().ui_screen(mtm).clone()
+            },
+            Some(Fullscreen::Borderless(None)) => {
+                self.current_monitor_inner().ui_screen(mtm).clone()
+            },
+            None => {
+                warn!("`Window::set_fullscreen(None)` ignored on iOS");
+                return;
+            },
+        };
+
+        // this is pretty slow on iOS, so avoid doing it if we can
+        let current = self.window.screen();
+        if uiscreen != current {
+            self.window.setScreen(&uiscreen);
+        }
+
+        let bounds = uiscreen.bounds();
+        self.window.setFrame(bounds);
+
+        // For external displays, we must disable overscan compensation or
+        // the displayed image will have giant black bars surrounding it on
+        // each side
+        uiscreen.setOverscanCompensation(UIScreenOverscanCompensation::None);
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn fullscreen(&self) -> Option<Fullscreen> {
+        let mtm = MainThreadMarker::new().unwrap();
+        let monitor = self.current_monitor_inner();
+        let uiscreen = monitor.ui_screen(mtm);
+        let screen_space_bounds = self.screen_frame();
+        let screen_bounds = uiscreen.bounds();
+
+        // TODO: track fullscreen instead of relying on brittle float comparisons
+        if screen_space_bounds.origin.x == screen_bounds.origin.x
+            && screen_space_bounds.origin.y == screen_bounds.origin.y
+            && screen_space_bounds.size.width == screen_bounds.size.width
+            && screen_space_bounds.size.height == screen_bounds.size.height
+        {
+            Some(Fullscreen::Borderless(Some(CoreMonitorHandle(Arc::new(monitor)))))
+        } else {
+            None
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn set_decorations(&self, _decorations: bool) {}
+
+    pub fn is_decorated(&self) -> bool {
+        true
+    }
+
+    pub fn set_window_level(&self, _level: WindowLevel) {
+        warn!("`Window::set_window_level` is ignored on iOS")
+    }
+
+    pub fn set_window_icon(&self, _icon: Option<Icon>) {
+        warn!("`Window::set_window_icon` is ignored on iOS")
+    }
+
+    pub fn set_ime_cursor_area(&self, _position: Position, _size: Size) {
+        warn!("`Window::set_ime_cursor_area` is ignored on iOS")
+    }
+
+    /// Show / hide the keyboard. To show the keyboard, we call `becomeFirstResponder`,
+    /// requesting focus for the [WinitView]. Since [WinitView] implements
+    /// [objc2_ui_kit::UIKeyInput], the keyboard will be shown.
+    /// <https://developer.apple.com/documentation/uikit/uiresponder/1621113-becomefirstresponder>
+    pub fn set_ime_allowed(&self, allowed: bool) {
+        if allowed {
+            unsafe {
+                self.view.becomeFirstResponder();
+            }
+        } else {
+            unsafe {
+                self.view.resignFirstResponder();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn set_ime_purpose(&self, _purpose: ImePurpose) {
+        warn!("`Window::set_ime_purpose` is ignored on iOS")
+    }
+
+    pub fn focus_window(&self) {
+        warn!("`Window::set_focus` is ignored on iOS")
+    }
+
+    pub fn request_user_attention(&self, _request_type: Option<UserAttentionType>) {
+        warn!("`Window::request_user_attention` is ignored on iOS")
+    }
+
+    // Allow directly accessing the current monitor internally without unwrapping.
+    fn current_monitor_inner(&self) -> MonitorHandle {
+        MonitorHandle::new(self.window.screen())
+    }
+
+    pub fn current_monitor(&self) -> Option<MonitorHandle> {
+        Some(self.current_monitor_inner())
+    }
+
+    pub fn available_monitors(&self) -> VecDeque<MonitorHandle> {
+        monitor::uiscreens(MainThreadMarker::new().unwrap())
+    }
+
+    pub fn primary_monitor(&self) -> Option<MonitorHandle> {
+        #[allow(deprecated)]
+        Some(MonitorHandle::new(UIScreen::mainScreen(MainThreadMarker::new().unwrap())))
+    }
+
+    pub fn id(&self) -> WindowId {
+        self.window.id()
+    }
+
+    pub fn raw_window_handle_rwh_06(&self) -> rwh_06::RawWindowHandle {
+        let mut window_handle = rwh_06::UiKitWindowHandle::new({
+            let ui_view = Retained::as_ptr(&self.view) as _;
+            std::ptr::NonNull::new(ui_view).expect("Retained<T> should never be null")
+        });
+        window_handle.ui_view_controller =
+            std::ptr::NonNull::new(Retained::as_ptr(&self.view_controller) as _);
+        rwh_06::RawWindowHandle::UiKit(window_handle)
+    }
+
+    pub fn theme(&self) -> Option<Theme> {
+        warn!("`Window::theme` is ignored on iOS");
+        None
+    }
+
+    pub fn set_content_protected(&self, _protected: bool) {}
+
+    pub fn has_focus(&self) -> bool {
+        self.window.isKeyWindow()
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn set_theme(&self, _theme: Option<Theme>) {
+        warn!("`Window::set_theme` is ignored on iOS");
+    }
+
+    pub fn title(&self) -> String {
+        warn!("`Window::title` is ignored on iOS");
+        String::new()
+    }
+
+    pub fn reset_dead_keys(&self) {
+        // Noop
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct Window {
+    inner: MainThreadBound<Inner>,
+}
+
+impl Window {
+    pub(crate) fn new(
+        event_loop: &ActiveEventLoop,
+        window_attributes: WindowAttributes,
+    ) -> Result<Window, RequestError> {
+        let mtm = event_loop.mtm;
+
+        if window_attributes.min_surface_size.is_some() {
+            warn!("`WindowAttributes::min_surface_size` is ignored on iOS");
+        }
+        if window_attributes.max_surface_size.is_some() {
+            warn!("`WindowAttributes::max_surface_size` is ignored on iOS");
+        }
+
+        // TODO: transparency, visible
+
+        #[allow(deprecated)]
+        let main_screen = UIScreen::mainScreen(mtm);
+        let fullscreen = window_attributes.fullscreen.clone();
+        let screen = match fullscreen {
+            Some(Fullscreen::Exclusive(ref monitor, _))
+            | Some(Fullscreen::Borderless(Some(ref monitor))) => {
+                let monitor = monitor.cast_ref::<MonitorHandle>().unwrap();
+                monitor.ui_screen(mtm)
+            },
+            Some(Fullscreen::Borderless(None)) | None => &main_screen,
+        };
+
+        let screen_bounds = screen.bounds();
+
+        let frame = match window_attributes.surface_size {
+            Some(dim) => {
+                let scale_factor = screen.scale();
+                let size = dim.to_logical::<f64>(scale_factor as f64);
+                CGRect {
+                    origin: screen_bounds.origin,
+                    size: CGSize { width: size.width as _, height: size.height as _ },
+                }
+            },
+            None => screen_bounds,
+        };
+
+        let view = WinitView::new(mtm, &window_attributes, frame);
+
+        let gl_or_metal_backed =
+            view.isKindOfClass(class!(CAMetalLayer)) || view.isKindOfClass(class!(CAEAGLLayer));
+
+        let view_controller = WinitViewController::new(mtm, &window_attributes, &view);
+        let window = WinitUIWindow::new(mtm, &window_attributes, frame, &view_controller);
+        window.makeKeyAndVisible();
+
+        let inner = Inner { window, view_controller, view, gl_or_metal_backed };
+        Ok(Window { inner: MainThreadBound::new(inner, mtm) })
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn maybe_wait_on_main<R: Send>(&self, f: impl FnOnce(&Inner) -> R + Send) -> R {
+        self.inner.get_on_main(|inner| f(inner))
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    pub(crate) fn raw_window_handle_rwh_06(
+        &self,
+    ) -> Result<rwh_06::RawWindowHandle, rwh_06::HandleError> {
+        if let Some(mtm) = MainThreadMarker::new() {
+            Ok(self.inner.get(mtm).raw_window_handle_rwh_06())
+        } else {
+            Err(rwh_06::HandleError::Unavailable)
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    pub(crate) fn raw_display_handle_rwh_06(
+        &self,
+    ) -> Result<rwh_06::RawDisplayHandle, rwh_06::HandleError> {
+        Ok(rwh_06::RawDisplayHandle::UiKit(rwh_06::UiKitDisplayHandle::new()))
+    }
+}
+
+impl rwh_06::HasDisplayHandle for Window {
+    fn display_handle(&self) -> Result<rwh_06::DisplayHandle<'_>, rwh_06::HandleError> {
+        let raw = self.raw_display_handle_rwh_06()?;
+        unsafe { Ok(rwh_06::DisplayHandle::borrow_raw(raw)) }
+    }
+}
+
+impl rwh_06::HasWindowHandle for Window {
+    fn window_handle(&self) -> Result<rwh_06::WindowHandle<'_>, rwh_06::HandleError> {
+        let raw = self.raw_window_handle_rwh_06()?;
+        unsafe { Ok(rwh_06::WindowHandle::borrow_raw(raw)) }
+    }
+}
+
+impl CoreWindow for Window {
+    fn id(&self) -> crate::window::WindowId {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.id())
+    }
+
+    fn scale_factor(&self) -> f64 {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.scale_factor())
+    }
+
+    fn request_redraw(&self) {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.request_redraw());
+    }
+
+    fn pre_present_notify(&self) {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.pre_present_notify());
+    }
+
+    fn reset_dead_keys(&self) {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.reset_dead_keys());
+    }
+
+    fn surface_position(&self) -> PhysicalPosition<i32> {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.surface_position())
+    }
+
+    fn outer_position(&self) -> Result<PhysicalPosition<i32>, RequestError> {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.outer_position())
+    }
+
+    fn set_outer_position(&self, position: Position) {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.set_outer_position(position));
+    }
+
+    fn surface_size(&self) -> PhysicalSize<u32> {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.surface_size())
+    }
+
+    fn request_surface_size(&self, size: Size) -> Option<PhysicalSize<u32>> {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.request_surface_size(size))
+    }
+
+    fn outer_size(&self) -> PhysicalSize<u32> {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.outer_size())
+    }
+
+    fn safe_area(&self) -> PhysicalInsets<u32> {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.safe_area())
+    }
+
+    fn set_min_surface_size(&self, min_size: Option<Size>) {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.set_min_surface_size(min_size))
+    }
+
+    fn set_max_surface_size(&self, max_size: Option<Size>) {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.set_max_surface_size(max_size));
+    }
+
+    fn surface_resize_increments(&self) -> Option<PhysicalSize<u32>> {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.surface_resize_increments())
+    }
+
+    fn set_surface_resize_increments(&self, increments: Option<Size>) {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.set_surface_resize_increments(increments));
+    }
+
+    fn set_title(&self, title: &str) {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.set_title(title));
+    }
+
+    fn set_transparent(&self, transparent: bool) {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.set_transparent(transparent));
+    }
+
+    fn set_blur(&self, blur: bool) {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.set_blur(blur));
+    }
+
+    fn set_visible(&self, visible: bool) {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.set_visible(visible));
+    }
+
+    fn is_visible(&self) -> Option<bool> {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.is_visible())
+    }
+
+    fn set_resizable(&self, resizable: bool) {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.set_resizable(resizable))
+    }
+
+    fn is_resizable(&self) -> bool {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.is_resizable())
+    }
+
+    fn set_enabled_buttons(&self, buttons: WindowButtons) {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.set_enabled_buttons(buttons))
+    }
+
+    fn enabled_buttons(&self) -> WindowButtons {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.enabled_buttons())
+    }
+
+    fn set_minimized(&self, minimized: bool) {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.set_minimized(minimized));
+    }
+
+    fn is_minimized(&self) -> Option<bool> {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.is_minimized())
+    }
+
+    fn set_maximized(&self, maximized: bool) {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.set_maximized(maximized));
+    }
+
+    fn is_maximized(&self) -> bool {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.is_maximized())
+    }
+
+    fn set_fullscreen(&self, fullscreen: Option<Fullscreen>) {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.set_fullscreen(fullscreen))
+    }
+
+    fn fullscreen(&self) -> Option<Fullscreen> {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.fullscreen())
+    }
+
+    fn set_decorations(&self, decorations: bool) {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.set_decorations(decorations));
+    }
+
+    fn is_decorated(&self) -> bool {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.is_decorated())
+    }
+
+    fn set_window_level(&self, level: WindowLevel) {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.set_window_level(level));
+    }
+
+    fn set_window_icon(&self, window_icon: Option<Icon>) {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.set_window_icon(window_icon));
+    }
+
+    fn set_ime_cursor_area(&self, position: Position, size: Size) {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.set_ime_cursor_area(position, size));
+    }
+
+    fn set_ime_allowed(&self, allowed: bool) {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.set_ime_allowed(allowed));
+    }
+
+    fn set_ime_purpose(&self, purpose: ImePurpose) {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.set_ime_purpose(purpose));
+    }
+
+    fn focus_window(&self) {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.focus_window());
+    }
+
+    fn has_focus(&self) -> bool {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.has_focus())
+    }
+
+    fn request_user_attention(&self, request_type: Option<UserAttentionType>) {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.request_user_attention(request_type));
+    }
+
+    fn set_theme(&self, theme: Option<Theme>) {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.set_theme(theme));
+    }
+
+    fn theme(&self) -> Option<Theme> {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.theme())
+    }
+
+    fn set_content_protected(&self, protected: bool) {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.set_content_protected(protected));
+    }
+
+    fn title(&self) -> String {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.title())
+    }
+
+    fn set_cursor(&self, cursor: Cursor) {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.set_cursor(cursor));
+    }
+
+    fn set_cursor_position(&self, position: Position) -> Result<(), RequestError> {
+        Ok(self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.set_cursor_position(position))?)
+    }
+
+    fn set_cursor_grab(&self, mode: crate::window::CursorGrabMode) -> Result<(), RequestError> {
+        Ok(self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.set_cursor_grab(mode))?)
+    }
+
+    fn set_cursor_visible(&self, visible: bool) {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.set_cursor_visible(visible))
+    }
+
+    fn drag_window(&self) -> Result<(), RequestError> {
+        Ok(self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.drag_window())?)
+    }
+
+    fn drag_resize_window(
+        &self,
+        direction: crate::window::ResizeDirection,
+    ) -> Result<(), RequestError> {
+        Ok(self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.drag_resize_window(direction))?)
+    }
+
+    fn show_window_menu(&self, position: Position) {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.show_window_menu(position))
+    }
+
+    fn set_cursor_hittest(&self, hittest: bool) -> Result<(), RequestError> {
+        Ok(self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.set_cursor_hittest(hittest))?)
+    }
+
+    fn current_monitor(&self) -> Option<CoreMonitorHandle> {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| {
+            delegate.current_monitor().map(|monitor| CoreMonitorHandle(Arc::new(monitor)))
+        })
+    }
+
+    fn available_monitors(&self) -> Box<dyn Iterator<Item = CoreMonitorHandle>> {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| {
+            Box::new(
+                delegate
+                    .available_monitors()
+                    .into_iter()
+                    .map(|monitor| CoreMonitorHandle(Arc::new(monitor))),
+            )
+        })
+    }
+
+    fn primary_monitor(&self) -> Option<CoreMonitorHandle> {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| {
+            delegate.primary_monitor().map(|monitor| CoreMonitorHandle(Arc::new(monitor)))
+        })
+    }
+
+    fn rwh_06_display_handle(&self) -> &dyn rwh_06::HasDisplayHandle {
+        self
+    }
+
+    fn rwh_06_window_handle(&self) -> &dyn rwh_06::HasWindowHandle {
+        self
+    }
+}
+
+// WindowExtIOS
+impl Inner {
+    pub fn set_scale_factor(&self, scale_factor: f64) {
+        assert!(
+            dpi::validate_scale_factor(scale_factor),
+            "`WindowExtIOS::set_scale_factor` received an invalid hidpi factor"
+        );
+        let scale_factor = scale_factor as CGFloat;
+        self.view.setContentScaleFactor(scale_factor);
+    }
+
+    pub fn set_valid_orientations(&self, valid_orientations: ValidOrientations) {
+        self.view_controller.set_supported_interface_orientations(
+            MainThreadMarker::new().unwrap(),
+            valid_orientations,
+        );
+    }
+
+    pub fn set_prefers_home_indicator_hidden(&self, hidden: bool) {
+        self.view_controller.set_prefers_home_indicator_auto_hidden(hidden);
+    }
+
+    pub fn set_preferred_screen_edges_deferring_system_gestures(&self, edges: ScreenEdge) {
+        self.view_controller.set_preferred_screen_edges_deferring_system_gestures(edges);
+    }
+
+    pub fn set_prefers_status_bar_hidden(&self, hidden: bool) {
+        self.view_controller.set_prefers_status_bar_hidden(hidden);
+    }
+
+    pub fn set_preferred_status_bar_style(&self, status_bar_style: StatusBarStyle) {
+        self.view_controller.set_preferred_status_bar_style(status_bar_style);
+    }
+
+    pub fn recognize_pinch_gesture(&self, should_recognize: bool) {
+        self.view.recognize_pinch_gesture(should_recognize);
+    }
+
+    pub fn recognize_pan_gesture(
+        &self,
+        should_recognize: bool,
+        minimum_number_of_touches: u8,
+        maximum_number_of_touches: u8,
+    ) {
+        self.view.recognize_pan_gesture(
+            should_recognize,
+            minimum_number_of_touches,
+            maximum_number_of_touches,
+        );
+    }
+
+    pub fn recognize_doubletap_gesture(&self, should_recognize: bool) {
+        self.view.recognize_doubletap_gesture(should_recognize);
+    }
+
+    pub fn recognize_rotation_gesture(&self, should_recognize: bool) {
+        self.view.recognize_rotation_gesture(should_recognize);
+    }
+}
+
+impl Inner {
+    fn screen_frame(&self) -> CGRect {
+        self.rect_to_screen_space(self.window.frame())
+    }
+
+    fn rect_to_screen_space(&self, rect: CGRect) -> CGRect {
+        let screen_space = self.window.screen().coordinateSpace();
+        self.window.convertRect_toCoordinateSpace(rect, &screen_space)
+    }
+
+    fn rect_from_screen_space(&self, rect: CGRect) -> CGRect {
+        let screen_space = self.window.screen().coordinateSpace();
+        self.window.convertRect_fromCoordinateSpace(rect, &screen_space)
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, Default, PartialEq)]
+pub struct PlatformSpecificWindowAttributes {
+    pub scale_factor: Option<f64>,
+    pub valid_orientations: ValidOrientations,
+    pub prefers_home_indicator_hidden: bool,
+    pub prefers_status_bar_hidden: bool,
+    pub preferred_status_bar_style: StatusBarStyle,
+    pub preferred_screen_edges_deferring_system_gestures: ScreenEdge,
+}

src/platform_impl/ios/app_delegate.rs

@@ -1,101 +0,0 @@
-use objc2::{declare_class, mutability, ClassType, DeclaredClass};
-use objc2_foundation::{MainThreadMarker, NSObject, NSObjectProtocol};
-
-use super::app_state::{self, EventWrapper};
-use super::uikit::{UIApplication, UIWindow};
-use super::window::WinitUIWindow;
-use crate::event::{Event, WindowEvent};
-use crate::window::WindowId as RootWindowId;
-
-declare_class!(
-    pub struct AppDelegate;
-
-    unsafe impl ClassType for AppDelegate {
-        type Super = NSObject;
-        type Mutability = mutability::InteriorMutable;
-        const NAME: &'static str = "WinitApplicationDelegate";
-    }
-
-    impl DeclaredClass for AppDelegate {}
-
-    // UIApplicationDelegate protocol
-    unsafe impl AppDelegate {
-        #[method(application:didFinishLaunchingWithOptions:)]
-        fn did_finish_launching(&self, _application: &UIApplication, _: *mut NSObject) -> bool {
-            app_state::did_finish_launching(MainThreadMarker::new().unwrap());
-            true
-        }
-
-        #[method(applicationDidBecomeActive:)]
-        fn did_become_active(&self, _application: &UIApplication) {
-            let mtm = MainThreadMarker::new().unwrap();
-            app_state::handle_nonuser_event(mtm, EventWrapper::StaticEvent(Event::Resumed))
-        }
-
-        #[method(applicationWillResignActive:)]
-        fn will_resign_active(&self, _application: &UIApplication) {
-            let mtm = MainThreadMarker::new().unwrap();
-            app_state::handle_nonuser_event(mtm, EventWrapper::StaticEvent(Event::Suspended))
-        }
-
-        #[method(applicationWillEnterForeground:)]
-        fn will_enter_foreground(&self, application: &UIApplication) {
-            self.send_occluded_event_for_all_windows(application, false);
-        }
-
-        #[method(applicationDidEnterBackground:)]
-        fn did_enter_background(&self, application: &UIApplication) {
-            self.send_occluded_event_for_all_windows(application, true);
-        }
-
-        #[method(applicationWillTerminate:)]
-        fn will_terminate(&self, application: &UIApplication) {
-            let mut events = Vec::new();
-            for window in application.windows().iter() {
-                if window.is_kind_of::<WinitUIWindow>() {
-                    // SAFETY: We just checked that the window is a `winit` window
-                    let window = unsafe {
-                        let ptr: *const UIWindow = window;
-                        let ptr: *const WinitUIWindow = ptr.cast();
-                        &*ptr
-                    };
-                    events.push(EventWrapper::StaticEvent(Event::WindowEvent {
-                        window_id: RootWindowId(window.id()),
-                        event: WindowEvent::Destroyed,
-                    }));
-                }
-            }
-            let mtm = MainThreadMarker::new().unwrap();
-            app_state::handle_nonuser_events(mtm, events);
-            app_state::terminated(mtm);
-        }
-
-        #[method(applicationDidReceiveMemoryWarning:)]
-        fn did_receive_memory_warning(&self, _application: &UIApplication) {
-            let mtm = MainThreadMarker::new().unwrap();
-            app_state::handle_nonuser_event(mtm, EventWrapper::StaticEvent(Event::MemoryWarning))
-        }
-    }
-);
-
-impl AppDelegate {
-    fn send_occluded_event_for_all_windows(&self, application: &UIApplication, occluded: bool) {
-        let mut events = Vec::new();
-        for window in application.windows().iter() {
-            if window.is_kind_of::<WinitUIWindow>() {
-                // SAFETY: We just checked that the window is a `winit` window
-                let window = unsafe {
-                    let ptr: *const UIWindow = window;
-                    let ptr: *const WinitUIWindow = ptr.cast();
-                    &*ptr
-                };
-                events.push(EventWrapper::StaticEvent(Event::WindowEvent {
-                    window_id: RootWindowId(window.id()),
-                    event: WindowEvent::Occluded(occluded),
-                }));
-            }
-        }
-        let mtm = MainThreadMarker::new().unwrap();
-        app_state::handle_nonuser_events(mtm, events);
-    }
-}

src/platform_impl/ios/app_state.rs

@@ -1,883 +0,0 @@
-#![deny(unused_results)]
-
-use std::cell::{RefCell, RefMut};
-use std::collections::HashSet;
-use std::os::raw::c_void;
-use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex, OnceLock};
-use std::time::Instant;
-use std::{fmt, mem, ptr};
-
-use core_foundation::base::CFRelease;
-use core_foundation::date::CFAbsoluteTimeGetCurrent;
-use core_foundation::runloop::{
-    kCFRunLoopCommonModes, CFRunLoopAddTimer, CFRunLoopGetMain, CFRunLoopRef, CFRunLoopTimerCreate,
-    CFRunLoopTimerInvalidate, CFRunLoopTimerRef, CFRunLoopTimerSetNextFireDate,
-};
-use objc2::rc::Id;
-use objc2::runtime::AnyObject;
-use objc2::{msg_send, sel};
-use objc2_foundation::{
-    CGRect, CGSize, MainThreadMarker, NSInteger, NSOperatingSystemVersion, NSProcessInfo,
-};
-
-use super::uikit::UIView;
-use super::window::WinitUIWindow;
-use crate::dpi::PhysicalSize;
-use crate::event::{Event, InnerSizeWriter, StartCause, WindowEvent};
-use crate::event_loop::{ActiveEventLoop as RootActiveEventLoop, ControlFlow};
-use crate::window::WindowId as RootWindowId;
-
-macro_rules! bug {
-    ($($msg:tt)*) => {
-        panic!("winit iOS bug, file an issue: {}", format!($($msg)*))
-    };
-}
-
-macro_rules! bug_assert {
-    ($test:expr, $($msg:tt)*) => {
-        assert!($test, "winit iOS bug, file an issue: {}", format!($($msg)*))
-    };
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug)]
-pub(crate) struct HandlePendingUserEvents;
-
-pub(crate) struct EventLoopHandler {
-    #[allow(clippy::type_complexity)]
-    pub(crate) handler: Box<dyn FnMut(Event<HandlePendingUserEvents>, &RootActiveEventLoop)>,
-    pub(crate) event_loop: RootActiveEventLoop,
-}
-
-impl fmt::Debug for EventLoopHandler {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
-        f.debug_struct("EventLoopHandler")
-            .field("handler", &"...")
-            .field("event_loop", &self.event_loop)
-            .finish()
-    }
-}
-
-impl EventLoopHandler {
-    fn handle_event(&mut self, event: Event<HandlePendingUserEvents>) {
-        (self.handler)(event, &self.event_loop)
-    }
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug)]
-pub(crate) enum EventWrapper {
-    StaticEvent(Event<HandlePendingUserEvents>),
-    ScaleFactorChanged(ScaleFactorChanged),
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug)]
-pub struct ScaleFactorChanged {
-    pub(super) window: Id<WinitUIWindow>,
-    pub(super) suggested_size: PhysicalSize<u32>,
-    pub(super) scale_factor: f64,
-}
-
-enum UserCallbackTransitionResult<'a> {
-    Success {
-        handler: EventLoopHandler,
-        active_control_flow: ControlFlow,
-        processing_redraws: bool,
-    },
-    ReentrancyPrevented {
-        queued_events: &'a mut Vec<EventWrapper>,
-    },
-}
-
-impl Event<HandlePendingUserEvents> {
-    fn is_redraw(&self) -> bool {
-        matches!(self, Event::WindowEvent { event: WindowEvent::RedrawRequested, .. })
-    }
-}
-
-// this is the state machine for the app lifecycle
-#[derive(Debug)]
-#[must_use = "dropping `AppStateImpl` without inspecting it is probably a bug"]
-enum AppStateImpl {
-    NotLaunched {
-        queued_windows: Vec<Id<WinitUIWindow>>,
-        queued_events: Vec<EventWrapper>,
-        queued_gpu_redraws: HashSet<Id<WinitUIWindow>>,
-    },
-    Launching {
-        queued_windows: Vec<Id<WinitUIWindow>>,
-        queued_events: Vec<EventWrapper>,
-        queued_handler: EventLoopHandler,
-        queued_gpu_redraws: HashSet<Id<WinitUIWindow>>,
-    },
-    ProcessingEvents {
-        handler: EventLoopHandler,
-        queued_gpu_redraws: HashSet<Id<WinitUIWindow>>,
-        active_control_flow: ControlFlow,
-    },
-    // special state to deal with reentrancy and prevent mutable aliasing.
-    InUserCallback {
-        queued_events: Vec<EventWrapper>,
-        queued_gpu_redraws: HashSet<Id<WinitUIWindow>>,
-    },
-    ProcessingRedraws {
-        handler: EventLoopHandler,
-        active_control_flow: ControlFlow,
-    },
-    Waiting {
-        waiting_handler: EventLoopHandler,
-        start: Instant,
-    },
-    PollFinished {
-        waiting_handler: EventLoopHandler,
-    },
-    Terminated,
-}
-
-pub(crate) struct AppState {
-    // This should never be `None`, except for briefly during a state transition.
-    app_state: Option<AppStateImpl>,
-    control_flow: ControlFlow,
-    waker: EventLoopWaker,
-}
-
-impl AppState {
-    pub(crate) fn get_mut(_mtm: MainThreadMarker) -> RefMut<'static, AppState> {
-        // basically everything in UIKit requires the main thread, so it's pointless to use the
-        // std::sync APIs.
-        // must be mut because plain `static` requires `Sync`
-        static mut APP_STATE: RefCell<Option<AppState>> = RefCell::new(None);
-
-        let mut guard = unsafe { APP_STATE.borrow_mut() };
-        if guard.is_none() {
-            #[inline(never)]
-            #[cold]
-            fn init_guard(guard: &mut RefMut<'static, Option<AppState>>) {
-                let waker = EventLoopWaker::new(unsafe { CFRunLoopGetMain() });
-                **guard = Some(AppState {
-                    app_state: Some(AppStateImpl::NotLaunched {
-                        queued_windows: Vec::new(),
-                        queued_events: Vec::new(),
-                        queued_gpu_redraws: HashSet::new(),
-                    }),
-                    control_flow: ControlFlow::default(),
-                    waker,
-                });
-            }
-            init_guard(&mut guard);
-        }
-        RefMut::map(guard, |state| state.as_mut().unwrap())
-    }
-
-    fn state(&self) -> &AppStateImpl {
-        match &self.app_state {
-            Some(ref state) => state,
-            None => bug!("`AppState` previously failed a state transition"),
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn state_mut(&mut self) -> &mut AppStateImpl {
-        match &mut self.app_state {
-            Some(ref mut state) => state,
-            None => bug!("`AppState` previously failed a state transition"),
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn take_state(&mut self) -> AppStateImpl {
-        match self.app_state.take() {
-            Some(state) => state,
-            None => bug!("`AppState` previously failed a state transition"),
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn set_state(&mut self, new_state: AppStateImpl) {
-        bug_assert!(
-            self.app_state.is_none(),
-            "attempted to set an `AppState` without calling `take_state` first {:?}",
-            self.app_state
-        );
-        self.app_state = Some(new_state)
-    }
-
-    fn replace_state(&mut self, new_state: AppStateImpl) -> AppStateImpl {
-        match &mut self.app_state {
-            Some(ref mut state) => mem::replace(state, new_state),
-            None => bug!("`AppState` previously failed a state transition"),
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn has_launched(&self) -> bool {
-        !matches!(self.state(), AppStateImpl::NotLaunched { .. } | AppStateImpl::Launching { .. })
-    }
-
-    fn has_terminated(&self) -> bool {
-        matches!(self.state(), AppStateImpl::Terminated)
-    }
-
-    fn will_launch_transition(&mut self, queued_handler: EventLoopHandler) {
-        let (queued_windows, queued_events, queued_gpu_redraws) = match self.take_state() {
-            AppStateImpl::NotLaunched { queued_windows, queued_events, queued_gpu_redraws } => {
-                (queued_windows, queued_events, queued_gpu_redraws)
-            },
-            s => bug!("unexpected state {:?}", s),
-        };
-        self.set_state(AppStateImpl::Launching {
-            queued_windows,
-            queued_events,
-            queued_handler,
-            queued_gpu_redraws,
-        });
-    }
-
-    fn did_finish_launching_transition(&mut self) -> (Vec<Id<WinitUIWindow>>, Vec<EventWrapper>) {
-        let (windows, events, handler, queued_gpu_redraws) = match self.take_state() {
-            AppStateImpl::Launching {
-                queued_windows,
-                queued_events,
-                queued_handler,
-                queued_gpu_redraws,
-            } => (queued_windows, queued_events, queued_handler, queued_gpu_redraws),
-            s => bug!("unexpected state {:?}", s),
-        };
-        self.set_state(AppStateImpl::ProcessingEvents {
-            handler,
-            active_control_flow: self.control_flow,
-            queued_gpu_redraws,
-        });
-        (windows, events)
-    }
-
-    fn wakeup_transition(&mut self) -> Option<EventWrapper> {
-        // before `AppState::did_finish_launching` is called, pretend there is no running
-        // event loop.
-        if !self.has_launched() || self.has_terminated() {
-            return None;
-        }
-
-        let (handler, event) = match (self.control_flow, self.take_state()) {
-            (ControlFlow::Poll, AppStateImpl::PollFinished { waiting_handler }) => {
-                (waiting_handler, EventWrapper::StaticEvent(Event::NewEvents(StartCause::Poll)))
-            },
-            (ControlFlow::Wait, AppStateImpl::Waiting { waiting_handler, start }) => (
-                waiting_handler,
-                EventWrapper::StaticEvent(Event::NewEvents(StartCause::WaitCancelled {
-                    start,
-                    requested_resume: None,
-                })),
-            ),
-            (
-                ControlFlow::WaitUntil(requested_resume),
-                AppStateImpl::Waiting { waiting_handler, start },
-            ) => {
-                let event = if Instant::now() >= requested_resume {
-                    EventWrapper::StaticEvent(Event::NewEvents(StartCause::ResumeTimeReached {
-                        start,
-                        requested_resume,
-                    }))
-                } else {
-                    EventWrapper::StaticEvent(Event::NewEvents(StartCause::WaitCancelled {
-                        start,
-                        requested_resume: Some(requested_resume),
-                    }))
-                };
-                (waiting_handler, event)
-            },
-            s => bug!("`EventHandler` unexpectedly woke up {:?}", s),
-        };
-
-        self.set_state(AppStateImpl::ProcessingEvents {
-            handler,
-            queued_gpu_redraws: Default::default(),
-            active_control_flow: self.control_flow,
-        });
-        Some(event)
-    }
-
-    fn try_user_callback_transition(&mut self) -> UserCallbackTransitionResult<'_> {
-        // If we're not able to process an event due to recursion or `Init` not having been sent out
-        // yet, then queue the events up.
-        match self.state_mut() {
-            &mut AppStateImpl::Launching { ref mut queued_events, .. }
-            | &mut AppStateImpl::NotLaunched { ref mut queued_events, .. }
-            | &mut AppStateImpl::InUserCallback { ref mut queued_events, .. } => {
-                // A lifetime cast: early returns are not currently handled well with NLL, but
-                // polonius handles them well. This transmute is a safe workaround.
-                return unsafe {
-                    mem::transmute::<
-                        UserCallbackTransitionResult<'_>,
-                        UserCallbackTransitionResult<'_>,
-                    >(UserCallbackTransitionResult::ReentrancyPrevented {
-                        queued_events,
-                    })
-                };
-            },
-
-            &mut AppStateImpl::ProcessingEvents { .. }
-            | &mut AppStateImpl::ProcessingRedraws { .. } => {},
-
-            s @ &mut AppStateImpl::PollFinished { .. }
-            | s @ &mut AppStateImpl::Waiting { .. }
-            | s @ &mut AppStateImpl::Terminated => {
-                bug!("unexpected attempted to process an event {:?}", s)
-            },
-        }
-
-        let (handler, queued_gpu_redraws, active_control_flow, processing_redraws) = match self
-            .take_state()
-        {
-            AppStateImpl::Launching { .. }
-            | AppStateImpl::NotLaunched { .. }
-            | AppStateImpl::InUserCallback { .. } => unreachable!(),
-            AppStateImpl::ProcessingEvents { handler, queued_gpu_redraws, active_control_flow } => {
-                (handler, queued_gpu_redraws, active_control_flow, false)
-            },
-            AppStateImpl::ProcessingRedraws { handler, active_control_flow } => {
-                (handler, Default::default(), active_control_flow, true)
-            },
-            AppStateImpl::PollFinished { .. }
-            | AppStateImpl::Waiting { .. }
-            | AppStateImpl::Terminated => unreachable!(),
-        };
-        self.set_state(AppStateImpl::InUserCallback {
-            queued_events: Vec::new(),
-            queued_gpu_redraws,
-        });
-        UserCallbackTransitionResult::Success { handler, active_control_flow, processing_redraws }
-    }
-
-    fn main_events_cleared_transition(&mut self) -> HashSet<Id<WinitUIWindow>> {
-        let (handler, queued_gpu_redraws, active_control_flow) = match self.take_state() {
-            AppStateImpl::ProcessingEvents { handler, queued_gpu_redraws, active_control_flow } => {
-                (handler, queued_gpu_redraws, active_control_flow)
-            },
-            s => bug!("unexpected state {:?}", s),
-        };
-        self.set_state(AppStateImpl::ProcessingRedraws { handler, active_control_flow });
-        queued_gpu_redraws
-    }
-
-    fn events_cleared_transition(&mut self) {
-        if !self.has_launched() || self.has_terminated() {
-            return;
-        }
-        let (waiting_handler, old) = match self.take_state() {
-            AppStateImpl::ProcessingRedraws { handler, active_control_flow } => {
-                (handler, active_control_flow)
-            },
-            s => bug!("unexpected state {:?}", s),
-        };
-
-        let new = self.control_flow;
-        match (old, new) {
-            (ControlFlow::Wait, ControlFlow::Wait) => {
-                let start = Instant::now();
-                self.set_state(AppStateImpl::Waiting { waiting_handler, start });
-            },
-            (ControlFlow::WaitUntil(old_instant), ControlFlow::WaitUntil(new_instant))
-                if old_instant == new_instant =>
-            {
-                let start = Instant::now();
-                self.set_state(AppStateImpl::Waiting { waiting_handler, start });
-            },
-            (_, ControlFlow::Wait) => {
-                let start = Instant::now();
-                self.set_state(AppStateImpl::Waiting { waiting_handler, start });
-                self.waker.stop()
-            },
-            (_, ControlFlow::WaitUntil(new_instant)) => {
-                let start = Instant::now();
-                self.set_state(AppStateImpl::Waiting { waiting_handler, start });
-                self.waker.start_at(new_instant)
-            },
-            // Unlike on macOS, handle Poll to Poll transition here to call the waker
-            (_, ControlFlow::Poll) => {
-                self.set_state(AppStateImpl::PollFinished { waiting_handler });
-                self.waker.start()
-            },
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn terminated_transition(&mut self) -> EventLoopHandler {
-        match self.replace_state(AppStateImpl::Terminated) {
-            AppStateImpl::ProcessingEvents { handler, .. } => handler,
-            s => bug!("`LoopExiting` happened while not processing events {:?}", s),
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub(crate) fn set_control_flow(&mut self, control_flow: ControlFlow) {
-        self.control_flow = control_flow;
-    }
-
-    pub(crate) fn control_flow(&self) -> ControlFlow {
-        self.control_flow
-    }
-}
-
-pub(crate) fn set_key_window(mtm: MainThreadMarker, window: &Id<WinitUIWindow>) {
-    let mut this = AppState::get_mut(mtm);
-    match this.state_mut() {
-        &mut AppStateImpl::NotLaunched { ref mut queued_windows, .. } => {
-            return queued_windows.push(window.clone())
-        },
-        &mut AppStateImpl::ProcessingEvents { .. }
-        | &mut AppStateImpl::InUserCallback { .. }
-        | &mut AppStateImpl::ProcessingRedraws { .. } => {},
-        s @ &mut AppStateImpl::Launching { .. }
-        | s @ &mut AppStateImpl::Waiting { .. }
-        | s @ &mut AppStateImpl::PollFinished { .. } => bug!("unexpected state {:?}", s),
-        &mut AppStateImpl::Terminated => {
-            panic!("Attempt to create a `Window` after the app has terminated")
-        },
-    }
-    drop(this);
-    window.makeKeyAndVisible();
-}
-
-pub(crate) fn queue_gl_or_metal_redraw(mtm: MainThreadMarker, window: Id<WinitUIWindow>) {
-    let mut this = AppState::get_mut(mtm);
-    match this.state_mut() {
-        &mut AppStateImpl::NotLaunched { ref mut queued_gpu_redraws, .. }
-        | &mut AppStateImpl::Launching { ref mut queued_gpu_redraws, .. }
-        | &mut AppStateImpl::ProcessingEvents { ref mut queued_gpu_redraws, .. }
-        | &mut AppStateImpl::InUserCallback { ref mut queued_gpu_redraws, .. } => {
-            let _ = queued_gpu_redraws.insert(window);
-        },
-        s @ &mut AppStateImpl::ProcessingRedraws { .. }
-        | s @ &mut AppStateImpl::Waiting { .. }
-        | s @ &mut AppStateImpl::PollFinished { .. } => bug!("unexpected state {:?}", s),
-        &mut AppStateImpl::Terminated => {
-            panic!("Attempt to create a `Window` after the app has terminated")
-        },
-    }
-}
-
-pub(crate) fn will_launch(mtm: MainThreadMarker, queued_handler: EventLoopHandler) {
-    AppState::get_mut(mtm).will_launch_transition(queued_handler)
-}
-
-pub fn did_finish_launching(mtm: MainThreadMarker) {
-    let mut this = AppState::get_mut(mtm);
-    let windows = match this.state_mut() {
-        AppStateImpl::Launching { queued_windows, .. } => mem::take(queued_windows),
-        s => bug!("unexpected state {:?}", s),
-    };
-
-    this.waker.start();
-
-    // have to drop RefMut because the window setup code below can trigger new events
-    drop(this);
-
-    for window in windows {
-        // Do a little screen dance here to account for windows being created before
-        // `UIApplicationMain` is called. This fixes visual issues such as being
-        // offcenter and sized incorrectly. Additionally, to fix orientation issues, we
-        // gotta reset the `rootViewController`.
-        //
-        // relevant iOS log:
-        // ```
-        // [ApplicationLifecycle] Windows were created before application initialization
-        // completed. This may result in incorrect visual appearance.
-        // ```
-        let screen = window.screen();
-        let _: () = unsafe { msg_send![&window, setScreen: ptr::null::<AnyObject>()] };
-        window.setScreen(&screen);
-
-        let controller = window.rootViewController();
-        window.setRootViewController(None);
-        window.setRootViewController(controller.as_deref());
-
-        window.makeKeyAndVisible();
-    }
-
-    let (windows, events) = AppState::get_mut(mtm).did_finish_launching_transition();
-
-    let events = std::iter::once(EventWrapper::StaticEvent(Event::NewEvents(StartCause::Init)))
-        .chain(events);
-    handle_nonuser_events(mtm, events);
-
-    // the above window dance hack, could possibly trigger new windows to be created.
-    // we can just set those windows up normally, as they were created after didFinishLaunching
-    for window in windows {
-        window.makeKeyAndVisible();
-    }
-}
-
-// AppState::did_finish_launching handles the special transition `Init`
-pub fn handle_wakeup_transition(mtm: MainThreadMarker) {
-    let mut this = AppState::get_mut(mtm);
-    let wakeup_event = match this.wakeup_transition() {
-        None => return,
-        Some(wakeup_event) => wakeup_event,
-    };
-    drop(this);
-
-    handle_nonuser_event(mtm, wakeup_event)
-}
-
-pub(crate) fn handle_nonuser_event(mtm: MainThreadMarker, event: EventWrapper) {
-    handle_nonuser_events(mtm, std::iter::once(event))
-}
-
-pub(crate) fn handle_nonuser_events<I: IntoIterator<Item = EventWrapper>>(
-    mtm: MainThreadMarker,
-    events: I,
-) {
-    let mut this = AppState::get_mut(mtm);
-    if this.has_terminated() {
-        return;
-    }
-
-    let (mut handler, active_control_flow, processing_redraws) =
-        match this.try_user_callback_transition() {
-            UserCallbackTransitionResult::ReentrancyPrevented { queued_events } => {
-                queued_events.extend(events);
-                return;
-            },
-            UserCallbackTransitionResult::Success {
-                handler,
-                active_control_flow,
-                processing_redraws,
-            } => (handler, active_control_flow, processing_redraws),
-        };
-    drop(this);
-
-    for wrapper in events {
-        match wrapper {
-            EventWrapper::StaticEvent(event) => {
-                if !processing_redraws && event.is_redraw() {
-                    tracing::info!("processing `RedrawRequested` during the main event loop");
-                } else if processing_redraws && !event.is_redraw() {
-                    tracing::warn!(
-                        "processing non `RedrawRequested` event after the main event loop: {:#?}",
-                        event
-                    );
-                }
-                handler.handle_event(event)
-            },
-            EventWrapper::ScaleFactorChanged(event) => handle_hidpi_proxy(&mut handler, event),
-        }
-    }
-
-    loop {
-        let mut this = AppState::get_mut(mtm);
-        let queued_events = match this.state_mut() {
-            &mut AppStateImpl::InUserCallback { ref mut queued_events, queued_gpu_redraws: _ } => {
-                mem::take(queued_events)
-            },
-            s => bug!("unexpected state {:?}", s),
-        };
-        if queued_events.is_empty() {
-            let queued_gpu_redraws = match this.take_state() {
-                AppStateImpl::InUserCallback { queued_events: _, queued_gpu_redraws } => {
-                    queued_gpu_redraws
-                },
-                _ => unreachable!(),
-            };
-            this.app_state = Some(if processing_redraws {
-                bug_assert!(
-                    queued_gpu_redraws.is_empty(),
-                    "redraw queued while processing redraws"
-                );
-                AppStateImpl::ProcessingRedraws { handler, active_control_flow }
-            } else {
-                AppStateImpl::ProcessingEvents { handler, queued_gpu_redraws, active_control_flow }
-            });
-            break;
-        }
-        drop(this);
-
-        for wrapper in queued_events {
-            match wrapper {
-                EventWrapper::StaticEvent(event) => {
-                    if !processing_redraws && event.is_redraw() {
-                        tracing::info!("processing `RedrawRequested` during the main event loop");
-                    } else if processing_redraws && !event.is_redraw() {
-                        tracing::warn!(
-                            "processing non-`RedrawRequested` event after the main event loop: \
-                             {:#?}",
-                            event
-                        );
-                    }
-                    handler.handle_event(event)
-                },
-                EventWrapper::ScaleFactorChanged(event) => handle_hidpi_proxy(&mut handler, event),
-            }
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-fn handle_user_events(mtm: MainThreadMarker) {
-    let mut this = AppState::get_mut(mtm);
-    let (mut handler, active_control_flow, processing_redraws) =
-        match this.try_user_callback_transition() {
-            UserCallbackTransitionResult::ReentrancyPrevented { .. } => {
-                bug!("unexpected attempted to process an event")
-            },
-            UserCallbackTransitionResult::Success {
-                handler,
-                active_control_flow,
-                processing_redraws,
-            } => (handler, active_control_flow, processing_redraws),
-        };
-    if processing_redraws {
-        bug!("user events attempted to be sent out while `ProcessingRedraws`");
-    }
-    drop(this);
-
-    handler.handle_event(Event::UserEvent(HandlePendingUserEvents));
-
-    loop {
-        let mut this = AppState::get_mut(mtm);
-        let queued_events = match this.state_mut() {
-            &mut AppStateImpl::InUserCallback { ref mut queued_events, queued_gpu_redraws: _ } => {
-                mem::take(queued_events)
-            },
-            s => bug!("unexpected state {:?}", s),
-        };
-        if queued_events.is_empty() {
-            let queued_gpu_redraws = match this.take_state() {
-                AppStateImpl::InUserCallback { queued_events: _, queued_gpu_redraws } => {
-                    queued_gpu_redraws
-                },
-                _ => unreachable!(),
-            };
-            this.app_state = Some(AppStateImpl::ProcessingEvents {
-                handler,
-                queued_gpu_redraws,
-                active_control_flow,
-            });
-            break;
-        }
-        drop(this);
-
-        for wrapper in queued_events {
-            match wrapper {
-                EventWrapper::StaticEvent(event) => handler.handle_event(event),
-                EventWrapper::ScaleFactorChanged(event) => handle_hidpi_proxy(&mut handler, event),
-            }
-        }
-
-        handler.handle_event(Event::UserEvent(HandlePendingUserEvents));
-    }
-}
-
-pub fn handle_main_events_cleared(mtm: MainThreadMarker) {
-    let mut this = AppState::get_mut(mtm);
-    if !this.has_launched() || this.has_terminated() {
-        return;
-    }
-    match this.state_mut() {
-        AppStateImpl::ProcessingEvents { .. } => {},
-        _ => bug!("`ProcessingRedraws` happened unexpectedly"),
-    };
-    drop(this);
-
-    handle_user_events(mtm);
-
-    let mut this = AppState::get_mut(mtm);
-    let redraw_events: Vec<EventWrapper> = this
-        .main_events_cleared_transition()
-        .into_iter()
-        .map(|window| {
-            EventWrapper::StaticEvent(Event::WindowEvent {
-                window_id: RootWindowId(window.id()),
-                event: WindowEvent::RedrawRequested,
-            })
-        })
-        .collect();
-    drop(this);
-
-    handle_nonuser_events(mtm, redraw_events);
-    handle_nonuser_event(mtm, EventWrapper::StaticEvent(Event::AboutToWait));
-}
-
-pub fn handle_events_cleared(mtm: MainThreadMarker) {
-    AppState::get_mut(mtm).events_cleared_transition();
-}
-
-pub fn terminated(mtm: MainThreadMarker) {
-    let mut this = AppState::get_mut(mtm);
-    let mut handler = this.terminated_transition();
-    drop(this);
-
-    handler.handle_event(Event::LoopExiting)
-}
-
-fn handle_hidpi_proxy(handler: &mut EventLoopHandler, event: ScaleFactorChanged) {
-    let ScaleFactorChanged { suggested_size, scale_factor, window } = event;
-    let new_inner_size = Arc::new(Mutex::new(suggested_size));
-    let event = Event::WindowEvent {
-        window_id: RootWindowId(window.id()),
-        event: WindowEvent::ScaleFactorChanged {
-            scale_factor,
-            inner_size_writer: InnerSizeWriter::new(Arc::downgrade(&new_inner_size)),
-        },
-    };
-    handler.handle_event(event);
-    let (view, screen_frame) = get_view_and_screen_frame(&window);
-    let physical_size = *new_inner_size.lock().unwrap();
-    drop(new_inner_size);
-    let logical_size = physical_size.to_logical(scale_factor);
-    let size = CGSize::new(logical_size.width, logical_size.height);
-    let new_frame: CGRect = CGRect::new(screen_frame.origin, size);
-    view.setFrame(new_frame);
-}
-
-fn get_view_and_screen_frame(window: &WinitUIWindow) -> (Id<UIView>, CGRect) {
-    let view_controller = window.rootViewController().unwrap();
-    let view = view_controller.view().unwrap();
-    let bounds = window.bounds();
-    let screen = window.screen();
-    let screen_space = screen.coordinateSpace();
-    let screen_frame = window.convertRect_toCoordinateSpace(bounds, &screen_space);
-    (view, screen_frame)
-}
-
-struct EventLoopWaker {
-    timer: CFRunLoopTimerRef,
-}
-
-impl Drop for EventLoopWaker {
-    fn drop(&mut self) {
-        unsafe {
-            CFRunLoopTimerInvalidate(self.timer);
-            CFRelease(self.timer as _);
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl EventLoopWaker {
-    fn new(rl: CFRunLoopRef) -> EventLoopWaker {
-        extern "C" fn wakeup_main_loop(_timer: CFRunLoopTimerRef, _info: *mut c_void) {}
-        unsafe {
-            // Create a timer with a 0.1µs interval (1ns does not work) to mimic polling.
-            // It is initially setup with a first fire time really far into the
-            // future, but that gets changed to fire immediately in did_finish_launching
-            let timer = CFRunLoopTimerCreate(
-                ptr::null_mut(),
-                std::f64::MAX,
-                0.000_000_1,
-                0,
-                0,
-                wakeup_main_loop,
-                ptr::null_mut(),
-            );
-            CFRunLoopAddTimer(rl, timer, kCFRunLoopCommonModes);
-
-            EventLoopWaker { timer }
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn stop(&mut self) {
-        unsafe { CFRunLoopTimerSetNextFireDate(self.timer, std::f64::MAX) }
-    }
-
-    fn start(&mut self) {
-        unsafe { CFRunLoopTimerSetNextFireDate(self.timer, std::f64::MIN) }
-    }
-
-    fn start_at(&mut self, instant: Instant) {
-        let now = Instant::now();
-        if now >= instant {
-            self.start();
-        } else {
-            unsafe {
-                let current = CFAbsoluteTimeGetCurrent();
-                let duration = instant - now;
-                let fsecs =
-                    duration.subsec_nanos() as f64 / 1_000_000_000.0 + duration.as_secs() as f64;
-                CFRunLoopTimerSetNextFireDate(self.timer, current + fsecs)
-            }
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-macro_rules! os_capabilities {
-    (
-        $(
-            $(#[$attr:meta])*
-            $error_name:ident: $objc_call:literal,
-            $name:ident: $major:literal-$minor:literal
-        ),*
-        $(,)*
-    ) => {
-        #[derive(Clone, Debug)]
-        pub struct OSCapabilities {
-            $(
-                pub $name: bool,
-            )*
-
-            os_version: NSOperatingSystemVersion,
-        }
-
-        impl OSCapabilities {
-            fn from_os_version(os_version: NSOperatingSystemVersion) -> Self {
-                $(let $name = meets_requirements(os_version, $major, $minor);)*
-                Self { $($name,)* os_version, }
-            }
-        }
-
-        impl OSCapabilities {$(
-            $(#[$attr])*
-            pub fn $error_name(&self, extra_msg: &str) {
-                tracing::warn!(
-                    concat!("`", $objc_call, "` requires iOS {}.{}+. This device is running iOS {}.{}.{}. {}"),
-                    $major, $minor, self.os_version.majorVersion, self.os_version.minorVersion, self.os_version.patchVersion,
-                    extra_msg
-                )
-            }
-        )*}
-    };
-}
-
-os_capabilities! {
-    /// <https://developer.apple.com/documentation/uikit/uiview/2891103-safeareainsets?language=objc>
-    #[allow(unused)] // error message unused
-    safe_area_err_msg: "-[UIView safeAreaInsets]",
-    safe_area: 11-0,
-    /// <https://developer.apple.com/documentation/uikit/uiviewcontroller/2887509-setneedsupdateofhomeindicatoraut?language=objc>
-    home_indicator_hidden_err_msg: "-[UIViewController setNeedsUpdateOfHomeIndicatorAutoHidden]",
-    home_indicator_hidden: 11-0,
-    /// <https://developer.apple.com/documentation/uikit/uiviewcontroller/2887507-setneedsupdateofscreenedgesdefer?language=objc>
-    defer_system_gestures_err_msg: "-[UIViewController setNeedsUpdateOfScreenEdgesDeferringSystem]",
-    defer_system_gestures: 11-0,
-    /// <https://developer.apple.com/documentation/uikit/uiscreen/2806814-maximumframespersecond?language=objc>
-    maximum_frames_per_second_err_msg: "-[UIScreen maximumFramesPerSecond]",
-    maximum_frames_per_second: 10-3,
-    /// <https://developer.apple.com/documentation/uikit/uitouch/1618110-force?language=objc>
-    #[allow(unused)] // error message unused
-    force_touch_err_msg: "-[UITouch force]",
-    force_touch: 9-0,
-}
-
-fn meets_requirements(
-    version: NSOperatingSystemVersion,
-    required_major: NSInteger,
-    required_minor: NSInteger,
-) -> bool {
-    (version.majorVersion, version.minorVersion) >= (required_major, required_minor)
-}
-
-fn get_version() -> NSOperatingSystemVersion {
-    unsafe {
-        let process_info = NSProcessInfo::processInfo();
-        let atleast_ios_8: bool = msg_send![
-            &process_info,
-            respondsToSelector: sel!(operatingSystemVersion)
-        ];
-        // winit requires atleast iOS 8 because no one has put the time into supporting earlier os
-        // versions. Older iOS versions are increasingly difficult to test. For example,
-        // Xcode 11 does not support debugging on devices with an iOS version of less than
-        // 8. Another example, in order to use an iOS simulator older than iOS 8, you must
-        // download an older version of Xcode (<9), and at least Xcode 7 has been tested to
-        // not even run on macOS 10.15 - Xcode 8 might?
-        //
-        // The minimum required iOS version is likely to grow in the future.
-        assert!(atleast_ios_8, "`winit` requires iOS version 8 or greater");
-        process_info.operatingSystemVersion()
-    }
-}
-
-pub fn os_capabilities() -> OSCapabilities {
-    // Cache the version lookup for efficiency
-    static OS_CAPABILITIES: OnceLock<OSCapabilities> = OnceLock::new();
-    OS_CAPABILITIES.get_or_init(|| OSCapabilities::from_os_version(get_version())).clone()
-}

src/platform_impl/ios/event_loop.rs

@@ -1,373 +0,0 @@
-use std::collections::VecDeque;
-use std::ffi::c_void;
-use std::marker::PhantomData;
-use std::ptr;
-use std::sync::mpsc::{self, Receiver, Sender};
-
-use core_foundation::base::{CFIndex, CFRelease};
-use core_foundation::runloop::{
-    kCFRunLoopAfterWaiting, kCFRunLoopBeforeWaiting, kCFRunLoopCommonModes, kCFRunLoopDefaultMode,
-    kCFRunLoopExit, CFRunLoopActivity, CFRunLoopAddObserver, CFRunLoopAddSource, CFRunLoopGetMain,
-    CFRunLoopObserverCreate, CFRunLoopObserverRef, CFRunLoopSourceContext, CFRunLoopSourceCreate,
-    CFRunLoopSourceInvalidate, CFRunLoopSourceRef, CFRunLoopSourceSignal, CFRunLoopWakeUp,
-};
-use objc2::ClassType;
-use objc2_foundation::{MainThreadMarker, NSString};
-
-use crate::error::EventLoopError;
-use crate::event::Event;
-use crate::event_loop::{
-    ActiveEventLoop as RootActiveEventLoop, ControlFlow, DeviceEvents, EventLoopClosed,
-};
-use crate::platform::ios::Idiom;
-use crate::platform_impl::platform::app_state::{EventLoopHandler, HandlePendingUserEvents};
-use crate::window::{CustomCursor, CustomCursorSource};
-
-use super::app_delegate::AppDelegate;
-use super::app_state::AppState;
-use super::uikit::{UIApplication, UIApplicationMain, UIDevice, UIScreen, UIUserInterfaceIdiom};
-use super::{app_state, monitor, MonitorHandle};
-
-#[derive(Debug)]
-pub struct ActiveEventLoop {
-    pub(super) mtm: MainThreadMarker,
-}
-
-impl ActiveEventLoop {
-    pub fn create_custom_cursor(&self, source: CustomCursorSource) -> CustomCursor {
-        let _ = source.inner;
-        CustomCursor { inner: super::PlatformCustomCursor }
-    }
-
-    pub fn available_monitors(&self) -> VecDeque<MonitorHandle> {
-        monitor::uiscreens(self.mtm)
-    }
-
-    pub fn primary_monitor(&self) -> Option<MonitorHandle> {
-        Some(MonitorHandle::new(UIScreen::main(self.mtm)))
-    }
-
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn listen_device_events(&self, _allowed: DeviceEvents) {}
-
-    #[cfg(feature = "rwh_05")]
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn raw_display_handle_rwh_05(&self) -> rwh_05::RawDisplayHandle {
-        rwh_05::RawDisplayHandle::UiKit(rwh_05::UiKitDisplayHandle::empty())
-    }
-
-    #[cfg(feature = "rwh_06")]
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn raw_display_handle_rwh_06(
-        &self,
-    ) -> Result<rwh_06::RawDisplayHandle, rwh_06::HandleError> {
-        Ok(rwh_06::RawDisplayHandle::UiKit(rwh_06::UiKitDisplayHandle::new()))
-    }
-
-    pub(crate) fn set_control_flow(&self, control_flow: ControlFlow) {
-        AppState::get_mut(self.mtm).set_control_flow(control_flow)
-    }
-
-    pub(crate) fn control_flow(&self) -> ControlFlow {
-        AppState::get_mut(self.mtm).control_flow()
-    }
-
-    pub(crate) fn exit(&self) {
-        // https://developer.apple.com/library/archive/qa/qa1561/_index.html
-        // it is not possible to quit an iOS app gracefully and programmatically
-        tracing::warn!("`ControlFlow::Exit` ignored on iOS");
-    }
-
-    pub(crate) fn exiting(&self) -> bool {
-        false
-    }
-
-    pub(crate) fn owned_display_handle(&self) -> OwnedDisplayHandle {
-        OwnedDisplayHandle
-    }
-}
-
-#[derive(Clone)]
-pub(crate) struct OwnedDisplayHandle;
-
-impl OwnedDisplayHandle {
-    #[cfg(feature = "rwh_05")]
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn raw_display_handle_rwh_05(&self) -> rwh_05::RawDisplayHandle {
-        rwh_05::UiKitDisplayHandle::empty().into()
-    }
-
-    #[cfg(feature = "rwh_06")]
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn raw_display_handle_rwh_06(
-        &self,
-    ) -> Result<rwh_06::RawDisplayHandle, rwh_06::HandleError> {
-        Ok(rwh_06::UiKitDisplayHandle::new().into())
-    }
-}
-
-fn map_user_event<T: 'static>(
-    mut handler: impl FnMut(Event<T>, &RootActiveEventLoop),
-    receiver: mpsc::Receiver<T>,
-) -> impl FnMut(Event<HandlePendingUserEvents>, &RootActiveEventLoop) {
-    move |event, window_target| match event.map_nonuser_event() {
-        Ok(event) => (handler)(event, window_target),
-        Err(_) => {
-            for event in receiver.try_iter() {
-                (handler)(Event::UserEvent(event), window_target);
-            }
-        },
-    }
-}
-
-pub struct EventLoop<T: 'static> {
-    mtm: MainThreadMarker,
-    sender: Sender<T>,
-    receiver: Receiver<T>,
-    window_target: RootActiveEventLoop,
-}
-
-#[derive(Default, Debug, Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
-pub(crate) struct PlatformSpecificEventLoopAttributes {}
-
-impl<T: 'static> EventLoop<T> {
-    pub(crate) fn new(
-        _: &PlatformSpecificEventLoopAttributes,
-    ) -> Result<EventLoop<T>, EventLoopError> {
-        let mtm = MainThreadMarker::new()
-            .expect("On iOS, `EventLoop` must be created on the main thread");
-
-        static mut SINGLETON_INIT: bool = false;
-        unsafe {
-            assert!(
-                !SINGLETON_INIT,
-                "Only one `EventLoop` is supported on iOS. `EventLoopProxy` might be helpful"
-            );
-            SINGLETON_INIT = true;
-        }
-
-        let (sender, receiver) = mpsc::channel();
-
-        // this line sets up the main run loop before `UIApplicationMain`
-        setup_control_flow_observers();
-
-        Ok(EventLoop {
-            mtm,
-            sender,
-            receiver,
-            window_target: RootActiveEventLoop { p: ActiveEventLoop { mtm }, _marker: PhantomData },
-        })
-    }
-
-    pub fn run<F>(self, handler: F) -> !
-    where
-        F: FnMut(Event<T>, &RootActiveEventLoop),
-    {
-        let application = UIApplication::shared(self.mtm);
-        assert!(
-            application.is_none(),
-            "\
-                `EventLoop` cannot be `run` after a call to `UIApplicationMain` on iOS\nNote: \
-             `EventLoop::run_app` calls `UIApplicationMain` on iOS",
-        );
-
-        let handler = map_user_event(handler, self.receiver);
-
-        let handler = unsafe {
-            std::mem::transmute::<
-                Box<dyn FnMut(Event<HandlePendingUserEvents>, &RootActiveEventLoop)>,
-                Box<dyn FnMut(Event<HandlePendingUserEvents>, &RootActiveEventLoop)>,
-            >(Box::new(handler))
-        };
-
-        let handler = EventLoopHandler { handler, event_loop: self.window_target };
-
-        app_state::will_launch(self.mtm, handler);
-
-        // Ensure application delegate is initialized
-        let _ = AppDelegate::class();
-
-        unsafe {
-            UIApplicationMain(0, ptr::null(), None, Some(&NSString::from_str(AppDelegate::NAME)))
-        };
-        unreachable!()
-    }
-
-    pub fn create_proxy(&self) -> EventLoopProxy<T> {
-        EventLoopProxy::new(self.sender.clone())
-    }
-
-    pub fn window_target(&self) -> &RootActiveEventLoop {
-        &self.window_target
-    }
-}
-
-// EventLoopExtIOS
-impl<T: 'static> EventLoop<T> {
-    pub fn idiom(&self) -> Idiom {
-        match UIDevice::current(self.mtm).userInterfaceIdiom() {
-            UIUserInterfaceIdiom::Unspecified => Idiom::Unspecified,
-            UIUserInterfaceIdiom::Phone => Idiom::Phone,
-            UIUserInterfaceIdiom::Pad => Idiom::Pad,
-            UIUserInterfaceIdiom::TV => Idiom::TV,
-            UIUserInterfaceIdiom::CarPlay => Idiom::CarPlay,
-            _ => Idiom::Unspecified,
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-pub struct EventLoopProxy<T> {
-    sender: Sender<T>,
-    source: CFRunLoopSourceRef,
-}
-
-unsafe impl<T: Send> Send for EventLoopProxy<T> {}
-unsafe impl<T: Send> Sync for EventLoopProxy<T> {}
-
-impl<T> Clone for EventLoopProxy<T> {
-    fn clone(&self) -> EventLoopProxy<T> {
-        EventLoopProxy::new(self.sender.clone())
-    }
-}
-
-impl<T> Drop for EventLoopProxy<T> {
-    fn drop(&mut self) {
-        unsafe {
-            CFRunLoopSourceInvalidate(self.source);
-            CFRelease(self.source as _);
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl<T> EventLoopProxy<T> {
-    fn new(sender: Sender<T>) -> EventLoopProxy<T> {
-        unsafe {
-            // just wake up the eventloop
-            extern "C" fn event_loop_proxy_handler(_: *const c_void) {}
-
-            // adding a Source to the main CFRunLoop lets us wake it up and
-            // process user events through the normal OS EventLoop mechanisms.
-            let rl = CFRunLoopGetMain();
-            let mut context = CFRunLoopSourceContext {
-                version: 0,
-                info: ptr::null_mut(),
-                retain: None,
-                release: None,
-                copyDescription: None,
-                equal: None,
-                hash: None,
-                schedule: None,
-                cancel: None,
-                perform: event_loop_proxy_handler,
-            };
-            let source =
-                CFRunLoopSourceCreate(ptr::null_mut(), CFIndex::max_value() - 1, &mut context);
-            CFRunLoopAddSource(rl, source, kCFRunLoopCommonModes);
-            CFRunLoopWakeUp(rl);
-
-            EventLoopProxy { sender, source }
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn send_event(&self, event: T) -> Result<(), EventLoopClosed<T>> {
-        self.sender.send(event).map_err(|::std::sync::mpsc::SendError(x)| EventLoopClosed(x))?;
-        unsafe {
-            // let the main thread know there's a new event
-            CFRunLoopSourceSignal(self.source);
-            let rl = CFRunLoopGetMain();
-            CFRunLoopWakeUp(rl);
-        }
-        Ok(())
-    }
-}
-
-fn setup_control_flow_observers() {
-    unsafe {
-        // begin is queued with the highest priority to ensure it is processed before other
-        // observers
-        extern "C" fn control_flow_begin_handler(
-            _: CFRunLoopObserverRef,
-            activity: CFRunLoopActivity,
-            _: *mut c_void,
-        ) {
-            let mtm = MainThreadMarker::new().unwrap();
-            #[allow(non_upper_case_globals)]
-            match activity {
-                kCFRunLoopAfterWaiting => app_state::handle_wakeup_transition(mtm),
-                _ => unreachable!(),
-            }
-        }
-
-        // Core Animation registers its `CFRunLoopObserver` that performs drawing operations in
-        // `CA::Transaction::ensure_implicit` with a priority of `0x1e8480`. We set the main_end
-        // priority to be 0, in order to send AboutToWait before RedrawRequested. This value was
-        // chosen conservatively to guard against apple using different priorities for their redraw
-        // observers in different OS's or on different devices. If it so happens that it's too
-        // conservative, the main symptom would be non-redraw events coming in after `AboutToWait`.
-        //
-        // The value of `0x1e8480` was determined by inspecting stack traces and the associated
-        // registers for every `CFRunLoopAddObserver` call on an iPad Air 2 running iOS 11.4.
-        //
-        // Also tested to be `0x1e8480` on iPhone 8, iOS 13 beta 4.
-        extern "C" fn control_flow_main_end_handler(
-            _: CFRunLoopObserverRef,
-            activity: CFRunLoopActivity,
-            _: *mut c_void,
-        ) {
-            let mtm = MainThreadMarker::new().unwrap();
-            #[allow(non_upper_case_globals)]
-            match activity {
-                kCFRunLoopBeforeWaiting => app_state::handle_main_events_cleared(mtm),
-                kCFRunLoopExit => {}, // may happen when running on macOS
-                _ => unreachable!(),
-            }
-        }
-
-        // end is queued with the lowest priority to ensure it is processed after other observers
-        extern "C" fn control_flow_end_handler(
-            _: CFRunLoopObserverRef,
-            activity: CFRunLoopActivity,
-            _: *mut c_void,
-        ) {
-            let mtm = MainThreadMarker::new().unwrap();
-            #[allow(non_upper_case_globals)]
-            match activity {
-                kCFRunLoopBeforeWaiting => app_state::handle_events_cleared(mtm),
-                kCFRunLoopExit => {}, // may happen when running on macOS
-                _ => unreachable!(),
-            }
-        }
-
-        let main_loop = CFRunLoopGetMain();
-
-        let begin_observer = CFRunLoopObserverCreate(
-            ptr::null_mut(),
-            kCFRunLoopAfterWaiting,
-            1, // repeat = true
-            CFIndex::min_value(),
-            control_flow_begin_handler,
-            ptr::null_mut(),
-        );
-        CFRunLoopAddObserver(main_loop, begin_observer, kCFRunLoopDefaultMode);
-
-        let main_end_observer = CFRunLoopObserverCreate(
-            ptr::null_mut(),
-            kCFRunLoopExit | kCFRunLoopBeforeWaiting,
-            1, // repeat = true
-            0, // see comment on `control_flow_main_end_handler`
-            control_flow_main_end_handler,
-            ptr::null_mut(),
-        );
-        CFRunLoopAddObserver(main_loop, main_end_observer, kCFRunLoopDefaultMode);
-
-        let end_observer = CFRunLoopObserverCreate(
-            ptr::null_mut(),
-            kCFRunLoopExit | kCFRunLoopBeforeWaiting,
-            1, // repeat = true
-            CFIndex::max_value(),
-            control_flow_end_handler,
-            ptr::null_mut(),
-        );
-        CFRunLoopAddObserver(main_loop, end_observer, kCFRunLoopDefaultMode);
-    }
-}

src/platform_impl/ios/mod.rs

@@ -1,54 +0,0 @@
-#![cfg(ios_platform)]
-#![allow(clippy::let_unit_value)]
-
-mod app_delegate;
-mod app_state;
-mod event_loop;
-mod monitor;
-mod uikit;
-mod view;
-mod view_controller;
-mod window;
-
-use std::fmt;
-
-use crate::event::DeviceId as RootDeviceId;
-
-pub(crate) use self::event_loop::{
-    ActiveEventLoop, EventLoop, EventLoopProxy, OwnedDisplayHandle,
-    PlatformSpecificEventLoopAttributes,
-};
-pub(crate) use self::monitor::{MonitorHandle, VideoModeHandle};
-pub(crate) use self::window::{PlatformSpecificWindowAttributes, Window, WindowId};
-pub(crate) use crate::cursor::{
-    NoCustomCursor as PlatformCustomCursor, NoCustomCursor as PlatformCustomCursorSource,
-};
-pub(crate) use crate::icon::NoIcon as PlatformIcon;
-pub(crate) use crate::platform_impl::Fullscreen;
-
-/// There is no way to detect which device that performed a certain event in
-/// UIKit (i.e. you can't differentiate between different external keyboards,
-/// or whether it was the main touchscreen, assistive technologies, or some
-/// other pointer device that caused a touch event).
-#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord, Hash)]
-pub struct DeviceId;
-
-impl DeviceId {
-    pub const unsafe fn dummy() -> Self {
-        DeviceId
-    }
-}
-
-pub(crate) const DEVICE_ID: RootDeviceId = RootDeviceId(DeviceId);
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
-pub struct KeyEventExtra {}
-
-#[derive(Debug)]
-pub enum OsError {}
-
-impl fmt::Display for OsError {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
-        write!(f, "os error")
-    }
-}

src/platform_impl/ios/monitor.rs

@@ -1,241 +0,0 @@
-#![allow(clippy::unnecessary_cast)]
-
-use std::collections::{BTreeSet, VecDeque};
-use std::{fmt, hash, ptr};
-
-use objc2::mutability::IsRetainable;
-use objc2::rc::Id;
-use objc2::Message;
-use objc2_foundation::{run_on_main, MainThreadBound, MainThreadMarker, NSInteger};
-
-use super::uikit::{UIScreen, UIScreenMode};
-use crate::dpi::{PhysicalPosition, PhysicalSize};
-use crate::monitor::VideoModeHandle as RootVideoModeHandle;
-use crate::platform_impl::platform::app_state;
-
-// Workaround for `MainThreadBound` implementing almost no traits
-#[derive(Debug)]
-struct MainThreadBoundDelegateImpls<T>(MainThreadBound<Id<T>>);
-
-impl<T: IsRetainable + Message> Clone for MainThreadBoundDelegateImpls<T> {
-    fn clone(&self) -> Self {
-        Self(run_on_main(|mtm| MainThreadBound::new(Id::clone(self.0.get(mtm)), mtm)))
-    }
-}
-
-impl<T: IsRetainable + Message> hash::Hash for MainThreadBoundDelegateImpls<T> {
-    fn hash<H: hash::Hasher>(&self, state: &mut H) {
-        // SAFETY: Marker only used to get the pointer
-        let mtm = unsafe { MainThreadMarker::new_unchecked() };
-        Id::as_ptr(self.0.get(mtm)).hash(state);
-    }
-}
-
-impl<T: IsRetainable + Message> PartialEq for MainThreadBoundDelegateImpls<T> {
-    fn eq(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {
-        // SAFETY: Marker only used to get the pointer
-        let mtm = unsafe { MainThreadMarker::new_unchecked() };
-        Id::as_ptr(self.0.get(mtm)) == Id::as_ptr(other.0.get(mtm))
-    }
-}
-
-impl<T: IsRetainable + Message> Eq for MainThreadBoundDelegateImpls<T> {}
-
-#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Hash, Clone)]
-pub struct VideoModeHandle {
-    pub(crate) size: (u32, u32),
-    pub(crate) bit_depth: u16,
-    pub(crate) refresh_rate_millihertz: u32,
-    screen_mode: MainThreadBoundDelegateImpls<UIScreenMode>,
-    pub(crate) monitor: MonitorHandle,
-}
-
-impl VideoModeHandle {
-    fn new(
-        uiscreen: Id<UIScreen>,
-        screen_mode: Id<UIScreenMode>,
-        mtm: MainThreadMarker,
-    ) -> VideoModeHandle {
-        let refresh_rate_millihertz = refresh_rate_millihertz(&uiscreen);
-        let size = screen_mode.size();
-        VideoModeHandle {
-            size: (size.width as u32, size.height as u32),
-            bit_depth: 32,
-            refresh_rate_millihertz,
-            screen_mode: MainThreadBoundDelegateImpls(MainThreadBound::new(screen_mode, mtm)),
-            monitor: MonitorHandle::new(uiscreen),
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn size(&self) -> PhysicalSize<u32> {
-        self.size.into()
-    }
-
-    pub fn bit_depth(&self) -> u16 {
-        self.bit_depth
-    }
-
-    pub fn refresh_rate_millihertz(&self) -> u32 {
-        self.refresh_rate_millihertz
-    }
-
-    pub fn monitor(&self) -> MonitorHandle {
-        self.monitor.clone()
-    }
-
-    pub(super) fn screen_mode(&self, mtm: MainThreadMarker) -> &Id<UIScreenMode> {
-        self.screen_mode.0.get(mtm)
-    }
-}
-
-pub struct MonitorHandle {
-    ui_screen: MainThreadBound<Id<UIScreen>>,
-}
-
-impl Clone for MonitorHandle {
-    fn clone(&self) -> Self {
-        run_on_main(|mtm| Self {
-            ui_screen: MainThreadBound::new(self.ui_screen.get(mtm).clone(), mtm),
-        })
-    }
-}
-
-impl hash::Hash for MonitorHandle {
-    fn hash<H: hash::Hasher>(&self, state: &mut H) {
-        (self as *const Self).hash(state);
-    }
-}
-
-impl PartialEq for MonitorHandle {
-    fn eq(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {
-        ptr::eq(self, other)
-    }
-}
-
-impl Eq for MonitorHandle {}
-
-impl PartialOrd for MonitorHandle {
-    fn partial_cmp(&self, other: &Self) -> Option<std::cmp::Ordering> {
-        Some(self.cmp(other))
-    }
-}
-
-impl Ord for MonitorHandle {
-    fn cmp(&self, other: &Self) -> std::cmp::Ordering {
-        // TODO: Make a better ordering
-        (self as *const Self).cmp(&(other as *const Self))
-    }
-}
-
-impl fmt::Debug for MonitorHandle {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
-        f.debug_struct("MonitorHandle")
-            .field("name", &self.name())
-            .field("size", &self.size())
-            .field("position", &self.position())
-            .field("scale_factor", &self.scale_factor())
-            .field("refresh_rate_millihertz", &self.refresh_rate_millihertz())
-            .finish_non_exhaustive()
-    }
-}
-
-impl MonitorHandle {
-    pub(crate) fn new(ui_screen: Id<UIScreen>) -> Self {
-        // Holding `Id<UIScreen>` implies we're on the main thread.
-        let mtm = MainThreadMarker::new().unwrap();
-        Self { ui_screen: MainThreadBound::new(ui_screen, mtm) }
-    }
-
-    pub fn name(&self) -> Option<String> {
-        run_on_main(|mtm| {
-            let main = UIScreen::main(mtm);
-            if *self.ui_screen(mtm) == main {
-                Some("Primary".to_string())
-            } else if *self.ui_screen(mtm) == main.mirroredScreen() {
-                Some("Mirrored".to_string())
-            } else {
-                UIScreen::screens(mtm)
-                    .iter()
-                    .position(|rhs| rhs == &**self.ui_screen(mtm))
-                    .map(|idx| idx.to_string())
-            }
-        })
-    }
-
-    pub fn size(&self) -> PhysicalSize<u32> {
-        let bounds = self.ui_screen.get_on_main(|ui_screen| ui_screen.nativeBounds());
-        PhysicalSize::new(bounds.size.width as u32, bounds.size.height as u32)
-    }
-
-    pub fn position(&self) -> PhysicalPosition<i32> {
-        let bounds = self.ui_screen.get_on_main(|ui_screen| ui_screen.nativeBounds());
-        (bounds.origin.x as f64, bounds.origin.y as f64).into()
-    }
-
-    pub fn scale_factor(&self) -> f64 {
-        self.ui_screen.get_on_main(|ui_screen| ui_screen.nativeScale()) as f64
-    }
-
-    pub fn refresh_rate_millihertz(&self) -> Option<u32> {
-        Some(self.ui_screen.get_on_main(|ui_screen| refresh_rate_millihertz(ui_screen)))
-    }
-
-    pub fn video_modes(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = VideoModeHandle> {
-        run_on_main(|mtm| {
-            let ui_screen = self.ui_screen(mtm);
-            // Use Ord impl of RootVideoModeHandle
-
-            let modes: BTreeSet<_> = ui_screen
-                .availableModes()
-                .into_iter()
-                .map(|mode| RootVideoModeHandle {
-                    video_mode: VideoModeHandle::new(ui_screen.clone(), mode, mtm),
-                })
-                .collect();
-
-            modes.into_iter().map(|mode| mode.video_mode)
-        })
-    }
-
-    pub(crate) fn ui_screen(&self, mtm: MainThreadMarker) -> &Id<UIScreen> {
-        self.ui_screen.get(mtm)
-    }
-
-    pub fn preferred_video_mode(&self) -> VideoModeHandle {
-        run_on_main(|mtm| {
-            VideoModeHandle::new(
-                self.ui_screen(mtm).clone(),
-                self.ui_screen(mtm).preferredMode().unwrap(),
-                mtm,
-            )
-        })
-    }
-}
-
-fn refresh_rate_millihertz(uiscreen: &UIScreen) -> u32 {
-    let refresh_rate_millihertz: NSInteger = {
-        let os_capabilities = app_state::os_capabilities();
-        if os_capabilities.maximum_frames_per_second {
-            uiscreen.maximumFramesPerSecond()
-        } else {
-            // https://developer.apple.com/library/archive/technotes/tn2460/_index.html
-            // https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPad_Pro#Model_comparison
-            //
-            // All iOS devices support 60 fps, and on devices where `maximumFramesPerSecond` is not
-            // supported, they are all guaranteed to have 60hz refresh rates. This does not
-            // correctly handle external displays. ProMotion displays support 120fps, but they were
-            // introduced at the same time as the `maximumFramesPerSecond` API.
-            //
-            // FIXME: earlier OSs could calculate the refresh rate using
-            // `-[CADisplayLink duration]`.
-            os_capabilities.maximum_frames_per_second_err_msg("defaulting to 60 fps");
-            60
-        }
-    };
-
-    refresh_rate_millihertz as u32 * 1000
-}
-
-pub fn uiscreens(mtm: MainThreadMarker) -> VecDeque<MonitorHandle> {
-    UIScreen::screens(mtm).into_iter().map(MonitorHandle::new).collect()
-}

src/platform_impl/ios/uikit/application.rs

@@ -1,31 +0,0 @@
-use objc2::rc::Id;
-use objc2::{extern_class, extern_methods, msg_send_id, mutability, ClassType};
-use objc2_foundation::{CGRect, MainThreadMarker, NSArray, NSObject};
-
-use super::{UIResponder, UIWindow};
-
-extern_class!(
-    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
-    pub(crate) struct UIApplication;
-
-    unsafe impl ClassType for UIApplication {
-        #[inherits(NSObject)]
-        type Super = UIResponder;
-        type Mutability = mutability::InteriorMutable;
-    }
-);
-
-extern_methods!(
-    unsafe impl UIApplication {
-        pub fn shared(_mtm: MainThreadMarker) -> Option<Id<Self>> {
-            unsafe { msg_send_id![Self::class(), sharedApplication] }
-        }
-
-        pub fn windows(&self) -> Id<NSArray<UIWindow>> {
-            unsafe { msg_send_id![self, windows] }
-        }
-
-        #[method(statusBarFrame)]
-        pub fn statusBarFrame(&self) -> CGRect;
-    }
-);

src/platform_impl/ios/uikit/coordinate_space.rs

@@ -1,12 +0,0 @@
-use objc2::{extern_class, mutability, ClassType};
-use objc2_foundation::NSObject;
-
-extern_class!(
-    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
-    pub(crate) struct UICoordinateSpace;
-
-    unsafe impl ClassType for UICoordinateSpace {
-        type Super = NSObject;
-        type Mutability = mutability::InteriorMutable;
-    }
-);

src/platform_impl/ios/uikit/device.rs

@@ -1,41 +0,0 @@
-use objc2::encode::{Encode, Encoding};
-use objc2::rc::Id;
-use objc2::{extern_class, extern_methods, msg_send_id, mutability, ClassType};
-use objc2_foundation::{MainThreadMarker, NSInteger, NSObject};
-
-extern_class!(
-    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
-    pub(crate) struct UIDevice;
-
-    unsafe impl ClassType for UIDevice {
-        type Super = NSObject;
-        type Mutability = mutability::InteriorMutable;
-    }
-);
-
-extern_methods!(
-    unsafe impl UIDevice {
-        pub fn current(_mtm: MainThreadMarker) -> Id<Self> {
-            unsafe { msg_send_id![Self::class(), currentDevice] }
-        }
-
-        #[method(userInterfaceIdiom)]
-        pub fn userInterfaceIdiom(&self) -> UIUserInterfaceIdiom;
-    }
-);
-
-#[repr(transparent)]
-#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
-pub struct UIUserInterfaceIdiom(NSInteger);
-
-unsafe impl Encode for UIUserInterfaceIdiom {
-    const ENCODING: Encoding = NSInteger::ENCODING;
-}
-
-impl UIUserInterfaceIdiom {
-    pub const Unspecified: UIUserInterfaceIdiom = UIUserInterfaceIdiom(-1);
-    pub const Phone: UIUserInterfaceIdiom = UIUserInterfaceIdiom(0);
-    pub const Pad: UIUserInterfaceIdiom = UIUserInterfaceIdiom(1);
-    pub const TV: UIUserInterfaceIdiom = UIUserInterfaceIdiom(2);
-    pub const CarPlay: UIUserInterfaceIdiom = UIUserInterfaceIdiom(3);
-}

src/platform_impl/ios/uikit/event.rs

@@ -1,12 +0,0 @@
-use objc2::{extern_class, mutability, ClassType};
-use objc2_foundation::NSObject;
-
-extern_class!(
-    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
-    pub(crate) struct UIEvent;
-
-    unsafe impl ClassType for UIEvent {
-        type Super = NSObject;
-        type Mutability = mutability::InteriorMutable;
-    }
-);

src/platform_impl/ios/uikit/geometry.rs

@@ -1,14 +0,0 @@
-use objc2::encode::{Encode, Encoding};
-use objc2_foundation::NSUInteger;
-
-#[repr(transparent)]
-#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
-pub struct UIRectEdge(pub NSUInteger);
-
-impl UIRectEdge {
-    pub const NONE: Self = Self(0);
-}
-
-unsafe impl Encode for UIRectEdge {
-    const ENCODING: Encoding = NSUInteger::ENCODING;
-}

src/platform_impl/ios/uikit/gesture_recognizer.rs

@@ -1,176 +0,0 @@
-use objc2::encode::{Encode, Encoding};
-use objc2::rc::Id;
-use objc2::runtime::ProtocolObject;
-use objc2::{extern_class, extern_methods, extern_protocol, mutability, ClassType, ProtocolType};
-use objc2_foundation::{CGFloat, CGPoint, NSInteger, NSObject, NSObjectProtocol, NSUInteger};
-
-use super::UIView;
-
-extern_class!(
-    /// [`UIGestureRecognizer`](https://developer.apple.com/documentation/uikit/uigesturerecognizer)
-    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
-    pub(crate) struct UIGestureRecognizer;
-
-    unsafe impl ClassType for UIGestureRecognizer {
-        type Super = NSObject;
-        type Mutability = mutability::InteriorMutable;
-    }
-);
-
-extern_methods!(
-    unsafe impl UIGestureRecognizer {
-        #[method(state)]
-        pub fn state(&self) -> UIGestureRecognizerState;
-
-        /// [`delegate`](https://developer.apple.com/documentation/uikit/uigesturerecognizer/1624207-delegate?language=objc)
-        /// @property(nullable, nonatomic, weak) id<UIGestureRecognizerDelegate> delegate;
-        #[method(setDelegate:)]
-        pub fn setDelegate(&self, delegate: &ProtocolObject<dyn UIGestureRecognizerDelegate>);
-
-        #[method_id(delegate)]
-        pub fn delegate(&self) -> Id<ProtocolObject<dyn UIGestureRecognizerDelegate>>;
-    }
-);
-
-unsafe impl Encode for UIGestureRecognizer {
-    const ENCODING: Encoding = Encoding::Object;
-}
-
-// [`UIGestureRecognizerState`](https://developer.apple.com/documentation/uikit/uigesturerecognizer/state)
-#[repr(transparent)]
-#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
-pub struct UIGestureRecognizerState(NSInteger);
-
-unsafe impl Encode for UIGestureRecognizerState {
-    const ENCODING: Encoding = NSInteger::ENCODING;
-}
-
-#[allow(dead_code)]
-impl UIGestureRecognizerState {
-    pub const Possible: Self = Self(0);
-    pub const Began: Self = Self(1);
-    pub const Changed: Self = Self(2);
-    pub const Ended: Self = Self(3);
-    pub const Cancelled: Self = Self(4);
-    pub const Failed: Self = Self(5);
-}
-
-// [`UIPinchGestureRecognizer`](https://developer.apple.com/documentation/uikit/uipinchgesturerecognizer)
-extern_class!(
-    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
-    pub(crate) struct UIPinchGestureRecognizer;
-
-    unsafe impl ClassType for UIPinchGestureRecognizer {
-        type Super = UIGestureRecognizer;
-        type Mutability = mutability::InteriorMutable;
-    }
-);
-
-extern_methods!(
-    unsafe impl UIPinchGestureRecognizer {
-        #[method(scale)]
-        pub fn scale(&self) -> CGFloat;
-
-        #[method(velocity)]
-        pub fn velocity(&self) -> CGFloat;
-    }
-);
-
-unsafe impl Encode for UIPinchGestureRecognizer {
-    const ENCODING: Encoding = Encoding::Object;
-}
-
-extern_class!(
-    /// [`UIRotationGestureRecognizer`](https://developer.apple.com/documentation/uikit/uirotationgesturerecognizer)
-    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
-    pub(crate) struct UIRotationGestureRecognizer;
-
-    unsafe impl ClassType for UIRotationGestureRecognizer {
-        type Super = UIGestureRecognizer;
-        type Mutability = mutability::InteriorMutable;
-    }
-);
-
-extern_methods!(
-    unsafe impl UIRotationGestureRecognizer {
-        #[method(rotation)]
-        pub fn rotation(&self) -> CGFloat;
-
-        #[method(velocity)]
-        pub fn velocity(&self) -> CGFloat;
-    }
-);
-
-unsafe impl Encode for UIRotationGestureRecognizer {
-    const ENCODING: Encoding = Encoding::Object;
-}
-
-extern_class!(
-    /// [`UITapGestureRecognizer`](https://developer.apple.com/documentation/uikit/uitapgesturerecognizer)
-    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
-    pub(crate) struct UITapGestureRecognizer;
-
-    unsafe impl ClassType for UITapGestureRecognizer {
-        type Super = UIGestureRecognizer;
-        type Mutability = mutability::InteriorMutable;
-    }
-);
-
-extern_methods!(
-    unsafe impl UITapGestureRecognizer {
-        #[method(setNumberOfTapsRequired:)]
-        pub fn setNumberOfTapsRequired(&self, number_of_taps_required: NSUInteger);
-
-        #[method(setNumberOfTouchesRequired:)]
-        pub fn setNumberOfTouchesRequired(&self, number_of_touches_required: NSUInteger);
-    }
-);
-
-unsafe impl Encode for UITapGestureRecognizer {
-    const ENCODING: Encoding = Encoding::Object;
-}
-
-extern_class!(
-    /// [`UIPanGestureRecognizer`](https://developer.apple.com/documentation/uikit/uipangesturerecognizer)
-    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
-    pub(crate) struct UIPanGestureRecognizer;
-
-    unsafe impl ClassType for UIPanGestureRecognizer {
-        type Super = UIGestureRecognizer;
-        type Mutability = mutability::InteriorMutable;
-    }
-);
-
-extern_methods!(
-    unsafe impl UIPanGestureRecognizer {
-        #[method(translationInView:)]
-        pub fn translationInView(&self, view: &UIView) -> CGPoint;
-
-        #[method(setTranslation:inView:)]
-        pub fn setTranslationInView(&self, translation: CGPoint, view: &UIView);
-
-        #[method(velocityInView:)]
-        pub fn velocityInView(&self, view: &UIView) -> CGPoint;
-
-        #[method(setMinimumNumberOfTouches:)]
-        pub fn setMinimumNumberOfTouches(&self, minimum_number_of_touches: NSUInteger);
-
-        #[method(minimumNumberOfTouches)]
-        pub fn minimumNumberOfTouches(&self) -> NSUInteger;
-
-        #[method(setMaximumNumberOfTouches:)]
-        pub fn setMaximumNumberOfTouches(&self, maximum_number_of_touches: NSUInteger);
-
-        #[method(maximumNumberOfTouches)]
-        pub fn maximumNumberOfTouches(&self) -> NSUInteger;
-    }
-);
-
-extern_protocol!(
-    /// (@protocol UIGestureRecognizerDelegate)[https://developer.apple.com/documentation/uikit/uigesturerecognizerdelegate?language=objc]
-    pub(crate) unsafe trait UIGestureRecognizerDelegate: NSObjectProtocol {}
-
-    unsafe impl ProtocolType for dyn UIGestureRecognizerDelegate {
-        const NAME: &'static str = "UIGestureRecognizerDelegate";
-    }
-);