event_loop: group core API in EventLoopProvider

This helps with portability and defines some top-level structure around the event loop, so in the future, backends can get an idea of what API to use. This also changes the API to be object safe by using `dyn` throughout.
ci/deny: allow scripts in zerocopy
2026-06-26 22:53:15 -04:00 · 2025-05-13 09:02:46 +09:00 · 2025-05-11 21:06:12 +09:00
306 changed files with 9672 additions and 11849 deletions
--- a/.github/CODEOWNERS
+++ b/.github/CODEOWNERS
@@ -1,26 +1,31 @@
 # Android
-/winit-android                      @MarijnS95
+/src/platform/android.rs            @MarijnS95
+/src/platform_impl/android          @MarijnS95

 # Apple (AppKit + UIKit)
-/winit-appkit                       @madsmtm
-/winit-uikit                        @madsmtm
-/winit-common/src/core_foundation   @madsmtm
-/winit-common/src/event_handler.rs  @madsmtm
+/src/platform/ios.rs                @madsmtm
+/src/platform/macos.rs              @madsmtm
+/src/platform_impl/apple            @madsmtm

-# XKB
-/winit-common/src/xkb               @kchibisov
+# Unix
+/src/platform_impl/linux/mod.rs     @kchibisov

 # Wayland
-/winit-wayland                      @kchibisov
+/src/platform/wayland.rs            @kchibisov
+/src/platform_impl/linux/wayland    @kchibisov

 # X11
-/winit-x11                          @kchibisov
+/src/platform/x11.rs                @kchibisov @notgull
+/src/platform_impl/linux/x11        @kchibisov @notgull

 # Web
-/winit-web                          @daxpedda
+/src/platform/web.rs                @daxpedda
+/src/platform_impl/web              @daxpedda

-# Windows (Win32) (UNOWNED)
-#/winit-win32                       
+# Windows
+/src/platform/windows.rs            @notgull
+/src/platform_impl/windows          @notgull

 # Orbital (Redox OS)
-/winit-orbital                      @jackpot51
+/src/platform/orbital.rs            @jackpot51
+/src/platform_impl/orbital          @jackpot51
--- a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/bug_uikit.yml
+++ b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/bug_uikit.yml
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 name: iOS bug
-description: Create an iOS/UIKit-specific bug report
+description: Create an iOS-specific bug report
 labels:
  - B - bug
-  - DS - uikit
+  - DS - ios
 body:
  - type: markdown
    attributes:
--- a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/bug_appkit.yml
+++ b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/bug_appkit.yml
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-name: macOS bug
+name: MacOS bug
 description: Create a macOS-specific bug report
 labels:
  - B - bug
-  - DS - appkit
+  - DS - macos
 body:
  - type: markdown
    attributes:
--- a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/bug_windows.yml
+++ b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/bug_windows.yml
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ name: Windows bug
 description: Create a Windows-specific bug report
 labels:
  - B - bug
-  - DS - win32
+  - DS - windows
 body:
  - type: markdown
    attributes:
--- a/.github/workflows/ci.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/ci.yml
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ jobs:
    strategy:
      fail-fast: false
      matrix:
-        toolchain: [stable, nightly, '1.85']
+        toolchain: [stable, nightly, '1.80']
        platform:
          # Note: Make sure that we test all the `docs.rs` targets defined in Cargo.toml!
          - { name: 'Windows 64bit MSVC', target: x86_64-pc-windows-msvc,   os: windows-latest,  }
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ jobs:
          - { name: 'Linux 64bit',        target: x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu, os: ubuntu-latest,   }
          - { name: 'X11',                target: x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu, os: ubuntu-latest, options: '--no-default-features --features=x11' }
          - { name: 'Wayland',            target: x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu, os: ubuntu-latest, options: '--no-default-features --features=wayland,wayland-dlopen' }
-          - { name: 'Android',            target: aarch64-linux-android,    os: ubuntu-latest, options: '--package winit --features=android-native-activity', cmd: 'apk -- ' }
+          - { name: 'Android',            target: aarch64-linux-android,    os: ubuntu-latest, options: '--package=winit --features=android-native-activity', cmd: 'apk --' }
          - { name: 'Redox OS',           target: x86_64-unknown-redox,     os: ubuntu-latest,   }
          - { name: 'macOS x86_64',       target: x86_64-apple-darwin,      os: macos-latest,    }
          - { name: 'macOS Aarch64',      target: aarch64-apple-darwin,     os: macos-latest,    }
@@ -82,14 +82,14 @@ jobs:
          - toolchain: nightly
            platform: { name: 'Windows 32bit GNU' }
          # Android is tested on stable-3
-          - toolchain: '1.85'
+          - toolchain: '1.80'
            platform: { name: 'Android' }
          # Redox OS doesn't follow MSRV
-          - toolchain: '1.85'
+          - toolchain: '1.80'
            platform: { name: 'Redox OS' }
        include:
-          - toolchain: '1.85'
-            platform: { name: 'Android', target: aarch64-linux-android, os: ubuntu-latest, options: '--package winit --features=android-native-activity', cmd: 'apk -- ' }
+          - toolchain: '1.80'
+            platform: { name: 'Android', target: aarch64-linux-android, os: ubuntu-latest, options: '--package=winit --features=android-native-activity', cmd: 'apk --' }
          - toolchain: 'nightly'
            platform: { name: 'Web', target: wasm32-unknown-unknown, os: ubuntu-latest, test-options: -Zdoctest-xcompile }
          - toolchain: 'nightly'
@@ -124,7 +124,7 @@ jobs:
      # the cache has been downloaded.
      #
      # This could be avoided if we added Cargo.lock to the repository.
-      uses: actions/cache/restore@v5
+      uses: actions/cache/restore@v4
      with:
        # https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/guide/cargo-home.html#caching-the-cargo-home-in-ci
        path: |
@@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ jobs:

    - name: Generate lockfile
      # Also updates the crates.io index
-      run: cargo generate-lockfile && cargo update -p smol_str --precise 0.3.2 && cargo update -p unicode-segmentation --precise 1.12.0 && cargo update -p wayland-protocols --precise 0.32.12
+      run: cargo generate-lockfile && cargo update -p ahash --precise 0.8.7 && cargo update -p bumpalo --precise 3.14.0

    - name: Install GCC Multilib
      if: (matrix.platform.os == 'ubuntu-latest') && contains(matrix.platform.target, 'i686')
@@ -145,7 +145,7 @@ jobs:
    - name: Cache cargo-apk
      if: contains(matrix.platform.target, 'android')
      id: cargo-apk-cache
-      uses: actions/cache@v5
+      uses: actions/cache@v4
      with:
        path: ~/.cargo/bin/cargo-apk
        # Change this key if we update the required cargo-apk version
@@ -160,7 +160,7 @@ jobs:
      if: contains(matrix.platform.target, 'android') && (steps.cargo-apk-cache.outputs.cache-hit != 'true')
      run: cargo install cargo-apk --version=^0.9.7 --locked

-    - uses: taiki-e/cache-cargo-install-action@v3
+    - uses: taiki-e/cache-cargo-install-action@v2
      if: contains(matrix.platform.target, 'wasm32') && matrix.toolchain == 'nightly'
      with:
        tool: wasm-bindgen-cli
@@ -179,70 +179,23 @@ jobs:
    - name: Build crate
      run: cargo $CMD build $OPTIONS

-    - name: Test winit core
-      run: cargo test -p winit-core
-
-    - name: Test winit Android
-      if: contains(matrix.platform.target, 'android')
-      run: cargo $CMD test -p winit-android --features native-activity --no-run
-
-    - name: Test winit Common (EventHandler)
-      run: cargo $CMD test -p winit-common --features event-handler --no-run
-
-    - name: Test winit Common (CF)
-      if: contains(matrix.platform.target, 'apple')
-      run: cargo $CMD test -p winit-common --features core-foundation --no-run
-
-    - name: Test winit Common (XKB)
-      if: contains(matrix.platform.target, 'linux-gnu')
-      run: cargo $CMD test -p winit-common --features xkb,x11,wayland --no-run
-
-    - name: Test winit AppKit
-      if: contains(matrix.platform.target, 'macos')
-      run: cargo $CMD test -p winit-appkit $OPTIONS
-
-    - name: Test winit Orbital
-      if: contains(matrix.platform.target, 'redox')
-      run: cargo test -p winit-orbital
-
-    - name: Test winit UIKit
-      if: contains(matrix.platform.target, 'ios')
-      # TODO: Run on Simulator
-      run: cargo $CMD test -p winit-uikit $OPTIONS --no-run
-
-    - name: Test winit Web
-      if: contains(matrix.platform.target, 'wasm')
-      run: cargo $CMD test -p winit-web $OPTIONS --no-run
-
-    - name: Test winit Win32
-      if: contains(matrix.platform.target, 'windows')
-      run: cargo $CMD test -p winit-win32 $OPTIONS
-
-    - name: Test winit X11
-      if: contains(matrix.platform.target, 'linux-gnu')
-      run: cargo $CMD test -p winit-x11 --target=${{ matrix.platform.target }}
-
-    - name: Test winit Wayland
-      if: contains(matrix.platform.target, 'linux-gnu')
-      run: cargo $CMD test -p winit-wayland --target=${{ matrix.platform.target }}
-
    # Test only on Linux x86_64, so we avoid spending unnecessary CI hours.
    - name: Test dpi crate
      if: >
        contains(matrix.platform.name, 'Linux 64bit') &&
-        matrix.toolchain != '1.85'
+        matrix.toolchain != '1.80'
      run: cargo test -p dpi
-
+      
    - name: Check dpi crate (no_std)
      if: >
        contains(matrix.platform.name, 'Linux 64bit') &&
-        matrix.toolchain != '1.85'
+        matrix.toolchain != '1.80'
      run: cargo check -p dpi --no-default-features

    - name: Build tests
      if: >
        !contains(matrix.platform.target, 'redox') &&
-        matrix.toolchain != '1.85'
+        matrix.toolchain != '1.80'
      run: cargo $CMD test --no-run $OPTIONS

    - name: Run tests
@@ -251,7 +204,7 @@ jobs:
        !contains(matrix.platform.target, 'ios') &&
        (!contains(matrix.platform.target, 'wasm32') || matrix.toolchain == 'nightly') &&
        !contains(matrix.platform.target, 'redox') &&
-        matrix.toolchain != '1.85'
+        matrix.toolchain != '1.80'
      run: cargo $CMD test $OPTIONS

    - name: Lint with clippy
@@ -261,7 +214,7 @@ jobs:
    - name: Build tests with serde enabled
      if: >
        !contains(matrix.platform.target, 'redox') &&
-        matrix.toolchain != '1.85'
+        matrix.toolchain != '1.80'
      run: cargo $CMD test --no-run $OPTIONS $TEST_OPTIONS --features serde

    - name: Run tests with serde enabled
@@ -270,7 +223,7 @@ jobs:
        !contains(matrix.platform.target, 'ios') &&
        (!contains(matrix.platform.target, 'wasm32') || matrix.toolchain == 'nightly') &&
        !contains(matrix.platform.target, 'redox') &&
-        matrix.toolchain != '1.85'
+        matrix.toolchain != '1.80'
      run: cargo $CMD test $OPTIONS $TEST_OPTIONS --features serde

    - name: Check docs.rs documentation
@@ -281,7 +234,7 @@ jobs:

    # See restore step above
    - name: Save cache of cargo folder
-      uses: actions/cache/save@v5
+      uses: actions/cache/save@v4
      with:
        path: |
          ~/.cargo/registry/index/
@@ -290,14 +243,30 @@ jobs:
        key: cargo-${{ matrix.toolchain }}-${{ matrix.platform.name }}-${{ hashFiles('Cargo.lock') }}

  cargo-deny:
-    name: Run cargo-deny
+    name: Run cargo-deny on ${{ matrix.platform.name }}
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest

+    # TODO: remove this matrix when https://github.com/EmbarkStudios/cargo-deny/issues/324 is resolved
+    strategy:
+      fail-fast: false
+      matrix:
+        platform:
+          - { name: 'Android', target: aarch64-linux-android }
+          - { name: 'iOS', target: aarch64-apple-ios }
+          - { name: 'Linux', target: x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu }
+          - { name: 'macOS', target: aarch64-apple-darwin }
+          - { name: 'Redox OS', target: x86_64-unknown-redox }
+          - { name: 'Web', target: wasm32-unknown-unknown }
+          - { name: 'Windows GNU', target: x86_64-pc-windows-gnu }
+          - { name: 'Windows MSVC', target: x86_64-pc-windows-msvc }
+
    steps:
    - uses: taiki-e/checkout-action@v1
    - uses: EmbarkStudios/cargo-deny-action@v2
      with:
+        command: check
        log-level: error
+        arguments: --all-features --target ${{ matrix.platform.target }}

  eslint:
    name: ESLint
@@ -305,14 +274,14 @@ jobs:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    defaults:
      run:
-        working-directory: ./winit-web/src/script
+        working-directory: ./src/platform_impl/web/script

    steps:
      - uses: taiki-e/checkout-action@v1
      - name: Setup NPM
        run: npm install
      - name: Run ESLint
-        run: npx eslint@9.38.0
+        run: npx eslint

  swc:
    name: Minimize JavaScript
@@ -320,7 +289,7 @@ jobs:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    defaults:
      run:
-        working-directory: ./winit-web/src/script
+        working-directory: ./src/platform_impl/web/script

    steps:
      - uses: taiki-e/checkout-action@v1
--- a/.github/workflows/docs.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/docs.yml
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ jobs:
      id-token: write

    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v4

      - uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@master
        with:
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ jobs:
          cargo doc --no-deps -Z rustdoc-map -Z rustdoc-scrape-examples --features=serde,mint,android-native-activity

      - name: Setup Pages
-        uses: actions/configure-pages@v6
+        uses: actions/configure-pages@v5

      - name: Fix permissions
        run: |
@@ -41,10 +41,10 @@ jobs:
          done

      - name: Upload artifact
-        uses: actions/upload-pages-artifact@v4
+        uses: actions/upload-pages-artifact@v3
        with:
          path: target/doc

      - name: Deploy to GitHub Pages
        id: deployment
-        uses: actions/deploy-pages@v5
+        uses: actions/deploy-pages@v4
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -3,6 +3,6 @@ Changelog entries should be put in the [`changelog::unreleased`].
 The changelog can also be viewed [on docs.rs][docs_rs] or [on the current
 master docs][master_docs].

-[`changelog::unreleased`]: winit/src/changelog/unreleased.md
+[`changelog::unreleased`]: src/changelog/unreleased.md
 [docs_rs]: https://docs.rs/winit/latest/winit/changelog/index.html
 [master_docs]: https://rust-windowing.github.io/winit/winit/changelog/index.html
--- a/CONTRIBUTING.md
+++ b/CONTRIBUTING.md
@@ -13,13 +13,6 @@ To save your time it's wise to check already opened [pull requests][prs] and
 accepted, however larger new API proposals should go into the issue first. When
 in doubt contact us on [Matrix][matrix] or via opening an issue.

-### Windows
-
-To run the examples on Windows, you must have symlinks enabled, see
-[this][git-windows-symlinks].
-
-[git-windows-symlinks]: https://gitforwindows.org/symbolic-links.html
-
 ### Submitting your work and handling review

 All patches have to be sent on Github as [pull requests][prs]. To simplify your
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,97 +1,403 @@
-[workspace]
-default-members = ["winit"]
-members = ["dpi", "winit*"]
-resolver = "2"
+[package]
+authors = ["The winit contributors", "Pierre Krieger <pierre.krieger1708@gmail.com>"]
+categories = ["gui"]
+description = "Cross-platform window creation library."
+documentation = "https://docs.rs/winit"
+edition.workspace = true
+include = [
+    "/build.rs",
+    "/docs",
+    "/examples",
+    "/FEATURES.md",
+    "/LICENSE",
+    "/src",
+    "!/src/platform_impl/web/script",
+    "/src/platform_impl/web/script/**/*.min.js",
+    "/tests",
+]
+keywords = ["windowing"]
+license.workspace = true
+name = "winit"
+readme = "README.md"
+repository.workspace = true
+rust-version.workspace = true
+version = "0.30.10"

-[workspace.package]
-edition = "2024"
-license = "Apache-2.0"
-repository = "https://github.com/rust-windowing/winit"
-rust-version = "1.85"
-version = "0.31.0-beta.2"
+[package.metadata.docs.rs]
+features = [
+    "serde",
+    "mint",
+    # Enabled to get docs to compile
+    "android-native-activity",
+]
+# These are all tested in CI
+rustdoc-args = ["--cfg", "docsrs"]
+targets = [
+    # Windows
+    "i686-pc-windows-msvc",
+    "x86_64-pc-windows-msvc",
+    # macOS
+    "aarch64-apple-darwin",
+    "x86_64-apple-darwin",
+    # Unix (X11 & Wayland)
+    "i686-unknown-linux-gnu",
+    "x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu",
+    # iOS
+    "aarch64-apple-ios",
+    # Android
+    "aarch64-linux-android",
+    # Web
+    "wasm32-unknown-unknown",
+]

-[workspace.dependencies]
-# Workspace dependencies.
-# `winit` has no version here to allow using it in dev deps for docs.
-winit = { path = "winit" }
-winit-android = { version = "=0.31.0-beta.2", path = "winit-android" }
-winit-appkit = { version = "=0.31.0-beta.2", path = "winit-appkit" }
-winit-common = { version = "=0.31.0-beta.2", path = "winit-common" }
-winit-core = { version = "=0.31.0-beta.2", path = "winit-core" }
-winit-orbital = { version = "=0.31.0-beta.2", path = "winit-orbital" }
-winit-uikit = { version = "=0.31.0-beta.2", path = "winit-uikit" }
-winit-wayland = { version = "=0.31.0-beta.2", path = "winit-wayland", default-features = false }
-winit-web = { version = "=0.31.0-beta.2", path = "winit-web" }
-winit-win32 = { version = "=0.31.0-beta.2", path = "winit-win32" }
-winit-x11 = { version = "=0.31.0-beta.2", path = "winit-x11" }
+# Features are documented in either `lib.rs` or under `winit::platform`.
+[features]
+android-game-activity = ["android-activity/game-activity"]
+android-native-activity = ["android-activity/native-activity"]
+default = ["x11", "wayland", "wayland-dlopen", "wayland-csd-adwaita"]
+mint = ["dpi/mint"]
+serde = ["dep:serde", "cursor-icon/serde", "smol_str/serde", "dpi/serde", "bitflags/serde"]
+wayland = [
+    "wayland-client",
+    "wayland-backend",
+    "wayland-protocols",
+    "wayland-protocols-plasma",
+    "sctk",
+    "ahash",
+    "memmap2",
+]
+wayland-csd-adwaita = ["sctk-adwaita", "sctk-adwaita/ab_glyph"]
+wayland-csd-adwaita-crossfont = ["sctk-adwaita", "sctk-adwaita/crossfont"]
+wayland-csd-adwaita-notitle = ["sctk-adwaita"]
+wayland-dlopen = ["wayland-backend/dlopen"]
+x11 = ["x11-dl", "bytemuck", "percent-encoding", "xkbcommon-dl/x11", "x11rb"]

-# Core dependencies.
-bitflags = "2"
+[build-dependencies]
 cfg_aliases = "0.2.1"
+
+[dependencies]
+bitflags = "2"
 cursor-icon = "1.1.0"
 dpi = { version = "0.1.2", path = "dpi" }
-keyboard-types = "0.8.0"
-mint = "0.5.6"
 rwh_06 = { package = "raw-window-handle", version = "0.6", features = ["std"] }
-serde = { version = "1", features = ["serde_derive"] }
+serde = { workspace = true, optional = true }
 smol_str = "0.3"
 tracing = { version = "0.1.40", default-features = false }

-# Dev dependencies.
-image = { version = "0.25.0", default-features = false }
-softbuffer = { version = "0.4.8", default-features = false, features = [
+[dev-dependencies]
+image = { version = "0.25.0", default-features = false, features = ["png"] }
+tracing = { version = "0.1.40", default-features = false, features = ["log"] }
+tracing-subscriber = { version = "0.3.18", features = ["env-filter"] }
+
+[target.'cfg(not(target_os = "android"))'.dev-dependencies]
+softbuffer = { version = "0.4.6", default-features = false, features = [
    "x11",
    "x11-dlopen",
    "wayland",
    "wayland-dlopen",
 ] }
-tracing-subscriber = "0.3.18"

-# Android dependencies.
+# Android
+[target.'cfg(target_os = "android")'.dependencies]
 android-activity = "0.6.0"
 ndk = { version = "0.9.0", features = ["rwh_06"], default-features = false }

-# Apple dependencies.
+# AppKit or UIKit
+[target.'cfg(target_vendor = "apple")'.dependencies]
 block2 = "0.6.1"
 dispatch2 = { version = "0.3.0", default-features = false, features = ["std", "objc2"] }
-objc2 = { version = "0.6.1", features = ["relax-sign-encoding"] }
-objc2-app-kit = { version = "0.3.2", default-features = false }
-objc2-core-foundation = { version = "0.3.2", default-features = false }
-objc2-core-graphics = { version = "0.3.2", default-features = false }
-objc2-core-video = { version = "0.3.2", default-features = false }
-objc2-foundation = { version = "0.3.2", default-features = false }
-objc2-ui-kit = { version = "0.3.2", default-features = false }
+objc2 = "0.6.1"

-# Windows dependencies.
+# AppKit
+[target.'cfg(target_os = "macos")'.dependencies]
+objc2-app-kit = { version = "0.3.1", default-features = false, features = [
+    "std",
+    "objc2-core-foundation",
+    "NSAppearance",
+    "NSApplication",
+    "NSBitmapImageRep",
+    "NSButton",
+    "NSColor",
+    "NSControl",
+    "NSCursor",
+    "NSDragging",
+    "NSEvent",
+    "NSGraphics",
+    "NSGraphicsContext",
+    "NSImage",
+    "NSImageRep",
+    "NSMenu",
+    "NSMenuItem",
+    "NSOpenGLView",
+    "NSPanel",
+    "NSPasteboard",
+    "NSResponder",
+    "NSRunningApplication",
+    "NSScreen",
+    "NSTextInputClient",
+    "NSTextInputContext",
+    "NSToolbar",
+    "NSView",
+    "NSWindow",
+    "NSWindowScripting",
+    "NSWindowTabGroup",
+] }
+objc2-core-foundation = { version = "0.3.1", default-features = false, features = [
+    "std",
+    "block2",
+    "CFBase",
+    "CFCGTypes",
+    "CFData",
+    "CFRunLoop",
+    "CFString",
+    "CFUUID",
+] }
+objc2-core-graphics = { version = "0.3.1", default-features = false, features = [
+    "std",
+    "libc",
+    "CGDirectDisplay",
+    "CGDisplayConfiguration",
+    "CGDisplayFade",
+    "CGError",
+    "CGRemoteOperation",
+    "CGWindowLevel",
+] }
+objc2-core-video = { version = "0.3.1", default-features = false, features = [
+    "std",
+    "objc2-core-graphics",
+    "CVBase",
+    "CVReturn",
+    "CVDisplayLink",
+] }
+objc2-foundation = { version = "0.3.1", default-features = false, features = [
+    "std",
+    "block2",
+    "objc2-core-foundation",
+    "NSArray",
+    "NSAttributedString",
+    "NSData",
+    "NSDictionary",
+    "NSDistributedNotificationCenter",
+    "NSEnumerator",
+    "NSGeometry",
+    "NSKeyValueObserving",
+    "NSNotification",
+    "NSObjCRuntime",
+    "NSOperation",
+    "NSPathUtilities",
+    "NSProcessInfo",
+    "NSRunLoop",
+    "NSString",
+    "NSThread",
+    "NSValue",
+] }
+
+# UIKit
+[target.'cfg(all(target_vendor = "apple", not(target_os = "macos")))'.dependencies]
+objc2-core-foundation = { version = "0.3.1", default-features = false, features = [
+    "std",
+    "CFCGTypes",
+    "CFBase",
+    "CFRunLoop",
+    "CFString",
+] }
+objc2-foundation = { version = "0.3.1", default-features = false, features = [
+    "std",
+    "block2",
+    "objc2-core-foundation",
+    "NSArray",
+    "NSEnumerator",
+    "NSGeometry",
+    "NSObjCRuntime",
+    "NSOperation",
+    "NSString",
+    "NSThread",
+    "NSSet",
+] }
+objc2-ui-kit = { version = "0.3.1", default-features = false, features = [
+    "std",
+    "objc2-core-foundation",
+    "UIApplication",
+    "UIDevice",
+    "UIEvent",
+    "UIGeometry",
+    "UIGestureRecognizer",
+    "UITextInput",
+    "UITextInputTraits",
+    "UIOrientation",
+    "UIPanGestureRecognizer",
+    "UIPinchGestureRecognizer",
+    "UIResponder",
+    "UIRotationGestureRecognizer",
+    "UIScreen",
+    "UIScreenMode",
+    "UITapGestureRecognizer",
+    "UITouch",
+    "UITraitCollection",
+    "UIView",
+    "UIViewController",
+    "UIWindow",
+] }
+
+# Windows
+[target.'cfg(target_os = "windows")'.dependencies]
 unicode-segmentation = "1.7.1"
-windows-sys = "0.61"
+windows-sys = { version = "0.59.0", features = [
+    "Win32_Devices_HumanInterfaceDevice",
+    "Win32_Foundation",
+    "Win32_Globalization",
+    "Win32_Graphics_Dwm",
+    "Win32_Graphics_Gdi",
+    "Win32_Media",
+    "Win32_System_Com_StructuredStorage",
+    "Win32_System_Com",
+    "Win32_System_LibraryLoader",
+    "Win32_System_Ole",
+    "Win32_Security",
+    "Win32_System_SystemInformation",
+    "Win32_System_SystemServices",
+    "Win32_System_Threading",
+    "Win32_System_WindowsProgramming",
+    "Win32_UI_Accessibility",
+    "Win32_UI_Controls",
+    "Win32_UI_HiDpi",
+    "Win32_UI_Input_Ime",
+    "Win32_UI_Input_KeyboardAndMouse",
+    "Win32_UI_Input_Pointer",
+    "Win32_UI_Input_Touch",
+    "Win32_UI_Shell",
+    "Win32_UI_TextServices",
+    "Win32_UI_WindowsAndMessaging",
+] }

-# Linux dependencies.
-bytemuck = { version = "1.13.1", default-features = false }
-calloop = "0.14.3"
-foldhash = { version = "0.2.0", default-features = false, features = ["std"] }
+# Linux
+[target.'cfg(all(unix, not(any(target_os = "redox", target_family = "wasm", target_os = "android", target_vendor = "apple"))))'.dependencies]
+ahash = { version = "0.8.7", features = ["no-rng"], optional = true }
+bytemuck = { version = "1.13.1", default-features = false, optional = true }
+calloop = "0.13.0"
 libc = "0.2.64"
-memmap2 = "0.9.0"
-percent-encoding = "2.0"
-rustix = { version = "1.0.7", default-features = false }
-x11-dl = "2.19.1"
-x11rb = { version = "0.13.0", default-features = false }
+memmap2 = { version = "0.9.0", optional = true }
+percent-encoding = { version = "2.0", optional = true }
+rustix = { version = "0.38.4", default-features = false, features = [
+    "std",
+    "system",
+    "thread",
+    "process",
+] }
+sctk = { package = "smithay-client-toolkit", version = "0.19.2", default-features = false, features = [
+    "calloop",
+], optional = true }
+sctk-adwaita = { version = "0.10.1", default-features = false, optional = true }
+wayland-backend = { version = "0.3.10", default-features = false, features = [
+    "client_system",
+], optional = true }
+wayland-client = { version = "0.31.10", optional = true }
+wayland-protocols = { version = "0.32.8", features = ["staging"], optional = true }
+wayland-protocols-plasma = { version = "0.3.8", features = ["client"], optional = true }
+x11-dl = { version = "2.19.1", optional = true }
+x11rb = { version = "0.13.0", default-features = false, features = [
+    "allow-unsafe-code",
+    "cursor",
+    "dl-libxcb",
+    "randr",
+    "resource_manager",
+    "sync",
+    "xinput",
+    "xkb",
+], optional = true }
 xkbcommon-dl = "0.4.2"

-# Orbital dependencies.
-libredox = "0.1.12"
+# Orbital
+[target.'cfg(target_os = "redox")'.dependencies]
 orbclient = { version = "0.3.47", default-features = false }
-redox_event = { package = "redox_event", version = "0.4.5" }
+redox_syscall = "0.5.7"

-# Web dependencies.
-atomic-waker = "1"
-concurrent-queue = { version = "2", default-features = false }
-console_error_panic_hook = "0.1"
+# Web
+[target.'cfg(target_family = "wasm")'.dependencies]
 js-sys = "0.3.70"
 pin-project = "1"
-tracing-web = "0.1"
 wasm-bindgen = "0.2.93"
 wasm-bindgen-futures = "0.4.43"
-wasm-bindgen-test = "0.3"
 web-time = "1"
-web_sys = { package = "web-sys", version = "0.3.70" }
+web_sys = { package = "web-sys", version = "0.3.70", features = [
+    "AbortController",
+    "AbortSignal",
+    "Blob",
+    "BlobPropertyBag",
+    "console",
+    "CssStyleDeclaration",
+    "Document",
+    "DomException",
+    "DomRect",
+    "DomRectReadOnly",
+    "Element",
+    "Event",
+    "EventTarget",
+    "FocusEvent",
+    "HtmlCanvasElement",
+    "HtmlElement",
+    "HtmlHtmlElement",
+    "HtmlImageElement",
+    "ImageBitmap",
+    "ImageBitmapOptions",
+    "ImageBitmapRenderingContext",
+    "ImageData",
+    "IntersectionObserver",
+    "IntersectionObserverEntry",
+    "KeyboardEvent",
+    "MediaQueryList",
+    "MessageChannel",
+    "MessagePort",
+    "Navigator",
+    "Node",
+    "OrientationLockType",
+    "OrientationType",
+    "PageTransitionEvent",
+    "Permissions",
+    "PermissionState",
+    "PermissionStatus",
+    "PointerEvent",
+    "PremultiplyAlpha",
+    "ResizeObserver",
+    "ResizeObserverBoxOptions",
+    "ResizeObserverEntry",
+    "ResizeObserverOptions",
+    "ResizeObserverSize",
+    "Screen",
+    "ScreenOrientation",
+    "Url",
+    "VisibilityState",
+    "WheelEvent",
+    "Window",
+    "Worker",
+] }
+
+[target.'cfg(all(target_family = "wasm", target_feature = "atomics"))'.dependencies]
+atomic-waker = "1"
+concurrent-queue = { version = "2", default-features = false }
+
+[target.'cfg(target_family = "wasm")'.dev-dependencies]
+console_error_panic_hook = "0.1"
+tracing-web = "0.1"
+wasm-bindgen-test = "0.3"
+
+[[example]]
+doc-scrape-examples = true
+name = "window"
+
+[[example]]
+name = "child_window"
+
+[workspace]
+members = ["dpi"]
+resolver = "2"
+
+[workspace.package]
+edition = "2021"
+license = "Apache-2.0"
+repository = "https://github.com/rust-windowing/winit"
+rust-version = "1.80"
+
+[workspace.dependencies]
+mint = "0.5.6"
+serde = { version = "1", features = ["serde_derive"] }
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@

 ```toml
 [dependencies]
-winit = "0.31.0-beta.2"
+winit = "0.30.10"
 ```

 ## [Documentation](https://docs.rs/winit)
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ For contributing guidelines see [CONTRIBUTING.md](./CONTRIBUTING.md).

 ## MSRV Policy

-This crate's Minimum Supported Rust Version (MSRV) is **1.85**. Changes to
+This crate's Minimum Supported Rust Version (MSRV) is **1.80**. Changes to
 the MSRV will be accompanied by a minor version bump.

 As a **tentative** policy, the upper bound of the MSRV is given by the following
--- a/winit/build.rs
+++ b/winit/build.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,7 @@
 use cfg_aliases::cfg_aliases;

-// Only relevant for examples and Winit, our usage of println! is fine here.
-#[allow(clippy::disallowed_macros)]
 fn main() {
-    // Dummy invocation to enable change-tracking in build scripts.
+    // The script doesn't depend on our code.
    println!("cargo:rerun-if-changed=build.rs");

    // Setup cfg aliases.
--- a/clippy.toml
+++ b/clippy.toml
@@ -1,27 +1,16 @@
-# Using allow-invalid because this is platform-specific code
-disallowed-macros = [
-    { path = "std::print", reason = "works badly on web", replacement = "tracing::info" },
-    { path = "std::println", reason = "works badly on web", replacement = "tracing::info" },
-    { path = "std::eprint", reason = "works badly on web", replacement = "tracing::error" },
-    { path = "std::eprintln", reason = "works badly on web", replacement = "tracing::error" },
-    { path = "std::dbg", reason = "leftover debugging aid, remove it or use tracing" },
-]
 disallowed-methods = [
-    { allow-invalid = true, path = "objc2_app_kit::NSView::visibleRect", reason = "We expose a render target to the user, and visibility is not really relevant to that (and can break if you don't use the rectangle position as well). Use `frame` instead." },
-    { allow-invalid = true, path = "objc2_app_kit::NSWindow::setFrameTopLeftPoint", reason = "Not sufficient when working with Winit's coordinate system, use `flip_window_screen_coordinates` instead" },
-    { allow-invalid = true, path = "web_sys::Document::exit_fullscreen", reason = "Doesn't account for compatibility with Safari" },
-    { allow-invalid = true, path = "web_sys::Document::fullscreen_element", reason = "Doesn't account for compatibility with Safari" },
-    { allow-invalid = true, path = "web_sys::Element::request_fullscreen", reason = "Doesn't account for compatibility with Safari" },
-    { allow-invalid = true, path = "web_sys::HtmlCanvasElement::height", reason = "Winit shouldn't touch the internal canvas size" },
-    { allow-invalid = true, path = "web_sys::HtmlCanvasElement::set_height", reason = "Winit shouldn't touch the internal canvas size" },
-    { allow-invalid = true, path = "web_sys::HtmlCanvasElement::set_width", reason = "Winit shouldn't touch the internal canvas size" },
-    { allow-invalid = true, path = "web_sys::HtmlCanvasElement::width", reason = "Winit shouldn't touch the internal canvas size" },
-    { allow-invalid = true, path = "web_sys::HtmlElement::style", reason = "cache this to reduce calls to JS" },
-    { allow-invalid = true, path = "web_sys::MouseEvent::buttons", reason = "Use `backend::event::cursor_buttons()` to avoid wrong conversions" },
-    { allow-invalid = true, path = "web_sys::MouseEvent::button", reason = "Use `backend::event::cursor_button()` to avoid wrong conversions" },
-    { allow-invalid = true, path = "web_sys::PointerEvent::pointer_type", reason = "Use `WebPointerType` to emit warnings" },
-    { allow-invalid = true, path = "web_sys::Window::document", reason = "cache this to reduce calls to JS" },
-    { allow-invalid = true, path = "web_sys::Window::get_computed_style", reason = "cache this to reduce calls to JS" },
-    { allow-invalid = true, path = "web_sys::Window::navigator", reason = "cache this to reduce calls to JS" },
-    { allow-invalid = true, path = "web_sys::window", reason = "is not available in every context" },
+    { path = "objc2_app_kit::NSView::visibleRect", reason = "We expose a render target to the user, and visibility is not really relevant to that (and can break if you don't use the rectangle position as well). Use `frame` instead." },
+    { path = "objc2_app_kit::NSWindow::setFrameTopLeftPoint", reason = "Not sufficient when working with Winit's coordinate system, use `flip_window_screen_coordinates` instead" },
+    { path = "web_sys::Document::exit_fullscreen", reason = "Doesn't account for compatibility with Safari" },
+    { path = "web_sys::Document::fullscreen_element", reason = "Doesn't account for compatibility with Safari" },
+    { path = "web_sys::Element::request_fullscreen", reason = "Doesn't account for compatibility with Safari" },
+    { path = "web_sys::HtmlCanvasElement::height", reason = "Winit shouldn't touch the internal canvas size" },
+    { path = "web_sys::HtmlCanvasElement::set_height", reason = "Winit shouldn't touch the internal canvas size" },
+    { path = "web_sys::HtmlCanvasElement::set_width", reason = "Winit shouldn't touch the internal canvas size" },
+    { path = "web_sys::HtmlCanvasElement::width", reason = "Winit shouldn't touch the internal canvas size" },
+    { path = "web_sys::HtmlElement::style", reason = "cache this to reduce calls to JS" },
+    { path = "web_sys::Window::document", reason = "cache this to reduce calls to JS" },
+    { path = "web_sys::Window::get_computed_style", reason = "cache this to reduce calls to JS" },
+    { path = "web_sys::Window::navigator", reason = "cache this to reduce calls to JS" },
+    { path = "web_sys::window", reason = "is not available in every context" },
 ]
--- a/deny.toml
+++ b/deny.toml
@@ -1,25 +1,27 @@
 # https://embarkstudios.github.io/cargo-deny
 # cargo install cargo-deny
-# cargo update && cargo deny check
+# cargo update && cargo deny --target aarch64-apple-ios check
+# Note: running just `cargo deny check` without a `--target` will result in
+# false positives due to https://github.com/EmbarkStudios/cargo-deny/issues/324
 [graph]
 all-features = true
 exclude-dev = true
 targets = [
-    "aarch64-apple-darwin",
-    "aarch64-apple-ios",
-    "aarch64-linux-android",
-    "i686-pc-windows-gnu",
-    "i686-pc-windows-msvc",
-    "i686-unknown-linux-gnu",
+    { triple = "aarch64-apple-darwin" },
+    { triple = "aarch64-apple-ios" },
+    { triple = "aarch64-linux-android" },
+    { triple = "i686-pc-windows-gnu" },
+    { triple = "i686-pc-windows-msvc" },
+    { triple = "i686-unknown-linux-gnu" },
    { triple = "wasm32-unknown-unknown", features = [
        "atomics",
    ] },
-    "x86_64-apple-darwin",
-    "x86_64-apple-ios",
-    "x86_64-pc-windows-gnu",
-    "x86_64-pc-windows-msvc",
-    "x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu",
-    "x86_64-unknown-redox",
+    { triple = "x86_64-apple-darwin" },
+    { triple = "x86_64-apple-ios" },
+    { triple = "x86_64-pc-windows-gnu" },
+    { triple = "x86_64-pc-windows-msvc" },
+    { triple = "x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu" },
+    { triple = "x86_64-unknown-redox" },
 ]

 [licenses]
@@ -30,32 +32,45 @@ allow = [
    "ISC",          # https://tldrlegal.com/license/isc-license
    "MIT",          # https://tldrlegal.com/license/mit-license
    "Unicode-3.0",  # https://spdx.org/licenses/Unicode-3.0.html
-    "Zlib",         # https://spdx.org/licenses/Zlib.html
-    "MPL-2.0",      # https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/
 ]
 confidence-threshold = 1.0
 private = { ignore = true }

 [bans]
 multiple-versions = "deny"
-skip = [
-    { crate = "jni-sys@0.3", reason = "uses the semver trick to depend on v0.4, but `ndk` hasn't been updated to v0.4 yet" },
-    { crate = "thiserror@1.0", reason = "dep of `ndk` crate, yet to be updated" },
-    { crate = "thiserror-impl@1.0", reason = "dep of `thiserror`" },
-    { crate = "objc2@0.5", reason = "used by crossfont" },
-    { crate = "objc2-foundation@0.2", reason = "used by crossfont" },
-]
-skip-tree = [
-    { crate = "windows-sys", reason = "foundational but bumps fairly often, nothing we can do about it not having a shared version" },
-]
+skip = [{ crate = "bitflags@1", reason = "the ecosystem is in the process of migrating" }]
+wildcards = "allow"                                                                        # at least until https://github.com/EmbarkStudios/cargo-deny/issues/241 is fixed

 [bans.build]
-bypass = [
-    { crate = "android-activity", allow-globs = ["android-games-sdk/import-games-sdk.sh"] },
-    { crate = "freetype-sys", allow-globs = ["freetype2/*"] },
-    # `crossfont` still depends (partially transitively) on `winapi`.
-    { crate = "winapi-i686-pc-windows-gnu", allow-globs = ["lib/lib*.a"] },
-    { crate = "winapi-x86_64-pc-windows-gnu", allow-globs = ["lib/lib*.a"] },
-]
 include-archives = true
 interpreted = "deny"
+
+[[bans.build.bypass]]
+allow = [
+    { path = "generate-bindings.sh", checksum = "268ec23248218d779e33853cdc60e2985e70214ff004716cd734270de1f6b561" },
+]
+crate = "android-activity"
+
+[[bans.build.bypass]]
+allow-globs = ["ci/*", "githooks/*"]
+crate = "zerocopy"
+
+[[bans.build.bypass]]
+allow-globs = ["freetype2/*"]
+crate = "freetype-sys"
+
+[[bans.build.bypass]]
+allow-globs = ["lib/*.a"]
+crate = "windows_i686_gnu"
+
+[[bans.build.bypass]]
+allow-globs = ["lib/*.lib"]
+crate = "windows_i686_msvc"
+
+[[bans.build.bypass]]
+allow-globs = ["lib/*.a"]
+crate = "windows_x86_64_gnu"
+
+[[bans.build.bypass]]
+allow-globs = ["lib/*.lib"]
+crate = "windows_x86_64_msvc"
--- a/docs/ATTRIBUTION.md
+++ b/docs/ATTRIBUTION.md
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+# Image Attribution
+
+These images are used in the documentation of `winit`.
+
+## keyboard_*.svg
+
+These files are a modified version of "[ANSI US QWERTY (Windows)](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:ANSI_US_QWERTY_(Windows).svg)"
+by [Tomiĉo] (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Tomi%C4%89o). It was
+originally released under the [CC-BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en)
+License. Minor modifications have been made by [John Nunley](https://github.com/notgull),
+which have been released under the same license as a derivative work.
+
+## `coordinate-systems*`
+
+These files are created by [Mads Marquart](https://github.com/madsmtm) using
+[draw.io](https://draw.io/), and compressed using [svgomg.net](https://svgomg.net/).
+
+They are licensed under the [CC-BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) license.
--- a/winit/docs/coordinate-systems.drawio
+++ b/winit/docs/coordinate-systems.drawio
--- a/winit/docs/res/coordinate-systems-desktop.svg
+++ b/winit/docs/res/coordinate-systems-desktop.svg
--- a/winit/docs/res/coordinate-systems-mobile.svg
+++ b/winit/docs/res/coordinate-systems-mobile.svg
--- a/docs/res/keyboard_left_shift_key.svg
+++ b/docs/res/keyboard_left_shift_key.svg
--- a/docs/res/keyboard_numpad_1_key.svg
+++ b/docs/res/keyboard_numpad_1_key.svg
--- a/docs/res/keyboard_right_shift_key.svg
+++ b/docs/res/keyboard_right_shift_key.svg
--- a/docs/res/keyboard_standard_1_key.svg
+++ b/docs/res/keyboard_standard_1_key.svg
--- a/dpi/src/lib.rs
+++ b/dpi/src/lib.rs
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@
 //! [points]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_(typography)
 //! [picas]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pica_(typography)

-#![cfg_attr(docsrs, feature(doc_cfg), doc(auto_cfg(hide(doc, docsrs))))]
+#![cfg_attr(docsrs, feature(doc_auto_cfg, doc_cfg_hide), doc(cfg_hide(doc, docsrs)))]
 #![cfg_attr(feature = "std", forbid(unsafe_code))]
 #![no_std]

@@ -84,18 +84,36 @@ pub trait Pixel: Copy + Into<f64> {
    }
 }

-macro_rules! pixel_int_impl {
-    ($($t:ty),*) => {$(
-        impl Pixel for $t {
-            fn from_f64(f: f64) -> Self {
-                round(f) as $t
-            }
-        }
-    )*}
+impl Pixel for u8 {
+    fn from_f64(f: f64) -> Self {
+        round(f) as u8
+    }
+}
+impl Pixel for u16 {
+    fn from_f64(f: f64) -> Self {
+        round(f) as u16
+    }
+}
+impl Pixel for u32 {
+    fn from_f64(f: f64) -> Self {
+        round(f) as u32
+    }
+}
+impl Pixel for i8 {
+    fn from_f64(f: f64) -> Self {
+        round(f) as i8
+    }
+}
+impl Pixel for i16 {
+    fn from_f64(f: f64) -> Self {
+        round(f) as i16
+    }
+}
+impl Pixel for i32 {
+    fn from_f64(f: f64) -> Self {
+        round(f) as i32
+    }
 }
-
-pixel_int_impl!(u8, u16, u32, i8, i16, i32);
-
 impl Pixel for f32 {
    fn from_f64(f: f64) -> Self {
        f as f32
@@ -360,48 +378,6 @@ impl<P: Pixel> From<LogicalUnit<P>> for PixelUnit {
    }
 }

-macro_rules! vec2_from_impls {
-    ($t:ident, $a:ident, $b:ident, $mint_ty:ident) => {
-        impl<P: Pixel, X: Pixel> From<(X, X)> for $t<P> {
-            fn from(($a, $b): (X, X)) -> Self {
-                Self::new($a.cast(), $b.cast())
-            }
-        }
-
-        impl<P: Pixel, X: Pixel> From<$t<P>> for (X, X) {
-            fn from(p: $t<P>) -> Self {
-                (p.$a.cast(), p.$b.cast())
-            }
-        }
-
-        impl<P: Pixel, X: Pixel> From<[X; 2]> for $t<P> {
-            fn from([$a, $b]: [X; 2]) -> Self {
-                Self::new($a.cast(), $b.cast())
-            }
-        }
-
-        impl<P: Pixel, X: Pixel> From<$t<P>> for [X; 2] {
-            fn from(p: $t<P>) -> Self {
-                [p.$a.cast(), p.$b.cast()]
-            }
-        }
-
-        #[cfg(feature = "mint")]
-        impl<P: Pixel> From<mint::$mint_ty<P>> for $t<P> {
-            fn from(p: mint::$mint_ty<P>) -> Self {
-                Self::new(p.x, p.y)
-            }
-        }
-
-        #[cfg(feature = "mint")]
-        impl<P: Pixel> From<$t<P>> for mint::$mint_ty<P> {
-            fn from(p: $t<P>) -> Self {
-                Self { x: p.$a, y: p.$b }
-            }
-        }
-    };
-}
-
 /// A position represented in logical pixels.
 ///
 /// The position is stored as floats, so please be careful. Casting floats to integers truncates the
@@ -444,7 +420,43 @@ impl<P: Pixel> LogicalPosition<P> {
    }
 }

-vec2_from_impls!(LogicalPosition, x, y, Point2);
+impl<P: Pixel, X: Pixel> From<(X, X)> for LogicalPosition<P> {
+    fn from((x, y): (X, X)) -> LogicalPosition<P> {
+        LogicalPosition::new(x.cast(), y.cast())
+    }
+}
+
+impl<P: Pixel, X: Pixel> From<LogicalPosition<P>> for (X, X) {
+    fn from(p: LogicalPosition<P>) -> (X, X) {
+        (p.x.cast(), p.y.cast())
+    }
+}
+
+impl<P: Pixel, X: Pixel> From<[X; 2]> for LogicalPosition<P> {
+    fn from([x, y]: [X; 2]) -> LogicalPosition<P> {
+        LogicalPosition::new(x.cast(), y.cast())
+    }
+}
+
+impl<P: Pixel, X: Pixel> From<LogicalPosition<P>> for [X; 2] {
+    fn from(p: LogicalPosition<P>) -> [X; 2] {
+        [p.x.cast(), p.y.cast()]
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(feature = "mint")]
+impl<P: Pixel> From<mint::Point2<P>> for LogicalPosition<P> {
+    fn from(p: mint::Point2<P>) -> Self {
+        Self::new(p.x, p.y)
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(feature = "mint")]
+impl<P: Pixel> From<LogicalPosition<P>> for mint::Point2<P> {
+    fn from(p: LogicalPosition<P>) -> Self {
+        mint::Point2 { x: p.x, y: p.y }
+    }
+}

 /// A position represented in physical pixels.
 #[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, Eq, PartialEq, Ord, PartialOrd, Default, Hash)]
@@ -484,7 +496,43 @@ impl<P: Pixel> PhysicalPosition<P> {
    }
 }

-vec2_from_impls!(PhysicalPosition, x, y, Point2);
+impl<P: Pixel, X: Pixel> From<(X, X)> for PhysicalPosition<P> {
+    fn from((x, y): (X, X)) -> PhysicalPosition<P> {
+        PhysicalPosition::new(x.cast(), y.cast())
+    }
+}
+
+impl<P: Pixel, X: Pixel> From<PhysicalPosition<P>> for (X, X) {
+    fn from(p: PhysicalPosition<P>) -> (X, X) {
+        (p.x.cast(), p.y.cast())
+    }
+}
+
+impl<P: Pixel, X: Pixel> From<[X; 2]> for PhysicalPosition<P> {
+    fn from([x, y]: [X; 2]) -> PhysicalPosition<P> {
+        PhysicalPosition::new(x.cast(), y.cast())
+    }
+}
+
+impl<P: Pixel, X: Pixel> From<PhysicalPosition<P>> for [X; 2] {
+    fn from(p: PhysicalPosition<P>) -> [X; 2] {
+        [p.x.cast(), p.y.cast()]
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(feature = "mint")]
+impl<P: Pixel> From<mint::Point2<P>> for PhysicalPosition<P> {
+    fn from(p: mint::Point2<P>) -> Self {
+        Self::new(p.x, p.y)
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(feature = "mint")]
+impl<P: Pixel> From<PhysicalPosition<P>> for mint::Point2<P> {
+    fn from(p: PhysicalPosition<P>) -> Self {
+        mint::Point2 { x: p.x, y: p.y }
+    }
+}

 /// A size represented in logical pixels.
 #[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, Eq, PartialEq, Ord, PartialOrd, Default, Hash)]
@@ -524,7 +572,43 @@ impl<P: Pixel> LogicalSize<P> {
    }
 }

-vec2_from_impls!(LogicalSize, width, height, Vector2);
+impl<P: Pixel, X: Pixel> From<(X, X)> for LogicalSize<P> {
+    fn from((x, y): (X, X)) -> LogicalSize<P> {
+        LogicalSize::new(x.cast(), y.cast())
+    }
+}
+
+impl<P: Pixel, X: Pixel> From<LogicalSize<P>> for (X, X) {
+    fn from(s: LogicalSize<P>) -> (X, X) {
+        (s.width.cast(), s.height.cast())
+    }
+}
+
+impl<P: Pixel, X: Pixel> From<[X; 2]> for LogicalSize<P> {
+    fn from([x, y]: [X; 2]) -> LogicalSize<P> {
+        LogicalSize::new(x.cast(), y.cast())
+    }
+}
+
+impl<P: Pixel, X: Pixel> From<LogicalSize<P>> for [X; 2] {
+    fn from(s: LogicalSize<P>) -> [X; 2] {
+        [s.width.cast(), s.height.cast()]
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(feature = "mint")]
+impl<P: Pixel> From<mint::Vector2<P>> for LogicalSize<P> {
+    fn from(v: mint::Vector2<P>) -> Self {
+        Self::new(v.x, v.y)
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(feature = "mint")]
+impl<P: Pixel> From<LogicalSize<P>> for mint::Vector2<P> {
+    fn from(s: LogicalSize<P>) -> Self {
+        mint::Vector2 { x: s.width, y: s.height }
+    }
+}

 /// A size represented in physical pixels.
 #[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, Eq, PartialEq, Ord, PartialOrd, Default, Hash)]
@@ -561,7 +645,43 @@ impl<P: Pixel> PhysicalSize<P> {
    }
 }

-vec2_from_impls!(PhysicalSize, width, height, Vector2);
+impl<P: Pixel, X: Pixel> From<(X, X)> for PhysicalSize<P> {
+    fn from((x, y): (X, X)) -> PhysicalSize<P> {
+        PhysicalSize::new(x.cast(), y.cast())
+    }
+}
+
+impl<P: Pixel, X: Pixel> From<PhysicalSize<P>> for (X, X) {
+    fn from(s: PhysicalSize<P>) -> (X, X) {
+        (s.width.cast(), s.height.cast())
+    }
+}
+
+impl<P: Pixel, X: Pixel> From<[X; 2]> for PhysicalSize<P> {
+    fn from([x, y]: [X; 2]) -> PhysicalSize<P> {
+        PhysicalSize::new(x.cast(), y.cast())
+    }
+}
+
+impl<P: Pixel, X: Pixel> From<PhysicalSize<P>> for [X; 2] {
+    fn from(s: PhysicalSize<P>) -> [X; 2] {
+        [s.width.cast(), s.height.cast()]
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(feature = "mint")]
+impl<P: Pixel> From<mint::Vector2<P>> for PhysicalSize<P> {
+    fn from(v: mint::Vector2<P>) -> Self {
+        Self::new(v.x, v.y)
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(feature = "mint")]
+impl<P: Pixel> From<PhysicalSize<P>> for mint::Vector2<P> {
+    fn from(s: PhysicalSize<P>) -> Self {
+        mint::Vector2 { x: s.width, y: s.height }
+    }
+}

 /// A size that's either physical or logical.
 #[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, PartialEq)]
--- a/1
+++ b/1
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-winit/examples
--- a/winit/examples/application.rs
+++ b/winit/examples/application.rs
@@ -1,48 +1,50 @@
 //! Simple winit application.
-//!
-//! Note that a real application accepting text input **should** support
-//! the IME interface. See the `ime` example.

-use std::borrow::Cow;
 use std::collections::HashMap;
 use std::error::Error;
 use std::fmt::Debug;
+#[cfg(not(android_platform))]
 use std::num::NonZeroU32;
-use std::sync::Arc;
 use std::sync::mpsc::{self, Receiver, Sender};
-#[cfg(not(web_platform))]
-use std::time::Instant;
+use std::sync::Arc;
 use std::{fmt, mem};

+use ::tracing::{error, info};
 use cursor_icon::CursorIcon;
+#[cfg(not(android_platform))]
+use rwh_06::{DisplayHandle, HasDisplayHandle};
+#[cfg(not(android_platform))]
 use softbuffer::{Context, Surface};
-use tracing::{error, info};
-#[cfg(web_platform)]
-use web_time::Instant;
 use winit::application::ApplicationHandler;
-use winit::cursor::{Cursor, CustomCursor, CustomCursorSource};
 use winit::dpi::{LogicalSize, PhysicalPosition, PhysicalSize};
 use winit::error::RequestError;
-use winit::event::{DeviceEvent, DeviceId, MouseButton, MouseScrollDelta, WindowEvent};
-use winit::event_loop::{ActiveEventLoop, EventLoop, OwnedDisplayHandle};
-use winit::icon::{Icon, RgbaIcon};
+use winit::event::{DeviceEvent, DeviceId, Ime, MouseButton, MouseScrollDelta, WindowEvent};
+use winit::event_loop::{ActiveEventLoop, EventLoop, EventLoopProvider};
+use winit::icon::RgbaIcon;
 use winit::keyboard::{Key, ModifiersState};
 use winit::monitor::Fullscreen;
 #[cfg(macos_platform)]
-use winit::platform::macos::{OptionAsAlt, WindowAttributesMacOS, WindowExtMacOS};
+use winit::platform::macos::{
+    ApplicationHandlerExtMacOS, OptionAsAlt, WindowAttributesExtMacOS, WindowExtMacOS,
+};
 #[cfg(any(x11_platform, wayland_platform))]
-use winit::platform::startup_notify::{self, EventLoopExtStartupNotify, WindowExtStartupNotify};
-#[cfg(wayland_platform)]
-use winit::platform::wayland::{ActiveEventLoopExtWayland, WindowAttributesWayland};
+use winit::platform::startup_notify::{
+    self, EventLoopExtStartupNotify, WindowAttributesExtStartupNotify, WindowExtStartupNotify,
+};
 #[cfg(web_platform)]
-use winit::platform::web::{ActiveEventLoopExtWeb, WindowAttributesWeb};
+use winit::platform::web::{ActiveEventLoopExtWeb, WindowAttributesExtWeb};
 #[cfg(x11_platform)]
-use winit::platform::x11::{ActiveEventLoopExtX11, WindowAttributesX11};
-use winit::window::{CursorGrabMode, ResizeDirection, Theme, Window, WindowAttributes, WindowId};
-use winit_core::application::macos::ApplicationHandlerExtMacOS;
+use winit::platform::x11::WindowAttributesExtX11;
+use winit::window::{
+    Cursor, CursorGrabMode, CustomCursor, CustomCursorSource, Icon, ResizeDirection, Theme, Window,
+    WindowAttributes, WindowId,
+};

 #[path = "util/tracing.rs"]
-mod tracing_init;
+mod tracing;
+
+#[path = "util/fill.rs"]
+mod fill;

 /// The amount of points to around the window for drag resize direction calculations.
 const BORDER_SIZE: f64 = 20.;
@@ -51,7 +53,7 @@ fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
    #[cfg(web_platform)]
    console_error_panic_hook::set_once();

-    tracing_init::init();
+    tracing::init();

    let event_loop = EventLoop::new()?;
    let (sender, receiver) = mpsc::channel();
@@ -90,12 +92,22 @@ struct Application {
    /// Drawing context.
    ///
    /// With OpenGL it could be EGLDisplay.
-    context: Context<OwnedDisplayHandle>,
+    #[cfg(not(android_platform))]
+    context: Option<Context<DisplayHandle<'static>>>,
 }

 impl Application {
    fn new(event_loop: &EventLoop, receiver: Receiver<Action>, sender: Sender<Action>) -> Self {
-        let context = Context::new(event_loop.owned_display_handle()).unwrap();
+        // SAFETY: we drop the context right before the event loop is stopped, thus making it safe.
+        #[cfg(not(android_platform))]
+        let context = Some(
+            Context::new(unsafe {
+                std::mem::transmute::<DisplayHandle<'_>, DisplayHandle<'static>>(
+                    event_loop.display_handle().unwrap(),
+                )
+            })
+            .unwrap(),
+        );

        // You'll have to choose an icon size at your own discretion. On X11, the desired size
        // varies by WM, and on Windows, you still have to account for screen scaling. Here
@@ -113,7 +125,15 @@ impl Application {
        .into_iter()
        .collect();

-        Self { receiver, sender, context, custom_cursors, icon, windows: Default::default() }
+        Self {
+            receiver,
+            sender,
+            #[cfg(not(android_platform))]
+            context,
+            custom_cursors,
+            icon,
+            windows: Default::default(),
+        }
    }

    fn create_window(
@@ -129,29 +149,43 @@ impl Application {
            .with_transparent(true)
            .with_window_icon(Some(self.icon.clone()));

-        #[cfg(x11_platform)]
-        if event_loop.is_x11() {
-            window_attributes = window_attributes
-                .with_platform_attributes(Box::new(window_attributes_x11(event_loop)?));
+        #[cfg(any(x11_platform, wayland_platform))]
+        if let Some(token) = event_loop.read_token_from_env() {
+            startup_notify::reset_activation_token_env();
+            info!("Using token {:?} to activate a window", token);
+            window_attributes = window_attributes.with_activation_token(token);
        }

-        #[cfg(wayland_platform)]
-        if event_loop.is_wayland() {
-            window_attributes = window_attributes
-                .with_platform_attributes(Box::new(window_attributes_wayland(event_loop)));
+        #[cfg(x11_platform)]
+        match std::env::var("X11_VISUAL_ID") {
+            Ok(visual_id_str) => {
+                info!("Using X11 visual id {visual_id_str}");
+                let visual_id = visual_id_str.parse()?;
+                window_attributes = window_attributes.with_x11_visual(visual_id);
+            },
+            Err(_) => info!("Set the X11_VISUAL_ID env variable to request specific X11 visual"),
+        }
+
+        #[cfg(x11_platform)]
+        match std::env::var("X11_SCREEN_ID") {
+            Ok(screen_id_str) => {
+                info!("Placing the window on X11 screen {screen_id_str}");
+                let screen_id = screen_id_str.parse()?;
+                window_attributes = window_attributes.with_x11_screen(screen_id);
+            },
+            Err(_) => info!(
+                "Set the X11_SCREEN_ID env variable to place the window on non-default screen"
+            ),
        }

        #[cfg(macos_platform)]
        if let Some(tab_id) = _tab_id {
-            let window_attributes_macos =
-                Box::new(WindowAttributesMacOS::default().with_tabbing_identifier(&tab_id));
-            window_attributes = window_attributes.with_platform_attributes(window_attributes_macos);
+            window_attributes = window_attributes.with_tabbing_identifier(&tab_id);
        }

        #[cfg(web_platform)]
        {
-            window_attributes =
-                window_attributes.with_platform_attributes(Box::new(window_attributes_web()));
+            window_attributes = window_attributes.with_append(true);
        }

        let window = event_loop.create_window(window_attributes)?;
@@ -178,15 +212,6 @@ impl Application {
            Action::DumpMonitors => self.dump_monitors(_event_loop),
            Action::Message => {
                info!("User wake up");
-                for (id, window) in self.windows.iter() {
-                    if window.emit_surface_size {
-                        let size = window.window.surface_size();
-                        info!(
-                            "Window {id:?} has physical surface size {}x{}",
-                            size.width, size.height
-                        );
-                    }
-                }
            },
            _ => unreachable!("Tried to execute invalid action without `WindowId`"),
        }
@@ -226,13 +251,8 @@ impl Application {
            Action::ToggleSimpleFullscreen => {
                window.window.set_simple_fullscreen(!window.window.simple_fullscreen());
            },
-            #[cfg(macos_platform)]
-            Action::ToggleBorderlessGame => {
-                let current = window.window.is_borderless_game();
-                window.window.set_borderless_game(!current);
-                info!("Borderless game: {}", !current);
-            },
            Action::ToggleMaximize => window.toggle_maximize(),
+            Action::ToggleImeInput => window.toggle_ime(),
            Action::Minimize => window.minimize(),
            Action::NextCursor => window.next_cursor(),
            Action::NextCustomCursor => {
@@ -305,9 +325,6 @@ impl Application {
                window.continuous_redraw = !window.continuous_redraw;
                window.window.request_redraw();
            },
-            Action::EmitSurfaceSize => {
-                window.toggle_emit_surface_size();
-            },
        }
    }

@@ -479,9 +496,8 @@ impl ApplicationHandler for Application {
                let mods = window.modifiers;
                if let Some(action) = state
                    .is_pressed()
-                    .then(|| button.mouse_button())
+                    .then(|| Self::process_mouse_binding(button.mouse_button(), &mods))
                    .flatten()
-                    .and_then(|button| Self::process_mouse_binding(button, &mods))
                {
                    self.handle_action_with_window(event_loop, window_id, action);
                }
@@ -503,6 +519,16 @@ impl ApplicationHandler for Application {
                    }
                }
            },
+            WindowEvent::Ime(event) => match event {
+                Ime::Enabled => info!("IME enabled for Window={window_id:?}"),
+                Ime::Preedit(text, caret_pos) => {
+                    info!("Preedit: {}, with caret at {:?}", text, caret_pos);
+                },
+                Ime::Commit(text) => {
+                    info!("Committed: {}", text);
+                },
+                Ime::Disabled => info!("IME disabled for Window={window_id:?}"),
+            },
            WindowEvent::PinchGesture { delta, .. } => {
                window.zoom += delta;
                let zoom = window.zoom;
@@ -529,7 +555,15 @@ impl ApplicationHandler for Application {
            WindowEvent::DoubleTapGesture { .. } => {
                info!("Smart zoom");
            },
-            _ => (),
+            WindowEvent::TouchpadPressure { .. }
+            | WindowEvent::DragLeft { .. }
+            | WindowEvent::KeyboardInput { .. }
+            | WindowEvent::PointerEntered { .. }
+            | WindowEvent::DragEntered { .. }
+            | WindowEvent::DragMoved { .. }
+            | WindowEvent::DragDropped { .. }
+            | WindowEvent::Destroyed
+            | WindowEvent::Moved(_) => (),
        }
    }

@@ -559,6 +593,7 @@ impl ApplicationHandler for Application {
        }
    }

+    #[cfg(target_os = "macos")]
    fn macos_handler(&mut self) -> Option<&mut dyn ApplicationHandlerExtMacOS> {
        Some(self)
    }
@@ -570,6 +605,7 @@ impl Drop for Application {
    }
 }

+#[cfg(target_os = "macos")]
 impl ApplicationHandlerExtMacOS for Application {
    fn standard_key_binding(
        &mut self,
@@ -583,8 +619,13 @@ impl ApplicationHandlerExtMacOS for Application {

 /// State of the window.
 struct WindowState {
+    /// IME input.
+    ime: bool,
    /// Render surface.
-    surface: Surface<OwnedDisplayHandle, Arc<dyn Window>>,
+    ///
+    /// NOTE: This surface must be dropped before the `Window`.
+    #[cfg(not(android_platform))]
+    surface: Surface<DisplayHandle<'static>, Arc<dyn Window>>,
    /// The actual winit Window.
    window: Arc<dyn Window>,
    /// The window theme we're drawing with.
@@ -592,11 +633,10 @@ struct WindowState {
    /// Fill the window with animated color
    animated_fill_color: bool,
    /// The application start time. Used for color fill animation
-    start_time: Instant,
+    #[cfg(not(android_platform))]
+    start_time: std::time::Instant,
    /// Redraw continuously
    continuous_redraw: bool,
-    /// Periodically emit the surface size
-    emit_surface_size: bool,
    /// Cursor position over the window.
    cursor_position: Option<PhysicalPosition<f64>>,
    /// Window modifiers state.
@@ -625,13 +665,20 @@ impl WindowState {
    fn new(app: &Application, window: Box<dyn Window>) -> Result<Self, Box<dyn Error>> {
        let window: Arc<dyn Window> = Arc::from(window);

-        let surface = Surface::new(&app.context, Arc::clone(&window))?;
+        // SAFETY: the surface is dropped before the `window` which provided it with handle, thus
+        // it doesn't outlive it.
+        #[cfg(not(android_platform))]
+        let surface = Surface::new(app.context.as_ref().unwrap(), Arc::clone(&window))?;

        let theme = window.theme().unwrap_or(Theme::Dark);
        info!("Theme: {theme:?}");
        let named_idx = 0;
        window.set_cursor(CURSORS[named_idx].into());

+        // Allow IME out of the box.
+        let ime = true;
+        window.set_ime_allowed(ime);
+
        let size = window.surface_size();
        let mut state = Self {
            #[cfg(macos_platform)]
@@ -639,13 +686,15 @@ impl WindowState {
            custom_idx: app.custom_cursors.as_ref().map(Vec::len).unwrap_or(1) - 1,
            cursor_grab: CursorGrabMode::None,
            named_idx,
+            #[cfg(not(android_platform))]
            surface,
            window,
            theme,
            animated_fill_color: false,
            continuous_redraw: false,
-            emit_surface_size: false,
-            start_time: Instant::now(),
+            #[cfg(not(android_platform))]
+            start_time: std::time::Instant::now(),
+            ime,
            cursor_position: Default::default(),
            cursor_hidden: Default::default(),
            modifiers: Default::default(),
@@ -659,12 +708,23 @@ impl WindowState {
        Ok(state)
    }

+    pub fn toggle_ime(&mut self) {
+        self.ime = !self.ime;
+        self.window.set_ime_allowed(self.ime);
+        if let Some(position) = self.ime.then_some(self.cursor_position).flatten() {
+            self.window.set_ime_cursor_area(position.into(), PhysicalSize::new(20, 20).into());
+        }
+    }
+
    pub fn minimize(&mut self) {
        self.window.set_minimized(true);
    }

    pub fn cursor_moved(&mut self, position: PhysicalPosition<f64>) {
        self.cursor_position = Some(position);
+        if self.ime {
+            self.window.set_ime_cursor_area(position.into(), PhysicalSize::new(20, 20).into());
+        }
    }

    pub fn cursor_left(&mut self) {
@@ -716,10 +776,6 @@ impl WindowState {
        self.window.set_fullscreen(fullscreen);
    }

-    fn toggle_emit_surface_size(&mut self) {
-        self.emit_surface_size = !self.emit_surface_size;
-    }
-
    /// Cycle through the grab modes ignoring errors.
    fn cycle_cursor_grab(&mut self) {
        self.cursor_grab = match self.cursor_grab {
@@ -816,12 +872,15 @@ impl WindowState {
    /// Resize the surface to the new size.
    fn resize(&mut self, size: PhysicalSize<u32>) {
        info!("Surface resized to {size:?}");
-        let (width, height) = match (NonZeroU32::new(size.width), NonZeroU32::new(size.height)) {
-            (Some(width), Some(height)) => (width, height),
-            _ => return,
-        };
-        self.surface.resize(width, height).expect("failed to resize inner buffer");
-
+        #[cfg(not(android_platform))]
+        {
+            let (width, height) = match (NonZeroU32::new(size.width), NonZeroU32::new(size.height))
+            {
+                (Some(width), Some(height)) => (width, height),
+                _ => return,
+            };
+            self.surface.resize(width, height).expect("failed to resize inner buffer");
+        }
        self.window.request_redraw();
    }

@@ -906,46 +965,42 @@ impl WindowState {
    }

    /// Draw the window contents.
+    #[cfg(not(android_platform))]
    fn draw(&mut self) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
        if self.occluded {
            info!("Skipping drawing occluded window={:?}", self.window.id());
            return Ok(());
        }

+        if self.animated_fill_color {
+            fill::fill_window_with_animated_color(&*self.window, self.start_time);
+            return Ok(());
+        }
+
        let mut buffer = self.surface.buffer_mut()?;

-        if self.animated_fill_color {
-            // Fill the entire buffer with a single color.
-            let time = self.start_time.elapsed().as_secs_f32() * 1.5;
-            let blue = (time.sin() * 255.0) as u32;
-            let green = ((time.cos() * 255.0) as u32) << 8;
-            let red = ((1.0 - time.sin() * 255.0) as u32) << 16;
-            let color = red | green | blue;
-            buffer.fill(color);
-        } else {
-            // Draw a different color inside the safe area
-            let surface_size = self.window.surface_size();
-            let insets = self.window.safe_area();
-            for y in 0..surface_size.height {
-                for x in 0..surface_size.width {
-                    let index = y as usize * surface_size.width as usize + x as usize;
-                    if insets.left <= x
-                        && x <= (surface_size.width - insets.right)
-                        && insets.top <= y
-                        && y <= (surface_size.height - insets.bottom)
-                    {
-                        // In safe area
-                        buffer[index] = match self.theme {
-                            Theme::Light => 0xffe8e8e8, // Light gray
-                            Theme::Dark => 0xff525252,  // Medium gray
-                        };
-                    } else {
-                        // Outside safe area
-                        buffer[index] = match self.theme {
-                            Theme::Light => 0xffffffff, // White
-                            Theme::Dark => 0xff181818,  // Dark gray
-                        };
-                    }
+        // Draw a different color inside the safe area
+        let surface_size = self.window.surface_size();
+        let insets = self.window.safe_area();
+        for y in 0..surface_size.height {
+            for x in 0..surface_size.width {
+                let index = y as usize * surface_size.width as usize + x as usize;
+                if insets.left <= x
+                    && x <= (surface_size.width - insets.right)
+                    && insets.top <= y
+                    && y <= (surface_size.height - insets.bottom)
+                {
+                    // In safe area
+                    buffer[index] = match self.theme {
+                        Theme::Light => 0xffe8e8e8, // Light gray
+                        Theme::Dark => 0xff525252,  // Medium gray
+                    };
+                } else {
+                    // Outside safe area
+                    buffer[index] = match self.theme {
+                        Theme::Light => 0xffffffff, // White
+                        Theme::Dark => 0xff181818,  // Dark gray
+                    };
                }
            }
        }
@@ -956,6 +1011,12 @@ impl WindowState {

        Ok(())
    }
+
+    #[cfg(android_platform)]
+    fn draw(&mut self) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
+        info!("Drawing but without rendering...");
+        Ok(())
+    }
 }

 struct Binding<T: Eq> {
@@ -980,13 +1041,12 @@ enum Action {
    ToggleCursorVisibility,
    CreateNewWindow,
    ToggleResizeIncrements,
+    ToggleImeInput,
    ToggleDecorations,
    ToggleResizable,
    ToggleFullscreen,
    #[cfg(macos_platform)]
    ToggleSimpleFullscreen,
-    #[cfg(macos_platform)]
-    ToggleBorderlessGame,
    ToggleMaximize,
    Minimize,
    NextCursor,
@@ -1010,7 +1070,6 @@ enum Action {
    Message,
    ToggleAnimatedFillColor,
    ToggleContinuousRedraw,
-    EmitSurfaceSize,
 }

 impl Action {
@@ -1019,13 +1078,12 @@ impl Action {
            Action::CloseWindow => "Close window",
            Action::ToggleCursorVisibility => "Hide cursor",
            Action::CreateNewWindow => "Create new window",
+            Action::ToggleImeInput => "Toggle IME input",
            Action::ToggleDecorations => "Toggle decorations",
            Action::ToggleResizable => "Toggle window resizable state",
            Action::ToggleFullscreen => "Toggle fullscreen",
            #[cfg(macos_platform)]
            Action::ToggleSimpleFullscreen => "Toggle simple fullscreen",
-            #[cfg(macos_platform)]
-            Action::ToggleBorderlessGame => "Toggle borderless game mode",
            Action::ToggleMaximize => "Maximize",
            Action::Minimize => "Minimize",
            Action::ToggleResizeIncrements => "Use resize increments when resizing window",
@@ -1058,7 +1116,6 @@ impl Action {
            Action::Message => "Prints a message through a user wake up",
            Action::ToggleAnimatedFillColor => "Toggle animated fill color",
            Action::ToggleContinuousRedraw => "Toggle continuous redraw",
-            Action::EmitSurfaceSize => "Periodically print the surface size",
        }
    }
 }
@@ -1130,70 +1187,15 @@ fn modifiers_to_string(mods: ModifiersState) -> String {
    mods_line
 }

-fn mouse_button_to_string(button: MouseButton) -> Cow<'static, str> {
+fn mouse_button_to_string(button: MouseButton) -> &'static str {
    match button {
        MouseButton::Left => "LMB",
        MouseButton::Right => "RMB",
        MouseButton::Middle => "MMB",
        MouseButton::Back => "Back",
        MouseButton::Forward => "Forward",
-        other => return format!("button {}", other as u8 + 1).into(),
+        MouseButton::Other(_) => "",
    }
-    .into()
-}
-
-#[cfg(web_platform)]
-fn window_attributes_web() -> WindowAttributesWeb {
-    WindowAttributesWeb::default().with_append(true)
-}
-
-#[cfg(wayland_platform)]
-fn window_attributes_wayland(event_loop: &dyn ActiveEventLoop) -> WindowAttributesWayland {
-    let mut window_attributes = WindowAttributesWayland::default();
-
-    if let Some(token) = event_loop.read_token_from_env() {
-        startup_notify::reset_activation_token_env();
-        info!("Using token {:?} to activate a window", token);
-        window_attributes = window_attributes.with_activation_token(token);
-    }
-
-    window_attributes
-}
-
-#[cfg(x11_platform)]
-fn window_attributes_x11(
-    event_loop: &dyn ActiveEventLoop,
-) -> Result<WindowAttributesX11, Box<dyn Error>> {
-    let mut window_attributes = WindowAttributesX11::default();
-
-    #[cfg(any(x11_platform, wayland_platform))]
-    if let Some(token) = event_loop.read_token_from_env() {
-        startup_notify::reset_activation_token_env();
-        info!("Using token {:?} to activate a window", token);
-        window_attributes = window_attributes.with_activation_token(token);
-    }
-
-    match std::env::var("X11_VISUAL_ID") {
-        Ok(visual_id_str) => {
-            info!("Using X11 visual id {visual_id_str}");
-            let visual_id = visual_id_str.parse()?;
-            window_attributes = window_attributes.with_x11_visual(visual_id);
-        },
-        Err(_) => info!("Set the X11_VISUAL_ID env variable to request specific X11 visual"),
-    }
-
-    match std::env::var("X11_SCREEN_ID") {
-        Ok(screen_id_str) => {
-            info!("Placing the window on X11 screen {screen_id_str}");
-            let screen_id = screen_id_str.parse()?;
-            window_attributes = window_attributes.with_x11_screen(screen_id);
-        },
-        Err(_) => {
-            info!("Set the X11_SCREEN_ID env variable to place the window on non-default screen")
-        },
-    }
-
-    Ok(window_attributes)
 }

 /// Cursor list to cycle through.
@@ -1242,6 +1244,7 @@ const KEY_BINDINGS: &[Binding<&'static str>] = &[
    #[cfg(macos_platform)]
    Binding::new("F", ModifiersState::ALT, Action::ToggleSimpleFullscreen),
    Binding::new("D", ModifiersState::CONTROL, Action::ToggleDecorations),
+    Binding::new("I", ModifiersState::CONTROL, Action::ToggleImeInput),
    Binding::new("L", ModifiersState::CONTROL, Action::CycleCursorGrab),
    Binding::new("P", ModifiersState::CONTROL, Action::ToggleResizeIncrements),
    Binding::new("R", ModifiersState::CONTROL, Action::ToggleResizable),
@@ -1277,9 +1280,6 @@ const KEY_BINDINGS: &[Binding<&'static str>] = &[
    Binding::new("T", ModifiersState::META, Action::CreateNewTab),
    #[cfg(macos_platform)]
    Binding::new("O", ModifiersState::CONTROL, Action::CycleOptionAsAlt),
-    #[cfg(macos_platform)]
-    Binding::new("B", ModifiersState::CONTROL, Action::ToggleBorderlessGame),
-    Binding::new("S", ModifiersState::ALT, Action::EmitSurfaceSize),
    Binding::new("S", ModifiersState::CONTROL, Action::Message),
 ];

--- a/winit/examples/child_window.rs
+++ b/winit/examples/child_window.rs
@@ -3,12 +3,10 @@
 fn main() -> Result<(), impl std::error::Error> {
    use std::collections::HashMap;

-    use softbuffer::{Context, Surface};
-    use tracing::info;
    use winit::application::ApplicationHandler;
    use winit::dpi::{LogicalPosition, LogicalSize, Position};
    use winit::event::{ElementState, KeyEvent, WindowEvent};
-    use winit::event_loop::{ActiveEventLoop, EventLoop, OwnedDisplayHandle};
+    use winit::event_loop::{ActiveEventLoop, EventLoop, EventLoopProvider};
    use winit::raw_window_handle::HasRawWindowHandle;
    use winit::window::{Window, WindowAttributes, WindowId};

@@ -17,20 +15,18 @@ fn main() -> Result<(), impl std::error::Error> {

    #[derive(Debug)]
    struct WindowData {
-        surface: Surface<OwnedDisplayHandle, Box<dyn Window>>,
+        window: Box<dyn Window>,
        color: u32,
    }

    impl WindowData {
-        fn new(context: &Context<OwnedDisplayHandle>, window: Box<dyn Window>, color: u32) -> Self {
-            let surface = Surface::new(context, window).unwrap();
-            Self { surface, color }
+        fn new(window: Box<dyn Window>, color: u32) -> Self {
+            Self { window, color }
        }
    }

-    #[derive(Debug)]
+    #[derive(Default, Debug)]
    struct Application {
-        context: Context<OwnedDisplayHandle>,
        parent_window_id: Option<WindowId>,
        windows: HashMap<WindowId, WindowData>,
    }
@@ -42,10 +38,10 @@ fn main() -> Result<(), impl std::error::Error> {
                .with_position(Position::Logical(LogicalPosition::new(0.0, 0.0)))
                .with_surface_size(LogicalSize::new(640.0f32, 480.0f32));
            let window = event_loop.create_window(attributes).unwrap();
-            info!("Parent window id: {:?})", window.id());
+            println!("Parent window id: {:?})", window.id());
            self.parent_window_id = Some(window.id());

-            self.windows.insert(window.id(), WindowData::new(&self.context, window, 0xffbbbbbb));
+            self.windows.insert(window.id(), WindowData::new(window, 0xffbbbbbb));
        }

        fn window_event(
@@ -60,12 +56,12 @@ fn main() -> Result<(), impl std::error::Error> {
                    event_loop.exit();
                },
                WindowEvent::PointerEntered { device_id: _, .. } => {
-                    // On x11, log when the cursor entered in a window even if the child window
+                    // On x11, println when the cursor entered in a window even if the child window
                    // is created by some key inputs.
                    // the child windows are always placed at (0, 0) with size (200, 200) in the
                    // parent window, so we also can see this log when we move
                    // the cursor around (200, 200) in parent window.
-                    info!("cursor entered in the window {window_id:?}");
+                    println!("cursor entered in the window {window_id:?}");
                },
                WindowEvent::KeyboardInput {
                    event: KeyEvent { state: ElementState::Pressed, .. },
@@ -76,24 +72,18 @@ fn main() -> Result<(), impl std::error::Error> {
                        0xff000000 + 3_u32.pow((child_index + 2).rem_euclid(16) as u32);

                    let parent_window = self.windows.get(&self.parent_window_id.unwrap()).unwrap();
-                    let child_window = spawn_child_window(
-                        parent_window.surface.window().as_ref(),
-                        event_loop,
-                        child_index,
-                    );
+                    let child_window =
+                        spawn_child_window(parent_window.window.as_ref(), event_loop, child_index);
                    let child_id = child_window.id();
-                    info!("Child window created with id: {child_id:?}");
-                    self.windows.insert(
-                        child_id,
-                        WindowData::new(&self.context, child_window, child_color),
-                    );
+                    println!("Child window created with id: {child_id:?}");
+                    self.windows.insert(child_id, WindowData::new(child_window, child_color));
                },
                WindowEvent::RedrawRequested => {
-                    if let Some(window) = self.windows.get_mut(&window_id) {
+                    if let Some(window) = self.windows.get(&window_id) {
                        if window_id == self.parent_window_id.unwrap() {
-                            fill::fill(&mut window.surface);
+                            fill::fill_window(window.window.as_ref());
                        } else {
-                            fill::fill_with_color(&mut window.surface, window.color);
+                            fill::fill_window_with_color(window.window.as_ref(), window.color);
                        }
                    }
                },
@@ -127,8 +117,7 @@ fn main() -> Result<(), impl std::error::Error> {
    }

    let event_loop = EventLoop::new().unwrap();
-    let context = Context::new(event_loop.owned_display_handle()).unwrap();
-    event_loop.run_app(Application { context, parent_window_id: None, windows: HashMap::new() })
+    event_loop.run_app(Application::default())
 }

 #[cfg(not(any(x11_platform, macos_platform, windows_platform)))]
--- a/winit/examples/control_flow.rs
+++ b/winit/examples/control_flow.rs
@@ -4,13 +4,12 @@ use std::thread;
 #[cfg(not(web_platform))]
 use std::time;

-use softbuffer::{Context, Surface};
-use tracing::{info, warn};
+use ::tracing::{info, warn};
 #[cfg(web_platform)]
 use web_time as time;
 use winit::application::ApplicationHandler;
 use winit::event::{ElementState, KeyEvent, StartCause, WindowEvent};
-use winit::event_loop::{ActiveEventLoop, ControlFlow, EventLoop, OwnedDisplayHandle};
+use winit::event_loop::{ActiveEventLoop, ControlFlow, EventLoop, EventLoopProvider};
 use winit::keyboard::{Key, NamedKey};
 use winit::window::{Window, WindowAttributes, WindowId};

@@ -53,7 +52,7 @@ struct ControlFlowDemo {
    request_redraw: bool,
    wait_cancelled: bool,
    close_requested: bool,
-    surface: Option<Surface<OwnedDisplayHandle, Box<dyn Window>>>,
+    window: Option<Box<dyn Window>>,
 }

 impl ApplicationHandler for ControlFlowDemo {
@@ -70,10 +69,7 @@ impl ApplicationHandler for ControlFlowDemo {
        let window_attributes = WindowAttributes::default().with_title(
            "Press 1, 2, 3 to change control flow mode. Press R to toggle redraw requests.",
        );
-        let window = event_loop.create_window(window_attributes).unwrap();
-        let context = Context::new(event_loop.owned_display_handle()).unwrap();
-        let surface = Surface::new(&context, window).unwrap();
-        self.surface = Some(surface);
+        self.window = Some(event_loop.create_window(window_attributes).unwrap());
    }

    fn window_event(
@@ -116,9 +112,9 @@ impl ApplicationHandler for ControlFlowDemo {
                _ => (),
            },
            WindowEvent::RedrawRequested => {
-                let surface = self.surface.as_mut().unwrap();
-                surface.window().pre_present_notify();
-                fill::fill(surface);
+                let window = self.window.as_ref().unwrap();
+                window.pre_present_notify();
+                fill::fill_window(window.as_ref());
            },
            _ => (),
        }
@@ -126,7 +122,7 @@ impl ApplicationHandler for ControlFlowDemo {

    fn about_to_wait(&mut self, event_loop: &dyn ActiveEventLoop) {
        if self.request_redraw && !self.wait_cancelled && !self.close_requested {
-            self.surface.as_ref().unwrap().window().request_redraw();
+            self.window.as_ref().unwrap().request_redraw();
        }

        match self.mode {
--- a/winit/examples/data/cross.png
+++ b/winit/examples/data/cross.png
--- a/winit/examples/data/cross2.png
+++ b/winit/examples/data/cross2.png
--- a/winit/examples/data/gradient.png
+++ b/winit/examples/data/gradient.png
--- a/winit/examples/data/icon.png
+++ b/winit/examples/data/icon.png
--- a/winit/examples/dnd.rs
+++ b/winit/examples/dnd.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,8 @@
 use std::error::Error;

-use softbuffer::{Context, Surface};
-use tracing::info;
 use winit::application::ApplicationHandler;
 use winit::event::WindowEvent;
-use winit::event_loop::{ActiveEventLoop, EventLoop, OwnedDisplayHandle};
+use winit::event_loop::{ActiveEventLoop, EventLoop, EventLoopProvider};
 use winit::window::{Window, WindowAttributes, WindowId};

 #[path = "util/fill.rs"]
@@ -17,24 +15,27 @@ fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {

    let event_loop = EventLoop::new()?;

-    let app = Application::default();
+    let app = Application::new();
    Ok(event_loop.run_app(app)?)
 }

 /// Application state and event handling.
-#[derive(Default, Debug)]
+#[derive(Debug)]
 struct Application {
-    surface: Option<Surface<OwnedDisplayHandle, Box<dyn Window>>>,
+    window: Option<Box<dyn Window>>,
+}
+
+impl Application {
+    fn new() -> Self {
+        Self { window: None }
+    }
 }

 impl ApplicationHandler for Application {
    fn can_create_surfaces(&mut self, event_loop: &dyn ActiveEventLoop) {
        let window_attributes =
            WindowAttributes::default().with_title("Drag and drop files on me!");
-        let window = event_loop.create_window(window_attributes).unwrap();
-        let context = Context::new(event_loop.owned_display_handle()).unwrap();
-        let surface = Surface::new(&context, window).unwrap();
-        self.surface = Some(surface);
+        self.window = Some(event_loop.create_window(window_attributes).unwrap());
    }

    fn window_event(
@@ -48,12 +49,12 @@ impl ApplicationHandler for Application {
            | WindowEvent::DragEntered { .. }
            | WindowEvent::DragMoved { .. }
            | WindowEvent::DragDropped { .. } => {
-                info!("{event:?}");
+                println!("{:?}", event);
            },
            WindowEvent::RedrawRequested => {
-                let surface = self.surface.as_mut().unwrap();
-                surface.window().pre_present_notify();
-                fill::fill(surface);
+                let window = self.window.as_ref().unwrap();
+                window.pre_present_notify();
+                fill::fill_window(window.as_ref());
            },
            WindowEvent::CloseRequested => {
                event_loop.exit();
--- a/winit/examples/pump_events.rs
+++ b/winit/examples/pump_events.rs
@@ -7,31 +7,24 @@ fn main() -> std::process::ExitCode {
    use std::thread::sleep;
    use std::time::Duration;

-    use softbuffer::{Context, Surface};
-    use tracing::info;
    use winit::application::ApplicationHandler;
    use winit::event::WindowEvent;
-    use winit::event_loop::pump_events::{EventLoopExtPumpEvents, PumpStatus};
-    use winit::event_loop::{ActiveEventLoop, EventLoop, OwnedDisplayHandle};
+    use winit::event_loop::{ActiveEventLoop, EventLoop};
+    use winit::platform::pump_events::{EventLoopExtPumpEvents, PumpStatus};
    use winit::window::{Window, WindowAttributes, WindowId};

    #[path = "util/fill.rs"]
    mod fill;
-    #[path = "util/tracing.rs"]
-    mod tracing;

    #[derive(Default, Debug)]
    struct PumpDemo {
-        surface: Option<Surface<OwnedDisplayHandle, Box<dyn Window>>>,
+        window: Option<Box<dyn Window>>,
    }

    impl ApplicationHandler for PumpDemo {
        fn can_create_surfaces(&mut self, event_loop: &dyn ActiveEventLoop) {
            let window_attributes = WindowAttributes::default().with_title("A fantastic window!");
-            let window = event_loop.create_window(window_attributes).unwrap();
-
-            let context = Context::new(event_loop.owned_display_handle()).unwrap();
-            self.surface = Some(Surface::new(&context, window).unwrap());
+            self.window = Some(event_loop.create_window(window_attributes).unwrap());
        }

        fn window_event(
@@ -40,28 +33,28 @@ fn main() -> std::process::ExitCode {
            _window_id: WindowId,
            event: WindowEvent,
        ) {
-            info!("{event:?}");
+            println!("{event:?}");

-            let surface = match self.surface.as_mut() {
-                Some(surface) => surface,
+            let window = match self.window.as_ref() {
+                Some(window) => window,
                None => return,
            };

            match event {
                WindowEvent::CloseRequested => event_loop.exit(),
                WindowEvent::RedrawRequested => {
-                    fill::fill(surface);
-                    surface.window().request_redraw();
+                    fill::fill_window(window.as_ref());
+                    window.request_redraw();
                },
                _ => (),
            }
        }
    }

-    tracing::init();
-
    let mut event_loop = EventLoop::new().unwrap();

+    tracing_subscriber::fmt::init();
+
    let mut app = PumpDemo::default();

    loop {
@@ -76,12 +69,12 @@ fn main() -> std::process::ExitCode {
        //
        // Since `pump_events` doesn't block it will be important to
        // throttle the loop in the app somehow.
-        info!("Update()");
+        println!("Update()");
        sleep(Duration::from_millis(16));
    }
 }

 #[cfg(any(ios_platform, web_platform, orbital_platform))]
 fn main() {
-    panic!("This platform doesn't support pump_events.")
+    println!("This platform doesn't support pump_events.");
 }
--- a/winit/examples/run_on_demand.rs
+++ b/winit/examples/run_on_demand.rs
@@ -1,47 +1,40 @@
 #![allow(clippy::single_match)]

 // Limit this example to only compatible platforms.
-#[cfg(any(windows_platform, macos_platform, x11_platform, wayland_platform, orbital_platform))]
+#[cfg(any(windows_platform, macos_platform, x11_platform, wayland_platform,))]
 fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
    use std::time::Duration;

-    use softbuffer::{Context, Surface};
-    use tracing::info;
    use winit::application::ApplicationHandler;
    use winit::event::WindowEvent;
-    use winit::event_loop::run_on_demand::EventLoopExtRunOnDemand;
-    use winit::event_loop::{ActiveEventLoop, EventLoop, OwnedDisplayHandle};
+    use winit::event_loop::{ActiveEventLoop, EventLoop};
+    use winit::platform::run_on_demand::EventLoopExtRunOnDemand;
    use winit::window::{Window, WindowAttributes, WindowId};

    #[path = "util/fill.rs"]
    mod fill;
-    #[path = "util/tracing.rs"]
-    mod tracing;

-    #[derive(Debug)]
+    #[derive(Default, Debug)]
    struct App {
-        context: Context<OwnedDisplayHandle>,
        idx: usize,
-        surface: Option<Surface<OwnedDisplayHandle, Box<dyn Window>>>,
        window_id: Option<WindowId>,
+        window: Option<Box<dyn Window>>,
    }

    impl ApplicationHandler for App {
        fn about_to_wait(&mut self, _event_loop: &dyn ActiveEventLoop) {
-            if let Some(surface) = self.surface.as_ref() {
-                surface.window().request_redraw();
+            if let Some(window) = self.window.as_ref() {
+                window.request_redraw();
            }
        }

        fn can_create_surfaces(&mut self, event_loop: &dyn ActiveEventLoop) {
            let window_attributes = WindowAttributes::default()
-                .with_title(format!("Fantastic window number {}!", self.idx))
+                .with_title("Fantastic window number one!")
                .with_surface_size(winit::dpi::LogicalSize::new(128.0, 128.0));
            let window = event_loop.create_window(window_attributes).unwrap();
            self.window_id = Some(window.id());
-
-            let surface = Surface::new(&self.context, window).unwrap();
-            self.surface = Some(surface);
+            self.window = Some(window);
        }

        fn window_event(
@@ -51,54 +44,56 @@ fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
            event: WindowEvent,
        ) {
            if event == WindowEvent::Destroyed && self.window_id == Some(window_id) {
-                info!("Window {} Destroyed", self.idx);
+                println!(
+                    "--------------------------------------------------------- Window {} Destroyed",
+                    self.idx
+                );
                self.window_id = None;
                event_loop.exit();
                return;
            }

-            let Some(surface) = self.surface.as_mut() else {
-                return;
+            let window = match self.window.as_mut() {
+                Some(window) => window,
+                None => return,
            };

            match event {
                WindowEvent::CloseRequested => {
-                    info!("Window {} CloseRequested", self.idx);
-                    self.surface = None;
+                    println!(
+                        "--------------------------------------------------------- Window {} \
+                         CloseRequested",
+                        self.idx
+                    );
+                    fill::cleanup_window(window.as_ref());
+                    self.window = None;
                },
                WindowEvent::RedrawRequested => {
-                    fill::fill(surface);
+                    fill::fill_window(window.as_ref());
                },
                _ => (),
            }
        }
    }

-    tracing::init();
+    tracing_subscriber::fmt::init();

    let mut event_loop = EventLoop::new().unwrap();

-    let context = Context::new(event_loop.owned_display_handle()).unwrap();
-    let mut app = App { context, idx: 1, surface: None, window_id: None };
+    let mut app = App { idx: 1, ..Default::default() };
    event_loop.run_app_on_demand(&mut app)?;

-    info!("Finished first loop");
-    info!("Waiting 5 seconds");
+    println!("--------------------------------------------------------- Finished first loop");
+    println!("--------------------------------------------------------- Waiting 5 seconds");
    std::thread::sleep(Duration::from_secs(5));

    app.idx += 1;
    event_loop.run_app_on_demand(&mut app)?;
-    info!("Finished second loop");
+    println!("--------------------------------------------------------- Finished second loop");
    Ok(())
 }

-#[cfg(not(any(
-    windows_platform,
-    macos_platform,
-    x11_platform,
-    wayland_platform,
-    orbital_platform
-)))]
+#[cfg(not(any(windows_platform, macos_platform, x11_platform, wayland_platform,)))]
 fn main() {
-    panic!("This example is not supported on this platform")
+    println!("This example is not supported on this platform");
 }
--- a/examples/util/fill.rs
+++ b/examples/util/fill.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,152 @@
+//! Fill the window buffer with a solid color.
+//!
+//! Launching a window without drawing to it has unpredictable results varying from platform to
+//! platform. In order to have well-defined examples, this module provides an easy way to
+//! fill the window buffer with a solid color.
+//!
+//! The `softbuffer` crate is used, largely because of its ease of use. `glutin` or `wgpu` could
+//! also be used to fill the window buffer, but they are more complicated to use.
+
+#[allow(unused_imports)]
+pub use platform::cleanup_window;
+#[allow(unused_imports)]
+pub use platform::fill_window;
+#[allow(unused_imports)]
+pub use platform::fill_window_with_animated_color;
+#[allow(unused_imports)]
+pub use platform::fill_window_with_color;
+
+#[cfg(not(any(target_os = "android", target_os = "ios")))]
+mod platform {
+    use std::cell::RefCell;
+    use std::collections::HashMap;
+    use std::mem;
+    use std::mem::ManuallyDrop;
+    use std::num::NonZeroU32;
+
+    use softbuffer::{Context, Surface};
+    use winit::window::{Window, WindowId};
+
+    thread_local! {
+        // NOTE: You should never do things like that, create context and drop it before
+        // you drop the event loop. We do this for brevity to not blow up examples. We use
+        // ManuallyDrop to prevent destructors from running.
+        //
+        // A static, thread-local map of graphics contexts to open windows.
+        static GC: ManuallyDrop<RefCell<Option<GraphicsContext>>> = const { ManuallyDrop::new(RefCell::new(None)) };
+    }
+
+    /// The graphics context used to draw to a window.
+    struct GraphicsContext {
+        /// The global softbuffer context.
+        context: RefCell<Context<&'static dyn Window>>,
+
+        /// The hash map of window IDs to surfaces.
+        surfaces: HashMap<WindowId, Surface<&'static dyn Window, &'static dyn Window>>,
+    }
+
+    impl GraphicsContext {
+        fn new(w: &dyn Window) -> Self {
+            Self {
+                context: RefCell::new(
+                    Context::new(unsafe {
+                        mem::transmute::<&'_ dyn Window, &'static dyn Window>(w)
+                    })
+                    .expect("Failed to create a softbuffer context"),
+                ),
+                surfaces: HashMap::new(),
+            }
+        }
+
+        fn create_surface(
+            &mut self,
+            window: &dyn Window,
+        ) -> &mut Surface<&'static dyn Window, &'static dyn Window> {
+            self.surfaces.entry(window.id()).or_insert_with(|| {
+                Surface::new(&self.context.borrow(), unsafe {
+                    mem::transmute::<&'_ dyn Window, &'static dyn Window>(window)
+                })
+                .expect("Failed to create a softbuffer surface")
+            })
+        }
+
+        fn destroy_surface(&mut self, window: &dyn Window) {
+            self.surfaces.remove(&window.id());
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn fill_window_with_color(window: &dyn Window, color: u32) {
+        GC.with(|gc| {
+            let size = window.surface_size();
+            let (Some(width), Some(height)) =
+                (NonZeroU32::new(size.width), NonZeroU32::new(size.height))
+            else {
+                return;
+            };
+
+            // Either get the last context used or create a new one.
+            let mut gc = gc.borrow_mut();
+            let surface =
+                gc.get_or_insert_with(|| GraphicsContext::new(window)).create_surface(window);
+
+            // Fill a buffer with a solid color
+
+            surface.resize(width, height).expect("Failed to resize the softbuffer surface");
+
+            let mut buffer = surface.buffer_mut().expect("Failed to get the softbuffer buffer");
+            buffer.fill(color);
+            buffer.present().expect("Failed to present the softbuffer buffer");
+        })
+    }
+
+    #[allow(dead_code)]
+    pub fn fill_window(window: &dyn Window) {
+        fill_window_with_color(window, 0xff181818);
+    }
+
+    #[allow(dead_code)]
+    pub fn fill_window_with_animated_color(window: &dyn Window, start: std::time::Instant) {
+        let time = start.elapsed().as_secs_f32() * 1.5;
+        let blue = (time.sin() * 255.0) as u32;
+        let green = ((time.cos() * 255.0) as u32) << 8;
+        let red = ((1.0 - time.sin() * 255.0) as u32) << 16;
+        let color = red | green | blue;
+        fill_window_with_color(window, color);
+    }
+
+    #[allow(dead_code)]
+    pub fn cleanup_window(window: &dyn Window) {
+        GC.with(|gc| {
+            let mut gc = gc.borrow_mut();
+            if let Some(context) = gc.as_mut() {
+                context.destroy_surface(window);
+            }
+        });
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(any(target_os = "android", target_os = "ios"))]
+mod platform {
+    #[allow(dead_code)]
+    pub fn fill_window(_window: &dyn winit::window::Window) {
+        // No-op on mobile platforms.
+    }
+
+    #[allow(dead_code)]
+    pub fn fill_window_with_color(_window: &dyn winit::window::Window, _color: u32) {
+        // No-op on mobile platforms.
+    }
+
+    #[allow(dead_code)]
+    pub fn fill_window_with_animated_color(
+        _window: &dyn winit::window::Window,
+        _start: std::time::Instant,
+    ) {
+        // No-op on mobile platforms.
+    }
+
+    #[allow(dead_code)]
+    pub fn cleanup_window(_window: &dyn winit::window::Window) {
+        // No-op on mobile platforms.
+    }
+}
--- a/winit/examples/util/tracing.rs
+++ b/winit/examples/util/tracing.rs
@@ -23,6 +23,3 @@ pub fn init() {
        )
        .init();
 }
-
-#[allow(unused_imports)]
-pub use ::tracing::*;
--- a/winit/examples/window.rs
+++ b/winit/examples/window.rs
@@ -2,13 +2,11 @@

 use std::error::Error;

-use softbuffer::{Context, Surface};
-use tracing::info;
 use winit::application::ApplicationHandler;
 use winit::event::WindowEvent;
-use winit::event_loop::{ActiveEventLoop, EventLoop, OwnedDisplayHandle};
+use winit::event_loop::{ActiveEventLoop, EventLoop, EventLoopProvider};
 #[cfg(web_platform)]
-use winit::platform::web::WindowAttributesWeb;
+use winit::platform::web::WindowAttributesExtWeb;
 use winit::window::{Window, WindowAttributes, WindowId};

 #[path = "util/fill.rs"]
@@ -18,7 +16,7 @@ mod tracing;

 #[derive(Default, Debug)]
 struct App {
-    surface: Option<Surface<OwnedDisplayHandle, Box<dyn Window>>>,
+    window: Option<Box<dyn Window>>,
 }

 impl ApplicationHandler for App {
@@ -26,27 +24,26 @@ impl ApplicationHandler for App {
        #[cfg(not(web_platform))]
        let window_attributes = WindowAttributes::default();
        #[cfg(web_platform)]
-        let window_attributes = WindowAttributes::default()
-            .with_platform_attributes(Box::new(WindowAttributesWeb::default().with_append(true)));
-        let window = event_loop.create_window(window_attributes).expect("failed creating window");
-
-        let context =
-            Context::new(event_loop.owned_display_handle()).expect("failed creating context");
-        let surface = Surface::new(&context, window).expect("failed creating surface");
-        self.surface = Some(surface);
+        let window_attributes = WindowAttributes::default().with_append(true);
+        self.window = match event_loop.create_window(window_attributes) {
+            Ok(window) => Some(window),
+            Err(err) => {
+                eprintln!("error creating window: {err}");
+                event_loop.exit();
+                return;
+            },
+        }
    }

    fn window_event(&mut self, event_loop: &dyn ActiveEventLoop, _: WindowId, event: WindowEvent) {
-        info!("{event:?}");
+        println!("{event:?}");
        match event {
            WindowEvent::CloseRequested => {
-                info!("Close was requested; stopping");
+                println!("Close was requested; stopping");
                event_loop.exit();
            },
-            WindowEvent::SurfaceResized(surface_size) => {
-                let surface = self.surface.as_mut().expect("resize event without a surface");
-                fill::resize(surface, surface_size);
-                surface.window().request_redraw();
+            WindowEvent::SurfaceResized(_) => {
+                self.window.as_ref().expect("resize event without a window").request_redraw();
            },
            WindowEvent::RedrawRequested => {
                // Redraw the application.
@@ -55,15 +52,13 @@ impl ApplicationHandler for App {
                // this event rather than in AboutToWait, since rendering in here allows
                // the program to gracefully handle redraws requested by the OS.

-                let surface = self.surface.as_mut().expect("redraw event without a surface");
+                let window = self.window.as_ref().expect("redraw request without a window");

                // Notify that you're about to draw.
-                surface.window().pre_present_notify();
+                window.pre_present_notify();

                // Draw.
-                let mut buffer = surface.buffer_mut().expect("Failed to get the softbuffer buffer");
-                buffer.fill(0xff181818);
-                buffer.present().expect("Failed to present the softbuffer buffer");
+                fill::fill_window(window.as_ref());

                // For contiguous redraw loop you can request a redraw from here.
                // window.request_redraw();
--- a/winit/examples/x11_embed.rs
+++ b/winit/examples/x11_embed.rs
@@ -3,37 +3,29 @@ use std::error::Error;

 #[cfg(x11_platform)]
 fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
-    use softbuffer::{Context, Surface};
    use winit::application::ApplicationHandler;
    use winit::event::WindowEvent;
-    use winit::event_loop::{ActiveEventLoop, EventLoop, OwnedDisplayHandle};
-    use winit::platform::x11::WindowAttributesX11;
+    use winit::event_loop::{ActiveEventLoop, EventLoop, EventLoopProvider};
+    use winit::platform::x11::WindowAttributesExtX11;
    use winit::window::{Window, WindowAttributes, WindowId};

    #[path = "util/fill.rs"]
    mod fill;
-    #[path = "util/tracing.rs"]
-    mod tracing;

    #[derive(Debug)]
    pub struct XEmbedDemo {
        parent_window_id: u32,
-        surface: Option<Surface<OwnedDisplayHandle, Box<dyn Window>>>,
+        window: Option<Box<dyn Window>>,
    }

    impl ApplicationHandler for XEmbedDemo {
        fn can_create_surfaces(&mut self, event_loop: &dyn ActiveEventLoop) {
-            let mut window_attributes = WindowAttributes::default()
+            let window_attributes = WindowAttributes::default()
                .with_title("An embedded window!")
-                .with_surface_size(winit::dpi::LogicalSize::new(128.0, 128.0));
-            let x11_attrs =
-                WindowAttributesX11::default().with_embed_parent_window(self.parent_window_id);
-            window_attributes = window_attributes.with_platform_attributes(Box::new(x11_attrs));
+                .with_surface_size(winit::dpi::LogicalSize::new(128.0, 128.0))
+                .with_embed_parent_window(self.parent_window_id);

-            let window = event_loop.create_window(window_attributes).unwrap();
-            let context = Context::new(event_loop.owned_display_handle()).unwrap();
-            let surface = Surface::new(&context, window).unwrap();
-            self.surface = Some(surface);
+            self.window = Some(event_loop.create_window(window_attributes).unwrap());
        }

        fn window_event(
@@ -42,19 +34,19 @@ fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
            _window_id: WindowId,
            event: WindowEvent,
        ) {
+            let window = self.window.as_ref().unwrap();
            match event {
                WindowEvent::CloseRequested => event_loop.exit(),
                WindowEvent::RedrawRequested => {
-                    let surface = self.surface.as_mut().unwrap();
-                    surface.window().pre_present_notify();
-                    fill::fill(surface);
+                    window.pre_present_notify();
+                    fill::fill_window(window.as_ref());
                },
                _ => (),
            }
        }

        fn about_to_wait(&mut self, _event_loop: &dyn ActiveEventLoop) {
-            self.surface.as_ref().unwrap().window().request_redraw();
+            self.window.as_ref().unwrap().request_redraw();
        }
    }

@@ -64,13 +56,14 @@ fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
        .ok_or("Expected a 32-bit X11 window ID as the first argument.")?
        .parse::<u32>()?;

-    tracing::init();
+    tracing_subscriber::fmt::init();
    let event_loop = EventLoop::new()?;

-    Ok(event_loop.run_app(XEmbedDemo { parent_window_id, surface: None })?)
+    Ok(event_loop.run_app(XEmbedDemo { parent_window_id, window: None })?)
 }

 #[cfg(not(x11_platform))]
 fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
-    panic!("This example is only supported on X11 platforms.")
+    println!("This example is only supported on X11 platforms.");
+    Ok(())
 }
--- a/winit-core/src/application/mod.rs
+++ b/winit-core/src/application/mod.rs
@@ -2,11 +2,21 @@

 use crate::event::{DeviceEvent, DeviceId, StartCause, WindowEvent};
 use crate::event_loop::ActiveEventLoop;
+#[cfg(macos_platform)]
+use crate::platform::macos::ApplicationHandlerExtMacOS;
 use crate::window::WindowId;

-pub mod macos;
-
 /// The handler of application-level events.
+///
+/// See [the top-level docs] for example usage, and [`EventLoopProvider::run_app`] for an overview
+/// of when events are delivered.
+///
+/// This is [dropped] when the event loop is shut down. Note that this only works if you're passing
+/// the entire state to [`EventLoopProvider::run_app`] (passing `&mut app` won't work).
+///
+/// [the top-level docs]: crate
+/// [`EventLoopProvider::run_app`]: crate::event_loop::EventLoopProvider::run_app
+/// [dropped]: std::ops::Drop
 pub trait ApplicationHandler {
    /// Emitted when new events arrive from the OS to be processed.
    ///
@@ -125,9 +135,8 @@ pub trait ApplicationHandler {
    /// use std::thread;
    /// use std::time::Duration;
    ///
-    /// use winit::event_loop::EventLoop;
-    /// use winit_core::application::ApplicationHandler;
-    /// use winit_core::event_loop::ActiveEventLoop;
+    /// use winit::application::ApplicationHandler;
+    /// use winit::event_loop::{ActiveEventLoop, EventLoop, EventLoopProvider};
    ///
    /// struct MyApp {
    ///     receiver: mpsc::Receiver<u64>,
@@ -201,7 +210,9 @@ pub trait ApplicationHandler {

    /// Emitted when the OS sends an event to a device.
    ///
-    /// Whether device events are delivered depends on the backend in use.
+    /// For this to be called, it must be enabled with [`EventLoopProvider::listen_device_events`].
+    ///
+    /// [`EventLoopProvider::listen_device_events`]: crate::event_loop::EventLoopProvider::listen_device_events
    fn device_event(
        &mut self,
        event_loop: &dyn ActiveEventLoop,
@@ -339,8 +350,9 @@ pub trait ApplicationHandler {
    /// The macOS-specific handler.
    ///
    /// The return value from this should not change at runtime.
+    #[cfg(macos_platform)]
    #[inline(always)]
-    fn macos_handler(&mut self) -> Option<&mut dyn macos::ApplicationHandlerExtMacOS> {
+    fn macos_handler(&mut self) -> Option<&mut dyn ApplicationHandlerExtMacOS> {
        None
    }
 }
@@ -407,8 +419,9 @@ impl<A: ?Sized + ApplicationHandler> ApplicationHandler for &mut A {
        (**self).memory_warning(event_loop);
    }

+    #[cfg(macos_platform)]
    #[inline]
-    fn macos_handler(&mut self) -> Option<&mut dyn macos::ApplicationHandlerExtMacOS> {
+    fn macos_handler(&mut self) -> Option<&mut dyn ApplicationHandlerExtMacOS> {
        (**self).macos_handler()
    }
 }
@@ -475,8 +488,9 @@ impl<A: ?Sized + ApplicationHandler> ApplicationHandler for Box<A> {
        (**self).memory_warning(event_loop);
    }

+    #[cfg(macos_platform)]
    #[inline]
-    fn macos_handler(&mut self) -> Option<&mut dyn macos::ApplicationHandlerExtMacOS> {
+    fn macos_handler(&mut self) -> Option<&mut dyn ApplicationHandlerExtMacOS> {
        (**self).macos_handler()
    }
 }
--- a/winit/src/changelog/mod.rs
+++ b/winit/src/changelog/mod.rs
--- a/winit/src/changelog/v0.31.md
+++ b/winit/src/changelog/v0.31.md
@@ -1,21 +1,44 @@
-## 0.31.0-beta.2
+The format is based on [Keep a Changelog](https://keepachangelog.com/en/1.0.0/).

+The sections should follow the order `Added`, `Changed`, `Deprecated`,
+`Removed`, and `Fixed`.
+
+Platform specific changed should be added to the end of the section and grouped
+by platform name. Common API additions should have `, implemented` at the end
+for platforms where the API was initially implemented. See the following example
+on how to add them:
+
+```md
 ### Added

- Add `EventLoopExtRegister::register_app` for being explicit about how the event loop runs on Web.
- Add `EventLoopExtNeverReturn::run_app_never_return` for being explicit about how the event loop runs on iOS.
+- Add `Window::turbo()`, implemented on X11, Wayland, and Web.
+- On X11, add `Window::some_rare_api`.
+- On X11, add `Window::even_more_rare_api`.
+- On Wayland, add `Window::common_api`.
+- On Windows, add `Window::some_rare_api`.
+```

-### Changed
+When the change requires non-trivial amount of work for users to comply
+with it, the migration guide should be added below the entry, like:

- On Web, avoid throwing an exception in `EventLoop::run_app`, instead preferring to return to the caller.
-  This requires passing a `'static` application to ensure that the application state will live as long as necessary.
- On Web, the event loop can now always be re-created once it has finished running.
+```md
+- Deprecate `Window` creation outside of `EventLoop::run`

-### Fixed
+  This was done to simply migration in the future. Consider the
+  following code:

- Fixed panic when calling `Window::set_ime_allowed`.
+  // Code snippet.

-## 0.31.0-beta.1
+  To migrate it we should do X, Y, and then Z, for example:
+
+  // Code snippet.
+
+```
+
+The migration guide could reference other migration examples in the current
+changelog entry.
+
+## Unreleased

 ### Added

@@ -38,7 +61,7 @@
 - Add `MonitorHandle::current_video_mode()`.
 - Add `ApplicationHandlerExtMacOS` trait, and a `macos_handler` method to `ApplicationHandler` which returns a `dyn ApplicationHandlerExtMacOS` which allows for macOS specific extensions to winit.
 - Add a `standard_key_binding` method to the `ApplicationHandlerExtMacOS` trait. This allows handling of standard keybindings such as "go to end of line" on macOS.
- On macOS, add `WindowExtMacOS::set_unified_titlebar` and `WindowAttributesMacOS::with_unified_titlebar`
+- On macOS, add `WindowExtMacOS::set_unified_titlebar` and `WindowAttributesExtMacOS::with_unified_titlebar`
  to use a larger style of titlebar.
 - Add `WindowId::into_raw()` and `from_raw()`.
 - Add `PointerKind`, `PointerSource`, `ButtonSource`, `FingerId`, `primary` and `position` to all
@@ -54,17 +77,6 @@
 - Add `CustomCursorSource::Url`, `CustomCursorSource::from_animation`.
 - Implement `CustomIconProvider` for `RgbaIcon`.
 - Add `icon` module that exposes winit's icon API.
- `VideoMode::new` to create a `VideoMode`.
- `keyboard::ModifiersKey` to track which modifier is exactly pressed.
- `ActivationToken::as_raw` to get a ref to raw token.
- Each platform now has corresponding `WindowAttributes` struct instead of trait extension.
- On Wayland, added implementation for `Window::set_window_icon`
- On Wayland, added `PanGesture`, `PinchGesture`, and `RotationGesture`
- Add `Window::request_ime_update` to atomically apply set of IME changes.
- Add `Ime::DeleteSurrounding` to let the input method delete text.
- Add more `ImePurpose` values.
- Add `ImeHints` to request particular IME behaviour.
- Add Pen input support on Wayland, Windows, and Web via new Pointer event.

 ### Changed

@@ -73,7 +85,7 @@
 - `ActiveEventLoop::create_window` now returns `Box<dyn Window>`.
 - `ApplicationHandler` now uses `dyn ActiveEventLoop`.
 - On Web, let events wake up event loop immediately when using `ControlFlow::Poll`.
- Bump MSRV from `1.70` to `1.85`.
+- Bump MSRV from `1.70` to `1.80`.
 - Changed `ApplicationHandler::user_event` to `user_wake_up`, removing the
  generic user event.

@@ -155,7 +167,6 @@
 - Rename `VideoModeHandle` to `VideoMode`, now it only stores plain data.
 - Make `Fullscreen::Exclusive` contain `(MonitorHandle, VideoMode)`.
 - Reworked the file drag-and-drop API.
- On macOS, the default menu uses the bundle name or falls back to the process name as before.

  The `WindowEvent::DroppedFile`, `WindowEvent::HoveredFile` and `WindowEvent::HoveredFileCancelled`
  events have been removed, and replaced with `WindowEvent::DragEntered`, `WindowEvent::DragMoved`,
@@ -184,12 +195,10 @@
 - Renamed "super" key to "meta", to match the naming in the W3C specification.
  `NamedKey::Super` still exists, but it's non-functional and deprecated, `NamedKey::Meta` should be used instead.
 - Move `IconExtWindows` into `WinIcon`.
- Move `EventLoopExtPumpEvents` and `PumpStatus` from platform module to `winit::event_loop::pump_events`.
- Move `EventLoopExtRunOnDemand` from platform module to `winit::event_loop::run_on_demand`.
- Use `NamedKey`, `Code` and `Location` from the `keyboard-types` v0.8 crate.
- Deprecate `Window::set_ime_allowed`, `Window::set_ime_cursor_area`, and `Window::set_ime_purpose`.
- `Force::normalized()` now takes a `Option<ToolAngle>` to calculate the perpendicular force.
- On Windows, don't confine cursor to center of window when grabbed and hidden.
+- `run_app_on_demand`/`pump_app_events` now accept `&mut dyn ApplicationHandler` instead of generic.
+- Moved common `EventLoop` methods like `run_app` into `EventLoopProvider` trait.
+- Moved `event_loop::EventLoop` into `platform::event_loop::EventLoop` keeping the old re-export in place.
+- `EventLoopProvider::run_app` now takes `Box<dyn ApplicationHandler` instead of owned generic.

 ### Removed

@@ -228,24 +237,11 @@
  the `Drop` impl on the application handler.
 - Remove `NamedKey::Space`, match on `Key::Character(" ")` instead.
 - Remove `PartialEq` impl for `WindowAttributes`.
- `WindowAttributesExt*` platform extensions; use `WindowAttributes*` instead.
- Remove `Force::Calibrated::altitude_angle` in favor of `ToolAngle::altitude`.

 ### Fixed

 - On Orbital, `MonitorHandle::name()` now returns `None` instead of a dummy name.
- On Orbital, implement `fullscreen`.
 - On iOS, fixed `SurfaceResized` and `Window::surface_size` not reporting the size of the actual surface.
 - On macOS, fixed the scancode conversion for audio volume keys.
 - On macOS, fixed the scancode conversion for `IntlBackslash`.
 - On macOS, fixed redundant `SurfaceResized` event at window creation.
- On macOS, don't panic on monitors with unknown bit-depths.
- On macOS, fixed crash when closing the window on macOS 26+.
- On Windows, account for mouse wheel lines per scroll setting for `WindowEvent::MouseWheel`.
- On Windows, `Window::theme` will return the correct theme after setting it through `Window::set_theme`.
- On Windows, `Window::set_theme` will change the title bar color immediately now.
- On Windows 11, prevent incorrect shifting when dragging window onto a monitor with different DPI.
- On Windows, avoid returning `SurfaceResized` with size zero when an application is minimized. Let `Window::surface_size` return the pre-minimization window size even while minimized.
- On Web, device events are emitted regardless of cursor type.
- On Wayland, `axis_value120` scroll events now generate `MouseScrollDelta::LineDelta`
- On X11, mouse scroll button events no longer cause duplicated `WindowEvent::MouseWheel` events.
--- a/winit/src/changelog/v0.10.md
+++ b/winit/src/changelog/v0.10.md
--- a/winit/src/changelog/v0.11.md
+++ b/winit/src/changelog/v0.11.md
--- a/winit/src/changelog/v0.12.md
+++ b/winit/src/changelog/v0.12.md
--- a/winit/src/changelog/v0.13.md
+++ b/winit/src/changelog/v0.13.md
--- a/winit/src/changelog/v0.14.md
+++ b/winit/src/changelog/v0.14.md
--- a/winit/src/changelog/v0.15.md
+++ b/winit/src/changelog/v0.15.md
--- a/winit/src/changelog/v0.16.md
+++ b/winit/src/changelog/v0.16.md
--- a/winit/src/changelog/v0.17.md
+++ b/winit/src/changelog/v0.17.md
--- a/winit/src/changelog/v0.18.md
+++ b/winit/src/changelog/v0.18.md
--- a/winit/src/changelog/v0.19.md
+++ b/winit/src/changelog/v0.19.md
--- a/winit/src/changelog/v0.20.md
+++ b/winit/src/changelog/v0.20.md
--- a/winit/src/changelog/v0.21.md
+++ b/winit/src/changelog/v0.21.md
--- a/winit/src/changelog/v0.22.md
+++ b/winit/src/changelog/v0.22.md
--- a/winit/src/changelog/v0.23.md
+++ b/winit/src/changelog/v0.23.md
--- a/winit/src/changelog/v0.24.md
+++ b/winit/src/changelog/v0.24.md
--- a/winit/src/changelog/v0.25.md
+++ b/winit/src/changelog/v0.25.md
--- a/winit/src/changelog/v0.26.md
+++ b/winit/src/changelog/v0.26.md
--- a/winit/src/changelog/v0.27.md
+++ b/winit/src/changelog/v0.27.md
--- a/winit/src/changelog/v0.28.md
+++ b/winit/src/changelog/v0.28.md
--- a/winit/src/changelog/v0.29.md
+++ b/winit/src/changelog/v0.29.md
@@ -250,7 +250,7 @@
 - On Web, fix some `WindowBuilder` methods doing nothing.
 - On Web, fix some `Window` methods using incorrect HTML attributes instead of CSS properties.
 - On Web, fix the bfcache by not using the `beforeunload` event and map bfcache loading/unloading to `Suspended`/`Resumed` events.
- On Web, fix touch input not gaining or losing focus.
+- On Web, fix touch input not gaining or loosing focus.
 - On Web, fix touch location to be as accurate as mouse position.
 - On Web, handle coalesced pointer events, which increases the resolution of pointer inputs.
 - On Web, implement `Window::focus_window()`.
--- a/winit/src/changelog/v0.30.md
+++ b/winit/src/changelog/v0.30.md
@@ -1,31 +1,3 @@
-## 0.30.13
-
-### Added
-
- On Wayland, add `Window::set_resize_increments`.
-
-### Fixed
-
- On macOS, fixed crash when dragging non-file content onto window.
- On X11, fix `set_hittest` not working on some window managers.
- On X11, fix debug mode overflow panic in `set_timestamp`.
- On macOS, fix crash in `set_marked_text` when native Pinyin IME sends out-of-bounds `selected_range`.
- On Windows, fix `WM_IME_SETCONTEXT` IME UI flag masking on `lParam`.
- On Android, populate `KeyEvent::text` and `KeyEvent::text_with_all_modifiers` via `Key::to_text()`
-
-## 0.30.12
-
-### Fixed
-
- On macOS, fix crash on macOS 26 by using objc2's relax-sign-encoding feature.
-
-## 0.30.11
-
-### Fixed
-
- On Windows, fixed crash in should_apps_use_dark_mode() for Windows versions < 17763.
- On Wayland, fixed `pump_events` driven loop deadlocking when loop was not drained before exit.
-
 ## 0.30.10

 ### Added
--- a/winit/src/changelog/v0.8.md
+++ b/winit/src/changelog/v0.8.md
--- a/winit/src/changelog/v0.9.md
+++ b/winit/src/changelog/v0.9.md
--- a/winit-core/src/cursor.rs
+++ b/winit-core/src/cursor.rs
@@ -5,10 +5,9 @@ use std::ops::Deref;
 use std::sync::Arc;
 use std::time::Duration;

-#[doc(inline)]
-pub use cursor_icon::CursorIcon;
+use cursor_icon::CursorIcon;

-use crate::as_any::AsAny;
+use crate::utils::{impl_dyn_casting, AsAny};

 /// The maximum width and height for a cursor when using [`CustomCursorSource::from_rgba`].
 pub const MAX_CURSOR_SIZE: u16 = 2048;
@@ -51,10 +50,10 @@ impl From<CustomCursor> for Cursor {
 /// # Example
 ///
 /// ```no_run
-/// # use winit_core::event_loop::ActiveEventLoop;
-/// # use winit_core::window::Window;
+/// # use winit::event_loop::ActiveEventLoop;
+/// # use winit::window::Window;
 /// # fn scope(event_loop: &dyn ActiveEventLoop, window: &dyn Window) {
-/// use winit_core::cursor::CustomCursorSource;
+/// use winit::window::CustomCursorSource;
 ///
 /// let w = 10;
 /// let h = 10;
@@ -76,7 +75,7 @@ impl From<CustomCursor> for Cursor {
 /// # }
 /// ```
 #[derive(Clone, Debug)]
-pub struct CustomCursor(pub Arc<dyn CustomCursorProvider>);
+pub struct CustomCursor(pub(crate) Arc<dyn CustomCursorProvider>);

 pub trait CustomCursorProvider: AsAny + fmt::Debug + Send + Sync {
    /// Whether a cursor was backed by animation.
@@ -236,6 +235,7 @@ impl fmt::Display for BadAnimation {
 impl Error for BadAnimation {}

 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Eq, Hash, PartialEq)]
+#[allow(dead_code)]
 pub struct CursorImage {
    pub(crate) rgba: Vec<u8>,
    pub(crate) width: u16,
@@ -277,30 +277,6 @@ impl CursorImage {

        Ok(CursorImage { rgba, width, height, hotspot_x, hotspot_y })
    }
-
-    pub fn buffer(&self) -> &[u8] {
-        self.rgba.as_slice()
-    }
-
-    pub fn buffer_mut(&mut self) -> &mut [u8] {
-        self.rgba.as_mut_slice()
-    }
-
-    pub fn width(&self) -> u16 {
-        self.width
-    }
-
-    pub fn height(&self) -> u16 {
-        self.height
-    }
-
-    pub fn hotspot_x(&self) -> u16 {
-        self.hotspot_x
-    }
-
-    pub fn hotspot_y(&self) -> u16 {
-        self.hotspot_y
-    }
 }

 #[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
@@ -321,16 +297,4 @@ impl CursorAnimation {

        Ok(Self { duration, cursors })
    }
-
-    pub fn duration(&self) -> Duration {
-        self.duration
-    }
-
-    pub fn cursors(&self) -> &[CustomCursor] {
-        self.cursors.as_slice()
-    }
-
-    pub fn into_raw(self) -> (Duration, Vec<CustomCursor>) {
-        (self.duration, self.cursors)
-    }
 }
--- a/winit-core/src/error.rs
+++ b/winit-core/src/error.rs
@@ -19,13 +19,7 @@ pub enum EventLoopError {
 impl fmt::Display for EventLoopError {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
        match self {
-            Self::RecreationAttempt => {
-                write!(
-                    f,
-                    "EventLoop can't be recreated, only a single instance of it is supported (for \
-                     cross-platform compatibility)"
-                )
-            },
+            Self::RecreationAttempt => write!(f, "EventLoop can't be recreated"),
            Self::Os(err) => err.fmt(f),
            Self::ExitFailure(status) => write!(f, "Exit Failure: {status}"),
            Self::NotSupported(err) => err.fmt(f),
@@ -35,7 +29,11 @@ impl fmt::Display for EventLoopError {

 impl Error for EventLoopError {
    fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> {
-        if let Self::Os(err) = self { err.source() } else { None }
+        if let Self::Os(err) = self {
+            err.source()
+        } else {
+            None
+        }
    }
 }

@@ -74,7 +72,11 @@ impl Display for RequestError {
 }
 impl Error for RequestError {
    fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> {
-        if let Self::Os(err) = self { err.source() } else { None }
+        if let Self::Os(err) = self {
+            err.source()
+        } else {
+            None
+        }
    }
 }

@@ -98,7 +100,7 @@ pub struct NotSupportedError {
 }

 impl NotSupportedError {
-    pub fn new(reason: &'static str) -> Self {
+    pub(crate) fn new(reason: &'static str) -> Self {
        Self { reason }
    }
 }
@@ -119,7 +121,8 @@ pub struct OsError {
 }

 impl OsError {
-    pub fn new(
+    #[allow(dead_code)]
+    pub(crate) fn new(
        line: u32,
        file: &'static str,
        error: impl Into<Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync + 'static>>,
@@ -141,5 +144,7 @@ impl Error for OsError {

 #[allow(unused_macros)]
 macro_rules! os_error {
-    ($error:expr) => {{ crate::error::OsError::new(line!(), file!(), $error) }};
+    ($error:expr) => {{
+        crate::error::OsError::new(line!(), file!(), $error)
+    }};
 }
--- a/winit-core/src/event.rs
+++ b/winit-core/src/event.rs
@@ -1,16 +1,16 @@
 //! The event enums and assorted supporting types.
-use std::cell::LazyCell;
-use std::cmp::Ordering;
-use std::f64;
 use std::path::PathBuf;
 use std::sync::{Mutex, Weak};
+#[cfg(not(web_platform))]
+use std::time::Instant;

-use dpi::{PhysicalPosition, PhysicalSize};
 #[cfg(feature = "serde")]
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use smol_str::SmolStr;
+#[cfg(web_platform)]
+use web_time::Instant;

-use crate::Instant;
+use crate::dpi::{PhysicalPosition, PhysicalSize};
 use crate::error::RequestError;
 use crate::event_loop::AsyncRequestSerial;
 use crate::keyboard::{self, ModifiersKeyState, ModifiersKeys, ModifiersState};
@@ -46,6 +46,10 @@ pub enum StartCause {
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq)]
 pub enum WindowEvent {
    /// The activation token was delivered back and now could be used.
+    #[cfg_attr(not(any(x11_platform, wayland_platform)), allow(rustdoc::broken_intra_doc_links))]
+    /// Delivered in response to [`request_activation_token`].
+    ///
+    /// [`request_activation_token`]: crate::platform::startup_notify::WindowExtStartupNotify::request_activation_token
    ActivationTokenDone { serial: AsyncRequestSerial, token: ActivationToken },

    /// The size of the window's surface has changed.
@@ -156,8 +160,6 @@ pub enum WindowEvent {
    Ime(Ime),

    /// The pointer has moved on the window.
-    ///
-    /// Should be emitted regardless of window focus.
    PointerMoved {
        device_id: Option<DeviceId>,

@@ -186,8 +188,6 @@ pub enum WindowEvent {
    },

    /// The pointer has entered the window.
-    ///
-    /// Should be emitted regardless of window focus.
    PointerEntered {
        device_id: Option<DeviceId>,

@@ -213,8 +213,6 @@ pub enum WindowEvent {
    },

    /// The pointer has left the window.
-    ///
-    /// Should be emitted regardless of window focus.
    PointerLeft {
        device_id: Option<DeviceId>,

@@ -269,25 +267,11 @@ pub enum WindowEvent {
        button: ButtonSource,
    },

-    /// Multi-finger hold gesture on the touchpad or touchscreen without movement.
-    ///
-    /// The `phase` field indicates the lifecycle of the hold gesture:
-    /// - `Started`: One or more fingers are in contact with the touchpad/touchscreen.
-    /// - `Ended`: All fingers have been lifted from the touchpad/touchscreen.
-    /// - `Cancelled`: The hold gesture was interrupted, for example when another finger touches the
-    ///   touchpad (causing a new `Started` event with more fingers), or when movement begins and
-    ///   transitions to other gestures like pinch, pan, or rotation.
-    ///
-    /// ## Platform-specific
-    ///
-    /// - Only available on **Wayland**.
-    HoldGesture { device_id: Option<DeviceId>, phase: TouchPhase },
-
    /// Two-finger pinch gesture, often used for magnification.
    ///
    /// ## Platform-specific
    ///
-    /// - Only available on **macOS**, **iOS**, and **Wayland**.
+    /// - Only available on **macOS** and **iOS**.
    /// - On iOS, not recognized by default. It must be enabled when needed.
    PinchGesture {
        device_id: Option<DeviceId>,
@@ -303,7 +287,7 @@ pub enum WindowEvent {
    ///
    /// ## Platform-specific
    ///
-    /// - Only available on **iOS** and **Wayland**.
+    /// - Only available on **iOS**.
    /// - On iOS, not recognized by default. It must be enabled when needed.
    PanGesture {
        device_id: Option<DeviceId>,
@@ -339,7 +323,7 @@ pub enum WindowEvent {
    ///
    /// ## Platform-specific
    ///
-    /// - Only available on **macOS**, **iOS**, and **Wayland**.
+    /// - Only available on **macOS** and **iOS**.
    /// - On iOS, not recognized by default. It must be enabled when needed.
    RotationGesture {
        device_id: Option<DeviceId>,
@@ -458,7 +442,6 @@ pub enum PointerKind {
    ///
    /// **macOS:** Unsupported.
    Touch(FingerId),
-    TabletTool(TabletToolKind),
    Unknown,
 }

@@ -509,13 +492,6 @@ pub enum PointerSource {
        ///   force will be 0.5 when a button is pressed or 0.0 otherwise.
        force: Option<Force>,
    },
-    TabletTool {
-        /// Describes as which tool kind the interaction happened.
-        kind: TabletToolKind,
-
-        /// Describes how the tool was held and used.
-        data: TabletToolData,
-    },
    Unknown,
 }

@@ -524,7 +500,6 @@ impl From<PointerSource> for PointerKind {
        match source {
            PointerSource::Mouse => Self::Mouse,
            PointerSource::Touch { finger_id, .. } => Self::Touch(finger_id),
-            PointerSource::TabletTool { kind, .. } => Self::TabletTool(kind),
            PointerSource::Unknown => Self::Unknown,
        }
    }
@@ -534,21 +509,8 @@ impl From<PointerSource> for PointerKind {
 ///
 /// **Wayland/X11:** [`Unknown`](Self::Unknown) device types are converted to known variants by the
 /// system.
-#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq)]
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq)]
 pub enum ButtonSource {
-    /// ## Platform-specific
-    ///
-    /// ### macOS
-    ///
-    /// Users may expect holding [<kbd>CTRL</kbd>](ModifiersState::CONTROL) while
-    /// clicking [`MouseButton::Left`] to result in a "secondary" click, but the way these
-    /// clicks behave natively is slightly different from how a physical secondary
-    /// button press would, depending on the content under the cursor when clicked. If
-    /// applications want this behavior they should implement it themselves by interpreting
-    /// [`Left`](MouseButton::Left) clicks as secondary when
-    /// [<kbd>CTRL</kbd>](ModifiersState::CONTROL) is held and their internal logic deems it
-    /// appropriate for the content under the pointer.
-    /// See also https://github.com/rust-windowing/winit/issues/4469.
    Mouse(MouseButton),
    /// See [`PointerSource::Touch`] for more details.
    ///
@@ -559,27 +521,25 @@ pub enum ButtonSource {
        finger_id: FingerId,
        force: Option<Force>,
    },
-    TabletTool {
-        kind: TabletToolKind,
-        button: TabletToolButton,
-        data: TabletToolData,
-    },
-    /// A pointer button of unknown source.
-    ///
-    /// Codes are undefined and may not be reproducible across platforms or winit versions.
    Unknown(u16),
 }

 impl ButtonSource {
-    /// Try to convert a [`ButtonSource`] to an equivalent [`MouseButton`]. If a pointer type has no
+    /// Convert any [`ButtonSource`] to an equivalent [`MouseButton`]. If a pointer type has no
    /// special handling in an application, this method can be used to handle it like any generic
    /// mouse input.
-    pub fn mouse_button(self) -> Option<MouseButton> {
+    pub fn mouse_button(self) -> MouseButton {
        match self {
-            ButtonSource::Mouse(mouse) => Some(mouse),
-            ButtonSource::Touch { .. } => Some(MouseButton::Left),
-            ButtonSource::TabletTool { button, .. } => button.into(),
-            ButtonSource::Unknown(_) => None,
+            ButtonSource::Mouse(mouse) => mouse,
+            ButtonSource::Touch { .. } => MouseButton::Left,
+            ButtonSource::Unknown(button) => match button {
+                0 => MouseButton::Left,
+                1 => MouseButton::Middle,
+                2 => MouseButton::Right,
+                3 => MouseButton::Back,
+                4 => MouseButton::Forward,
+                _ => MouseButton::Other(button),
+            },
        }
    }
 }
@@ -603,14 +563,16 @@ impl DeviceId {
    /// Convert the [`DeviceId`] into the underlying integer.
    ///
    /// This is useful if you need to pass the ID across an FFI boundary, or store it in an atomic.
-    pub const fn into_raw(self) -> i64 {
+    #[allow(dead_code)]
+    pub(crate) const fn into_raw(self) -> i64 {
        self.0
    }

    /// Construct a [`DeviceId`] from the underlying integer.
    ///
    /// This should only be called with integers returned from [`DeviceId::into_raw`].
-    pub const fn from_raw(id: i64) -> Self {
+    #[allow(dead_code)]
+    pub(crate) const fn from_raw(id: i64) -> Self {
        Self(id)
    }
 }
@@ -626,14 +588,16 @@ impl FingerId {
    /// Convert the [`FingerId`] into the underlying integer.
    ///
    /// This is useful if you need to pass the ID across an FFI boundary, or store it in an atomic.
-    pub const fn into_raw(self) -> usize {
+    #[allow(dead_code)]
+    pub(crate) const fn into_raw(self) -> usize {
        self.0
    }

    /// Construct a [`FingerId`] from the underlying integer.
    ///
    /// This should only be called with integers returned from [`FingerId::into_raw`].
-    pub const fn from_raw(id: usize) -> Self {
+    #[allow(dead_code)]
+    pub(crate) const fn from_raw(id: usize) -> Self {
        Self(id)
    }
 }
@@ -658,8 +622,17 @@ pub enum DeviceEvent {
    /// ## Platform-specific
    ///
    /// **Web:** Only returns raw data, not OS accelerated, if [`CursorGrabMode::Locked`] is used
-    /// and browser support is available.
+    /// and browser support is available, see
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        web_platform,
+        doc = "[`ActiveEventLoopExtWeb::is_cursor_lock_raw()`][crate::platform::web::ActiveEventLoopExtWeb::is_cursor_lock_raw()]."
+    )]
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        not(web_platform),
+        doc = "`ActiveEventLoopExtWeb::is_cursor_lock_raw()`."
+    )]
    ///
+    #[rustfmt::skip]
    /// [`CursorGrabMode::Locked`]: crate::window::CursorGrabMode::Locked
    PointerMotion {
        /// (x, y) change in position in unspecified units.
@@ -792,12 +765,12 @@ pub struct KeyEvent {
    ///
    /// # Example
    ///
-    /// In games, you often want to ignore repeated key events - this can be
+    /// In games, you often want to ignore repated key events - this can be
    /// done by ignoring events where this property is set.
    ///
    /// ```no_run
-    /// use winit_core::event::{ElementState, KeyEvent, WindowEvent};
-    /// use winit_core::keyboard::{KeyCode, PhysicalKey};
+    /// use winit::event::{ElementState, KeyEvent, WindowEvent};
+    /// use winit::keyboard::{KeyCode, PhysicalKey};
    /// # let window_event = WindowEvent::RedrawRequested; // To make the example compile
    /// match window_event {
    ///     WindowEvent::KeyboardInput {
@@ -817,14 +790,13 @@ pub struct KeyEvent {
    /// ```
    pub repeat: bool,

-    /// Similar to [`text`][Self::text], except that this is affected by <kbd>Ctrl</kbd> and may
-    /// produce ASCII control characters.
+    /// Similar to [`text`][Self::text], except that this is affected by <kbd>Ctrl</kbd>.
    ///
-    /// For example, pressing <kbd>Ctrl</kbd>+<kbd>space</kbd> produces `Some("\x00")`.
+    /// For example, pressing <kbd>Ctrl</kbd>+<kbd>a</kbd> produces `Some("\x01")`.
    ///
    /// ## Platform-specific
    ///
-    /// - **Android:** This field is always the same value as `text`.
+    /// - **Android:** Unimplemented, this field is always the same value as `text`.
    /// - **iOS:** Unimplemented, this field is always the same value as `text`.
    /// - **Web:** Unsupported, this field is always the same value as `text`.
    pub text_with_all_modifiers: Option<SmolStr>,
@@ -853,59 +825,54 @@ pub struct KeyEvent {
 pub struct Modifiers {
    pub(crate) state: ModifiersState,

-    // NOTE: Currently active modifiers keys (logically, but not necessarily physically, pressed).
+    // NOTE: Currently pressed modifiers keys.
    //
    // The field providing a metadata, it shouldn't be used as a source of truth.
    pub(crate) pressed_mods: ModifiersKeys,
 }

 impl Modifiers {
-    /// Create a new modifiers from state and pressed mods.
-    pub fn new(state: ModifiersState, pressed_mods: ModifiersKeys) -> Self {
-        Self { state, pressed_mods }
-    }
-
-    /// The logical state of the modifiers.
+    /// The state of the modifiers.
    pub fn state(&self) -> ModifiersState {
        self.state
    }

-    /// The logical state of the left shift key.
+    /// The state of the left shift key.
    pub fn lshift_state(&self) -> ModifiersKeyState {
        self.mod_state(ModifiersKeys::LSHIFT)
    }

-    /// The logical state of the right shift key.
+    /// The state of the right shift key.
    pub fn rshift_state(&self) -> ModifiersKeyState {
        self.mod_state(ModifiersKeys::RSHIFT)
    }

-    /// The logical state of the left alt key.
+    /// The state of the left alt key.
    pub fn lalt_state(&self) -> ModifiersKeyState {
        self.mod_state(ModifiersKeys::LALT)
    }

-    /// The logical state of the right alt key.
+    /// The state of the right alt key.
    pub fn ralt_state(&self) -> ModifiersKeyState {
        self.mod_state(ModifiersKeys::RALT)
    }

-    /// The logical state of the left control key.
+    /// The state of the left control key.
    pub fn lcontrol_state(&self) -> ModifiersKeyState {
        self.mod_state(ModifiersKeys::LCONTROL)
    }

-    /// The logical state of the right control key.
+    /// The state of the right control key.
    pub fn rcontrol_state(&self) -> ModifiersKeyState {
        self.mod_state(ModifiersKeys::RCONTROL)
    }

-    /// The logical state of the left super key.
+    /// The state of the left super key.
    pub fn lsuper_state(&self) -> ModifiersKeyState {
        self.mod_state(ModifiersKeys::LMETA)
    }

-    /// The logical state of the right super key.
+    /// The state of the right super key.
    pub fn rsuper_state(&self) -> ModifiersKeyState {
        self.mod_state(ModifiersKeys::RMETA)
    }
@@ -927,8 +894,6 @@ impl From<ModifiersState> for Modifiers {

 /// Describes [input method](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Input_method) events.
 ///
-/// The `Ime` events must be applied in the order they arrive.
-///
 /// This is also called a "composition event".
 ///
 /// Most keypresses using a latin-like keyboard layout simply generate a
@@ -985,7 +950,7 @@ pub enum Ime {
    /// position. When it's `None`, the cursor should be hidden. When `String` is an empty string
    /// this indicates that preedit was cleared.
    ///
-    /// The cursor position is byte-wise indexed, assuming UTF-8.
+    /// The cursor position is byte-wise indexed.
    Preedit(String, Option<(usize, usize)>),

    /// Notifies when text should be inserted into the editor widget.
@@ -993,20 +958,6 @@ pub enum Ime {
    /// Right before this event winit will send empty [`Self::Preedit`] event.
    Commit(String),

-    /// Delete text surrounding the cursor or selection.
-    ///
-    /// This event does not affect either the pre-edit string.
-    /// This means that the application must first remove the pre-edit,
-    /// then execute the deletion, then insert the removed text back.
-    ///
-    /// This event assumes text is stored in UTF-8.
-    DeleteSurrounding {
-        /// Bytes to remove before the selection
-        before_bytes: usize,
-        /// Bytes to remove after the selection
-        after_bytes: usize,
-    },
-
    /// Notifies when the IME was disabled.
    ///
    /// After receiving this event you won't get any more [`Preedit`][Self::Preedit] or
@@ -1020,24 +971,15 @@ pub enum Ime {
 #[derive(Debug, Hash, PartialEq, Eq, Clone, Copy)]
 #[cfg_attr(feature = "serde", derive(Serialize, Deserialize))]
 pub enum TouchPhase {
-    /// Initial touch contact or gesture start, for example when one or more fingers touch the
-    /// screen or touchpad.
    Started,
-    /// The touch contact point changed, for example without lifting the finger.
    Moved,
-    /// All touch contact points have been lifted from the touchscreen or touchpad.
-    ///
-    /// This event is important as it should clear any state or event in flight that was
-    /// generated by the preceding `Started` and `Moved` events.
    Ended,
-    /// The event was cancelled and should cancel any event in flight and clear state.
    Cancelled,
 }

 /// Describes the force of a touch event
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq)]
 #[cfg_attr(feature = "serde", derive(Serialize, Deserialize))]
-#[doc(alias = "Pressure")]
 pub enum Force {
    /// On iOS, the force is calibrated so that the same number corresponds to
    /// roughly the same amount of pressure on the screen regardless of the
@@ -1048,7 +990,7 @@ pub enum Force {
        ///
        /// The force reported by Apple Pencil is measured along the axis of the
        /// pencil. If you want a force perpendicular to the device, you need to
-        /// calculate this value using the [`TabletToolAngle::altitude`] value.
+        /// calculate this value using the `altitude_angle` value.
        force: f64,
        /// The maximum possible force for a touch.
        ///
@@ -1069,17 +1011,9 @@ impl Force {
    /// Instead of normalizing the force, you should prefer to handle
    /// [`Force::Calibrated`] so that the amount of force the user has to apply is
    /// consistent across devices.
-    ///
-    /// Passing in a [`TabletToolAngle`], returns the perpendicular force.
-    pub fn normalized(&self, angle: Option<TabletToolAngle>) -> f64 {
+    pub fn normalized(&self) -> f64 {
        match self {
-            Force::Calibrated { force, max_possible_force } => {
-                let force = match angle {
-                    Some(TabletToolAngle { altitude, .. }) => force / altitude.sin(),
-                    None => *force,
-                };
-                force / max_possible_force
-            },
+            Force::Calibrated { force, max_possible_force } => force / max_possible_force,
            Force::Normalized(force) => *force,
        }
    }
@@ -1091,260 +1025,6 @@ pub type AxisId = u32;
 /// Identifier for a specific button on some device.
 pub type ButtonId = u32;

-/// Tablet of the tablet tool.
-#[derive(Default, Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
-#[cfg_attr(feature = "serde", derive(Deserialize, Serialize))]
-#[non_exhaustive]
-pub enum TabletToolKind {
-    #[default]
-    Pen,
-    Eraser,
-    Brush,
-    Pencil,
-    Airbrush,
-    Finger,
-    Mouse,
-    Lens,
-}
-
-#[derive(Default, Clone, Debug, PartialEq)]
-#[cfg_attr(feature = "serde", derive(Deserialize, Serialize))]
-pub struct TabletToolData {
-    /// The force applied to the tool against the surface.
-    ///
-    /// When the force information is not available, [`None`] is returned.
-    ///
-    /// ## Platform-specific
-    ///
-    /// **Web:** Has no mechanism to detect support, so this will always be [`Some`].
-    pub force: Option<Force>,
-    /// Represents normalized tangential pressure, also known as barrel pressure. In the range of
-    /// -1 to 1. 0 means no tangential pressure is applied. [`None`] means backend or device has no
-    /// support.
-    ///
-    /// ## Platform-specific
-    ///
-    /// **Web:** Has no mechanism to detect support, so this will always be [`Some`] with a value
-    /// of 0.
-    pub tangential_force: Option<f32>,
-    /// The clockwise rotation in degrees of a tool around its own major axis. E.g. twisting a pen
-    /// around its length. In the range of 0 to 359. [`None`] means backend or device has no
-    /// support.
-    ///
-    /// ## Platform-specific
-    ///
-    /// **Web:** Has no mechanism to detect support, so this will always be [`Some`] with a value
-    /// of 0.
-    pub twist: Option<u16>,
-    /// The plane angle in degrees. [`None`] means backend or device has no support.
-    ///
-    /// ## Platform-specific
-    ///
-    /// **Web:** Has no mechanism to detect support, so this will always be [`Some`] with default
-    /// values.
-    pub tilt: Option<TabletToolTilt>,
-    /// The angular position in radians. [`None`] means backend or device has no support.
-    ///
-    /// ## Platform-specific
-    ///
-    /// **Web:** Has no mechanism to detect device support, so this will always be [`Some`] with
-    /// default values unless browser support is lacking.
-    pub angle: Option<TabletToolAngle>,
-}
-
-impl TabletToolData {
-    /// Returns [`TabletToolTilt`] if present or calculates it from [`TabletToolAngle`].
-    pub fn tilt(self) -> Option<TabletToolTilt> {
-        if let Some(tilt) = self.tilt { Some(tilt) } else { self.angle.map(TabletToolAngle::tilt) }
-    }
-
-    /// Returns [`TabletToolAngle`] if present or calculates it from [`TabletToolTilt`].
-    pub fn angle(self) -> Option<TabletToolAngle> {
-        if let Some(angle) = self.angle {
-            Some(angle)
-        } else {
-            self.tilt.map(TabletToolTilt::angle)
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-/// The plane angle in degrees of a tool.
-#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Default, Eq, Hash, Ord, PartialEq, PartialOrd)]
-#[cfg_attr(feature = "serde", derive(Deserialize, Serialize))]
-pub struct TabletToolTilt {
-    /// The plane angle in degrees between the surface Y-Z plane and the plane containing the tool
-    /// and the surface Y axis. Positive values are to the right. In the range of -90 to 90. 0
-    /// means the tool is perpendicular to the surface and is the default.
-    ///
-    /// ![Tilt X](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/rust-windowing/winit/master/winit/docs/res/tool_tilt_x.webp)
-    ///
-    /// <sub>
-    ///   For image attribution, see the
-    ///   <a href="https://github.com/rust-windowing/winit/blob/master/winit/docs/ATTRIBUTION.md">
-    ///     ATTRIBUTION.md
-    ///   </a>
-    ///   file.
-    /// </sub>
-    pub x: i8,
-    /// The plane angle in degrees between the surface X-Z plane and the plane containing the tool
-    /// and the surface X axis. Positive values are towards the user. In the range of -90 to
-    /// 90. 0 means the tool is perpendicular to the surface and is the default.
-    ///
-    /// ![Tilt Y](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/rust-windowing/winit/master/winit/docs/res/tool_tilt_y.webp)
-    ///
-    /// <sub>
-    ///   For image attribution, see the
-    ///   <a href="https://github.com/rust-windowing/winit/blob/master/winit/docs/ATTRIBUTION.md">
-    ///     ATTRIBUTION.md
-    ///   </a>
-    ///   file.
-    /// </sub>
-    pub y: i8,
-}
-
-impl TabletToolTilt {
-    pub fn angle(self) -> TabletToolAngle {
-        // See <https://www.w3.org/TR/2024/WD-pointerevents3-20240326/#converting-between-tiltx-tilty-and-altitudeangle-azimuthangle>.
-
-        use std::f64::consts::*;
-
-        const PI_0_5: f64 = FRAC_PI_2;
-        const PI_1_5: f64 = 3. * FRAC_PI_2;
-        const PI_2: f64 = 2. * PI;
-
-        let x = LazyCell::new(|| f64::from(self.x).to_radians());
-        let y = LazyCell::new(|| f64::from(self.y).to_radians());
-
-        let mut azimuth = 0.;
-
-        if self.x == 0 {
-            match self.y.cmp(&0) {
-                Ordering::Greater => azimuth = PI_0_5,
-                Ordering::Less => azimuth = PI_1_5,
-                Ordering::Equal => (),
-            }
-        } else if self.y == 0 {
-            if self.x < 0 {
-                azimuth = PI;
-            }
-        } else if self.x.abs() == 90 || self.y.abs() == 90 {
-            // not enough information to calculate azimuth
-            azimuth = 0.;
-        } else {
-            // Non-boundary case: neither tiltX nor tiltY is equal to 0 or +-90
-            azimuth = f64::atan2(y.tan(), x.tan());
-
-            if azimuth < 0. {
-                azimuth += PI_2;
-            }
-        }
-
-        let altitude;
-
-        if self.x.abs() == 90 || self.y.abs() == 90 {
-            altitude = 0.;
-        } else if self.x == 0 {
-            altitude = PI_0_5 - y.abs();
-        } else if self.y == 0 {
-            altitude = PI_0_5 - x.abs();
-        } else {
-            // Non-boundary case: neither tiltX nor tiltY is equal to 0 or +-90
-            altitude = f64::atan(1. / f64::sqrt(x.tan().powi(2) + y.tan().powi(2)));
-        }
-
-        TabletToolAngle { altitude, azimuth }
-    }
-}
-
-/// The angular position in radians of a tool.
-#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq)]
-#[cfg_attr(feature = "serde", derive(Deserialize, Serialize))]
-pub struct TabletToolAngle {
-    /// The altitude angle in radians between the tools perpendicular position to the surface and
-    /// the surface X-Y plane. In the range of 0, parallel to the surface, to π/2, perpendicular to
-    /// the surface. π/2 means the tool is perpendicular to the surface and is the default.
-    ///
-    /// ![Altitude angle](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/rust-windowing/winit/master/docs/res/tool_altitude.webp)
-    ///
-    /// <sub>
-    ///   For image attribution, see the
-    ///   <a href="https://github.com/rust-windowing/winit/blob/master/docs/res/ATTRIBUTION.md">
-    ///     ATTRIBUTION.md
-    ///   </a>
-    ///   file.
-    /// </sub>
-    pub altitude: f64,
-    /// The azimuth angle in radiants representing the rotation between the major axis of the tool
-    /// and the surface X-Y plane. In the range of 0, 3 o'clock, progressively increasing clockwise
-    /// to 2π. 0 means the tool is at 3 o'clock or is perpendicular to the surface (`altitude` of
-    /// π/2) and is the default.
-    ///
-    /// ![Azimuth angle](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/rust-windowing/winit/master/docs/res/tool_azimuth.webp)
-    ///
-    /// <sub>
-    ///   For image attribution, see the
-    ///   <a href="https://github.com/rust-windowing/winit/blob/master/docs/res/ATTRIBUTION.md">
-    ///     ATTRIBUTION.md
-    ///   </a>
-    ///   file.
-    /// </sub>
-    pub azimuth: f64,
-}
-
-impl Default for TabletToolAngle {
-    fn default() -> Self {
-        Self { altitude: f64::consts::FRAC_2_PI, azimuth: 0. }
-    }
-}
-
-impl TabletToolAngle {
-    pub fn tilt(self) -> TabletToolTilt {
-        // See <https://www.w3.org/TR/2024/WD-pointerevents3-20240326/#converting-between-tiltx-tilty-and-altitudeangle-azimuthangle>.
-
-        use std::f64::consts::*;
-
-        const PI_0_5: f64 = FRAC_PI_2;
-        const PI_1_5: f64 = 3. * FRAC_PI_2;
-        const PI_2: f64 = 2. * PI;
-
-        let mut x = 0.;
-        let mut y = 0.;
-
-        if self.altitude == 0. {
-            if self.azimuth == 0. || self.azimuth == PI_2 {
-                x = FRAC_PI_2;
-            } else if self.azimuth == PI_0_5 {
-                y = FRAC_PI_2;
-            } else if self.azimuth == PI {
-                x = -FRAC_PI_2;
-            } else if self.azimuth == PI_1_5 {
-                y = -FRAC_PI_2;
-            } else if self.azimuth > 0. && self.azimuth < PI_0_5 {
-                x = FRAC_PI_2;
-                y = FRAC_PI_2;
-            } else if self.azimuth > PI_0_5 && self.azimuth < PI {
-                x = -FRAC_PI_2;
-                y = FRAC_PI_2;
-            } else if self.azimuth > PI && self.azimuth < PI_1_5 {
-                x = -FRAC_PI_2;
-                y = -FRAC_PI_2;
-            } else if self.azimuth > PI_1_5 && self.azimuth < PI_2 {
-                x = FRAC_PI_2;
-                y = -FRAC_PI_2;
-            }
-        }
-
-        if self.altitude != 0. {
-            let altitude = self.altitude.tan();
-
-            x = f64::atan(f64::cos(self.azimuth) / altitude);
-            y = f64::atan(f64::sin(self.azimuth) / altitude);
-        }
-
-        TabletToolTilt { x: x.to_degrees().round() as i8, y: y.to_degrees().round() as i8 }
-    }
-}
-
 /// Describes the input state of a key.
 #[derive(Debug, Hash, PartialEq, Eq, Clone, Copy)]
 #[cfg_attr(feature = "serde", derive(Serialize, Deserialize))]
@@ -1360,138 +1040,23 @@ impl ElementState {
    }
 }

-/// Identifies a button of a mouse controller.
+/// Describes a button of a mouse controller.
 ///
 /// ## Platform-specific
 ///
-/// The first three buttons should be supported on all platforms.
-/// [`Self::Back`] and [`Self::Forward`] are supported on most platforms
-/// (when using a compatible mouse).
-///
-/// - **Android, iOS:** Currently not supported.
-/// - **Orbital:** Only left/right/middle buttons are supported at this time.
-/// - **Web, Windows:** Supports left/right/middle/back/forward buttons.
-/// - **Wayland:** Supports buttons 0..=15.
-/// - **macOS:** Supports all button variants.
-/// - **X11:** Technically supports further buttons than this (0..=250), these are emitted in
-///   `ButtonSource::Unknown`.
+/// **macOS:** `Back` and `Forward` might not work with all hardware.
+/// **Orbital:** `Back` and `Forward` are unsupported due to orbital not supporting them.
 #[derive(Debug, Hash, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord, Clone, Copy)]
 #[cfg_attr(feature = "serde", derive(Serialize, Deserialize))]
-#[repr(u8)]
 pub enum MouseButton {
-    /// The primary (usually left) button
-    Left = 0,
-    /// The secondary (usually right) button
-    Right = 1,
-    /// The tertiary (usually middle) button
-    Middle = 2,
-    /// The first side button, frequently assigned a back function
-    Back = 3,
-    /// The second side button, frequently assigned a forward function
-    Forward = 4,
-    /// The sixth button
-    Button6 = 5,
-    /// The seventh button
-    Button7 = 6,
-    /// The eighth button
-    Button8 = 7,
-    /// The ninth button
-    Button9 = 8,
-    /// The tenth button
-    Button10 = 9,
-    /// The eleventh button
-    Button11 = 10,
-    /// The twelfth button
-    Button12 = 11,
-    /// The thirteenth button
-    Button13 = 12,
-    /// The fourteenth button
-    Button14 = 13,
-    /// The fifteenth button
-    Button15 = 14,
-    /// The sixteenth button
-    Button16 = 15,
-    Button17 = 16,
-    Button18 = 17,
-    Button19 = 18,
-    Button20 = 19,
-    Button21 = 20,
-    Button22 = 21,
-    Button23 = 22,
-    Button24 = 23,
-    Button25 = 24,
-    Button26 = 25,
-    Button27 = 26,
-    Button28 = 27,
-    Button29 = 28,
-    Button30 = 29,
-    Button31 = 30,
-    Button32 = 31,
-}
-
-impl MouseButton {
-    /// Construct from a `u8` if within the range `0..=31`
-    pub fn try_from_u8(b: u8) -> Option<MouseButton> {
-        Some(match b {
-            0 => MouseButton::Left,
-            1 => MouseButton::Right,
-            2 => MouseButton::Middle,
-            3 => MouseButton::Back,
-            4 => MouseButton::Forward,
-            5 => MouseButton::Button6,
-            6 => MouseButton::Button7,
-            7 => MouseButton::Button8,
-            8 => MouseButton::Button9,
-            9 => MouseButton::Button10,
-            10 => MouseButton::Button11,
-            11 => MouseButton::Button12,
-            12 => MouseButton::Button13,
-            13 => MouseButton::Button14,
-            14 => MouseButton::Button15,
-            15 => MouseButton::Button16,
-            16 => MouseButton::Button17,
-            17 => MouseButton::Button18,
-            18 => MouseButton::Button19,
-            19 => MouseButton::Button20,
-            20 => MouseButton::Button21,
-            21 => MouseButton::Button22,
-            22 => MouseButton::Button23,
-            23 => MouseButton::Button24,
-            24 => MouseButton::Button25,
-            25 => MouseButton::Button26,
-            26 => MouseButton::Button27,
-            27 => MouseButton::Button28,
-            28 => MouseButton::Button29,
-            29 => MouseButton::Button30,
-            30 => MouseButton::Button31,
-            31 => MouseButton::Button32,
-            _ => return None,
-        })
-    }
-}
-
-/// Describes a button of a tool, e.g. a pen.
-#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Eq, Hash, Ord, PartialEq, PartialOrd)]
-#[cfg_attr(feature = "serde", derive(Deserialize, Serialize))]
-pub enum TabletToolButton {
-    Contact,
-    Barrel,
+    Left,
+    Right,
+    Middle,
+    Back,
+    Forward,
    Other(u16),
 }

-impl From<TabletToolButton> for Option<MouseButton> {
-    fn from(tool: TabletToolButton) -> Self {
-        Some(match tool {
-            TabletToolButton::Contact => MouseButton::Left,
-            TabletToolButton::Barrel => MouseButton::Right,
-            TabletToolButton::Other(1) => MouseButton::Middle,
-            TabletToolButton::Other(3) => MouseButton::Back,
-            TabletToolButton::Other(4) => MouseButton::Forward,
-            TabletToolButton::Other(_) => return None,
-        })
-    }
-}
-
 /// Describes a difference in the mouse scroll wheel state.
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq)]
 #[cfg_attr(feature = "serde", derive(Serialize, Deserialize))]
@@ -1526,7 +1091,8 @@ pub struct SurfaceSizeWriter {
 }

 impl SurfaceSizeWriter {
-    pub fn new(new_surface_size: Weak<Mutex<PhysicalSize<u32>>>) -> Self {
+    #[cfg(not(orbital_platform))]
+    pub(crate) fn new(new_surface_size: Weak<Mutex<PhysicalSize<u32>>>) -> Self {
        Self { new_surface_size }
    }

@@ -1542,15 +1108,6 @@ impl SurfaceSizeWriter {
            Err(RequestError::Ignored)
        }
    }
-
-    /// Get the currently stashed surface size.
-    pub fn surface_size(&self) -> Result<PhysicalSize<u32>, RequestError> {
-        if let Some(inner) = self.new_surface_size.upgrade() {
-            Ok(*inner.lock().unwrap())
-        } else {
-            Err(RequestError::Ignored)
-        }
-    }
 }

 impl PartialEq for SurfaceSizeWriter {
@@ -1565,8 +1122,7 @@ impl Eq for SurfaceSizeWriter {}
 mod tests {
    use std::collections::{BTreeSet, HashSet};

-    use dpi::PhysicalPosition;
-
+    use crate::dpi::PhysicalPosition;
    use crate::event;

    macro_rules! foreach_event {
@@ -1622,7 +1178,7 @@ mod tests {
                primary: true,
                state: event::ElementState::Pressed,
                position: (0, 0).into(),
-                button: event::ButtonSource::Unknown(0),
+                button: event::MouseButton::Other(0).into(),
            });
            with_window_event(PointerButton {
                device_id: None,
@@ -1675,85 +1231,16 @@ mod tests {
        });
    }

-    #[test]
-    fn test_tilt_angle_conversions() {
-        use std::f64::consts::*;
-
-        use event::{TabletToolAngle, TabletToolTilt};
-
-        // See <https://github.com/web-platform-tests/wpt/blob/5af3e9c2a2aba76ade00f0dbc3486e50a74a4506/pointerevents/pointerevent_tiltX_tiltY_to_azimuth_altitude.html#L11-L23>.
-        const TILT_TO_ANGLE: &[(TabletToolTilt, TabletToolAngle)] = &[
-            (TabletToolTilt { x: 0, y: 0 }, TabletToolAngle { altitude: FRAC_PI_2, azimuth: 0. }),
-            (TabletToolTilt { x: 0, y: 90 }, TabletToolAngle { altitude: 0., azimuth: FRAC_PI_2 }),
-            (TabletToolTilt { x: 0, y: -90 }, TabletToolAngle {
-                altitude: 0.,
-                azimuth: 3. * FRAC_PI_2,
-            }),
-            (TabletToolTilt { x: 90, y: 0 }, TabletToolAngle { altitude: 0., azimuth: 0. }),
-            (TabletToolTilt { x: 90, y: 90 }, TabletToolAngle { altitude: 0., azimuth: 0. }),
-            (TabletToolTilt { x: 90, y: -90 }, TabletToolAngle { altitude: 0., azimuth: 0. }),
-            (TabletToolTilt { x: -90, y: 0 }, TabletToolAngle { altitude: 0., azimuth: PI }),
-            (TabletToolTilt { x: -90, y: 90 }, TabletToolAngle { altitude: 0., azimuth: 0. }),
-            (TabletToolTilt { x: -90, y: -90 }, TabletToolAngle { altitude: 0., azimuth: 0. }),
-            (TabletToolTilt { x: 0, y: 45 }, TabletToolAngle {
-                altitude: FRAC_PI_4,
-                azimuth: FRAC_PI_2,
-            }),
-            (TabletToolTilt { x: 0, y: -45 }, TabletToolAngle {
-                altitude: FRAC_PI_4,
-                azimuth: 3. * FRAC_PI_2,
-            }),
-            (TabletToolTilt { x: 45, y: 0 }, TabletToolAngle { altitude: FRAC_PI_4, azimuth: 0. }),
-            (TabletToolTilt { x: -45, y: 0 }, TabletToolAngle { altitude: FRAC_PI_4, azimuth: PI }),
-        ];
-
-        for (tilt, angle) in TILT_TO_ANGLE {
-            assert_eq!(tilt.angle(), *angle, "{tilt:?}");
-        }
-
-        // See <https://github.com/web-platform-tests/wpt/blob/5af3e9c2a2aba76ade00f0dbc3486e50a74a4506/pointerevents/pointerevent_tiltX_tiltY_to_azimuth_altitude.html#L38-L46>.
-        const ANGLE_TO_TILT: &[(TabletToolAngle, TabletToolTilt)] = &[
-            (TabletToolAngle { altitude: 0., azimuth: 0. }, TabletToolTilt { x: 90, y: 0 }),
-            (TabletToolAngle { altitude: FRAC_PI_4, azimuth: 0. }, TabletToolTilt { x: 45, y: 0 }),
-            (TabletToolAngle { altitude: FRAC_PI_2, azimuth: 0. }, TabletToolTilt { x: 0, y: 0 }),
-            (TabletToolAngle { altitude: 0., azimuth: FRAC_PI_2 }, TabletToolTilt { x: 0, y: 90 }),
-            (TabletToolAngle { altitude: FRAC_PI_4, azimuth: FRAC_PI_2 }, TabletToolTilt {
-                x: 0,
-                y: 45,
-            }),
-            (TabletToolAngle { altitude: 0., azimuth: PI }, TabletToolTilt { x: -90, y: 0 }),
-            (TabletToolAngle { altitude: FRAC_PI_4, azimuth: PI }, TabletToolTilt { x: -45, y: 0 }),
-            (TabletToolAngle { altitude: 0., azimuth: 3. * FRAC_PI_2 }, TabletToolTilt {
-                x: 0,
-                y: -90,
-            }),
-            (TabletToolAngle { altitude: FRAC_PI_4, azimuth: 3. * FRAC_PI_2 }, TabletToolTilt {
-                x: 0,
-                y: -45,
-            }),
-        ];
-
-        for (angle, tilt) in ANGLE_TO_TILT {
-            assert_eq!(angle.tilt(), *tilt, "{angle:?}");
-        }
-    }
-
    #[test]
    fn test_force_normalize() {
        let force = event::Force::Normalized(0.0);
-        assert_eq!(force.normalized(None), 0.0);
+        assert_eq!(force.normalized(), 0.0);

        let force2 = event::Force::Calibrated { force: 5.0, max_possible_force: 2.5 };
-        assert_eq!(force2.normalized(None), 2.0);
+        assert_eq!(force2.normalized(), 2.0);

        let force3 = event::Force::Calibrated { force: 5.0, max_possible_force: 2.5 };
-        assert_eq!(
-            force3.normalized(Some(event::TabletToolAngle {
-                altitude: std::f64::consts::PI / 2.0,
-                azimuth: 0.
-            })),
-            2.0
-        );
+        assert_eq!(force3.normalized(), 2.0);
    }

    #[allow(clippy::clone_on_copy)]
--- a/winit-core/src/event_loop/mod.rs
+++ b/winit-core/src/event_loop/mod.rs
@@ -1,39 +1,132 @@
-pub mod never_return;
-pub mod pump_events;
-pub mod register;
-pub mod run_on_demand;
-
-use std::fmt::{self, Debug};
-use std::sync::Arc;
+//! The [`EventLoop`] struct and assorted supporting types, including
+//! [`ControlFlow`].
+//!
+//! If you want to send custom events to the event loop, use
+//! [`EventLoop::create_proxy`] to acquire an [`EventLoopProxy`] and call its
+//! [`wake_up`][EventLoopProxy::wake_up] method. Then during handling the wake up
+//! you can poll your event sources.
+//!
+//! See the root-level documentation for information on how to create and use an event loop to
+//! handle events.
+use std::fmt;
 use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicUsize, Ordering};
-use std::time::Duration;
+use std::sync::Arc;
+#[cfg(not(web_platform))]
+use std::time::{Duration, Instant};

 use rwh_06::{DisplayHandle, HandleError, HasDisplayHandle};
+#[cfg(web_platform)]
+use web_time::{Duration, Instant};

-use crate::Instant;
-use crate::as_any::AsAny;
-use crate::cursor::{CustomCursor, CustomCursorSource};
-use crate::error::RequestError;
+use crate::application::ApplicationHandler;
+use crate::error::{EventLoopError, RequestError};
 use crate::monitor::MonitorHandle;
-use crate::window::{Theme, Window, WindowAttributes};
+pub use crate::platform::event_loop::*;
+use crate::utils::{impl_dyn_casting, AsAny};
+use crate::window::{CustomCursor, CustomCursorSource, Theme, Window, WindowAttributes};
+
+/// Common interface to describe event loop.
+pub trait EventLoopProvider: AsAny + fmt::Debug {
+    /// Run the application with the event loop on the calling thread.
+    ///
+    /// ## Event loop flow
+    ///
+    /// This function internally handles the different parts of a traditional event-handling loop.
+    /// You can imagine this method as being implemented like this:
+    ///
+    /// ```rust,ignore
+    /// let mut start_cause = StartCause::Init;
+    ///
+    /// // Run the event loop.
+    /// while !event_loop.exiting() {
+    ///     // Wake up.
+    ///     app.new_events(event_loop, start_cause);
+    ///
+    ///     // Indicate that surfaces can now safely be created.
+    ///     if start_cause == StartCause::Init {
+    ///         app.can_create_surfaces(event_loop);
+    ///     }
+    ///
+    ///     // Handle proxy wake-up event.
+    ///     if event_loop.proxy_wake_up_set() {
+    ///         event_loop.proxy_wake_up_clear();
+    ///         app.proxy_wake_up(event_loop);
+    ///     }
+    ///
+    ///     // Handle actions done by the user / system such as moving the cursor, resizing the
+    ///     // window, changing the window theme, etc.
+    ///     for event in event_loop.events() {
+    ///         match event {
+    ///             window event => app.window_event(event_loop, window_id, event),
+    ///             device event => app.device_event(event_loop, device_id, event),
+    ///         }
+    ///     }
+    ///
+    ///     // Handle redraws.
+    ///     for window_id in event_loop.pending_redraws() {
+    ///         app.window_event(event_loop, window_id, WindowEvent::RedrawRequested);
+    ///     }
+    ///
+    ///     // Done handling events, wait until we're woken up again.
+    ///     app.about_to_wait(event_loop);
+    ///     start_cause = event_loop.wait_if_necessary();
+    /// }
+    ///
+    /// // Finished running, drop application state.
+    /// drop(app);
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// This is of course a very coarse-grained overview, and leaves out timing details like
+    /// [`ControlFlow::WaitUntil`] and life-cycle methods like [`ApplicationHandler::resumed`], but
+    /// it should give you an idea of how things fit together.
+    ///
+    /// ## Platform-specific
+    ///
+    /// - **iOS:** Will never return to the caller and so values not passed to this function will
+    ///   *not* be dropped before the process exits.
+    /// - **Web:** Will _act_ as if it never returns to the caller by throwing a Javascript
+    ///   exception (that Rust doesn't see) that will also mean that the rest of the function is
+    ///   never executed and any values not passed to this function will *not* be dropped.
+    ///
+    ///   Web applications are recommended to use
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        web_platform,
+        doc = "  [`EventLoopExtWeb::spawn_app()`][crate::platform::web::EventLoopExtWeb::spawn_app()]"
+    )]
+    #[cfg_attr(not(web_platform), doc = "  `EventLoopExtWeb::spawn_app()`")]
+    ///   [^1] instead of [`run_app()`] to avoid the need for the Javascript exception trick, and to
+    ///   make   it clearer that the event loop runs asynchronously (via the browser's own,
+    ///   internal, event   loop) and doesn't block the current thread of execution like it does
+    ///   on other platforms.
+    ///
+    ///   This function won't be available with `target_feature = "exception-handling"`.
+    ///
+    /// [^1]: `spawn_app()` is only available on the Web platform.
+    ///
+    /// [`set_control_flow()`]: ActiveEventLoop::set_control_flow()
+    /// [`run_app()`]: Self::run_app()
+    fn run_app(self, app: impl ApplicationHandler) -> Result<(), EventLoopError>
+    where
+        Self: Sized;

-pub trait ActiveEventLoop: AsAny + fmt::Debug {
    /// Creates an [`EventLoopProxy`] that can be used to dispatch user events
    /// to the main event loop, possibly from another thread.
    fn create_proxy(&self) -> EventLoopProxy;

-    /// Create the window.
+    /// Gets a persistent reference to the underlying platform display.
    ///
-    /// Possible causes of error include denied permission, incompatible system, and lack of memory.
+    /// See the [`OwnedDisplayHandle`] type for more information.
+    fn owned_display_handle(&self) -> OwnedDisplayHandle;
+
+    /// Change if or when [`DeviceEvent`]s are captured.
    ///
-    /// ## Platform-specific
+    /// See [`ActiveEventLoop::listen_device_events`] for details.
    ///
-    /// - **Web:** The window is created but not inserted into the Web page automatically. Please
-    ///   see the Web platform module for more information.
-    fn create_window(
-        &self,
-        window_attributes: WindowAttributes,
-    ) -> Result<Box<dyn Window>, RequestError>;
+    /// [`DeviceEvent`]: crate::event::DeviceEvent
+    fn listen_device_events(&self, allowed: DeviceEvents);
+
+    /// Sets the [`ControlFlow`].
+    fn set_control_flow(&self, control_flow: ControlFlow);

    /// Create custom cursor.
    ///
@@ -44,169 +137,9 @@ pub trait ActiveEventLoop: AsAny + fmt::Debug {
        &self,
        custom_cursor: CustomCursorSource,
    ) -> Result<CustomCursor, RequestError>;
-
-    /// Returns the list of all the monitors available on the system.
-    ///
-    /// ## Platform-specific
-    ///
-    /// **Web:** Only returns the current monitor without `detailed monitor permissions`.
-    fn available_monitors(&self) -> Box<dyn Iterator<Item = MonitorHandle>>;
-
-    /// Returns the primary monitor of the system.
-    ///
-    /// Returns `None` if it can't identify any monitor as a primary one.
-    ///
-    /// ## Platform-specific
-    ///
-    /// - **Wayland:** Always returns `None`.
-    /// - **Web:** Always returns `None` without `detailed monitor permissions`.
-    fn primary_monitor(&self) -> Option<MonitorHandle>;
-
-    /// Change if or when [`DeviceEvent`]s are captured.
-    ///
-    /// Since the [`DeviceEvent`] capture can lead to high CPU usage for unfocused windows, winit
-    /// will ignore them by default for unfocused windows on Linux/BSD. This method allows changing
-    /// this at runtime to explicitly capture them again.
-    ///
-    /// ## Platform-specific
-    ///
-    /// - **Wayland / macOS / iOS / Android / Orbital:** Unsupported.
-    ///
-    /// [`DeviceEvent`]: crate::event::DeviceEvent
-    fn listen_device_events(&self, allowed: DeviceEvents);
-
-    /// Returns the current system theme.
-    ///
-    /// Returns `None` if it cannot be determined on the current platform.
-    ///
-    /// ## Platform-specific
-    ///
-    /// - **iOS / Android / Wayland / x11 / Orbital:** Unsupported.
-    fn system_theme(&self) -> Option<Theme>;
-
-    /// Sets the [`ControlFlow`].
-    fn set_control_flow(&self, control_flow: ControlFlow);
-
-    /// Gets the current [`ControlFlow`].
-    fn control_flow(&self) -> ControlFlow;
-
-    /// Stop the event loop.
-    ///
-    /// ## Platform-specific
-    ///
-    /// ### iOS
-    ///
-    /// It is not possible to programmatically exit/quit an application on iOS, so this function is
-    /// a no-op there. See also [this technical Q&A][qa1561].
-    ///
-    /// [qa1561]: https://developer.apple.com/library/archive/qa/qa1561/_index.html
-    fn exit(&self);
-
-    /// Returns whether the [`ActiveEventLoop`] is about to stop.
-    ///
-    /// Set by [`exit()`][Self::exit].
-    fn exiting(&self) -> bool;
-
-    /// Gets a persistent reference to the underlying platform display.
-    ///
-    /// See the [`OwnedDisplayHandle`] type for more information.
-    fn owned_display_handle(&self) -> OwnedDisplayHandle;
-
-    /// Get the raw-window-handle handle.
-    fn rwh_06_handle(&self) -> &dyn HasDisplayHandle;
 }

-impl HasDisplayHandle for dyn ActiveEventLoop + '_ {
-    fn display_handle(&self) -> Result<DisplayHandle<'_>, HandleError> {
-        self.rwh_06_handle().display_handle()
-    }
-}
-
-impl_dyn_casting!(ActiveEventLoop);
-
-/// Control the [`ActiveEventLoop`], possibly from a different thread, without referencing it
-/// directly.
-#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
-pub struct EventLoopProxy {
-    pub(crate) proxy: Arc<dyn EventLoopProxyProvider>,
-}
-
-impl EventLoopProxy {
-    /// Wake up the [`ActiveEventLoop`], resulting in [`ApplicationHandler::proxy_wake_up()`] being
-    /// called.
-    ///
-    /// Calls to this method are coalesced into a single call to [`proxy_wake_up`], see the
-    /// documentation on that for details.
-    ///
-    /// If the event loop is no longer running, this is a no-op.
-    ///
-    /// [`proxy_wake_up`]: crate::application::ApplicationHandler::proxy_wake_up
-    /// [`ApplicationHandler::proxy_wake_up()`]: crate::application::ApplicationHandler::proxy_wake_up
-    ///
-    /// # Platform-specific
-    ///
-    /// - **Windows**: The wake-up may be ignored under high contention, see [#3687].
-    ///
-    /// [#3687]: https://github.com/rust-windowing/winit/pull/3687
-    pub fn wake_up(&self) {
-        self.proxy.wake_up();
-    }
-
-    pub fn new(proxy: Arc<dyn EventLoopProxyProvider>) -> Self {
-        Self { proxy }
-    }
-}
-
-pub trait EventLoopProxyProvider: Send + Sync + Debug {
-    /// See [`EventLoopProxy::wake_up`] for details.
-    fn wake_up(&self);
-}
-
-/// A proxy for the underlying display handle.
-///
-/// The purpose of this type is to provide a cheaply cloneable handle to the underlying
-/// display handle. This is often used by graphics APIs to connect to the underlying APIs.
-/// It is difficult to keep a handle to the underlying event loop type or the [`ActiveEventLoop`]
-/// type. In contrast, this type involves no lifetimes and can be persisted for as long as
-/// needed.
-///
-/// For all platforms, this is one of the following:
-///
-/// - A zero-sized type that is likely optimized out.
-/// - A reference-counted pointer to the underlying type.
-#[derive(Clone)]
-pub struct OwnedDisplayHandle {
-    pub(crate) handle: Arc<dyn HasDisplayHandle + Send + Sync>,
-}
-
-impl OwnedDisplayHandle {
-    pub fn new(handle: Arc<dyn HasDisplayHandle + Send + Sync>) -> Self {
-        Self { handle }
-    }
-}
-
-impl HasDisplayHandle for OwnedDisplayHandle {
-    fn display_handle(&self) -> Result<DisplayHandle<'_>, HandleError> {
-        self.handle.display_handle()
-    }
-}
-
-impl fmt::Debug for OwnedDisplayHandle {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
-        f.debug_struct("OwnedDisplayHandle").finish_non_exhaustive()
-    }
-}
-
-impl PartialEq for OwnedDisplayHandle {
-    fn eq(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {
-        match (self.display_handle(), other.display_handle()) {
-            (Ok(lhs), Ok(rhs)) => lhs == rhs,
-            _ => false,
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl Eq for OwnedDisplayHandle {}
+impl_dyn_casting!(EventLoopProvider);

 /// Set through [`ActiveEventLoop::set_control_flow()`].
 ///
@@ -253,6 +186,205 @@ impl ControlFlow {
    }
 }

+pub trait ActiveEventLoop: AsAny + fmt::Debug {
+    /// Creates an [`EventLoopProxy`] that can be used to dispatch user events
+    /// to the main event loop, possibly from another thread.
+    fn create_proxy(&self) -> EventLoopProxy;
+
+    /// Create the window.
+    ///
+    /// Possible causes of error include denied permission, incompatible system, and lack of memory.
+    ///
+    /// ## Platform-specific
+    ///
+    /// - **Web:** The window is created but not inserted into the Web page automatically. Please
+    ///   see the Web platform module for more information.
+    fn create_window(
+        &self,
+        window_attributes: WindowAttributes,
+    ) -> Result<Box<dyn Window>, RequestError>;
+
+    /// Create custom cursor.
+    ///
+    /// ## Platform-specific
+    ///
+    /// **iOS / Android / Orbital:** Unsupported.
+    fn create_custom_cursor(
+        &self,
+        custom_cursor: CustomCursorSource,
+    ) -> Result<CustomCursor, RequestError>;
+
+    /// Returns the list of all the monitors available on the system.
+    ///
+    /// ## Platform-specific
+    ///
+    /// **Web:** Only returns the current monitor without
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        web_platform,
+        doc = "[detailed monitor permissions][crate::platform::web::ActiveEventLoopExtWeb::request_detailed_monitor_permission]."
+    )]
+    #[cfg_attr(not(web_platform), doc = "detailed monitor permissions.")]
+    fn available_monitors(&self) -> Box<dyn Iterator<Item = MonitorHandle>>;
+
+    /// Returns the primary monitor of the system.
+    ///
+    /// Returns `None` if it can't identify any monitor as a primary one.
+    ///
+    /// ## Platform-specific
+    ///
+    /// - **Wayland:** Always returns `None`.
+    /// - **Web:** Always returns `None` without
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        web_platform,
+        doc = "  [detailed monitor permissions][crate::platform::web::ActiveEventLoopExtWeb::request_detailed_monitor_permission]."
+    )]
+    #[cfg_attr(not(web_platform), doc = "  detailed monitor permissions.")]
+    fn primary_monitor(&self) -> Option<MonitorHandle>;
+
+    /// Change if or when [`DeviceEvent`]s are captured.
+    ///
+    /// Since the [`DeviceEvent`] capture can lead to high CPU usage for unfocused windows, winit
+    /// will ignore them by default for unfocused windows on Linux/BSD. This method allows changing
+    /// this at runtime to explicitly capture them again.
+    ///
+    /// ## Platform-specific
+    ///
+    /// - **Wayland / macOS / iOS / Android / Orbital:** Unsupported.
+    ///
+    /// [`DeviceEvent`]: crate::event::DeviceEvent
+    fn listen_device_events(&self, allowed: DeviceEvents);
+
+    /// Returns the current system theme.
+    ///
+    /// Returns `None` if it cannot be determined on the current platform.
+    ///
+    /// ## Platform-specific
+    ///
+    /// - **iOS / Android / Wayland / x11 / Orbital:** Unsupported.
+    fn system_theme(&self) -> Option<Theme>;
+
+    /// Sets the [`ControlFlow`].
+    fn set_control_flow(&self, control_flow: ControlFlow);
+
+    /// Gets the current [`ControlFlow`].
+    fn control_flow(&self) -> ControlFlow;
+
+    /// Stop the event loop.
+    ///
+    /// ## Platform-specific
+    ///
+    /// ### iOS
+    ///
+    /// It is not possible to programmatically exit/quit an application on iOS, so this function is
+    /// a no-op there. See also [this technical Q&A][qa1561].
+    ///
+    /// [qa1561]: https://developer.apple.com/library/archive/qa/qa1561/_index.html
+    fn exit(&self);
+
+    /// Returns whether the [`EventLoop`] is about to stop.
+    ///
+    /// Set by [`exit()`][Self::exit].
+    fn exiting(&self) -> bool;
+
+    /// Gets a persistent reference to the underlying platform display.
+    ///
+    /// See the [`OwnedDisplayHandle`] type for more information.
+    fn owned_display_handle(&self) -> OwnedDisplayHandle;
+
+    /// Get the raw-window-handle handle.
+    fn rwh_06_handle(&self) -> &dyn HasDisplayHandle;
+}
+
+impl HasDisplayHandle for dyn ActiveEventLoop + '_ {
+    fn display_handle(&self) -> Result<DisplayHandle<'_>, HandleError> {
+        self.rwh_06_handle().display_handle()
+    }
+}
+
+impl_dyn_casting!(ActiveEventLoop);
+
+/// A proxy for the underlying display handle.
+///
+/// The purpose of this type is to provide a cheaply cloneable handle to the underlying
+/// display handle. This is often used by graphics APIs to connect to the underlying APIs.
+/// It is difficult to keep a handle to the [`EventLoop`] type or the [`ActiveEventLoop`]
+/// type. In contrast, this type involves no lifetimes and can be persisted for as long as
+/// needed.
+///
+/// For all platforms, this is one of the following:
+///
+/// - A zero-sized type that is likely optimized out.
+/// - A reference-counted pointer to the underlying type.
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub struct OwnedDisplayHandle {
+    pub(crate) handle: Arc<dyn HasDisplayHandle>,
+}
+
+impl OwnedDisplayHandle {
+    pub(crate) fn new(handle: Arc<dyn HasDisplayHandle>) -> Self {
+        Self { handle }
+    }
+}
+
+impl HasDisplayHandle for OwnedDisplayHandle {
+    fn display_handle(&self) -> Result<DisplayHandle<'_>, HandleError> {
+        self.handle.display_handle()
+    }
+}
+
+impl fmt::Debug for OwnedDisplayHandle {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        f.debug_struct("OwnedDisplayHandle").finish_non_exhaustive()
+    }
+}
+
+impl PartialEq for OwnedDisplayHandle {
+    fn eq(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {
+        match (self.display_handle(), other.display_handle()) {
+            (Ok(lhs), Ok(rhs)) => lhs == rhs,
+            _ => false,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Eq for OwnedDisplayHandle {}
+
+pub(crate) trait EventLoopProxyProvider: Send + Sync + fmt::Debug {
+    /// See [`EventLoopProxy::wake_up`] for details.
+    fn wake_up(&self);
+}
+
+/// Control the [`EventLoop`], possibly from a different thread, without referencing it directly.
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+pub struct EventLoopProxy {
+    pub(crate) proxy: Arc<dyn EventLoopProxyProvider>,
+}
+
+impl EventLoopProxy {
+    /// Wake up the [`EventLoop`], resulting in [`ApplicationHandler::proxy_wake_up()`] being
+    /// called.
+    ///
+    /// Calls to this method are coalesced into a single call to [`proxy_wake_up`], see the
+    /// documentation on that for details.
+    ///
+    /// If the event loop is no longer running, this is a no-op.
+    ///
+    /// [`proxy_wake_up`]: ApplicationHandler::proxy_wake_up
+    ///
+    /// # Platform-specific
+    ///
+    /// - **Windows**: The wake-up may be ignored under high contention, see [#3687].
+    ///
+    /// [#3687]: https://github.com/rust-windowing/winit/pull/3687
+    pub fn wake_up(&self) {
+        self.proxy.wake_up();
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn new(proxy: Arc<dyn EventLoopProxyProvider>) -> Self {
+        Self { proxy }
+    }
+}
+
 /// Control when device events are captured.
 #[derive(Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord, Hash, Debug, Default)]
 #[cfg_attr(feature = "serde", derive(serde::Serialize, serde::Deserialize))]
@@ -281,7 +413,9 @@ pub struct AsyncRequestSerial {
 }

 impl AsyncRequestSerial {
-    pub fn get() -> Self {
+    // TODO(kchibisov): Remove `cfg` when the clipboard will be added.
+    #[allow(dead_code)]
+    pub(crate) fn get() -> Self {
        static CURRENT_SERIAL: AtomicUsize = AtomicUsize::new(0);
        // NOTE: We rely on wrap around here, while the user may just request
        // in the loop usize::MAX times that's issue is considered on them.
--- a/winit-core/src/icon.rs
+++ b/winit-core/src/icon.rs
@@ -1,29 +1,30 @@
 use std::error::Error;
-use std::ops::Deref;
 use std::sync::Arc;
 use std::{fmt, io, mem};

-use crate::as_any::AsAny;
+use crate::utils::{impl_dyn_casting, AsAny};

-pub(crate) const PIXEL_SIZE: usize = mem::size_of::<u32>();
+pub(crate) const PIXEL_SIZE: usize = mem::size_of::<Pixel>();

 /// An icon used for the window titlebar, taskbar, etc.
+#[allow(dead_code)]
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
-pub struct Icon(pub Arc<dyn IconProvider>);
+pub struct Icon(pub(crate) Arc<dyn IconProvider>);

 // TODO remove that once split.
 pub trait IconProvider: AsAny + fmt::Debug + Send + Sync {}

-impl Deref for Icon {
-    type Target = dyn IconProvider;
-
-    fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target {
-        self.0.as_ref()
-    }
-}
-
 impl_dyn_casting!(IconProvider);

+#[repr(C)]
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub(crate) struct Pixel {
+    pub(crate) r: u8,
+    pub(crate) g: u8,
+    pub(crate) b: u8,
+    pub(crate) a: u8,
+}
+
 #[derive(Debug)]
 /// An error produced when using [`RgbaIcon::new`] with invalid arguments.
 pub enum BadIcon {
@@ -60,7 +61,7 @@ impl fmt::Display for BadIcon {

 impl Error for BadIcon {}

-#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 pub struct RgbaIcon {
    pub(crate) width: u32,
    pub(crate) height: u32,
--- a/src/keyboard.rs
+++ b/src/keyboard.rs
--- a/winit/src/lib.rs
+++ b/winit/src/lib.rs
@@ -26,20 +26,28 @@
 //! Some user activity, like mouse movement, can generate both a [`WindowEvent`] *and* a
 //! [`DeviceEvent`].
 //!
-//! You can retrieve events by calling [`EventLoop::run_app()`]. This function will dispatch events
-//! for every [`Window`] that was created with that particular [`EventLoop`].
+//! You can retrieve events by calling [`EventLoopProvider::run_app()`]. This function will dispatch
+//! events for every [`Window`] that was created with that particular [`EventLoop`].
 //!
 //! Winit no longer uses a `EventLoop::poll_events() -> impl Iterator<Event>`-based event loop
 //! model, since that can't be implemented properly on some platforms (e.g Web, iOS) and works
 //! poorly on most other platforms. However, this model can be re-implemented to an extent with
-//! [`EventLoopExtPumpEvents::pump_app_events()`] [^1]. See that method's documentation for more
-//! reasons about why it's discouraged beyond compatibility reasons.
+#![cfg_attr(
+    any(windows_platform, macos_platform, android_platform, x11_platform, wayland_platform),
+    doc = "[`EventLoopExtPumpEvents::pump_app_events()`][platform::pump_events::EventLoopExtPumpEvents::pump_app_events()]"
+)]
+#![cfg_attr(
+    not(any(windows_platform, macos_platform, android_platform, x11_platform, wayland_platform)),
+    doc = "`EventLoopExtPumpEvents::pump_app_events()`"
+)]
+//! [^1]. See that method's documentation for more reasons about why
+//! it's discouraged beyond compatibility reasons.
 //!
 //!
 //! ```no_run
 //! use winit::application::ApplicationHandler;
 //! use winit::event::WindowEvent;
-//! use winit::event_loop::{ActiveEventLoop, ControlFlow, EventLoop};
+//! use winit::event_loop::{ActiveEventLoop, ControlFlow, EventLoop, EventLoopProvider};
 //! use winit::window::{Window, WindowId, WindowAttributes};
 //!
 //! #[derive(Default)]
@@ -61,7 +69,7 @@
 //!         id: WindowId,
 //!         event: WindowEvent,
 //!     ) {
-//!         // Called by `EventLoop::run_app` when a new event happens on the window.
+//!         // Called by `EventLoopProvider::run_app` when a new event happens on the window.
 //!         match event {
 //!             WindowEvent::CloseRequested => {
 //!                 println!("The close button was pressed; stopping");
@@ -257,7 +265,7 @@
 //!
 //! [`EventLoop`]: event_loop::EventLoop
 //! [`EventLoop::new()`]: event_loop::EventLoop::new
-//! [`EventLoop::run_app()`]: event_loop::EventLoop::run_app
+//! [`EventLoopProvider::run_app()`]: event_loop::EventLoopProvider::run_app
 //! [`exit()`]: event_loop::ActiveEventLoop::exit
 //! [`Window`]: window::Window
 //! [`WindowId`]: window::WindowId
@@ -268,7 +276,6 @@
 //! [`DeviceEvent`]: event::DeviceEvent
 //! [`raw_window_handle`]: ./window/struct.Window.html#method.raw_window_handle
 //! [`raw_display_handle`]: ./window/struct.Window.html#method.raw_display_handle
-//! [`EventLoopExtPumpEvents::pump_app_events()`]: crate::event_loop::pump_events::EventLoopExtPumpEvents::pump_app_events()
 //! [^1]: `EventLoopExtPumpEvents::pump_app_events()` is only available on Windows, macOS, Android, X11 and Wayland.

 #![deny(rust_2018_idioms)]
@@ -278,23 +285,30 @@
 #![cfg_attr(clippy, deny(warnings))]
 // Doc feature labels can be tested locally by running RUSTDOCFLAGS="--cfg=docsrs" cargo +nightly
 // doc
-#![cfg_attr(docsrs, feature(doc_cfg), doc(auto_cfg(hide(doc, docsrs))))]
+#![cfg_attr(docsrs, feature(doc_auto_cfg, doc_cfg_hide), doc(cfg_hide(doc, docsrs)))]
 #![allow(clippy::missing_safety_doc)]
 #![warn(clippy::uninlined_format_args)]
 // TODO: wasm-binding needs to be updated for that to be resolved, for now just silence it.
-#![cfg_attr(web_platform, allow(unknown_lints, renamed_and_removed_lints, wasm_c_abi))]
+#![cfg_attr(web_platform, allow(unknown_lints, wasm_c_abi))]

 // Re-export DPI types so that users don't have to put it in Cargo.toml.
 #[doc(inline)]
 pub use dpi;
 pub use rwh_06 as raw_window_handle;

+pub mod application;
 #[cfg(any(doc, doctest, test))]
 pub mod changelog;
-pub mod event_loop;
-pub use winit_core::{application, cursor, error, event, icon, keyboard, monitor, window};
 #[macro_use]
-mod os_error;
+pub mod error;
+mod cursor;
+pub mod event;
+pub mod event_loop;
+pub mod icon;
+pub mod keyboard;
+pub mod monitor;
 mod platform_impl;
+mod utils;
+pub mod window;

 pub mod platform;
--- a/winit-core/src/monitor.rs
+++ b/winit-core/src/monitor.rs
@@ -11,9 +11,8 @@ use std::num::{NonZeroU16, NonZeroU32};
 use std::ops::Deref;
 use std::sync::Arc;

-use dpi::{PhysicalPosition, PhysicalSize};
-
-use crate::as_any::AsAny;
+use crate::dpi::{PhysicalPosition, PhysicalSize};
+use crate::utils::{impl_dyn_casting, AsAny};

 /// Handle to a monitor.
 ///
@@ -29,13 +28,24 @@ use crate::as_any::AsAny;
 ///
 /// ## Platform-specific
 ///
-/// **Web:** A [`MonitorHandle`] created without `detailed monitor permissions`
+/// **Web:** A [`MonitorHandle`] created without
+#[cfg_attr(
+    web_platform,
+    doc = "[detailed monitor permissions][crate::platform::web::ActiveEventLoopExtWeb::request_detailed_monitor_permission]."
+)]
+#[cfg_attr(not(web_platform), doc = "detailed monitor permissions.")]
 /// will always represent the current monitor the browser window is in instead of a specific
-/// monitor.
+/// monitor. See
+#[cfg_attr(
+    web_platform,
+    doc = "[`MonitorHandleExtWeb::is_detailed()`][crate::platform::web::MonitorHandleExtWeb::is_detailed]"
+)]
+#[cfg_attr(not(web_platform), doc = "`MonitorHandleExtWeb::is_detailed()`")]
+/// to check.
 ///
 /// [`Window`]: crate::window::Window
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
-pub struct MonitorHandle(pub Arc<dyn MonitorHandleProvider>);
+pub struct MonitorHandle(pub(crate) Arc<dyn MonitorHandleProvider>);

 impl Deref for MonitorHandle {
    type Target = dyn MonitorHandleProvider;
@@ -77,10 +87,14 @@ pub trait MonitorHandleProvider: AsAny + fmt::Debug + Send + Sync {
    ///
    /// Returns `None` if the monitor doesn't exist anymore or the name couldn't be obtained.
    ///
-    ///
    /// ## Platform-specific
    ///
-    /// **Web:** Always returns [`None`] without `detailed monitor permissions`.
+    /// **Web:** Always returns [`None`] without
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        web_platform,
+        doc = "[detailed monitor permissions][crate::platform::web::ActiveEventLoopExtWeb::request_detailed_monitor_permission]."
+    )]
+    #[cfg_attr(not(web_platform), doc = "detailed monitor permissions.")]
    fn name(&self) -> Option<Cow<'_, str>>;

    /// Returns the top-left corner position of the monitor in desktop coordinates.
@@ -91,7 +105,12 @@ pub trait MonitorHandleProvider: AsAny + fmt::Debug + Send + Sync {
    ///
    /// ## Platform-specific
    ///
-    /// **Web:** Always returns [`None`] without `detailed monitor permissions`.
+    /// **Web:** Always returns [`None`] without
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        web_platform,
+        doc = "[detailed monitor permissions][crate::platform::web::ActiveEventLoopExtWeb::request_detailed_monitor_permission]."
+    )]
+    #[cfg_attr(not(web_platform), doc = "detailed monitor permissions.")]
    fn position(&self) -> Option<PhysicalPosition<i32>>;

    /// Returns the scale factor of the underlying monitor. To map logical pixels to physical
@@ -99,9 +118,19 @@ pub trait MonitorHandleProvider: AsAny + fmt::Debug + Send + Sync {
    ///
    /// See the [`dpi`] module for more information.
    ///
-    /// - **Wayland:** May differ from [`Window::scale_factor`].
-    /// - **Web:** Always returns `0.0` without `detailed_monitor_permissions`.
+    /// ## Platform-specific
    ///
+    /// - **X11:** Can be overridden using the `WINIT_X11_SCALE_FACTOR` environment variable.
+    /// - **Wayland:** May differ from [`Window::scale_factor`].
+    /// - **Android:** Always returns 1.0.
+    /// - **Web:** Always returns `0.0` without
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        web_platform,
+        doc = "  [detailed monitor permissions][crate::platform::web::ActiveEventLoopExtWeb::request_detailed_monitor_permission]."
+    )]
+    #[cfg_attr(not(web_platform), doc = "  detailed monitor permissions.")]
+    ///
+    #[rustfmt::skip]
    /// [`Window::scale_factor`]: crate::window::Window::scale_factor
    fn scale_factor(&self) -> f64;

@@ -132,14 +161,6 @@ pub struct VideoMode {
 }

 impl VideoMode {
-    pub fn new(
-        size: PhysicalSize<u32>,
-        bit_depth: Option<NonZeroU16>,
-        refresh_rate_millihertz: Option<NonZeroU32>,
-    ) -> Self {
-        Self { size, bit_depth, refresh_rate_millihertz }
-    }
-
    /// Returns the resolution of this video mode. This **must not** be used to create your
    /// rendering surface. Use [`Window::surface_size()`] instead.
    ///
@@ -151,13 +172,6 @@ impl VideoMode {
    /// Returns the bit depth of this video mode, as in how many bits you have
    /// available per color. This is generally 24 bits or 32 bits on modern
    /// systems, depending on whether the alpha channel is counted or not.
-    ///
-    /// # Platform-specific
-    ///
-    /// - **macOS**: Video modes do not control the bit depth of the monitor, so this often defaults
-    ///   to 32.
-    /// - **iOS**: Always returns `None`.
-    /// - **Wayland**: Always returns `None`.
    pub fn bit_depth(&self) -> Option<NonZeroU16> {
        self.bit_depth
    }
--- a/winit-android/src/lib.rs
+++ b/winit-android/src/lib.rs
@@ -62,26 +62,17 @@
 //! If your application is currently based on `NativeActivity` via the `ndk-glue` crate and building
 //! with `cargo apk`, then the minimal changes would be:
 //! 1. Remove `ndk-glue` from your `Cargo.toml`
-//! 2. Enable the `"android-native-activity"` feature for Winit: `winit = { version =
-//!    "0.31.0-beta.2", features = [ "android-native-activity" ] }`
+//! 2. Enable the `"android-native-activity"` feature for Winit: `winit = { version = "0.30.10",
+//!    features = [ "android-native-activity" ] }`
 //! 3. Add an `android_main` entrypoint (as above), instead of using the '`[ndk_glue::main]` proc
 //!    macro from `ndk-macros` (optionally add a dependency on `android_logger` and initialize
 //!    logging as above).
 //! 4. Pass a clone of the `AndroidApp` that your application receives to Winit when building your
 //!    event loop (as shown above).
-#![cfg(target_os = "android")]
-
-mod event_loop;
-mod keycodes;
-
-use winit_core::event_loop::ActiveEventLoop as CoreActiveEventLoop;
-use winit_core::window::Window as CoreWindow;

 use self::activity::{AndroidApp, ConfigurationRef, Rect};
-pub use crate::event_loop::{
-    ActiveEventLoop, EventLoop, EventLoopProxy, PlatformSpecificEventLoopAttributes,
-    PlatformSpecificWindowAttributes, Window,
-};
+use crate::event_loop::{ActiveEventLoop, EventLoop, EventLoopBuilder};
+use crate::window::{Window, WindowAttributes};

 /// Additional methods on [`EventLoop`] that are specific to Android.
 pub trait EventLoopExtAndroid {
@@ -89,6 +80,12 @@ pub trait EventLoopExtAndroid {
    fn android_app(&self) -> &AndroidApp;
 }

+impl EventLoopExtAndroid for EventLoop {
+    fn android_app(&self) -> &AndroidApp {
+        &self.event_loop.android_app
+    }
+}
+
 /// Additional methods on [`ActiveEventLoop`] that are specific to Android.
 pub trait ActiveEventLoopExtAndroid {
    /// Get the [`AndroidApp`] which was used to create this event loop.
@@ -102,25 +99,30 @@ pub trait WindowExtAndroid {
    fn config(&self) -> ConfigurationRef;
 }

-impl WindowExtAndroid for dyn CoreWindow + '_ {
+impl WindowExtAndroid for dyn Window + '_ {
    fn content_rect(&self) -> Rect {
-        let window = self.cast_ref::<Window>().unwrap();
+        let window = self.cast_ref::<crate::platform_impl::Window>().unwrap();
        window.content_rect()
    }

    fn config(&self) -> ConfigurationRef {
-        let window = self.cast_ref::<Window>().unwrap();
+        let window = self.cast_ref::<crate::platform_impl::Window>().unwrap();
        window.config()
    }
 }

-impl ActiveEventLoopExtAndroid for dyn CoreActiveEventLoop + '_ {
+impl ActiveEventLoopExtAndroid for dyn ActiveEventLoop + '_ {
    fn android_app(&self) -> &AndroidApp {
-        let event_loop = self.cast_ref::<ActiveEventLoop>().unwrap();
+        let event_loop = self.cast_ref::<crate::platform_impl::ActiveEventLoop>().unwrap();
        &event_loop.app
    }
 }

+/// Additional methods on [`WindowAttributes`] that are specific to Android.
+pub trait WindowAttributesExtAndroid {}
+
+impl WindowAttributesExtAndroid for WindowAttributes {}
+
 pub trait EventLoopBuilderExtAndroid {
    /// Associates the [`AndroidApp`] that was passed to `android_main()` with the event loop
    ///
@@ -133,6 +135,18 @@ pub trait EventLoopBuilderExtAndroid {
    fn handle_volume_keys(&mut self) -> &mut Self;
 }

+impl EventLoopBuilderExtAndroid for EventLoopBuilder {
+    fn with_android_app(&mut self, app: AndroidApp) -> &mut Self {
+        self.platform_specific.android_app = Some(app);
+        self
+    }
+
+    fn handle_volume_keys(&mut self) -> &mut Self {
+        self.platform_specific.ignore_volume_keys = false;
+        self
+    }
+}
+
 /// Re-export of the `android_activity` API
 ///
 /// Winit re-exports the `android_activity` API for convenience so that most
@@ -161,5 +175,16 @@ pub mod activity {
    // feature enabled, so we avoid inlining it so that they're forced to view
    // it on the crate's own docs.rs page.
    #[doc(no_inline)]
+    #[cfg(android_platform)]
    pub use android_activity::*;
+
+    #[cfg(not(android_platform))]
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    pub struct Rect;
+    #[cfg(not(android_platform))]
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    pub struct ConfigurationRef;
+    #[cfg(not(android_platform))]
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    pub struct AndroidApp;
 }
--- a/src/platform/event_loop.rs
+++ b/src/platform/event_loop.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,193 @@
+use std::marker::PhantomData;
+#[cfg(any(x11_platform, wayland_platform))]
+use std::os::unix::io::{AsFd, AsRawFd, BorrowedFd, RawFd};
+use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicBool, Ordering};
+
+use rwh_06::{DisplayHandle, HandleError, HasDisplayHandle};
+
+use crate::application::ApplicationHandler;
+use crate::cursor::{CustomCursor, CustomCursorSource};
+use crate::error::{EventLoopError, RequestError};
+use crate::event_loop::{
+    ControlFlow, DeviceEvents, EventLoopProvider, EventLoopProxy, OwnedDisplayHandle,
+};
+use crate::platform_impl;
+
+/// Provides a way to retrieve events from the system and from the windows that were registered to
+/// the events loop.
+///
+/// An `EventLoop` can be seen more or less as a "context". Calling [`EventLoop::new`]
+/// initializes everything that will be required to create windows. For example on Linux creating
+/// an event loop opens a connection to the X or Wayland server.
+///
+/// To wake up an `EventLoop` from a another thread, see the [`EventLoopProxy`] docs.
+///
+/// Note that this cannot be shared across threads (due to platform-dependant logic
+/// forbidding it), as such it is neither [`Send`] nor [`Sync`]. If you need cross-thread access,
+/// the [`Window`] created from this _can_ be sent to an other thread, and the
+/// [`EventLoopProxy`] allows you to wake up an `EventLoop` from another thread.
+///
+/// [`Window`]: crate::window::Window
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct EventLoop {
+    pub(crate) event_loop: platform_impl::EventLoop,
+    pub(crate) _marker: PhantomData<*mut ()>, // Not Send nor Sync
+}
+
+impl EventLoop {
+    /// Create the event loop.
+    ///
+    /// This is an alias of `EventLoop::builder().build()`.
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn new() -> Result<EventLoop, EventLoopError> {
+        Self::builder().build()
+    }
+
+    /// Start building a new event loop.
+    ///
+    /// This returns an [`EventLoopBuilder`], to allow configuring the event loop before creation.
+    ///
+    /// To get the actual event loop, call [`build`][EventLoopBuilder::build] on that.
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn builder() -> EventLoopBuilder {
+        EventLoopBuilder { platform_specific: Default::default() }
+    }
+}
+
+impl EventLoopProvider for EventLoop {
+    #[cfg(not(all(web_platform, target_feature = "exception-handling")))]
+    fn run_app(self, app: impl ApplicationHandler) -> Result<(), EventLoopError> {
+        self.event_loop.run_app(app)
+    }
+
+    fn create_proxy(&self) -> EventLoopProxy {
+        self.event_loop.window_target().create_proxy()
+    }
+
+    fn owned_display_handle(&self) -> OwnedDisplayHandle {
+        self.event_loop.window_target().owned_display_handle()
+    }
+
+    fn listen_device_events(&self, allowed: DeviceEvents) {
+        let _span = tracing::debug_span!(
+            "winit::EventLoop::listen_device_events",
+            allowed = ?allowed
+        )
+        .entered();
+        self.event_loop.window_target().listen_device_events(allowed)
+    }
+
+    fn set_control_flow(&self, control_flow: ControlFlow) {
+        self.event_loop.window_target().set_control_flow(control_flow);
+    }
+
+    fn create_custom_cursor(
+        &self,
+        custom_cursor: CustomCursorSource,
+    ) -> Result<CustomCursor, RequestError> {
+        self.event_loop.window_target().create_custom_cursor(custom_cursor)
+    }
+}
+
+impl HasDisplayHandle for EventLoop {
+    fn display_handle(&self) -> Result<DisplayHandle<'_>, HandleError> {
+        HasDisplayHandle::display_handle(self.event_loop.window_target().rwh_06_handle())
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(any(x11_platform, wayland_platform))]
+impl AsFd for EventLoop {
+    /// Get the underlying [EventLoop]'s `fd` which you can register
+    /// into other event loop, like [`calloop`] or [`mio`]. When doing so, the
+    /// loop must be polled with the [`pump_app_events`] API.
+    ///
+    /// [`calloop`]: https://crates.io/crates/calloop
+    /// [`mio`]: https://crates.io/crates/mio
+    /// [`pump_app_events`]: crate::platform::pump_events::EventLoopExtPumpEvents::pump_app_events
+    fn as_fd(&self) -> BorrowedFd<'_> {
+        self.event_loop.as_fd()
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(any(x11_platform, wayland_platform))]
+impl AsRawFd for EventLoop {
+    /// Get the underlying [EventLoop]'s raw `fd` which you can register
+    /// into other event loop, like [`calloop`] or [`mio`]. When doing so, the
+    /// loop must be polled with the [`pump_app_events`] API.
+    ///
+    /// [`calloop`]: https://crates.io/crates/calloop
+    /// [`mio`]: https://crates.io/crates/mio
+    /// [`pump_app_events`]: crate::platform::pump_events::EventLoopExtPumpEvents::pump_app_events
+    fn as_raw_fd(&self) -> RawFd {
+        self.event_loop.as_raw_fd()
+    }
+}
+
+/// Object that allows building the event loop.
+///
+/// This is used to make specifying options that affect the whole application
+/// easier. But note that constructing multiple event loops is not supported.
+///
+/// This can be created using [`EventLoop::builder`].
+#[derive(Default, Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
+pub struct EventLoopBuilder {
+    pub(crate) platform_specific: platform_impl::PlatformSpecificEventLoopAttributes,
+}
+
+static EVENT_LOOP_CREATED: AtomicBool = AtomicBool::new(false);
+
+impl EventLoopBuilder {
+    /// Builds a new event loop.
+    ///
+    /// ***For cross-platform compatibility, the [`EventLoop`] must be created on the main thread,
+    /// and only once per application.***
+    ///
+    /// Calling this function will result in display backend initialisation.
+    ///
+    /// ## Panics
+    ///
+    /// Attempting to create the event loop off the main thread will panic. This
+    /// restriction isn't strictly necessary on all platforms, but is imposed to
+    /// eliminate any nasty surprises when porting to platforms that require it.
+    /// `EventLoopBuilderExt::with_any_thread` functions are exposed in the relevant
+    /// [`platform`] module if the target platform supports creating an event
+    /// loop on any thread.
+    ///
+    /// ## Platform-specific
+    ///
+    /// - **Wayland/X11:** to prevent running under `Wayland` or `X11` unset `WAYLAND_DISPLAY` or
+    ///   `DISPLAY` respectively when building the event loop.
+    /// - **Android:** must be configured with an `AndroidApp` from `android_main()` by calling
+    ///   [`.with_android_app(app)`] before calling `.build()`, otherwise it'll panic.
+    ///
+    /// [`platform`]: crate::platform
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        android_platform,
+        doc = "[`.with_android_app(app)`]: \
+               crate::platform::android::EventLoopBuilderExtAndroid::with_android_app"
+    )]
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        not(android_platform),
+        doc = "[`.with_android_app(app)`]: #only-available-on-android"
+    )]
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn build(&mut self) -> Result<EventLoop, EventLoopError> {
+        let _span = tracing::debug_span!("winit::EventLoopBuilder::build").entered();
+
+        if EVENT_LOOP_CREATED.swap(true, Ordering::Relaxed) {
+            return Err(EventLoopError::RecreationAttempt);
+        }
+
+        // Certain platforms accept a mutable reference in their API.
+        #[allow(clippy::unnecessary_mut_passed)]
+        Ok(EventLoop {
+            event_loop: platform_impl::EventLoop::new(&mut self.platform_specific)?,
+            _marker: PhantomData,
+        })
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(web_platform)]
+    pub(crate) fn allow_event_loop_recreation() {
+        EVENT_LOOP_CREATED.store(false, Ordering::Relaxed);
+    }
+}
--- a/winit-uikit/src/lib.rs
+++ b/winit-uikit/src/lib.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-//! # Winit's UIKit (iOS/tvOS/visionOS) backend
+//! # iOS / UIKit
 //!
 //! Winit has [the same iOS version requirements as `rustc`][rustc-ios-version], although it's
 //! frequently only tested on newer iOS versions.
@@ -98,25 +98,15 @@
 //! register an application delegate, so you can set up a custom one in a nib file instead.
 //!
 //! [app-delegate]: https://developer.apple.com/documentation/uikit/uiapplicationdelegate?language=objc
-#![cfg(target_vendor = "apple")] // TODO: Remove once `objc2` allows compiling on all platforms
-
-mod app_state;
-mod event_loop;
-mod monitor;
-mod view;
-mod view_controller;
-mod window;

 use std::os::raw::c_void;

 #[cfg(feature = "serde")]
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
-use winit_core::monitor::{MonitorHandle, VideoMode};
-use winit_core::window::{PlatformWindowAttributes, Window};

-pub use self::event_loop::{EventLoop, PlatformSpecificEventLoopAttributes};
-use self::monitor::MonitorHandle as UIKitMonitorHandle;
-use self::window::Window as UIKitWindow;
+use crate::monitor::{MonitorHandle, VideoMode};
+use crate::platform_impl::MonitorHandle as IosMonitorHandle;
+use crate::window::{Window, WindowAttributes};

 /// Additional methods on [`Window`] that are specific to iOS.
 pub trait WindowExtIOS {
@@ -221,25 +211,25 @@ pub trait WindowExtIOS {
 impl WindowExtIOS for dyn Window + '_ {
    #[inline]
    fn set_scale_factor(&self, scale_factor: f64) {
-        let window = self.cast_ref::<UIKitWindow>().unwrap();
+        let window = self.cast_ref::<crate::platform_impl::Window>().unwrap();
        window.maybe_wait_on_main(move |w| w.set_scale_factor(scale_factor));
    }

    #[inline]
    fn set_valid_orientations(&self, valid_orientations: ValidOrientations) {
-        let window = self.cast_ref::<UIKitWindow>().unwrap();
+        let window = self.cast_ref::<crate::platform_impl::Window>().unwrap();
        window.maybe_wait_on_main(move |w| w.set_valid_orientations(valid_orientations));
    }

    #[inline]
    fn set_prefers_home_indicator_hidden(&self, hidden: bool) {
-        let window = self.cast_ref::<UIKitWindow>().unwrap();
+        let window = self.cast_ref::<crate::platform_impl::Window>().unwrap();
        window.maybe_wait_on_main(move |w| w.set_prefers_home_indicator_hidden(hidden));
    }

    #[inline]
    fn set_preferred_screen_edges_deferring_system_gestures(&self, edges: ScreenEdge) {
-        let window = self.cast_ref::<UIKitWindow>().unwrap();
+        let window = self.cast_ref::<crate::platform_impl::Window>().unwrap();
        window.maybe_wait_on_main(move |w| {
            w.set_preferred_screen_edges_deferring_system_gestures(edges)
        });
@@ -247,19 +237,19 @@ impl WindowExtIOS for dyn Window + '_ {

    #[inline]
    fn set_prefers_status_bar_hidden(&self, hidden: bool) {
-        let window = self.cast_ref::<UIKitWindow>().unwrap();
+        let window = self.cast_ref::<crate::platform_impl::Window>().unwrap();
        window.maybe_wait_on_main(move |w| w.set_prefers_status_bar_hidden(hidden));
    }

    #[inline]
    fn set_preferred_status_bar_style(&self, status_bar_style: StatusBarStyle) {
-        let window = self.cast_ref::<UIKitWindow>().unwrap();
+        let window = self.cast_ref::<crate::platform_impl::Window>().unwrap();
        window.maybe_wait_on_main(move |w| w.set_preferred_status_bar_style(status_bar_style))
    }

    #[inline]
    fn recognize_pinch_gesture(&self, should_recognize: bool) {
-        let window = self.cast_ref::<UIKitWindow>().unwrap();
+        let window = self.cast_ref::<crate::platform_impl::Window>().unwrap();
        window.maybe_wait_on_main(move |w| w.recognize_pinch_gesture(should_recognize));
    }

@@ -270,7 +260,7 @@ impl WindowExtIOS for dyn Window + '_ {
        minimum_number_of_touches: u8,
        maximum_number_of_touches: u8,
    ) {
-        let window = self.cast_ref::<UIKitWindow>().unwrap();
+        let window = self.cast_ref::<crate::platform_impl::Window>().unwrap();
        window.maybe_wait_on_main(move |w| {
            w.recognize_pan_gesture(
                should_recognize,
@@ -282,29 +272,19 @@ impl WindowExtIOS for dyn Window + '_ {

    #[inline]
    fn recognize_doubletap_gesture(&self, should_recognize: bool) {
-        let window = self.cast_ref::<UIKitWindow>().unwrap();
+        let window = self.cast_ref::<crate::platform_impl::Window>().unwrap();
        window.maybe_wait_on_main(move |w| w.recognize_doubletap_gesture(should_recognize));
    }

    #[inline]
    fn recognize_rotation_gesture(&self, should_recognize: bool) {
-        let window = self.cast_ref::<UIKitWindow>().unwrap();
+        let window = self.cast_ref::<crate::platform_impl::Window>().unwrap();
        window.maybe_wait_on_main(move |w| w.recognize_rotation_gesture(should_recognize));
    }
 }

-/// Ios specific window attributes.
-#[derive(Clone, Debug, Default, PartialEq)]
-pub struct WindowAttributesIos {
-    pub(crate) scale_factor: Option<f64>,
-    pub(crate) valid_orientations: ValidOrientations,
-    pub(crate) prefers_home_indicator_hidden: bool,
-    pub(crate) prefers_status_bar_hidden: bool,
-    pub(crate) preferred_status_bar_style: StatusBarStyle,
-    pub(crate) preferred_screen_edges_deferring_system_gestures: ScreenEdge,
-}
-
-impl WindowAttributesIos {
+/// Additional methods on [`WindowAttributes`] that are specific to iOS.
+pub trait WindowAttributesExtIOS {
    /// Sets the [`contentScaleFactor`] of the underlying [`UIWindow`] to `scale_factor`.
    ///
    /// The default value is device dependent, and it's recommended GLES or Metal applications set
@@ -313,10 +293,7 @@ impl WindowAttributesIos {
    /// [`UIWindow`]: https://developer.apple.com/documentation/uikit/uiwindow?language=objc
    /// [`contentScaleFactor`]: https://developer.apple.com/documentation/uikit/uiview/1622657-contentscalefactor?language=objc
    /// [`MonitorHandleProvider::scale_factor()`]: crate::monitor::MonitorHandleProvider::scale_factor()
-    pub fn with_scale_factor(mut self, scale_factor: f64) -> Self {
-        self.scale_factor = Some(scale_factor);
-        self
-    }
+    fn with_scale_factor(self, scale_factor: f64) -> Self;

    /// Sets the valid orientations for the [`Window`].
    ///
@@ -324,10 +301,7 @@ impl WindowAttributesIos {
    ///
    /// This sets the initial value returned by
    /// [`-[UIViewController supportedInterfaceOrientations]`](https://developer.apple.com/documentation/uikit/uiviewcontroller/1621435-supportedinterfaceorientations?language=objc).
-    pub fn with_valid_orientations(mut self, valid_orientations: ValidOrientations) -> Self {
-        self.valid_orientations = valid_orientations;
-        self
-    }
+    fn with_valid_orientations(self, valid_orientations: ValidOrientations) -> Self;

    /// Sets whether the [`Window`] prefers the home indicator hidden.
    ///
@@ -337,10 +311,7 @@ impl WindowAttributesIos {
    /// [`-[UIViewController prefersHomeIndicatorAutoHidden]`](https://developer.apple.com/documentation/uikit/uiviewcontroller/2887510-prefershomeindicatorautohidden?language=objc).
    ///
    /// This only has an effect on iOS 11.0+.
-    pub fn with_prefers_home_indicator_hidden(mut self, hidden: bool) -> Self {
-        self.prefers_home_indicator_hidden = hidden;
-        self
-    }
+    fn with_prefers_home_indicator_hidden(self, hidden: bool) -> Self;

    /// Sets the screen edges for which the system gestures will take a lower priority than the
    /// application's touch handling.
@@ -349,13 +320,7 @@ impl WindowAttributesIos {
    /// [`-[UIViewController preferredScreenEdgesDeferringSystemGestures]`](https://developer.apple.com/documentation/uikit/uiviewcontroller/2887512-preferredscreenedgesdeferringsys?language=objc).
    ///
    /// This only has an effect on iOS 11.0+.
-    pub fn with_preferred_screen_edges_deferring_system_gestures(
-        mut self,
-        edges: ScreenEdge,
-    ) -> Self {
-        self.preferred_screen_edges_deferring_system_gestures = edges;
-        self
-    }
+    fn with_preferred_screen_edges_deferring_system_gestures(self, edges: ScreenEdge) -> Self;

    /// Sets whether the [`Window`] prefers the status bar hidden.
    ///
@@ -363,10 +328,7 @@ impl WindowAttributesIos {
    ///
    /// This sets the initial value returned by
    /// [`-[UIViewController prefersStatusBarHidden]`](https://developer.apple.com/documentation/uikit/uiviewcontroller/1621440-prefersstatusbarhidden?language=objc).
-    pub fn with_prefers_status_bar_hidden(mut self, hidden: bool) -> Self {
-        self.prefers_status_bar_hidden = hidden;
-        self
-    }
+    fn with_prefers_status_bar_hidden(self, hidden: bool) -> Self;

    /// Sets the style of the [`Window`]'s status bar.
    ///
@@ -374,15 +336,44 @@ impl WindowAttributesIos {
    ///
    /// This sets the initial value returned by
    /// [`-[UIViewController preferredStatusBarStyle]`](https://developer.apple.com/documentation/uikit/uiviewcontroller/1621416-preferredstatusbarstyle?language=objc),
-    pub fn with_preferred_status_bar_style(mut self, status_bar_style: StatusBarStyle) -> Self {
-        self.preferred_status_bar_style = status_bar_style;
-        self
-    }
+    fn with_preferred_status_bar_style(self, status_bar_style: StatusBarStyle) -> Self;
 }

-impl PlatformWindowAttributes for WindowAttributesIos {
-    fn box_clone(&self) -> Box<dyn PlatformWindowAttributes> {
-        Box::from(self.clone())
+impl WindowAttributesExtIOS for WindowAttributes {
+    #[inline]
+    fn with_scale_factor(mut self, scale_factor: f64) -> Self {
+        self.platform_specific.scale_factor = Some(scale_factor);
+        self
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn with_valid_orientations(mut self, valid_orientations: ValidOrientations) -> Self {
+        self.platform_specific.valid_orientations = valid_orientations;
+        self
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn with_prefers_home_indicator_hidden(mut self, hidden: bool) -> Self {
+        self.platform_specific.prefers_home_indicator_hidden = hidden;
+        self
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn with_preferred_screen_edges_deferring_system_gestures(mut self, edges: ScreenEdge) -> Self {
+        self.platform_specific.preferred_screen_edges_deferring_system_gestures = edges;
+        self
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn with_prefers_status_bar_hidden(mut self, hidden: bool) -> Self {
+        self.platform_specific.prefers_status_bar_hidden = hidden;
+        self
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn with_preferred_status_bar_style(mut self, status_bar_style: StatusBarStyle) -> Self {
+        self.platform_specific.preferred_status_bar_style = status_bar_style;
+        self
    }
 }

@@ -404,13 +395,13 @@ impl MonitorHandleExtIOS for MonitorHandle {
    fn ui_screen(&self) -> *mut c_void {
        // SAFETY: The marker is only used to get the pointer of the screen
        let mtm = unsafe { objc2::MainThreadMarker::new_unchecked() };
-        let monitor = self.cast_ref::<UIKitMonitorHandle>().unwrap();
+        let monitor = self.cast_ref::<IosMonitorHandle>().unwrap();
        objc2::rc::Retained::as_ptr(monitor.ui_screen(mtm)) as *mut c_void
    }

    #[inline]
    fn preferred_video_mode(&self) -> VideoMode {
-        let monitor = self.cast_ref::<UIKitMonitorHandle>().unwrap();
+        let monitor = self.cast_ref::<IosMonitorHandle>().unwrap();
        monitor.preferred_video_mode()
    }
 }
--- a/winit-appkit/src/lib.rs
+++ b/winit-appkit/src/lib.rs
@@ -17,12 +17,13 @@
 //! Instead, Winit guarantees that it will not register an application delegate, so the solution is
 //! to register your own application delegate, as outlined in the following example (see
 //! `objc2-app-kit` for more detailed information).
-//! ```
+#![cfg_attr(target_os = "macos", doc = "```")]
+#![cfg_attr(not(target_os = "macos"), doc = "```ignore")]
 //! use objc2::rc::Retained;
 //! use objc2::runtime::ProtocolObject;
-//! use objc2::{DefinedClass, MainThreadMarker, MainThreadOnly, define_class, msg_send};
+//! use objc2::{define_class, msg_send, DefinedClass, MainThreadMarker, MainThreadOnly};
 //! use objc2_app_kit::{NSApplication, NSApplicationDelegate};
-//! use objc2_foundation::{NSArray, NSObject, NSObjectProtocol, NSURL};
+//! use objc2_foundation::{NSArray, NSURL, NSObject, NSObjectProtocol};
 //! use winit::event_loop::EventLoop;
 //!
 //! define_class!(
@@ -63,39 +64,17 @@
 //!     Ok(())
 //! }
 //! ```
-#![cfg(target_vendor = "apple")] // TODO: Remove once `objc2` allows compiling on all platforms
-
-#[macro_use]
-mod util;
-
-mod app;
-mod app_state;
-mod cursor;
-mod event;
-mod event_loop;
-mod ffi;
-mod menu;
-mod monitor;
-mod observer;
-mod view;
-mod window;
-mod window_delegate;

 use std::os::raw::c_void;

 #[cfg(feature = "serde")]
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
-#[doc(inline)]
-pub use winit_core::application::macos::ApplicationHandlerExtMacOS;
-use winit_core::event_loop::ActiveEventLoop;
-use winit_core::monitor::MonitorHandle;
-use winit_core::window::{PlatformWindowAttributes, Window};

-pub use self::event::{physicalkey_to_scancode, scancode_to_physicalkey};
-use self::event_loop::ActiveEventLoop as AppKitActiveEventLoop;
-pub use self::event_loop::{EventLoop, PlatformSpecificEventLoopAttributes};
-use self::monitor::MonitorHandle as AppKitMonitorHandle;
-use self::window::Window as AppKitWindow;
+use crate::application::ApplicationHandler;
+use crate::event_loop::{ActiveEventLoop, EventLoopBuilder};
+use crate::monitor::MonitorHandle;
+use crate::platform_impl::MonitorHandle as MacOsMonitorHandle;
+use crate::window::{Window, WindowAttributes, WindowId};

 /// Additional methods on [`Window`] that are specific to MacOS.
 pub trait WindowExtMacOS {
@@ -191,109 +170,109 @@ pub trait WindowExtMacOS {
 impl WindowExtMacOS for dyn Window + '_ {
    #[inline]
    fn simple_fullscreen(&self) -> bool {
-        let window = self.cast_ref::<AppKitWindow>().unwrap();
+        let window = self.cast_ref::<crate::platform_impl::Window>().unwrap();
        window.maybe_wait_on_main(|w| w.simple_fullscreen())
    }

    #[inline]
    fn set_simple_fullscreen(&self, fullscreen: bool) -> bool {
-        let window = self.cast_ref::<AppKitWindow>().unwrap();
+        let window = self.cast_ref::<crate::platform_impl::Window>().unwrap();
        window.maybe_wait_on_main(move |w| w.set_simple_fullscreen(fullscreen))
    }

    #[inline]
    fn has_shadow(&self) -> bool {
-        let window = self.cast_ref::<AppKitWindow>().unwrap();
+        let window = self.cast_ref::<crate::platform_impl::Window>().unwrap();
        window.maybe_wait_on_main(|w| w.has_shadow())
    }

    #[inline]
    fn set_has_shadow(&self, has_shadow: bool) {
-        let window = self.cast_ref::<AppKitWindow>().unwrap();
+        let window = self.cast_ref::<crate::platform_impl::Window>().unwrap();
        window.maybe_wait_on_main(move |w| w.set_has_shadow(has_shadow));
    }

    #[inline]
    fn set_tabbing_identifier(&self, identifier: &str) {
-        let window = self.cast_ref::<AppKitWindow>().unwrap();
+        let window = self.cast_ref::<crate::platform_impl::Window>().unwrap();
        window.maybe_wait_on_main(|w| w.set_tabbing_identifier(identifier))
    }

    #[inline]
    fn tabbing_identifier(&self) -> String {
-        let window = self.cast_ref::<AppKitWindow>().unwrap();
+        let window = self.cast_ref::<crate::platform_impl::Window>().unwrap();
        window.maybe_wait_on_main(|w| w.tabbing_identifier())
    }

    #[inline]
    fn select_next_tab(&self) {
-        let window = self.cast_ref::<AppKitWindow>().unwrap();
+        let window = self.cast_ref::<crate::platform_impl::Window>().unwrap();
        window.maybe_wait_on_main(|w| w.select_next_tab());
    }

    #[inline]
    fn select_previous_tab(&self) {
-        let window = self.cast_ref::<AppKitWindow>().unwrap();
+        let window = self.cast_ref::<crate::platform_impl::Window>().unwrap();
        window.maybe_wait_on_main(|w| w.select_previous_tab());
    }

    #[inline]
    fn select_tab_at_index(&self, index: usize) {
-        let window = self.cast_ref::<AppKitWindow>().unwrap();
+        let window = self.cast_ref::<crate::platform_impl::Window>().unwrap();
        window.maybe_wait_on_main(move |w| w.select_tab_at_index(index));
    }

    #[inline]
    fn num_tabs(&self) -> usize {
-        let window = self.cast_ref::<AppKitWindow>().unwrap();
+        let window = self.cast_ref::<crate::platform_impl::Window>().unwrap();
        window.maybe_wait_on_main(|w| w.num_tabs())
    }

    #[inline]
    fn is_document_edited(&self) -> bool {
-        let window = self.cast_ref::<AppKitWindow>().unwrap();
+        let window = self.cast_ref::<crate::platform_impl::Window>().unwrap();
        window.maybe_wait_on_main(|w| w.is_document_edited())
    }

    #[inline]
    fn set_document_edited(&self, edited: bool) {
-        let window = self.cast_ref::<AppKitWindow>().unwrap();
+        let window = self.cast_ref::<crate::platform_impl::Window>().unwrap();
        window.maybe_wait_on_main(move |w| w.set_document_edited(edited));
    }

    #[inline]
    fn set_option_as_alt(&self, option_as_alt: OptionAsAlt) {
-        let window = self.cast_ref::<AppKitWindow>().unwrap();
+        let window = self.cast_ref::<crate::platform_impl::Window>().unwrap();
        window.maybe_wait_on_main(move |w| w.set_option_as_alt(option_as_alt));
    }

    #[inline]
    fn option_as_alt(&self) -> OptionAsAlt {
-        let window = self.cast_ref::<AppKitWindow>().unwrap();
+        let window = self.cast_ref::<crate::platform_impl::Window>().unwrap();
        window.maybe_wait_on_main(|w| w.option_as_alt())
    }

    #[inline]
    fn set_borderless_game(&self, borderless_game: bool) {
-        let window = self.cast_ref::<AppKitWindow>().unwrap();
+        let window = self.cast_ref::<crate::platform_impl::Window>().unwrap();
        window.maybe_wait_on_main(|w| w.set_borderless_game(borderless_game))
    }

    #[inline]
    fn is_borderless_game(&self) -> bool {
-        let window = self.cast_ref::<AppKitWindow>().unwrap();
+        let window = self.cast_ref::<crate::platform_impl::Window>().unwrap();
        window.maybe_wait_on_main(|w| w.is_borderless_game())
    }

    #[inline]
    fn set_unified_titlebar(&self, unified_titlebar: bool) {
-        let window = self.cast_ref::<AppKitWindow>().unwrap();
+        let window = self.cast_ref::<crate::platform_impl::Window>().unwrap();
        window.maybe_wait_on_main(|w| w.set_unified_titlebar(unified_titlebar))
    }

    #[inline]
    fn unified_titlebar(&self) -> bool {
-        let window = self.cast_ref::<AppKitWindow>().unwrap();
+        let window = self.cast_ref::<crate::platform_impl::Window>().unwrap();
        window.maybe_wait_on_main(|w| w.unified_titlebar())
    }
 }
@@ -313,7 +292,7 @@ pub enum ActivationPolicy {
    Prohibited,
 }

-/// Window attributes that are specific to MacOS.
+/// Additional methods on [`WindowAttributes`] that are specific to MacOS.
 ///
 /// **Note:** Properties dealing with the titlebar will be overwritten by the
 /// [`WindowAttributes::with_decorations`] method:
@@ -322,158 +301,127 @@ pub enum ActivationPolicy {
 /// - `with_titlebar_hidden`
 /// - `with_titlebar_buttons_hidden`
 /// - `with_fullsize_content_view`
-///
-/// [`WindowAttributes::with_decorations`]: crate::window::WindowAttributes::with_decorations
-#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq)]
-pub struct WindowAttributesMacOS {
-    pub(crate) movable_by_window_background: bool,
-    pub(crate) titlebar_transparent: bool,
-    pub(crate) title_hidden: bool,
-    pub(crate) titlebar_hidden: bool,
-    pub(crate) titlebar_buttons_hidden: bool,
-    pub(crate) fullsize_content_view: bool,
-    pub(crate) disallow_hidpi: bool,
-    pub(crate) has_shadow: bool,
-    pub(crate) accepts_first_mouse: bool,
-    pub(crate) tabbing_identifier: Option<String>,
-    pub(crate) option_as_alt: OptionAsAlt,
-    pub(crate) borderless_game: bool,
-    pub(crate) unified_titlebar: bool,
-    pub(crate) panel: bool,
-}
-
-impl WindowAttributesMacOS {
+pub trait WindowAttributesExtMacOS {
    /// Enables click-and-drag behavior for the entire window, not just the titlebar.
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn with_movable_by_window_background(mut self, movable_by_window_background: bool) -> Self {
-        self.movable_by_window_background = movable_by_window_background;
-        self
-    }
-
+    fn with_movable_by_window_background(self, movable_by_window_background: bool) -> Self;
    /// Makes the titlebar transparent and allows the content to appear behind it.
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn with_titlebar_transparent(mut self, titlebar_transparent: bool) -> Self {
-        self.titlebar_transparent = titlebar_transparent;
-        self
-    }
-
-    /// Hides the window titlebar.
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn with_titlebar_hidden(mut self, titlebar_hidden: bool) -> Self {
-        self.titlebar_hidden = titlebar_hidden;
-        self
-    }
-
-    /// Hides the window titlebar buttons.
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn with_titlebar_buttons_hidden(mut self, titlebar_buttons_hidden: bool) -> Self {
-        self.titlebar_buttons_hidden = titlebar_buttons_hidden;
-        self
-    }
-
+    fn with_titlebar_transparent(self, titlebar_transparent: bool) -> Self;
    /// Hides the window title.
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn with_title_hidden(mut self, title_hidden: bool) -> Self {
-        self.title_hidden = title_hidden;
-        self
-    }
-
+    fn with_title_hidden(self, title_hidden: bool) -> Self;
+    /// Hides the window titlebar.
+    fn with_titlebar_hidden(self, titlebar_hidden: bool) -> Self;
+    /// Hides the window titlebar buttons.
+    fn with_titlebar_buttons_hidden(self, titlebar_buttons_hidden: bool) -> Self;
    /// Makes the window content appear behind the titlebar.
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn with_fullsize_content_view(mut self, fullsize_content_view: bool) -> Self {
-        self.fullsize_content_view = fullsize_content_view;
-        self
-    }
-
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn with_disallow_hidpi(mut self, disallow_hidpi: bool) -> Self {
-        self.disallow_hidpi = disallow_hidpi;
-        self
-    }
-
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn with_has_shadow(mut self, has_shadow: bool) -> Self {
-        self.has_shadow = has_shadow;
-        self
-    }
-
+    fn with_fullsize_content_view(self, fullsize_content_view: bool) -> Self;
+    fn with_disallow_hidpi(self, disallow_hidpi: bool) -> Self;
+    fn with_has_shadow(self, has_shadow: bool) -> Self;
    /// Window accepts click-through mouse events.
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn with_accepts_first_mouse(mut self, accepts_first_mouse: bool) -> Self {
-        self.accepts_first_mouse = accepts_first_mouse;
-        self
-    }
-
+    fn with_accepts_first_mouse(self, accepts_first_mouse: bool) -> Self;
    /// Defines the window tabbing identifier.
    ///
    /// <https://developer.apple.com/documentation/appkit/nswindow/1644704-tabbingidentifier>
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn with_tabbing_identifier(mut self, tabbing_identifier: &str) -> Self {
-        self.tabbing_identifier.replace(tabbing_identifier.to_string());
-        self
-    }
-
+    fn with_tabbing_identifier(self, identifier: &str) -> Self;
    /// Set how the <kbd>Option</kbd> keys are interpreted.
    ///
    /// See [`WindowExtMacOS::set_option_as_alt`] for details on what this means if set.
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn with_option_as_alt(mut self, option_as_alt: OptionAsAlt) -> Self {
-        self.option_as_alt = option_as_alt;
-        self
-    }
-
+    fn with_option_as_alt(self, option_as_alt: OptionAsAlt) -> Self;
    /// See [`WindowExtMacOS::set_borderless_game`] for details on what this means if set.
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn with_borderless_game(mut self, borderless_game: bool) -> Self {
-        self.borderless_game = borderless_game;
-        self
-    }
-
+    fn with_borderless_game(self, borderless_game: bool) -> Self;
    /// See [`WindowExtMacOS::set_unified_titlebar`] for details on what this means if set.
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn with_unified_titlebar(mut self, unified_titlebar: bool) -> Self {
-        self.unified_titlebar = unified_titlebar;
-        self
-    }
-
+    fn with_unified_titlebar(self, unified_titlebar: bool) -> Self;
    /// Use [`NSPanel`] window with [`NonactivatingPanel`] window style mask instead of
    /// [`NSWindow`].
    ///
    /// [`NSWindow`]: https://developer.apple.com/documentation/appkit/NSWindow?language=objc
    /// [`NSPanel`]: https://developer.apple.com/documentation/appkit/NSPanel?language=objc
    /// [`NonactivatingPanel`]: https://developer.apple.com/documentation/appkit/nswindow/stylemask-swift.struct/nonactivatingpanel?language=objc
+    fn with_panel(self, panel: bool) -> Self;
+}
+
+impl WindowAttributesExtMacOS for WindowAttributes {
    #[inline]
-    pub fn with_panel(mut self, panel: bool) -> Self {
-        self.panel = panel;
+    fn with_movable_by_window_background(mut self, movable_by_window_background: bool) -> Self {
+        self.platform_specific.movable_by_window_background = movable_by_window_background;
        self
    }
-}

-impl Default for WindowAttributesMacOS {
    #[inline]
-    fn default() -> Self {
-        Self {
-            movable_by_window_background: false,
-            titlebar_transparent: false,
-            title_hidden: false,
-            titlebar_hidden: false,
-            titlebar_buttons_hidden: false,
-            fullsize_content_view: false,
-            disallow_hidpi: false,
-            has_shadow: true,
-            accepts_first_mouse: true,
-            tabbing_identifier: None,
-            option_as_alt: Default::default(),
-            borderless_game: false,
-            unified_titlebar: false,
-            panel: false,
-        }
+    fn with_titlebar_transparent(mut self, titlebar_transparent: bool) -> Self {
+        self.platform_specific.titlebar_transparent = titlebar_transparent;
+        self
    }
-}

-impl PlatformWindowAttributes for WindowAttributesMacOS {
-    fn box_clone(&self) -> Box<dyn PlatformWindowAttributes> {
-        Box::from(self.clone())
+    #[inline]
+    fn with_titlebar_hidden(mut self, titlebar_hidden: bool) -> Self {
+        self.platform_specific.titlebar_hidden = titlebar_hidden;
+        self
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn with_titlebar_buttons_hidden(mut self, titlebar_buttons_hidden: bool) -> Self {
+        self.platform_specific.titlebar_buttons_hidden = titlebar_buttons_hidden;
+        self
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn with_title_hidden(mut self, title_hidden: bool) -> Self {
+        self.platform_specific.title_hidden = title_hidden;
+        self
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn with_fullsize_content_view(mut self, fullsize_content_view: bool) -> Self {
+        self.platform_specific.fullsize_content_view = fullsize_content_view;
+        self
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn with_disallow_hidpi(mut self, disallow_hidpi: bool) -> Self {
+        self.platform_specific.disallow_hidpi = disallow_hidpi;
+        self
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn with_has_shadow(mut self, has_shadow: bool) -> Self {
+        self.platform_specific.has_shadow = has_shadow;
+        self
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn with_accepts_first_mouse(mut self, accepts_first_mouse: bool) -> Self {
+        self.platform_specific.accepts_first_mouse = accepts_first_mouse;
+        self
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn with_tabbing_identifier(mut self, tabbing_identifier: &str) -> Self {
+        self.platform_specific.tabbing_identifier.replace(tabbing_identifier.to_string());
+        self
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn with_option_as_alt(mut self, option_as_alt: OptionAsAlt) -> Self {
+        self.platform_specific.option_as_alt = option_as_alt;
+        self
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn with_borderless_game(mut self, borderless_game: bool) -> Self {
+        self.platform_specific.borderless_game = borderless_game;
+        self
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn with_unified_titlebar(mut self, unified_titlebar: bool) -> Self {
+        self.platform_specific.unified_titlebar = unified_titlebar;
+        self
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn with_panel(mut self, panel: bool) -> Self {
+        self.platform_specific.panel = panel;
+        self
    }
 }

@@ -532,6 +480,26 @@ pub trait EventLoopBuilderExtMacOS {
    fn with_activate_ignoring_other_apps(&mut self, ignore: bool) -> &mut Self;
 }

+impl EventLoopBuilderExtMacOS for EventLoopBuilder {
+    #[inline]
+    fn with_activation_policy(&mut self, activation_policy: ActivationPolicy) -> &mut Self {
+        self.platform_specific.activation_policy = Some(activation_policy);
+        self
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn with_default_menu(&mut self, enable: bool) -> &mut Self {
+        self.platform_specific.default_menu = enable;
+        self
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn with_activate_ignoring_other_apps(&mut self, ignore: bool) -> &mut Self {
+        self.platform_specific.activate_ignoring_other_apps = ignore;
+        self
+    }
+}
+
 /// Additional methods on [`MonitorHandle`] that are specific to MacOS.
 pub trait MonitorHandleExtMacOS {
    /// Returns a pointer to the NSScreen representing this monitor.
@@ -540,7 +508,7 @@ pub trait MonitorHandleExtMacOS {

 impl MonitorHandleExtMacOS for MonitorHandle {
    fn ns_screen(&self) -> Option<*mut c_void> {
-        let monitor = self.cast_ref::<AppKitMonitorHandle>().unwrap();
+        let monitor = self.cast_ref::<MacOsMonitorHandle>().unwrap();
        // SAFETY: We only use the marker to get a pointer
        let mtm = unsafe { objc2::MainThreadMarker::new_unchecked() };
        monitor.ns_screen(mtm).map(|s| objc2::rc::Retained::as_ptr(&s) as _)
@@ -565,26 +533,30 @@ pub trait ActiveEventLoopExtMacOS {

 impl ActiveEventLoopExtMacOS for dyn ActiveEventLoop + '_ {
    fn hide_application(&self) {
-        let event_loop =
-            self.cast_ref::<AppKitActiveEventLoop>().expect("non macOS event loop on macOS");
+        let event_loop = self
+            .cast_ref::<crate::platform_impl::ActiveEventLoop>()
+            .expect("non macOS event loop on macOS");
        event_loop.hide_application()
    }

    fn hide_other_applications(&self) {
-        let event_loop =
-            self.cast_ref::<AppKitActiveEventLoop>().expect("non macOS event loop on macOS");
+        let event_loop = self
+            .cast_ref::<crate::platform_impl::ActiveEventLoop>()
+            .expect("non macOS event loop on macOS");
        event_loop.hide_other_applications()
    }

    fn set_allows_automatic_window_tabbing(&self, enabled: bool) {
-        let event_loop =
-            self.cast_ref::<AppKitActiveEventLoop>().expect("non macOS event loop on macOS");
+        let event_loop = self
+            .cast_ref::<crate::platform_impl::ActiveEventLoop>()
+            .expect("non macOS event loop on macOS");
        event_loop.set_allows_automatic_window_tabbing(enabled);
    }

    fn allows_automatic_window_tabbing(&self) -> bool {
-        let event_loop =
-            self.cast_ref::<AppKitActiveEventLoop>().expect("non macOS event loop on macOS");
+        let event_loop = self
+            .cast_ref::<crate::platform_impl::ActiveEventLoop>()
+            .expect("non macOS event loop on macOS");
        event_loop.allows_automatic_window_tabbing()
    }
 }
@@ -608,3 +580,52 @@ pub enum OptionAsAlt {
    #[default]
    None,
 }
+
+/// Additional events on [`ApplicationHandler`] that are specific to macOS.
+///
+/// This can be registered with [`ApplicationHandler::macos_handler`].
+pub trait ApplicationHandlerExtMacOS: ApplicationHandler {
+    /// The system interpreted a keypress as a standard key binding command.
+    ///
+    /// Examples include inserting tabs and newlines, or moving the insertion point, see
+    /// [`NSStandardKeyBindingResponding`] for the full list of key bindings. They are often text
+    /// editing related.
+    ///
+    /// This corresponds to the [`doCommandBySelector:`] method on `NSTextInputClient`.
+    ///
+    /// The `action` parameter contains the string representation of the selector. Examples include
+    /// `"insertBacktab:"`, `"indent:"` and `"noop:"`.
+    ///
+    /// # Example
+    ///
+    /// ```ignore
+    /// impl ApplicationHandlerExtMacOS for App {
+    ///     fn standard_key_binding(
+    ///         &mut self,
+    ///         event_loop: &dyn ActiveEventLoop,
+    ///         window_id: WindowId,
+    ///         action: &str,
+    ///     ) {
+    ///         match action {
+    ///             "moveBackward:" => self.cursor.position -= 1,
+    ///             "moveForward:" => self.cursor.position += 1,
+    ///             _ => {} // Ignore other actions
+    ///         }
+    ///     }
+    /// }
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// [`NSStandardKeyBindingResponding`]: https://developer.apple.com/documentation/appkit/nsstandardkeybindingresponding?language=objc
+    /// [`doCommandBySelector:`]: https://developer.apple.com/documentation/appkit/nstextinputclient/1438256-docommandbyselector?language=objc
+    #[doc(alias = "doCommandBySelector:")]
+    fn standard_key_binding(
+        &mut self,
+        event_loop: &dyn ActiveEventLoop,
+        window_id: WindowId,
+        action: &str,
+    ) {
+        let _ = event_loop;
+        let _ = window_id;
+        let _ = action;
+    }
+}
--- a/src/platform/mod.rs
+++ b/src/platform/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+//! Contains traits with platform-specific methods in them.
+//!
+//! Only the modules corresponding to the platform you're compiling to will be available.
+
+#[cfg(android_platform)]
+pub mod android;
+#[cfg(ios_platform)]
+pub mod ios;
+#[cfg(macos_platform)]
+pub mod macos;
+#[cfg(orbital_platform)]
+pub mod orbital;
+#[cfg(any(x11_platform, wayland_platform))]
+pub mod startup_notify;
+#[cfg(wayland_platform)]
+pub mod wayland;
+#[cfg(web_platform)]
+pub mod web;
+#[cfg(windows_platform)]
+pub mod windows;
+#[cfg(x11_platform)]
+pub mod x11;
+
+#[allow(unused_imports)]
+#[cfg(any(
+    windows_platform,
+    macos_platform,
+    android_platform,
+    x11_platform,
+    wayland_platform,
+    docsrs,
+))]
+pub mod run_on_demand;
+
+#[cfg(any(
+    windows_platform,
+    macos_platform,
+    android_platform,
+    x11_platform,
+    wayland_platform,
+    docsrs,
+))]
+pub mod pump_events;
+
+#[cfg(any(windows_platform, macos_platform, x11_platform, wayland_platform, docsrs))]
+pub mod scancode;
+
+pub mod event_loop;
--- a/src/platform/orbital.rs
+++ b/src/platform/orbital.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+//! # Orbital / Redox OS
+//!
+//! Redox OS has some functionality not yet present that will be implemented
+//! when its orbital display server provides it.
+
+// There are no Orbital specific traits yet.
--- a/winit-core/src/event_loop/pump_events.rs
+++ b/winit-core/src/event_loop/pump_events.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 use std::time::Duration;

 use crate::application::ApplicationHandler;
+use crate::event_loop::EventLoop;

-#[allow(rustdoc::broken_intra_doc_links)] // FIXME(madsmtm): Fix these.
 /// Additional methods on [`EventLoop`] for pumping events within an external event loop
 pub trait EventLoopExtPumpEvents {
    /// Pump the `EventLoop` to check for and dispatch pending events.
@@ -99,11 +99,23 @@ pub trait EventLoopExtPumpEvents {
    ///   If you render outside of Winit you are likely to see window resizing artifacts
    ///   since MacOS expects applications to render synchronously during any `drawRect`
    ///   callback.
-    fn pump_app_events<A: ApplicationHandler>(
+    fn pump_app_events(
        &mut self,
        timeout: Option<Duration>,
-        app: A,
-    ) -> PumpStatus;
+        app: impl ApplicationHandler,
+    ) -> PumpStatus
+    where
+        Self: Sized;
+}
+
+impl EventLoopExtPumpEvents for EventLoop {
+    fn pump_app_events(
+        &mut self,
+        timeout: Option<Duration>,
+        app: impl ApplicationHandler,
+    ) -> PumpStatus {
+        self.event_loop.pump_app_events(timeout, app)
+    }
 }

 /// The return status for `pump_events`
--- a/winit-core/src/event_loop/run_on_demand.rs
+++ b/winit-core/src/event_loop/run_on_demand.rs
@@ -1,18 +1,19 @@
 use crate::application::ApplicationHandler;
 use crate::error::EventLoopError;
+use crate::event_loop::EventLoop;
 #[cfg(doc)]
 use crate::{
-    event_loop::{ActiveEventLoop, pump_events::EventLoopExtPumpEvents},
-    window::Window,
+    event_loop::ActiveEventLoop, platform::pump_events::EventLoopExtPumpEvents, window::Window,
 };

 /// Additional methods on [`EventLoop`] to return control flow to the caller.
 pub trait EventLoopExtRunOnDemand {
    /// Run the application with the event loop on the calling thread.
    ///
-    /// Unlike [`EventLoop::run_app`], this function accepts non-`'static` (i.e. non-`move`)
-    /// state and it is possible to return control back to the caller without consuming the
-    /// `EventLoop` (by using [`exit()`]) and so the event loop can be re-run after it has exit.
+    /// Unlike [`EventLoopProvider::run_app()`], this function accepts non-`'static` (i.e.
+    /// non-`move`) closures and it is possible to return control back to the caller without
+    /// consuming the `EventLoop` (by using [`exit()`]) and
+    /// so the event loop can be re-run after it has exit.
    ///
    /// It's expected that each run of the loop will be for orthogonal instantiations of your
    /// Winit application, but internally each instantiation may re-use some common window
@@ -29,11 +30,18 @@ pub trait EventLoopExtRunOnDemand {
    ///
    /// # Caveats
    /// - This extension isn't available on all platforms, since it's not always possible to return
-    ///   to the caller (specifically this is impossible on iOS and Web).
+    ///   to the caller (specifically this is impossible on iOS and Web - though with the Web
+    ///   backend it is possible to use
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        web_platform,
+        doc = "  [`EventLoopExtWeb::spawn_app()`][crate::platform::web::EventLoopExtWeb::spawn_app()]"
+    )]
+    #[cfg_attr(not(web_platform), doc = "  `EventLoopExtWeb::spawn_app()`")]
+    ///   [^1] more than once instead).
    /// - No [`Window`] state can be carried between separate runs of the event loop.
    ///
-    /// You are strongly encouraged to use [`EventLoop::run_app()`] for portability, unless you
-    /// specifically need the ability to re-run a single event loop more than once
+    /// You are strongly encouraged to use [`EventLoopProvider::run_app()`] for portability, unless
+    /// you specifically need the ability to re-run a single event loop more than once
    ///
    /// # Supported Platforms
    /// - Windows
@@ -48,7 +56,31 @@ pub trait EventLoopExtRunOnDemand {
    ///   are delivered via callbacks based on an event loop that is internal to the browser itself.
    /// - **iOS:** It's not possible to stop and start an `UIApplication` repeatedly on iOS.
    ///
+    /// [^1]: `spawn_app()` is only available on the Web platforms.
+    ///
    /// [`exit()`]: ActiveEventLoop::exit()
    /// [`set_control_flow()`]: ActiveEventLoop::set_control_flow()
-    fn run_app_on_demand<A: ApplicationHandler>(&mut self, app: A) -> Result<(), EventLoopError>;
+    /// [`EventLoopProvider::run_app()`]: crate::event_loop::EventLoopProvider::run_app
+    fn run_app_on_demand(&mut self, app: impl ApplicationHandler) -> Result<(), EventLoopError>
+    where
+        Self: Sized;
 }
+
+impl EventLoopExtRunOnDemand for EventLoop {
+    fn run_app_on_demand(&mut self, app: impl ApplicationHandler) -> Result<(), EventLoopError> {
+        self.event_loop.run_app_on_demand(app)
+    }
+}
+
+/// ```compile_fail
+/// use winit::event_loop::EventLoop;
+/// use winit::platform::run_on_demand::EventLoopExtRunOnDemand;
+///
+/// let mut event_loop = EventLoop::new().unwrap();
+/// event_loop.run_on_demand(|_, _| {
+///     // Attempt to run the event loop re-entrantly; this must fail.
+///     event_loop.run_on_demand(|_, _| {});
+/// });
+/// ```
+#[allow(dead_code)]
+fn test_run_on_demand_cannot_access_event_loop() {}
--- a/winit/src/platform/scancode.rs
+++ b/winit/src/platform/scancode.rs
--- a/winit/src/platform/startup_notify.rs
+++ b/winit/src/platform/startup_notify.rs
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ use crate::error::{NotSupportedError, RequestError};
 use crate::event_loop::{ActiveEventLoop, AsyncRequestSerial};
 #[cfg(wayland_platform)]
 use crate::platform::wayland::ActiveEventLoopExtWayland;
-use crate::window::{ActivationToken, Window};
+use crate::window::{ActivationToken, Window, WindowAttributes};

 /// The variable which is used mostly on X11.
 const X11_VAR: &str = "DESKTOP_STARTUP_ID";
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ impl WindowExtStartupNotify for dyn Window + '_ {
        }

        #[cfg(x11_platform)]
-        if let Some(window) = self.cast_ref::<crate::platform_impl::x11::Window>() {
+        if let Some(window) = self.cast_ref::<crate::platform_impl::x11::window::Window>() {
            return window.request_activation_token();
        }

@@ -88,24 +88,26 @@ impl WindowExtStartupNotify for dyn Window + '_ {
    }
 }

+impl WindowAttributesExtStartupNotify for WindowAttributes {
+    fn with_activation_token(mut self, token: ActivationToken) -> Self {
+        self.platform_specific.activation_token = Some(token);
+        self
+    }
+}
+
 /// Remove the activation environment variables from the current process.
 ///
 /// This is wise to do before running child processes,
 /// which may not to support the activation token.
 pub fn reset_activation_token_env() {
-    unsafe {
-        env::remove_var(X11_VAR);
-        env::remove_var(WAYLAND_VAR);
-    }
+    env::remove_var(X11_VAR);
+    env::remove_var(WAYLAND_VAR);
 }

 /// Set environment variables responsible for activation token.
 ///
 /// This could be used before running daemon processes.
 pub fn set_activation_token_env(token: ActivationToken) {
-    let token = token.into_raw();
-    unsafe {
-        env::set_var(X11_VAR, &token);
-        env::set_var(WAYLAND_VAR, token);
-    }
+    env::set_var(X11_VAR, &token.token);
+    env::set_var(WAYLAND_VAR, token.token);
 }
--- a/src/platform/wayland.rs
+++ b/src/platform/wayland.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,111 @@
+//! # Wayland
+//!
+//! **Note:** Windows don't appear on Wayland until you draw/present to them.
+//!
+//! By default, Winit loads system libraries using `dlopen`. This can be
+//! disabled by disabling the `"wayland-dlopen"` cargo feature.
+//!
+//! ## Client-side decorations
+//!
+//! Winit provides client-side decorations by default, but the behaviour can
+//! be controlled with the following feature flags:
+//!
+//! * `wayland-csd-adwaita` (default).
+//! * `wayland-csd-adwaita-crossfont`.
+//! * `wayland-csd-adwaita-notitle`.
+
+use std::ffi::c_void;
+use std::ptr::NonNull;
+
+use crate::event_loop::{ActiveEventLoop, EventLoop, EventLoopBuilder};
+use crate::platform_impl::wayland::Window;
+pub use crate::window::Theme;
+use crate::window::{Window as CoreWindow, WindowAttributes};
+
+/// Additional methods on [`ActiveEventLoop`] that are specific to Wayland.
+pub trait ActiveEventLoopExtWayland {
+    /// True if the [`ActiveEventLoop`] uses Wayland.
+    fn is_wayland(&self) -> bool;
+}
+
+impl ActiveEventLoopExtWayland for dyn ActiveEventLoop + '_ {
+    #[inline]
+    fn is_wayland(&self) -> bool {
+        self.cast_ref::<crate::platform_impl::wayland::ActiveEventLoop>().is_some()
+    }
+}
+
+/// Additional methods on [`EventLoop`] that are specific to Wayland.
+pub trait EventLoopExtWayland {
+    /// True if the [`EventLoop`] uses Wayland.
+    fn is_wayland(&self) -> bool;
+}
+
+impl EventLoopExtWayland for EventLoop {
+    #[inline]
+    fn is_wayland(&self) -> bool {
+        self.event_loop.is_wayland()
+    }
+}
+
+/// Additional methods on [`EventLoopBuilder`] that are specific to Wayland.
+pub trait EventLoopBuilderExtWayland {
+    /// Force using Wayland.
+    fn with_wayland(&mut self) -> &mut Self;
+
+    /// Whether to allow the event loop to be created off of the main thread.
+    ///
+    /// By default, the window is only allowed to be created on the main
+    /// thread, to make platform compatibility easier.
+    fn with_any_thread(&mut self, any_thread: bool) -> &mut Self;
+}
+
+impl EventLoopBuilderExtWayland for EventLoopBuilder {
+    #[inline]
+    fn with_wayland(&mut self) -> &mut Self {
+        self.platform_specific.forced_backend = Some(crate::platform_impl::Backend::Wayland);
+        self
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn with_any_thread(&mut self, any_thread: bool) -> &mut Self {
+        self.platform_specific.any_thread = any_thread;
+        self
+    }
+}
+
+/// Additional methods on [`Window`] that are specific to Wayland.
+///
+/// [`Window`]: crate::window::Window
+pub trait WindowExtWayland {
+    /// Returns `xdg_toplevel` of the window or [`None`] if the window is X11 window.
+    fn xdg_toplevel(&self) -> Option<NonNull<c_void>>;
+}
+
+impl WindowExtWayland for dyn CoreWindow + '_ {
+    #[inline]
+    fn xdg_toplevel(&self) -> Option<NonNull<c_void>> {
+        self.cast_ref::<Window>()?.xdg_toplevel()
+    }
+}
+
+/// Additional methods on [`WindowAttributes`] that are specific to Wayland.
+pub trait WindowAttributesExtWayland {
+    /// Build window with the given name.
+    ///
+    /// The `general` name sets an application ID, which should match the `.desktop`
+    /// file distributed with your program. The `instance` is a `no-op`.
+    ///
+    /// For details about application ID conventions, see the
+    /// [Desktop Entry Spec](https://specifications.freedesktop.org/desktop-entry-spec/desktop-entry-spec-latest.html#desktop-file-id)
+    fn with_name(self, general: impl Into<String>, instance: impl Into<String>) -> Self;
+}
+
+impl WindowAttributesExtWayland for WindowAttributes {
+    #[inline]
+    fn with_name(mut self, general: impl Into<String>, instance: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
+        self.platform_specific.name =
+            Some(crate::platform_impl::ApplicationName::new(general.into(), instance.into()));
+        self
+    }
+}
--- a/winit-web/src/lib.rs
+++ b/winit-web/src/lib.rs
@@ -13,10 +13,10 @@
 //! yourself.
 //!
 //! [canvas]: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/HTMLCanvasElement
-//! [with_canvas]: WindowAttributesWeb::with_canvas
+//! [with_canvas]: WindowAttributesExtWeb::with_canvas
 //! [get]: WindowExtWeb::canvas
-//! [insert]: WindowAttributesWeb::with_append
-//! [wasm_bindgen]: https://docs.rs/wasm-bindgen
+//! [insert]: WindowAttributesExtWeb::with_append
+#![cfg_attr(not(web_platform), doc = "[wasm_bindgen]: https://docs.rs/wasm-bindgen")]
 //! [Rust and WebAssembly book]: https://rustwasm.github.io/book
 //!
 //! ## CSS properties
@@ -41,39 +41,6 @@
 //! [`WindowEvent::PointerLeft`]: crate::event::WindowEvent::PointerLeft
 //! [`Window::set_outer_position()`]: crate::window::Window::set_outer_position

-// Brief introduction to the internals of the Web backend:
-// The Web backend used to support both wasm-bindgen and stdweb as methods of binding to the
-// environment. Because they are both supporting the same underlying APIs, the actual Web bindings
-// are cordoned off into backend abstractions, which present the thinnest unifying layer possible.
-//
-// When adding support for new events or interactions with the browser, first consult trusted
-// documentation (such as MDN) to ensure it is well-standardised and supported across many browsers.
-// Once you have decided on the relevant Web APIs, add support to both backends.
-//
-// The backend is used by the rest of the module to implement Winit's business logic, which forms
-// the rest of the code. 'device', 'error', 'monitor', and 'window' define Web-specific structures
-// for winit's cross-platform structures. They are all relatively simple translations.
-//
-// The event_loop module handles listening for and processing events. 'Proxy' implements
-// EventLoopProxy and 'WindowTarget' implements ActiveEventLoop. WindowTarget also handles
-// registering the event handlers. The 'Execution' struct in the 'runner' module handles taking
-// incoming events (from the registered handlers) and ensuring they are passed to the user in a
-// compliant way.
-
-macro_rules! os_error {
-    ($error:expr) => {{ winit_core::error::OsError::new(line!(), file!(), $error) }};
-}
-
-mod r#async;
-mod cursor;
-mod event;
-pub(crate) mod event_loop;
-mod lock;
-pub(crate) mod main_thread;
-mod monitor;
-pub(crate) mod web_sys;
-pub(crate) mod window;
-
 use std::cell::Ref;
 use std::error::Error;
 use std::fmt::{self, Display, Formatter};
@@ -82,26 +49,29 @@ use std::pin::Pin;
 use std::sync::Arc;
 use std::task::{Context, Poll};

-use ::web_sys::HtmlCanvasElement;
 #[cfg(feature = "serde")]
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
-use winit_core::cursor::{CustomCursor, CustomCursorSource};
-use winit_core::error::NotSupportedError;
-use winit_core::event_loop::ActiveEventLoop;
-use winit_core::monitor::MonitorHandleProvider;
-use winit_core::window::{PlatformWindowAttributes, Window};
+#[cfg(web_platform)]
+use web_sys::HtmlCanvasElement;

-pub use self::event_loop::{EventLoop, PlatformSpecificEventLoopAttributes};
-use self::web_sys as backend;
-use self::window::Window as WebWindow;
-use crate::cursor::CustomCursorFuture as PlatformCustomCursorFuture;
-use crate::event_loop::ActiveEventLoop as WebActiveEventLoop;
-use crate::main_thread::{MainThreadMarker, MainThreadSafe};
-use crate::monitor::{
+use crate::application::ApplicationHandler;
+use crate::cursor::CustomCursorSource;
+use crate::error::NotSupportedError;
+use crate::event_loop::{ActiveEventLoop, EventLoop};
+use crate::monitor::MonitorHandleProvider;
+use crate::platform_impl::MonitorHandle as WebMonitorHandle;
+#[cfg(web_platform)]
+use crate::platform_impl::{
+    CustomCursorFuture as PlatformCustomCursorFuture,
    HasMonitorPermissionFuture as PlatformHasMonitorPermissionFuture,
-    MonitorHandle as WebMonitorHandle, MonitorPermissionFuture as PlatformMonitorPermissionFuture,
+    MonitorPermissionFuture as PlatformMonitorPermissionFuture,
    OrientationLockFuture as PlatformOrientationLockFuture,
 };
+use crate::window::{CustomCursor, Window, WindowAttributes};
+
+#[cfg(not(web_platform))]
+#[doc(hidden)]
+pub struct HtmlCanvasElement;

 pub trait WindowExtWeb {
    /// Only returns the canvas if called from inside the window context (the
@@ -135,51 +105,37 @@ pub trait WindowExtWeb {
 impl WindowExtWeb for dyn Window + '_ {
    #[inline]
    fn canvas(&self) -> Option<Ref<'_, HtmlCanvasElement>> {
-        self.cast_ref::<WebWindow>().expect("non Web window on Web").canvas()
+        self.cast_ref::<crate::platform_impl::Window>().expect("non Web window on Web").canvas()
    }

    fn prevent_default(&self) -> bool {
-        self.cast_ref::<WebWindow>().expect("non Web window on Web").prevent_default()
+        self.cast_ref::<crate::platform_impl::Window>()
+            .expect("non Web window on Web")
+            .prevent_default()
    }

    fn set_prevent_default(&self, prevent_default: bool) {
-        self.cast_ref::<WebWindow>()
+        self.cast_ref::<crate::platform_impl::Window>()
            .expect("non Web window on Web")
            .set_prevent_default(prevent_default)
    }

    fn is_cursor_lock_raw(&self) -> bool {
-        self.cast_ref::<WebWindow>().expect("non Web window on Web").is_cursor_lock_raw()
+        self.cast_ref::<crate::platform_impl::Window>()
+            .expect("non Web window on Web")
+            .is_cursor_lock_raw()
    }
 }

-#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
-pub struct WindowAttributesWeb {
-    pub(crate) canvas: Option<Arc<MainThreadSafe<backend::RawCanvasType>>>,
-    pub(crate) prevent_default: bool,
-    pub(crate) focusable: bool,
-    pub(crate) append: bool,
-}
-
-impl WindowAttributesWeb {
+pub trait WindowAttributesExtWeb {
    /// Pass an [`HtmlCanvasElement`] to be used for this [`Window`]. If [`None`],
-    /// the default one will be created.
+    /// [`WindowAttributes::default()`] will create one.
    ///
    /// In any case, the canvas won't be automatically inserted into the Web page.
    ///
    /// [`None`] by default.
-    pub fn with_canvas(mut self, canvas: Option<HtmlCanvasElement>) -> Self {
-        match canvas {
-            Some(canvas) => {
-                let main_thread = MainThreadMarker::new()
-                    .expect("received a `HtmlCanvasElement` outside the window context");
-                self.canvas = Some(Arc::new(MainThreadSafe::new(main_thread, canvas)));
-            },
-            None => self.canvas = None,
-        }
-
-        self
-    }
+    #[cfg_attr(not(web_platform), doc = "", doc = "[`HtmlCanvasElement`]: #only-available-on-wasm")]
+    fn with_canvas(self, canvas: Option<HtmlCanvasElement>) -> Self;

    /// Sets whether `event.preventDefault()` should be called on events on the
    /// canvas that have side effects.
@@ -187,55 +143,68 @@ impl WindowAttributesWeb {
    /// See [`WindowExtWeb::set_prevent_default()`] for more details.
    ///
    /// Enabled by default.
-    pub fn with_prevent_default(mut self, prevent_default: bool) -> Self {
-        self.prevent_default = prevent_default;
-        self
-    }
+    fn with_prevent_default(self, prevent_default: bool) -> Self;

    /// Whether the canvas should be focusable using the tab key. This is necessary to capture
    /// canvas keyboard events.
    ///
    /// Enabled by default.
-    pub fn with_focusable(mut self, focusable: bool) -> Self {
-        self.focusable = focusable;
-        self
-    }
+    fn with_focusable(self, focusable: bool) -> Self;

    /// On window creation, append the canvas element to the Web page if it isn't already.
    ///
    /// Disabled by default.
-    pub fn with_append(mut self, append: bool) -> Self {
-        self.append = append;
+    fn with_append(self, append: bool) -> Self;
+}
+
+impl WindowAttributesExtWeb for WindowAttributes {
+    fn with_canvas(mut self, canvas: Option<HtmlCanvasElement>) -> Self {
+        self.platform_specific.set_canvas(canvas);
        self
    }
-}

-impl PlatformWindowAttributes for WindowAttributesWeb {
-    fn box_clone(&self) -> Box<dyn PlatformWindowAttributes> {
-        Box::from(self.clone())
+    fn with_prevent_default(mut self, prevent_default: bool) -> Self {
+        self.platform_specific.prevent_default = prevent_default;
+        self
    }
-}

-impl PartialEq for WindowAttributesWeb {
-    fn eq(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {
-        (match (&self.canvas, &other.canvas) {
-            (Some(this), Some(other)) => Arc::ptr_eq(this, other),
-            (None, None) => true,
-            _ => false,
-        }) && self.prevent_default.eq(&other.prevent_default)
-            && self.focusable.eq(&other.focusable)
-            && self.append.eq(&other.append)
+    fn with_focusable(mut self, focusable: bool) -> Self {
+        self.platform_specific.focusable = focusable;
+        self
    }
-}

-impl Default for WindowAttributesWeb {
-    fn default() -> Self {
-        Self { canvas: None, prevent_default: true, focusable: true, append: false }
+    fn with_append(mut self, append: bool) -> Self {
+        self.platform_specific.append = append;
+        self
    }
 }

 /// Additional methods on `EventLoop` that are specific to the Web.
 pub trait EventLoopExtWeb {
+    /// Initializes the winit event loop.
+    ///
+    /// Unlike
+    #[cfg_attr(all(web_platform, target_feature = "exception-handling"), doc = "`run_app()`")]
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        not(all(web_platform, target_feature = "exception-handling")),
+        doc = "[`run_app()`]"
+    )]
+    /// [^1], this returns immediately, and doesn't throw an exception in order to
+    /// satisfy its [`!`] return type.
+    ///
+    /// Once the event loop has been destroyed, it's possible to reinitialize another event loop
+    /// by calling this function again. This can be useful if you want to recreate the event loop
+    /// while the WebAssembly module is still loaded. For example, this can be used to recreate the
+    /// event loop when switching between tabs on a single page application.
+    #[rustfmt::skip]
+    ///
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        not(all(web_platform, target_feature = "exception-handling")),
+        doc = "[`run_app()`]: crate::event_loop::EventLoopProvider::run_app()"
+    )]
+    /// [^1]: `run_app()` is _not_ available on Wasm when the target supports `exception-handling`.
+    fn spawn_app<A: ApplicationHandler + 'static>(self, app: A);
+
    /// Sets the strategy for [`ControlFlow::Poll`].
    ///
    /// See [`PollStrategy`].
@@ -293,6 +262,40 @@ pub trait EventLoopExtWeb {
    fn has_detailed_monitor_permission(&self) -> HasMonitorPermissionFuture;
 }

+impl EventLoopExtWeb for EventLoop {
+    fn spawn_app<A: ApplicationHandler + 'static>(self, app: A) {
+        self.event_loop.spawn_app(app);
+    }
+
+    fn set_poll_strategy(&self, strategy: PollStrategy) {
+        self.event_loop.set_poll_strategy(strategy);
+    }
+
+    fn poll_strategy(&self) -> PollStrategy {
+        self.event_loop.poll_strategy()
+    }
+
+    fn set_wait_until_strategy(&self, strategy: WaitUntilStrategy) {
+        self.event_loop.set_wait_until_strategy(strategy);
+    }
+
+    fn wait_until_strategy(&self) -> WaitUntilStrategy {
+        self.event_loop.wait_until_strategy()
+    }
+
+    fn has_multiple_screens(&self) -> Result<bool, NotSupportedError> {
+        self.event_loop.has_multiple_screens()
+    }
+
+    fn request_detailed_monitor_permission(&self) -> MonitorPermissionFuture {
+        MonitorPermissionFuture(self.event_loop.request_detailed_monitor_permission())
+    }
+
+    fn has_detailed_monitor_permission(&self) -> HasMonitorPermissionFuture {
+        HasMonitorPermissionFuture(self.event_loop.has_detailed_monitor_permission())
+    }
+}
+
 pub trait ActiveEventLoopExtWeb {
    /// Sets the strategy for [`ControlFlow::Poll`].
    ///
@@ -361,55 +364,73 @@ pub trait ActiveEventLoopExtWeb {
 impl ActiveEventLoopExtWeb for dyn ActiveEventLoop + '_ {
    #[inline]
    fn create_custom_cursor_async(&self, source: CustomCursorSource) -> CustomCursorFuture {
-        let event_loop = self.cast_ref::<WebActiveEventLoop>().expect("non Web event loop on Web");
+        let event_loop = self
+            .cast_ref::<crate::platform_impl::ActiveEventLoop>()
+            .expect("non Web event loop on Web");
        event_loop.create_custom_cursor_async(source)
    }

    #[inline]
    fn set_poll_strategy(&self, strategy: PollStrategy) {
-        let event_loop = self.cast_ref::<WebActiveEventLoop>().expect("non Web event loop on Web");
+        let event_loop = self
+            .cast_ref::<crate::platform_impl::ActiveEventLoop>()
+            .expect("non Web event loop on Web");
        event_loop.set_poll_strategy(strategy);
    }

    #[inline]
    fn poll_strategy(&self) -> PollStrategy {
-        let event_loop = self.cast_ref::<WebActiveEventLoop>().expect("non Web event loop on Web");
+        let event_loop = self
+            .cast_ref::<crate::platform_impl::ActiveEventLoop>()
+            .expect("non Web event loop on Web");
        event_loop.poll_strategy()
    }

    #[inline]
    fn set_wait_until_strategy(&self, strategy: WaitUntilStrategy) {
-        let event_loop = self.cast_ref::<WebActiveEventLoop>().expect("non Web event loop on Web");
+        let event_loop = self
+            .cast_ref::<crate::platform_impl::ActiveEventLoop>()
+            .expect("non Web event loop on Web");
        event_loop.set_wait_until_strategy(strategy);
    }

    #[inline]
    fn wait_until_strategy(&self) -> WaitUntilStrategy {
-        let event_loop = self.cast_ref::<WebActiveEventLoop>().expect("non Web event loop on Web");
+        let event_loop = self
+            .cast_ref::<crate::platform_impl::ActiveEventLoop>()
+            .expect("non Web event loop on Web");
        event_loop.wait_until_strategy()
    }

    #[inline]
    fn is_cursor_lock_raw(&self) -> bool {
-        let event_loop = self.cast_ref::<WebActiveEventLoop>().expect("non Web event loop on Web");
+        let event_loop = self
+            .cast_ref::<crate::platform_impl::ActiveEventLoop>()
+            .expect("non Web event loop on Web");
        event_loop.is_cursor_lock_raw()
    }

    #[inline]
    fn has_multiple_screens(&self) -> Result<bool, NotSupportedError> {
-        let event_loop = self.cast_ref::<WebActiveEventLoop>().expect("non Web event loop on Web");
+        let event_loop = self
+            .cast_ref::<crate::platform_impl::ActiveEventLoop>()
+            .expect("non Web event loop on Web");
        event_loop.has_multiple_screens()
    }

    #[inline]
    fn request_detailed_monitor_permission(&self) -> MonitorPermissionFuture {
-        let event_loop = self.cast_ref::<WebActiveEventLoop>().expect("non Web event loop on Web");
+        let event_loop = self
+            .cast_ref::<crate::platform_impl::ActiveEventLoop>()
+            .expect("non Web event loop on Web");
        MonitorPermissionFuture(event_loop.request_detailed_monitor_permission())
    }

    #[inline]
    fn has_detailed_monitor_permission(&self) -> bool {
-        let event_loop = self.cast_ref::<WebActiveEventLoop>().expect("non Web event loop on Web");
+        let event_loop = self
+            .cast_ref::<crate::platform_impl::ActiveEventLoop>()
+            .expect("non Web event loop on Web");
        event_loop.has_detailed_monitor_permission()
    }
 }
@@ -465,6 +486,9 @@ pub enum WaitUntilStrategy {
    Worker,
 }

+#[cfg(not(web_platform))]
+struct PlatformCustomCursorFuture;
+
 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub struct CustomCursorFuture(pub(crate) PlatformCustomCursorFuture);

@@ -494,6 +518,9 @@ impl Display for CustomCursorError {

 impl Error for CustomCursorError {}

+#[cfg(not(web_platform))]
+struct PlatformMonitorPermissionFuture;
+
 /// Can be dropped without aborting the request for detailed monitor permissions.
 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub struct MonitorPermissionFuture(pub(crate) PlatformMonitorPermissionFuture);
@@ -536,6 +563,9 @@ impl Display for MonitorPermissionError {

 impl Error for MonitorPermissionError {}

+#[cfg(not(web_platform))]
+struct PlatformHasMonitorPermissionFuture;
+
 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub struct HasMonitorPermissionFuture(PlatformHasMonitorPermissionFuture);

@@ -651,6 +681,9 @@ pub enum OrientationLock {
    },
 }

+#[cfg(not(web_platform))]
+struct PlatformOrientationLockFuture;
+
 /// Can be dropped without aborting the request to lock the screen.
 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub struct OrientationLockFuture(PlatformOrientationLockFuture);
--- a/src/platform/windows.rs
+++ b/src/platform/windows.rs
@@ -1,44 +1,24 @@
-//! # Winit Win32 / Windows backend
+//! # Windows
 //!
 //! The supported OS version is Windows 7 or higher, though Windows 10 is
 //! tested regularly.
-#![cfg(target_os = "windows")] // FIXME(madsmtm): Allow compiling on all platforms.
-
-#[macro_use]
-mod util;
-mod dark_mode;
-mod definitions;
-mod dpi;
-mod drop_handler;
-mod event_loop;
-mod icon;
-mod ime;
-mod keyboard;
-mod keyboard_layout;
-mod monitor;
-mod raw_input;
-mod window;
-mod window_state;
-
 use std::borrow::Borrow;
 use std::ffi::c_void;
 use std::ops::Deref;
 use std::path::Path;
 use std::sync::Arc;

-use ::dpi::PhysicalSize;
 #[cfg(feature = "serde")]
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+#[cfg(windows_platform)]
 use windows_sys::Win32::Foundation::HANDLE;
-use winit_core::event::DeviceId;
-use winit_core::icon::{BadIcon, Icon};
-use winit_core::window::{PlatformWindowAttributes, Window as CoreWindow};

-pub use self::event_loop::{EventLoop, PlatformSpecificEventLoopAttributes};
-use self::icon::{RaiiIcon, SelectedCursor};
-pub use self::keyboard::{physicalkey_to_scancode, scancode_to_physicalkey};
-pub use self::monitor::{MonitorHandle, VideoModeHandle};
-pub use self::window::Window;
+use crate::dpi::PhysicalSize;
+use crate::event::DeviceId;
+use crate::event_loop::EventLoopBuilder;
+use crate::icon::BadIcon;
+use crate::platform_impl::RaiiIcon;
+use crate::window::{Icon, Window, WindowAttributes};

 /// Window Handle type used by Win32 API
 pub type HWND = *mut c_void;
@@ -140,24 +120,24 @@ pub enum CornerPreference {
 ///
 /// See [`WindowBorrowExtWindows::any_thread`] for more information.
 #[derive(Clone, Debug)]
-pub struct AnyThread<W: CoreWindow>(W);
+pub struct AnyThread<W: Window>(W);

-impl<W: CoreWindow> AnyThread<W> {
+impl<W: Window> AnyThread<W> {
    /// Get a reference to the inner window.
    #[inline]
-    pub fn get_ref(&self) -> &dyn CoreWindow {
+    pub fn get_ref(&self) -> &dyn Window {
        &self.0
    }
 }

-impl<W: CoreWindow> Deref for AnyThread<W> {
+impl<W: Window> Deref for AnyThread<W> {
    type Target = W;
    fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target {
        &self.0
    }
 }

-impl<W: CoreWindow> rwh_06::HasWindowHandle for AnyThread<W> {
+impl<W: Window> rwh_06::HasWindowHandle for AnyThread<W> {
    fn window_handle(&self) -> Result<rwh_06::WindowHandle<'_>, rwh_06::HandleError> {
        // SAFETY: The top level user has asserted this is only used safely.
        unsafe { self.get_ref().window_handle_any_thread() }
@@ -232,13 +212,36 @@ pub trait EventLoopBuilderExtWindows {
        F: FnMut(*const c_void) -> bool + 'static;
 }

+impl EventLoopBuilderExtWindows for EventLoopBuilder {
+    #[inline]
+    fn with_any_thread(&mut self, any_thread: bool) -> &mut Self {
+        self.platform_specific.any_thread = any_thread;
+        self
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn with_dpi_aware(&mut self, dpi_aware: bool) -> &mut Self {
+        self.platform_specific.dpi_aware = dpi_aware;
+        self
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn with_msg_hook<F>(&mut self, callback: F) -> &mut Self
+    where
+        F: FnMut(*const c_void) -> bool + 'static,
+    {
+        self.platform_specific.msg_hook = Some(Box::new(callback));
+        self
+    }
+}
+
 /// Additional methods on `Window` that are specific to Windows.
 pub trait WindowExtWindows {
    /// Enables or disables mouse and keyboard input to the specified window.
    ///
    /// A window must be enabled before it can be activated.
    /// If an application has create a modal dialog box by disabling its owner window
-    /// (as described in [`WindowAttributesWindows::with_owner_window`]), the application must
+    /// (as described in [`WindowAttributesExtWindows::with_owner_window`]), the application must
    /// enable the owner window before destroying the dialog box.
    /// Otherwise, another window will receive the keyboard focus and be activated.
    ///
@@ -285,15 +288,6 @@ pub trait WindowExtWindows {
    /// Supported starting with Windows 11 Build 22000.
    fn set_corner_preference(&self, preference: CornerPreference);

-    /// Sets if the reported [`winit_core::event::WindowEvent::MouseWheel`] event
-    /// should account for scroll speed system settings.
-    ///
-    /// The default scroll speed on Windows is 3 lines/characters per scroll,
-    /// this will be 1 if you set it to false.
-    ///
-    /// The default is `true`.
-    fn set_use_system_scroll_speed(&self, should_use: bool);
-
    /// Get the raw window handle for this [`Window`] without checking for thread affinity.
    ///
    /// Window handles in Win32 have a property called "thread affinity" that ties them to their
@@ -349,40 +343,40 @@ pub trait WindowExtWindows {
    ) -> Result<rwh_06::WindowHandle<'_>, rwh_06::HandleError>;
 }

-impl WindowExtWindows for dyn CoreWindow + '_ {
+impl WindowExtWindows for dyn Window + '_ {
    #[inline]
    fn set_enable(&self, enabled: bool) {
-        let window = self.cast_ref::<Window>().unwrap();
+        let window = self.cast_ref::<crate::platform_impl::Window>().unwrap();
        window.set_enable(enabled)
    }

    #[inline]
    fn set_taskbar_icon(&self, taskbar_icon: Option<Icon>) {
-        let window = self.cast_ref::<Window>().unwrap();
+        let window = self.cast_ref::<crate::platform_impl::Window>().unwrap();
        window.set_taskbar_icon(taskbar_icon)
    }

    #[inline]
    fn set_skip_taskbar(&self, skip: bool) {
-        let window = self.cast_ref::<Window>().unwrap();
+        let window = self.cast_ref::<crate::platform_impl::Window>().unwrap();
        window.set_skip_taskbar(skip)
    }

    #[inline]
    fn set_undecorated_shadow(&self, shadow: bool) {
-        let window = self.cast_ref::<Window>().unwrap();
+        let window = self.cast_ref::<crate::platform_impl::Window>().unwrap();
        window.set_undecorated_shadow(shadow)
    }

    #[inline]
    fn set_system_backdrop(&self, backdrop_type: BackdropType) {
-        let window = self.cast_ref::<Window>().unwrap();
+        let window = self.cast_ref::<crate::platform_impl::Window>().unwrap();
        window.set_system_backdrop(backdrop_type)
    }

    #[inline]
    fn set_border_color(&self, color: Option<Color>) {
-        let window = self.cast_ref::<Window>().unwrap();
+        let window = self.cast_ref::<crate::platform_impl::Window>().unwrap();
        window.set_border_color(color.unwrap_or(Color::NONE))
    }

@@ -391,31 +385,26 @@ impl WindowExtWindows for dyn CoreWindow + '_ {
        // The windows docs don't mention NONE as a valid options but it works in practice and is
        // useful to circumvent the Windows option "Show accent color on title bars and
        // window borders"
-        let window = self.cast_ref::<Window>().unwrap();
+        let window = self.cast_ref::<crate::platform_impl::Window>().unwrap();
        window.set_title_background_color(color.unwrap_or(Color::NONE))
    }

    #[inline]
    fn set_title_text_color(&self, color: Color) {
-        let window = self.cast_ref::<Window>().unwrap();
+        let window = self.cast_ref::<crate::platform_impl::Window>().unwrap();
        window.set_title_text_color(color)
    }

    #[inline]
    fn set_corner_preference(&self, preference: CornerPreference) {
-        let window = self.cast_ref::<Window>().unwrap();
+        let window = self.cast_ref::<crate::platform_impl::Window>().unwrap();
        window.set_corner_preference(preference)
    }

-    fn set_use_system_scroll_speed(&self, should_use: bool) {
-        let window = self.cast_ref::<Window>().unwrap();
-        window.set_use_system_scroll_speed(should_use)
-    }
-
    unsafe fn window_handle_any_thread(
        &self,
    ) -> Result<rwh_06::WindowHandle<'_>, rwh_06::HandleError> {
-        let window = self.cast_ref::<Window>().unwrap();
+        let window = self.cast_ref::<crate::platform_impl::Window>().unwrap();
        unsafe {
            let handle = window.rwh_06_no_thread_check()?;

@@ -428,7 +417,7 @@ impl WindowExtWindows for dyn CoreWindow + '_ {
 /// Additional methods for anything that dereference to [`Window`].
 ///
 /// [`Window`]: crate::window::Window
-pub trait WindowBorrowExtWindows: Borrow<dyn CoreWindow> + Sized {
+pub trait WindowBorrowExtWindows: Borrow<dyn Window> + Sized {
    /// Create an object that allows accessing the inner window handle in a thread-unsafe way.
    ///
    /// It is possible to call [`window_handle_any_thread`] to get around Windows's thread
@@ -449,59 +438,17 @@ pub trait WindowBorrowExtWindows: Borrow<dyn CoreWindow> + Sized {
    /// [`window_handle_any_thread`]: WindowExtWindows::window_handle_any_thread
    unsafe fn any_thread(self) -> AnyThread<Self>
    where
-        Self: CoreWindow,
+        Self: Window,
    {
        AnyThread(self)
    }
 }

-impl<W: Borrow<dyn CoreWindow> + Sized> WindowBorrowExtWindows for W {}
+impl<W: Borrow<dyn Window> + Sized> WindowBorrowExtWindows for W {}

-#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
-pub struct WindowAttributesWindows {
-    pub(crate) owner: Option<HWND>,
-    pub(crate) menu: Option<HMENU>,
-    pub(crate) taskbar_icon: Option<Icon>,
-    pub(crate) no_redirection_bitmap: bool,
-    pub(crate) drag_and_drop: bool,
-    pub(crate) skip_taskbar: bool,
-    pub(crate) class_name: String,
-    pub(crate) decoration_shadow: bool,
-    pub(crate) backdrop_type: BackdropType,
-    pub(crate) clip_children: bool,
-    pub(crate) border_color: Option<Color>,
-    pub(crate) title_background_color: Option<Color>,
-    pub(crate) title_text_color: Option<Color>,
-    pub(crate) corner_preference: Option<CornerPreference>,
-    pub(crate) use_system_wheel_speed: bool,
-}
-
-impl Default for WindowAttributesWindows {
-    fn default() -> Self {
-        Self {
-            owner: None,
-            menu: None,
-            taskbar_icon: None,
-            no_redirection_bitmap: false,
-            drag_and_drop: true,
-            skip_taskbar: false,
-            class_name: "Window Class".to_string(),
-            decoration_shadow: false,
-            backdrop_type: BackdropType::default(),
-            clip_children: true,
-            border_color: None,
-            title_background_color: None,
-            title_text_color: None,
-            corner_preference: None,
-            use_system_wheel_speed: true,
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-unsafe impl Send for WindowAttributesWindows {}
-unsafe impl Sync for WindowAttributesWindows {}
-
-impl WindowAttributesWindows {
+/// Additional methods on `WindowAttributes` that are specific to Windows.
+#[allow(rustdoc::broken_intra_doc_links)]
+pub trait WindowAttributesExtWindows {
    /// Set an owner to the window to be created. Can be used to create a dialog box, for example.
    /// This only works when [`WindowAttributes::with_parent_window`] isn't called or set to `None`.
    /// Can be used in combination with
@@ -514,12 +461,7 @@ impl WindowAttributesWindows {
    /// - An owned window is hidden when its owner is minimized.
    ///
    /// For more information, see <https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/winmsg/window-features#owned-windows>
-    ///
-    /// [`WindowAttributes::with_parent_window`]: winit_core::window::WindowAttributes::with_parent_window
-    pub fn with_owner_window(mut self, parent: HWND) -> Self {
-        self.owner = Some(parent);
-        self
-    }
+    fn with_owner_window(self, parent: HWND) -> Self;

    /// Sets a menu on the window to be created.
    ///
@@ -530,24 +472,18 @@ impl WindowAttributesWindows {
    /// Note: Dark mode cannot be supported for win32 menus, it's simply not possible to change how
    /// the menus look. If you use this, it is recommended that you combine it with
    /// `with_theme(Some(Theme::Light))` to avoid a jarring effect.
-    ///
-    /// [`CreateMenu`]: windows_sys::Win32::UI::WindowsAndMessaging::CreateMenu"
-    pub fn with_menu(mut self, menu: HMENU) -> Self {
-        self.menu = Some(menu);
-        self
-    }
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        windows_platform,
+        doc = "[`CreateMenu`]: windows_sys::Win32::UI::WindowsAndMessaging::CreateMenu"
+    )]
+    #[cfg_attr(not(windows_platform), doc = "[`CreateMenu`]: #only-available-on-windows")]
+    fn with_menu(self, menu: HMENU) -> Self;

    /// This sets `ICON_BIG`. A good ceiling here is 256x256.
-    pub fn with_taskbar_icon(mut self, taskbar_icon: Option<Icon>) -> Self {
-        self.taskbar_icon = taskbar_icon;
-        self
-    }
+    fn with_taskbar_icon(self, taskbar_icon: Option<Icon>) -> Self;

    /// This sets `WS_EX_NOREDIRECTIONBITMAP`.
-    pub fn with_no_redirection_bitmap(mut self, flag: bool) -> Self {
-        self.no_redirection_bitmap = flag;
-        self
-    }
+    fn with_no_redirection_bitmap(self, flag: bool) -> Self;

    /// Enables or disables drag and drop support (enabled by default). Will interfere with other
    /// crates that use multi-threaded COM API (`CoInitializeEx` with `COINIT_MULTITHREADED`
@@ -555,94 +491,132 @@ impl WindowAttributesWindows {
    /// attempt to initialize COM API regardless of this option. Currently only fullscreen mode
    /// does that, but there may be more in the future. If you need COM API with
    /// `COINIT_MULTITHREADED` you must initialize it before calling any winit functions. See <https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/api/objbase/nf-objbase-coinitialize#remarks> for more information.
-    pub fn with_drag_and_drop(mut self, flag: bool) -> Self {
-        self.drag_and_drop = flag;
-        self
-    }
+    fn with_drag_and_drop(self, flag: bool) -> Self;

    /// Whether show or hide the window icon in the taskbar.
-    pub fn with_skip_taskbar(mut self, skip: bool) -> Self {
-        self.skip_taskbar = skip;
-        self
-    }
+    fn with_skip_taskbar(self, skip: bool) -> Self;

    /// Customize the window class name.
-    pub fn with_class_name<S: Into<String>>(mut self, class_name: S) -> Self {
-        self.class_name = class_name.into();
-        self
-    }
+    fn with_class_name<S: Into<String>>(self, class_name: S) -> Self;

    /// Shows or hides the background drop shadow for undecorated windows.
    ///
    /// The shadow is hidden by default.
    /// Enabling the shadow causes a thin 1px line to appear on the top of the window.
-    pub fn with_undecorated_shadow(mut self, shadow: bool) -> Self {
-        self.decoration_shadow = shadow;
-        self
-    }
+    fn with_undecorated_shadow(self, shadow: bool) -> Self;

    /// Sets system-drawn backdrop type.
    ///
    /// Requires Windows 11 build 22523+.
-    pub fn with_system_backdrop(mut self, backdrop_type: BackdropType) -> Self {
-        self.backdrop_type = backdrop_type;
-        self
-    }
+    fn with_system_backdrop(self, backdrop_type: BackdropType) -> Self;

    /// This sets or removes `WS_CLIPCHILDREN` style.
-    pub fn with_clip_children(mut self, flag: bool) -> Self {
-        self.clip_children = flag;
-        self
-    }
+    fn with_clip_children(self, flag: bool) -> Self;

    /// Sets the color of the window border.
    ///
    /// Supported starting with Windows 11 Build 22000.
-    pub fn with_border_color(mut self, color: Option<Color>) -> Self {
-        self.border_color = Some(color.unwrap_or(Color::NONE));
-        self
-    }
+    fn with_border_color(self, color: Option<Color>) -> Self;

    /// Sets the background color of the title bar.
    ///
    /// Supported starting with Windows 11 Build 22000.
-    pub fn with_title_background_color(mut self, color: Option<Color>) -> Self {
-        self.title_background_color = Some(color.unwrap_or(Color::NONE));
-        self
-    }
+    fn with_title_background_color(self, color: Option<Color>) -> Self;

    /// Sets the color of the window title.
    ///
    /// Supported starting with Windows 11 Build 22000.
-    pub fn with_title_text_color(mut self, color: Color) -> Self {
-        self.title_text_color = Some(color);
-        self
-    }
+    fn with_title_text_color(self, color: Color) -> Self;

    /// Sets the preferred style of the window corners.
    ///
    /// Supported starting with Windows 11 Build 22000.
-    pub fn with_corner_preference(mut self, corners: CornerPreference) -> Self {
-        self.corner_preference = Some(corners);
-        self
-    }
-
-    /// Sets if the reported [`winit_core::event::WindowEvent::MouseWheel`] event
-    /// should account for scroll speed system settings.
-    ///
-    /// The default scroll speed on Windows is 3 lines/characters per scroll,
-    /// this will be 1 if you set it to false.
-    ///
-    /// The default is `true`.
-    pub fn with_use_system_scroll_speed(mut self, should_use: bool) -> Self {
-        self.use_system_wheel_speed = should_use;
-        self
-    }
+    fn with_corner_preference(self, corners: CornerPreference) -> Self;
 }

-impl PlatformWindowAttributes for WindowAttributesWindows {
-    fn box_clone(&self) -> Box<dyn PlatformWindowAttributes> {
-        Box::from(self.clone())
+impl WindowAttributesExtWindows for WindowAttributes {
+    #[inline]
+    fn with_owner_window(mut self, parent: HWND) -> Self {
+        self.platform_specific.owner = Some(parent);
+        self
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn with_menu(mut self, menu: HMENU) -> Self {
+        self.platform_specific.menu = Some(menu);
+        self
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn with_taskbar_icon(mut self, taskbar_icon: Option<Icon>) -> Self {
+        self.platform_specific.taskbar_icon = taskbar_icon;
+        self
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn with_no_redirection_bitmap(mut self, flag: bool) -> Self {
+        self.platform_specific.no_redirection_bitmap = flag;
+        self
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn with_drag_and_drop(mut self, flag: bool) -> Self {
+        self.platform_specific.drag_and_drop = flag;
+        self
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn with_skip_taskbar(mut self, skip: bool) -> Self {
+        self.platform_specific.skip_taskbar = skip;
+        self
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn with_class_name<S: Into<String>>(mut self, class_name: S) -> Self {
+        self.platform_specific.class_name = class_name.into();
+        self
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn with_undecorated_shadow(mut self, shadow: bool) -> Self {
+        self.platform_specific.decoration_shadow = shadow;
+        self
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn with_system_backdrop(mut self, backdrop_type: BackdropType) -> Self {
+        self.platform_specific.backdrop_type = backdrop_type;
+        self
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn with_clip_children(mut self, flag: bool) -> Self {
+        self.platform_specific.clip_children = flag;
+        self
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn with_border_color(mut self, color: Option<Color>) -> Self {
+        self.platform_specific.border_color = Some(color.unwrap_or(Color::NONE));
+        self
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn with_title_background_color(mut self, color: Option<Color>) -> Self {
+        self.platform_specific.title_background_color = Some(color.unwrap_or(Color::NONE));
+        self
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn with_title_text_color(mut self, color: Color) -> Self {
+        self.platform_specific.title_text_color = Some(color);
+        self
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn with_corner_preference(mut self, corners: CornerPreference) -> Self {
+        self.platform_specific.corner_preference = Some(corners);
+        self
    }
 }

@@ -654,10 +628,15 @@ pub trait DeviceIdExtWindows {
    fn persistent_identifier(&self) -> Option<String>;
 }

+#[cfg(windows_platform)]
 impl DeviceIdExtWindows for DeviceId {
    fn persistent_identifier(&self) -> Option<String> {
        let raw_id = self.into_raw();
-        if raw_id != 0 { raw_input::get_raw_input_device_name(raw_id as HANDLE) } else { None }
+        if raw_id != 0 {
+            crate::platform_impl::raw_input::get_raw_input_device_name(raw_id as HANDLE)
+        } else {
+            None
+        }
    }
 }

@@ -754,7 +733,7 @@ impl WinIcon {
    ///
    /// ```rust,no_run
    /// # use winit::platform::windows::WinIcon;
-    /// # use winit::icon::Icon;
+    /// # use winit::window::Icon;
    /// assert!(WinIcon::from_resource_name("0", None).is_ok());
    /// assert!(WinIcon::from_resource(0, None).is_err());
    /// ```
--- a/winit-x11/src/lib.rs
+++ b/winit-x11/src/lib.rs
@@ -1,30 +1,10 @@
 //! # X11
-
-use dpi::Size;
 #[cfg(feature = "serde")]
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
-use winit_core::event_loop::ActiveEventLoop as CoreActiveEventLoop;
-use winit_core::window::{ActivationToken, PlatformWindowAttributes, Window as CoreWindow};

-pub use crate::event_loop::{ActiveEventLoop, EventLoop};
-pub use crate::window::Window;
-
-macro_rules! os_error {
-    ($error:expr) => {{ winit_core::error::OsError::new(line!(), file!(), $error) }};
-}
-
-mod activation;
-mod atoms;
-mod dnd;
-mod event_loop;
-mod event_processor;
-pub mod ffi;
-mod ime;
-mod monitor;
-mod util;
-mod window;
-mod xdisplay;
-mod xsettings;
+use crate::dpi::Size;
+use crate::event_loop::{ActiveEventLoop, EventLoop, EventLoopBuilder};
+use crate::window::{Window as CoreWindow, WindowAttributes};

 /// X window type. Maps directly to
 /// [`_NET_WM_WINDOW_TYPE`](https://specifications.freedesktop.org/wm-spec/wm-spec-1.5.html).
@@ -99,21 +79,19 @@ pub type XWindow = u32;
 #[inline]
 pub fn register_xlib_error_hook(hook: XlibErrorHook) {
    // Append new hook.
-    crate::event_loop::XLIB_ERROR_HOOKS.lock().unwrap().push(hook);
+    crate::platform_impl::x11::XLIB_ERROR_HOOKS.lock().unwrap().push(hook);
 }

 /// Additional methods on [`ActiveEventLoop`] that are specific to X11.
-///
-/// [`ActiveEventLoop`]: winit_core::event_loop::ActiveEventLoop
 pub trait ActiveEventLoopExtX11 {
-    /// True if the event loop uses X11.
+    /// True if the [`ActiveEventLoop`] uses X11.
    fn is_x11(&self) -> bool;
 }

-impl ActiveEventLoopExtX11 for dyn CoreActiveEventLoop + '_ {
+impl ActiveEventLoopExtX11 for dyn ActiveEventLoop + '_ {
    #[inline]
    fn is_x11(&self) -> bool {
-        self.cast_ref::<ActiveEventLoop>().is_some()
+        self.cast_ref::<crate::platform_impl::x11::ActiveEventLoop>().is_some()
    }
 }

@@ -123,7 +101,14 @@ pub trait EventLoopExtX11 {
    fn is_x11(&self) -> bool;
 }

-/// Additional methods when building event loop that are specific to X11.
+impl EventLoopExtX11 for EventLoop {
+    #[inline]
+    fn is_x11(&self) -> bool {
+        !self.event_loop.is_wayland()
+    }
+}
+
+/// Additional methods on [`EventLoopBuilder`] that are specific to X11.
 pub trait EventLoopBuilderExtX11 {
    /// Force using X11.
    fn with_x11(&mut self) -> &mut Self;
@@ -135,6 +120,20 @@ pub trait EventLoopBuilderExtX11 {
    fn with_any_thread(&mut self, any_thread: bool) -> &mut Self;
 }

+impl EventLoopBuilderExtX11 for EventLoopBuilder {
+    #[inline]
+    fn with_x11(&mut self) -> &mut Self {
+        self.platform_specific.forced_backend = Some(crate::platform_impl::Backend::X);
+        self
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn with_any_thread(&mut self, any_thread: bool) -> &mut Self {
+        self.platform_specific.any_thread = any_thread;
+        self
+    }
+}
+
 /// Additional methods on [`Window`] that are specific to X11.
 ///
 /// [`Window`]: crate::window::Window
@@ -142,52 +141,12 @@ pub trait WindowExtX11 {}

 impl WindowExtX11 for dyn CoreWindow {}

-#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
-pub(crate) struct ApplicationName {
-    pub(crate) general: String,
-    pub(crate) instance: String,
-}
-
-#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
-pub struct WindowAttributesX11 {
-    pub(crate) name: Option<ApplicationName>,
-    pub(crate) activation_token: Option<ActivationToken>,
-    pub(crate) visual_id: Option<XVisualID>,
-    pub(crate) screen_id: Option<i32>,
-    pub(crate) base_size: Option<Size>,
-    pub(crate) override_redirect: bool,
-    pub(crate) x11_window_types: Vec<WindowType>,
-
-    /// The parent window to embed this window into.
-    pub(crate) embed_window: Option<XWindow>,
-}
-
-impl Default for WindowAttributesX11 {
-    fn default() -> Self {
-        Self {
-            name: None,
-            activation_token: None,
-            visual_id: None,
-            screen_id: None,
-            base_size: None,
-            override_redirect: false,
-            x11_window_types: vec![WindowType::Normal],
-            embed_window: None,
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl WindowAttributesX11 {
+/// Additional methods on [`WindowAttributes`] that are specific to X11.
+pub trait WindowAttributesExtX11 {
    /// Create this window with a specific X11 visual.
-    pub fn with_x11_visual(mut self, visual_id: XVisualID) -> Self {
-        self.visual_id = Some(visual_id);
-        self
-    }
+    fn with_x11_visual(self, visual_id: XVisualID) -> Self;

-    pub fn with_x11_screen(mut self, screen_id: i32) -> Self {
-        self.screen_id = Some(screen_id);
-        self
-    }
+    fn with_x11_screen(self, screen_id: i32) -> Self;

    /// Build window with the given `general` and `instance` names.
    ///
@@ -197,39 +156,27 @@ impl WindowAttributesX11 {
    ///
    /// For details about application ID conventions, see the
    /// [Desktop Entry Spec](https://specifications.freedesktop.org/desktop-entry-spec/desktop-entry-spec-latest.html#desktop-file-id)
-    pub fn with_name(mut self, general: impl Into<String>, instance: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
-        self.name = Some(ApplicationName { general: general.into(), instance: instance.into() });
-        self
-    }
+    fn with_name(self, general: impl Into<String>, instance: impl Into<String>) -> Self;

    /// Build window with override-redirect flag; defaults to false.
-    pub fn with_override_redirect(mut self, override_redirect: bool) -> Self {
-        self.override_redirect = override_redirect;
-        self
-    }
+    fn with_override_redirect(self, override_redirect: bool) -> Self;

    /// Build window with `_NET_WM_WINDOW_TYPE` hints; defaults to `Normal`.
-    pub fn with_x11_window_type(mut self, x11_window_types: Vec<WindowType>) -> Self {
-        self.x11_window_types = x11_window_types;
-        self
-    }
+    fn with_x11_window_type(self, x11_window_type: Vec<WindowType>) -> Self;

    /// Build window with base size hint.
    ///
    /// ```
    /// # use winit::dpi::{LogicalSize, PhysicalSize};
    /// # use winit::window::{Window, WindowAttributes};
-    /// # use winit::platform::x11::WindowAttributesX11;
+    /// # use winit::platform::x11::WindowAttributesExtX11;
    /// // Specify the size in logical dimensions like this:
-    /// WindowAttributesX11::default().with_base_size(LogicalSize::new(400.0, 200.0));
+    /// WindowAttributes::default().with_base_size(LogicalSize::new(400.0, 200.0));
    ///
    /// // Or specify the size in physical dimensions like this:
-    /// WindowAttributesX11::default().with_base_size(PhysicalSize::new(400, 200));
+    /// WindowAttributes::default().with_base_size(PhysicalSize::new(400, 200));
    /// ```
-    pub fn with_base_size<S: Into<Size>>(mut self, base_size: S) -> Self {
-        self.base_size = Some(base_size.into());
-        self
-    }
+    fn with_base_size<S: Into<Size>>(self, base_size: S) -> Self;

    /// Embed this window into another parent window.
    ///
@@ -238,28 +185,57 @@ impl WindowAttributesX11 {
    /// ```no_run
    /// use winit::window::{Window, WindowAttributes};
    /// use winit::event_loop::ActiveEventLoop;
-    /// use winit::platform::x11::{XWindow, WindowAttributesX11};
+    /// use winit::platform::x11::{XWindow, WindowAttributesExtX11};
    /// # fn create_window(event_loop: &dyn ActiveEventLoop) -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
    /// let parent_window_id = std::env::args().nth(1).unwrap().parse::<XWindow>()?;
-    /// let window_x11_attributes = WindowAttributesX11::default().with_embed_parent_window(parent_window_id);
-    /// let window_attributes = WindowAttributes::default().with_platform_attributes(Box::new(window_x11_attributes));
+    /// let window_attributes = WindowAttributes::default().with_embed_parent_window(parent_window_id);
    /// let window = event_loop.create_window(window_attributes)?;
    /// # Ok(()) }
    /// ```
-    pub fn with_embed_parent_window(mut self, parent_window_id: XWindow) -> Self {
-        self.embed_window = Some(parent_window_id);
+    fn with_embed_parent_window(self, parent_window_id: XWindow) -> Self;
+}
+
+impl WindowAttributesExtX11 for WindowAttributes {
+    #[inline]
+    fn with_x11_visual(mut self, visual_id: XVisualID) -> Self {
+        self.platform_specific.x11.visual_id = Some(visual_id);
        self
    }

    #[inline]
-    pub fn with_activation_token(mut self, token: ActivationToken) -> Self {
-        self.activation_token = Some(token);
+    fn with_x11_screen(mut self, screen_id: i32) -> Self {
+        self.platform_specific.x11.screen_id = Some(screen_id);
+        self
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn with_name(mut self, general: impl Into<String>, instance: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
+        self.platform_specific.name =
+            Some(crate::platform_impl::ApplicationName::new(general.into(), instance.into()));
+        self
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn with_override_redirect(mut self, override_redirect: bool) -> Self {
+        self.platform_specific.x11.override_redirect = override_redirect;
+        self
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn with_x11_window_type(mut self, x11_window_types: Vec<WindowType>) -> Self {
+        self.platform_specific.x11.x11_window_types = x11_window_types;
+        self
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn with_base_size<S: Into<Size>>(mut self, base_size: S) -> Self {
+        self.platform_specific.x11.base_size = Some(base_size.into());
+        self
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn with_embed_parent_window(mut self, parent_window_id: XWindow) -> Self {
+        self.platform_specific.x11.embed_window = Some(parent_window_id);
        self
    }
 }
-
-impl PlatformWindowAttributes for WindowAttributesX11 {
-    fn box_clone(&self) -> Box<dyn PlatformWindowAttributes> {
-        Box::from(self.clone())
-    }
-}
--- a/src/platform_impl/android/keycodes.rs
+++ b/src/platform_impl/android/keycodes.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,7 @@
-use android_activity::AndroidApp;
 use android_activity::input::{KeyAction, KeyEvent, KeyMapChar, Keycode};
-use winit_core::keyboard::{
-    Key, KeyCode, KeyLocation, NamedKey, NativeKey, NativeKeyCode, PhysicalKey,
-};
+use android_activity::AndroidApp;
+
+use crate::keyboard::{Key, KeyCode, KeyLocation, NamedKey, NativeKey, NativeKeyCode, PhysicalKey};

 pub fn to_physical_key(keycode: Keycode) -> PhysicalKey {
    PhysicalKey::Code(match keycode {
@@ -109,7 +108,6 @@ pub fn to_physical_key(keycode: Keycode) -> PhysicalKey {
        Keycode::MediaStop => KeyCode::MediaStop,
        Keycode::MediaNext => KeyCode::MediaTrackNext,
        Keycode::MediaPrevious => KeyCode::MediaTrackPrevious,
-        Keycode::MediaEject => KeyCode::Eject,

        Keycode::Plus => KeyCode::Equal,
        Keycode::Minus => KeyCode::Minus,
@@ -132,11 +130,7 @@ pub fn to_physical_key(keycode: Keycode) -> PhysicalKey {
        // These are exactly the same
        Keycode::ScrollLock => KeyCode::ScrollLock,

-        Keycode::Eisu => KeyCode::Lang2,
-        Keycode::Muhenkan => KeyCode::NonConvert,
-        Keycode::Henkan => KeyCode::Convert,
        Keycode::Yen => KeyCode::IntlYen,
-        Keycode::Ro => KeyCode::IntlRo,
        Keycode::Kana => KeyCode::Lang1,
        Keycode::KatakanaHiragana => KeyCode::KanaMode,

@@ -159,14 +153,6 @@ pub fn to_physical_key(keycode: Keycode) -> PhysicalKey {
        Keycode::Sleep => KeyCode::Sleep, // what about SoftSleep?
        Keycode::Wakeup => KeyCode::WakeUp,

-        Keycode::CapsLock => KeyCode::CapsLock,
-        Keycode::Help => KeyCode::Help,
-
-        Keycode::Back => KeyCode::BrowserBack,
-        Keycode::Forward => KeyCode::BrowserForward,
-        Keycode::Refresh => KeyCode::BrowserRefresh,
-        Keycode::Search => KeyCode::BrowserSearch,
-
        keycode => return PhysicalKey::Unidentified(NativeKeyCode::Android(keycode.into())),
    })
 }
--- a/src/platform_impl/android/mod.rs
+++ b/src/platform_impl/android/mod.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 use std::cell::Cell;
-use std::fmt;
 use std::hash::Hash;
 use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicBool, Ordering};
 use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex};
@@ -9,26 +8,26 @@ use android_activity::input::{InputEvent, KeyAction, Keycode, MotionAction};
 use android_activity::{
    AndroidApp, AndroidAppWaker, ConfigurationRef, InputStatus, MainEvent, Rect,
 };
-use dpi::{PhysicalInsets, PhysicalPosition, PhysicalSize, Position, Size};
 use tracing::{debug, trace, warn};
-use winit_core::application::ApplicationHandler;
-use winit_core::cursor::{Cursor, CustomCursor, CustomCursorSource};
-use winit_core::error::{EventLoopError, NotSupportedError, RequestError};
-use winit_core::event::{self, DeviceId, FingerId, Force, StartCause, SurfaceSizeWriter};
-use winit_core::event_loop::pump_events::PumpStatus;
-use winit_core::event_loop::{
+
+use crate::application::ApplicationHandler;
+use crate::cursor::Cursor;
+use crate::dpi::{PhysicalInsets, PhysicalPosition, PhysicalSize, Position, Size};
+use crate::error::{EventLoopError, NotSupportedError, RequestError};
+use crate::event::{self, DeviceId, FingerId, Force, StartCause, SurfaceSizeWriter};
+use crate::event_loop::{
    ActiveEventLoop as RootActiveEventLoop, ControlFlow, DeviceEvents,
    EventLoopProxy as CoreEventLoopProxy, EventLoopProxyProvider,
    OwnedDisplayHandle as CoreOwnedDisplayHandle,
 };
-use winit_core::monitor::{Fullscreen, MonitorHandle as CoreMonitorHandle};
-use winit_core::window::{
-    self, CursorGrabMode, ImeCapabilities, ImePurpose, ImeRequest, ImeRequestError,
-    ResizeDirection, Theme, Window as CoreWindow, WindowAttributes, WindowButtons, WindowId,
-    WindowLevel,
+use crate::monitor::{Fullscreen, MonitorHandle as CoreMonitorHandle};
+use crate::platform::pump_events::PumpStatus;
+use crate::window::{
+    self, CursorGrabMode, CustomCursor, CustomCursorSource, ImePurpose, ResizeDirection, Theme,
+    Window as CoreWindow, WindowAttributes, WindowButtons, WindowId, WindowLevel,
 };

-use crate::keycodes;
+mod keycodes;

 static HAS_FOCUS: AtomicBool = AtomicBool::new(true);

@@ -44,7 +43,7 @@ struct SharedFlagSetter {
    flag: Arc<AtomicBool>,
 }
 impl SharedFlagSetter {
-    fn set(&self) -> bool {
+    pub fn set(&self) -> bool {
        self.flag.compare_exchange(false, true, Ordering::AcqRel, Ordering::Relaxed).is_ok()
    }
 }
@@ -59,21 +58,21 @@ struct SharedFlag {
 // we just need to know at the start of a main loop iteration if a redraw
 // was queued and be able to read and clear the state atomically)
 impl SharedFlag {
-    fn new() -> Self {
+    pub fn new() -> Self {
        Self { flag: Arc::new(AtomicBool::new(false)) }
    }

-    fn setter(&self) -> SharedFlagSetter {
+    pub fn setter(&self) -> SharedFlagSetter {
        SharedFlagSetter { flag: self.flag.clone() }
    }

-    fn get_and_reset(&self) -> bool {
+    pub fn get_and_reset(&self) -> bool {
        self.flag.swap(false, std::sync::atomic::Ordering::AcqRel)
    }
 }

 #[derive(Clone)]
-struct RedrawRequester {
+pub struct RedrawRequester {
    flag: SharedFlagSetter,
    waker: AndroidAppWaker,
 }
@@ -89,7 +88,7 @@ impl RedrawRequester {
        RedrawRequester { flag: flag.setter(), waker }
    }

-    fn request_redraw(&self) {
+    pub fn request_redraw(&self) {
        if self.flag.set() {
            // Only explicitly try to wake up the main loop when the flag
            // value changes
@@ -100,7 +99,7 @@ impl RedrawRequester {

 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub struct EventLoop {
-    pub android_app: AndroidApp,
+    pub(crate) android_app: AndroidApp,
    window_target: ActiveEventLoop,
    redraw_flag: SharedFlag,
    loop_running: bool, // Dispatched `NewEvents<Init>`
@@ -113,9 +112,9 @@ pub struct EventLoop {
 }

 #[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
-pub struct PlatformSpecificEventLoopAttributes {
-    pub android_app: Option<AndroidApp>,
-    pub ignore_volume_keys: bool,
+pub(crate) struct PlatformSpecificEventLoopAttributes {
+    pub(crate) android_app: Option<AndroidApp>,
+    pub(crate) ignore_volume_keys: bool,
 }

 impl Default for PlatformSpecificEventLoopAttributes {
@@ -128,13 +127,9 @@ impl Default for PlatformSpecificEventLoopAttributes {
 const GLOBAL_WINDOW: WindowId = WindowId::from_raw(0);

 impl EventLoop {
-    pub fn new(attributes: &PlatformSpecificEventLoopAttributes) -> Result<Self, EventLoopError> {
-        static EVENT_LOOP_CREATED: AtomicBool = AtomicBool::new(false);
-        if EVENT_LOOP_CREATED.swap(true, Ordering::Relaxed) {
-            // For better cross-platformness.
-            return Err(EventLoopError::RecreationAttempt);
-        }
-
+    pub(crate) fn new(
+        attributes: &PlatformSpecificEventLoopAttributes,
+    ) -> Result<Self, EventLoopError> {
        let android_app = attributes.android_app.as_ref().expect(
            "An `AndroidApp` as passed to android_main() is required to create an `EventLoop` on \
             Android",
@@ -164,7 +159,7 @@ impl EventLoop {
        })
    }

-    pub fn window_target(&self) -> &dyn RootActiveEventLoop {
+    pub(crate) fn window_target(&self) -> &dyn RootActiveEventLoop {
        &self.window_target
    }

@@ -473,23 +468,16 @@ impl EventLoop {
                            &mut self.combining_accent,
                        );

-                        let logical_key = keycodes::to_logical(key_char, keycode);
-                        let text = if state == event::ElementState::Pressed {
-                            logical_key.to_text().map(smol_str::SmolStr::new)
-                        } else {
-                            None
-                        };
-
                        let event = event::WindowEvent::KeyboardInput {
                            device_id: Some(DeviceId::from_raw(key.device_id() as i64)),
                            event: event::KeyEvent {
                                state,
                                physical_key: keycodes::to_physical_key(keycode),
-                                logical_key,
+                                logical_key: keycodes::to_logical(key_char, keycode),
                                location: keycodes::to_location(keycode),
                                repeat: key.repeat_count() > 0,
-                                text: text.clone(),
-                                text_with_all_modifiers: text,
+                                text: None,
+                                text_with_all_modifiers: None,
                                key_without_modifiers: keycodes::to_logical(key_char, keycode),
                            },
                            is_synthetic: false,
@@ -507,6 +495,10 @@ impl EventLoop {
        input_status
    }

+    pub fn run_app<A: ApplicationHandler>(mut self, app: A) -> Result<(), EventLoopError> {
+        self.run_app_on_demand(app)
+    }
+
    pub fn run_app_on_demand<A: ApplicationHandler>(
        &mut self,
        mut app: A,
@@ -760,9 +752,8 @@ impl rwh_06::HasDisplayHandle for OwnedDisplayHandle {
 pub struct PlatformSpecificWindowAttributes;

 #[derive(Debug)]
-pub struct Window {
+pub(crate) struct Window {
    app: AndroidApp,
-    ime_capabilities: Mutex<Option<ImeCapabilities>>,
    redraw_requester: RedrawRequester,
 }

@@ -773,18 +764,14 @@ impl Window {
    ) -> Result<Self, RequestError> {
        // FIXME this ignores requested window attributes

-        Ok(Self {
-            app: el.app.clone(),
-            ime_capabilities: Default::default(),
-            redraw_requester: el.redraw_requester.clone(),
-        })
+        Ok(Self { app: el.app.clone(), redraw_requester: el.redraw_requester.clone() })
    }

-    pub(crate) fn config(&self) -> ConfigurationRef {
+    pub fn config(&self) -> ConfigurationRef {
        self.app.config()
    }

-    pub(crate) fn content_rect(&self) -> Rect {
+    pub fn content_rect(&self) -> Rect {
        self.app.content_rect()
    }

@@ -941,37 +928,16 @@ impl CoreWindow for Window {

    fn set_window_level(&self, _level: WindowLevel) {}

-    fn set_window_icon(&self, _window_icon: Option<winit_core::icon::Icon>) {}
+    fn set_window_icon(&self, _window_icon: Option<crate::icon::Icon>) {}

    fn set_ime_cursor_area(&self, _position: Position, _size: Size) {}

-    fn request_ime_update(&self, request: ImeRequest) -> Result<(), ImeRequestError> {
-        let mut current_caps = self.ime_capabilities.lock().unwrap();
-        match request {
-            ImeRequest::Enable(enable) => {
-                let (capabilities, _) = enable.into_raw();
-                if current_caps.is_some() {
-                    return Err(ImeRequestError::AlreadyEnabled);
-                }
-                *current_caps = Some(capabilities);
-                self.app.show_soft_input(true);
-            },
-            ImeRequest::Update(_) => {
-                if current_caps.is_none() {
-                    return Err(ImeRequestError::NotEnabled);
-                }
-            },
-            ImeRequest::Disable => {
-                *current_caps = None;
-                self.app.hide_soft_input(true);
-            },
+    fn set_ime_allowed(&self, allowed: bool) {
+        if allowed {
+            self.app.show_soft_input(true);
+        } else {
+            self.app.hide_soft_input(true);
        }
-
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    fn ime_capabilities(&self) -> Option<ImeCapabilities> {
-        *self.ime_capabilities.lock().unwrap()
    }

    fn set_ime_purpose(&self, _purpose: ImePurpose) {}
@@ -1034,6 +1000,16 @@ impl CoreWindow for Window {
    }
 }

+#[derive(Default, Clone, Debug)]
+pub struct OsError;
+
+use std::fmt::{self, Display, Formatter};
+impl Display for OsError {
+    fn fmt(&self, fmt: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> Result<(), fmt::Error> {
+        write!(fmt, "Android OS Error")
+    }
+}
+
 fn screen_size(app: &AndroidApp) -> PhysicalSize<u32> {
    if let Some(native_window) = app.native_window() {
        PhysicalSize::new(native_window.width() as _, native_window.height() as _)
--- a/src/platform_impl/apple/appkit/app.rs
+++ b/src/platform_impl/apple/appkit/app.rs
@@ -1,18 +1,17 @@
 #![allow(clippy::unnecessary_cast)]

 use std::cell::Cell;
+use std::mem;
 use std::rc::Rc;
-use std::{mem, ptr};

 use dispatch2::MainThreadBound;
 use objc2::runtime::{Imp, Sel};
 use objc2::sel;
 use objc2_app_kit::{NSApplication, NSEvent, NSEventModifierFlags, NSEventType};
 use objc2_foundation::MainThreadMarker;
-use tracing::trace_span;
-use winit_core::event::{DeviceEvent, ElementState};

 use super::app_state::AppState;
+use crate::event::{DeviceEvent, ElementState};

 type SendEvent = extern "C-unwind" fn(&NSApplication, Sel, &NSEvent);

@@ -22,10 +21,6 @@ static ORIGINAL: MainThreadBound<Cell<Option<SendEvent>>> = {
 };

 extern "C-unwind" fn send_event(app: &NSApplication, sel: Sel, event: &NSEvent) {
-    // This can be a bit noisy, since `event` is fairly large. Note that you can use
-    // `RUST_LOG='trace,winit_appkit::app=warn'` if you're debugging and want TRACE-level logs but
-    // not this.
-    let _entered = trace_span!("sendEvent:", ?event).entered();
    let mtm = MainThreadMarker::from(app);

    // Normally, holding Cmd + any key never sends us a `keyUp` event for that key.
@@ -35,8 +30,8 @@ extern "C-unwind" fn send_event(app: &NSApplication, sel: Sel, event: &NSEvent)
    // For posterity, there are some undocumented event types
    // (https://github.com/servo/cocoa-rs/issues/155)
    // but that doesn't really matter here.
-    let event_type = event.r#type();
-    let modifier_flags = event.modifierFlags();
+    let event_type = unsafe { event.r#type() };
+    let modifier_flags = unsafe { event.modifierFlags() };
    if event_type == NSEventType::KeyUp && modifier_flags.contains(NSEventModifierFlags::Command) {
        if let Some(key_window) = app.keyWindow() {
            key_window.sendEvent(event);
@@ -80,7 +75,9 @@ pub(crate) fn override_send_event(global_app: &NSApplication) {
    let overridden = unsafe { mem::transmute::<SendEvent, Imp>(send_event) };

    // If we've already overridden the method, don't do anything.
-    if ptr::fn_addr_eq(overridden, method.implementation()) {
+    // FIXME(madsmtm): Use `std::ptr::fn_addr_eq` (Rust 1.85) once available in MSRV.
+    #[allow(unknown_lints, unpredictable_function_pointer_comparisons)]
+    if overridden == method.implementation() {
        return;
    }

@@ -101,15 +98,15 @@ pub(crate) fn override_send_event(global_app: &NSApplication) {
 }

 fn maybe_dispatch_device_event(app_state: &Rc<AppState>, event: &NSEvent) {
-    let event_type = event.r#type();
+    let event_type = unsafe { event.r#type() };
    #[allow(non_upper_case_globals)]
    match event_type {
        NSEventType::MouseMoved
        | NSEventType::LeftMouseDragged
        | NSEventType::OtherMouseDragged
        | NSEventType::RightMouseDragged => {
-            let delta_x = event.deltaX() as f64;
-            let delta_y = event.deltaY() as f64;
+            let delta_x = unsafe { event.deltaX() } as f64;
+            let delta_y = unsafe { event.deltaY() } as f64;

            if delta_x != 0.0 || delta_y != 0.0 {
                app_state.maybe_queue_with_handler(move |app, event_loop| {
@@ -120,7 +117,7 @@ fn maybe_dispatch_device_event(app_state: &Rc<AppState>, event: &NSEvent) {
            }
        },
        NSEventType::LeftMouseDown | NSEventType::RightMouseDown | NSEventType::OtherMouseDown => {
-            let button = event.buttonNumber() as u32;
+            let button = unsafe { event.buttonNumber() } as u32;
            app_state.maybe_queue_with_handler(move |app, event_loop| {
                app.device_event(event_loop, None, DeviceEvent::Button {
                    button,
@@ -129,7 +126,7 @@ fn maybe_dispatch_device_event(app_state: &Rc<AppState>, event: &NSEvent) {
            });
        },
        NSEventType::LeftMouseUp | NSEventType::RightMouseUp | NSEventType::OtherMouseUp => {
-            let button = event.buttonNumber() as u32;
+            let button = unsafe { event.buttonNumber() } as u32;
            app_state.maybe_queue_with_handler(move |app, event_loop| {
                app.device_event(event_loop, None, DeviceEvent::Button {
                    button,
@@ -144,7 +141,7 @@ fn maybe_dispatch_device_event(app_state: &Rc<AppState>, event: &NSEvent) {
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
    use objc2::rc::Retained;
-    use objc2::{ClassType, define_class, msg_send};
+    use objc2::{define_class, msg_send, ClassType};
    use objc2_app_kit::NSResponder;
    use objc2_foundation::NSObject;

@@ -156,14 +153,16 @@ mod tests {
        let Some(mtm) = MainThreadMarker::new() else { return };

        // Create a new application, without making it the shared application.
-        let app = NSApplication::new(mtm);
+        let app = unsafe { NSApplication::new(mtm) };
        override_send_event(&app);
        // Test calling twice works.
        override_send_event(&app);

        // FIXME(madsmtm): Can't test this yet, need some way to mock AppState.
-        // let event = super::super::event::dummy_event().unwrap();
-        // app.sendEvent(&event)
+        // unsafe {
+        //     let event = super::super::event::dummy_event().unwrap();
+        //     app.sendEvent(&event)
+        // }
    }

    #[test]
--- a/src/platform_impl/apple/appkit/app_state.rs
+++ b/src/platform_impl/apple/appkit/app_state.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 use std::cell::{Cell, OnceCell, RefCell};
 use std::mem;
-use std::rc::Rc;
+use std::rc::{Rc, Weak};
 use std::sync::Arc;
 use std::time::Instant;

@@ -8,16 +8,16 @@ use dispatch2::MainThreadBound;
 use objc2::MainThreadMarker;
 use objc2_app_kit::{NSApplication, NSApplicationActivationPolicy, NSRunningApplication};
 use objc2_foundation::NSNotification;
-use winit_common::core_foundation::{EventLoopProxy, MainRunLoop};
-use winit_common::event_handler::EventHandler;
-use winit_core::application::ApplicationHandler;
-use winit_core::event::{StartCause, WindowEvent};
-use winit_core::event_loop::ControlFlow;
-use winit_core::window::WindowId;

-use super::event_loop::{ActiveEventLoop, notify_windows_of_exit, stop_app_immediately};
+use super::super::event_handler::EventHandler;
+use super::super::event_loop_proxy::EventLoopProxy;
+use super::event_loop::{notify_windows_of_exit, stop_app_immediately, ActiveEventLoop, PanicInfo};
 use super::menu;
-use super::observer::EventLoopWaker;
+use super::observer::{EventLoopWaker, RunLoop};
+use crate::application::ApplicationHandler;
+use crate::event::{StartCause, WindowEvent};
+use crate::event_loop::ControlFlow;
+use crate::window::WindowId;

 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub(super) struct AppState {
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ pub(super) struct AppState {
    activation_policy: Option<NSApplicationActivationPolicy>,
    default_menu: bool,
    activate_ignoring_other_apps: bool,
-    run_loop: MainRunLoop,
+    run_loop: RunLoop,
    event_loop_proxy: Arc<EventLoopProxy>,
    event_handler: EventHandler,
    stop_on_launch: Cell<bool>,
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ impl AppState {
        activation_policy: Option<NSApplicationActivationPolicy>,
        default_menu: bool,
        activate_ignoring_other_apps: bool,
-    ) -> Option<Rc<Self>> {
+    ) -> Rc<Self> {
        let event_loop_proxy = Arc::new(EventLoopProxy::new(mtm, move || {
            Self::get(mtm).with_handler(|app, event_loop| app.proxy_wake_up(event_loop));
        }));
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ impl AppState {
            activation_policy,
            default_menu,
            activate_ignoring_other_apps,
-            run_loop: MainRunLoop::get(mtm),
+            run_loop: RunLoop::main(mtm),
            event_loop_proxy,
            event_handler: EventHandler::new(),
            stop_on_launch: Cell::new(false),
@@ -85,7 +85,8 @@ impl AppState {
            pending_redraw: RefCell::new(vec![]),
        });

-        GLOBAL.get(mtm).set(this.clone()).ok().and(Some(this))
+        GLOBAL.get(mtm).set(this.clone()).expect("application state can only be set once");
+        this
    }

    pub fn get(mtm: MainThreadMarker) -> Rc<Self> {
@@ -99,6 +100,7 @@ impl AppState {
    // NOTE: This notification will, globally, only be emitted once,
    // no matter how many `EventLoop`s the user creates.
    pub fn did_finish_launching(self: &Rc<Self>, _notification: &NSNotification) {
+        trace_scope!("NSApplicationDidFinishLaunchingNotification");
        self.is_launched.set(true);

        let app = NSApplication::sharedApplication(self.mtm);
@@ -116,7 +118,7 @@ impl AppState {
            // - https://github.com/rust-windowing/winit/issues/261
            // - https://github.com/rust-windowing/winit/issues/3958
            let is_bundled =
-                NSRunningApplication::currentApplication().bundleIdentifier().is_some();
+                unsafe { NSRunningApplication::currentApplication().bundleIdentifier().is_some() };
            if !is_bundled {
                app.setActivationPolicy(NSApplicationActivationPolicy::Regular);
            }
@@ -153,6 +155,7 @@ impl AppState {
    }

    pub fn will_terminate(self: &Rc<Self>, _notification: &NSNotification) {
+        trace_scope!("NSApplicationWillTerminateNotification");
        let app = NSApplication::sharedApplication(self.mtm);
        notify_windows_of_exit(&app);
        self.event_handler.terminate();
@@ -263,7 +266,7 @@ impl AppState {
        if !pending_redraw.contains(&window_id) {
            pending_redraw.push(window_id);
        }
-        self.run_loop.wake_up();
+        self.run_loop.wakeup();
    }

    #[track_caller]
@@ -306,10 +309,13 @@ impl AppState {
    }

    // Called by RunLoopObserver after finishing waiting for new events
-    pub fn wakeup(self: &Rc<Self>) {
+    pub fn wakeup(self: &Rc<Self>, panic_info: Weak<PanicInfo>) {
+        let panic_info = panic_info
+            .upgrade()
+            .expect("The panic info must exist here. This failure indicates a developer error.");
+
        // Return when in event handler due to https://github.com/rust-windowing/winit/issues/1779
-        // (we have registered to observe all modes, including modal event loops).
-        if !self.event_handler.ready() || !self.is_running() {
+        if panic_info.is_panicking() || !self.event_handler.ready() || !self.is_running() {
            return;
        }

@@ -335,10 +341,15 @@ impl AppState {
    }

    // Called by RunLoopObserver before waiting for new events
-    pub fn cleared(self: &Rc<Self>) {
+    pub fn cleared(self: &Rc<Self>, panic_info: Weak<PanicInfo>) {
+        let panic_info = panic_info
+            .upgrade()
+            .expect("The panic info must exist here. This failure indicates a developer error.");
+
        // Return when in event handler due to https://github.com/rust-windowing/winit/issues/1779
-        // (we have registered to observe all modes, including modal event loops).
-        if !self.event_handler.ready() || !self.is_running() {
+        // XXX: how does it make sense that `event_handler.ready()` can ever return `false` here if
+        // we're about to return to the `CFRunLoop` to poll for new events?
+        if panic_info.is_panicking() || !self.event_handler.ready() || !self.is_running() {
            return;
        }

--- a/src/platform_impl/apple/appkit/cursor.rs
+++ b/src/platform_impl/apple/appkit/cursor.rs
@@ -4,16 +4,15 @@ use std::sync::OnceLock;

 use objc2::rc::Retained;
 use objc2::runtime::Sel;
-use objc2::{AllocAnyThread, ClassType, available, msg_send, sel};
-use objc2_app_kit::{
-    NSBitmapImageRep, NSCursor, NSCursorFrameResizeDirections, NSCursorFrameResizePosition,
-    NSDeviceRGBColorSpace, NSImage,
-};
+use objc2::{available, msg_send, sel, AllocAnyThread, ClassType};
+use objc2_app_kit::{NSBitmapImageRep, NSCursor, NSDeviceRGBColorSpace, NSImage};
 use objc2_foundation::{
-    NSData, NSDictionary, NSNumber, NSObject, NSPoint, NSSize, NSString, ns_string,
+    ns_string, NSData, NSDictionary, NSNumber, NSObject, NSPoint, NSSize, NSString,
 };
-use winit_core::cursor::{CursorIcon, CursorImage, CustomCursorProvider, CustomCursorSource};
-use winit_core::error::{NotSupportedError, RequestError};
+
+use crate::cursor::{CursorImage, CustomCursorProvider, CustomCursorSource};
+use crate::error::{NotSupportedError, RequestError};
+use crate::window::CursorIcon;

 #[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
 pub struct CustomCursor(pub(crate) Retained<NSCursor>);
@@ -34,7 +33,7 @@ impl CustomCursor {
        let cursor = match cursor {
            CustomCursorSource::Image(cursor_image) => cursor_image,
            CustomCursorSource::Animation { .. } | CustomCursorSource::Url { .. } => {
-                return Err(NotSupportedError::new("unsupported cursor kind").into());
+                return Err(NotSupportedError::new("unsupported cursor kind").into())
            },
        };

@@ -43,8 +42,8 @@ impl CustomCursor {
 }

 pub(crate) fn cursor_from_image(cursor: &CursorImage) -> Result<Retained<NSCursor>, RequestError> {
-    let width = cursor.width();
-    let height = cursor.height();
+    let width = cursor.width;
+    let height = cursor.height;

    let bitmap = unsafe {
        NSBitmapImageRep::initWithBitmapDataPlanes_pixelsWide_pixelsHigh_bitsPerSample_samplesPerPixel_hasAlpha_isPlanar_colorSpaceName_bytesPerRow_bitsPerPixel(
@@ -61,14 +60,15 @@ pub(crate) fn cursor_from_image(cursor: &CursorImage) -> Result<Retained<NSCurso
            32,
        )
    }.ok_or_else(|| os_error!("parent view should be installed in a window"))?;
-    let bitmap_data =
-        unsafe { slice::from_raw_parts_mut(bitmap.bitmapData(), cursor.buffer().len()) };
-    bitmap_data.copy_from_slice(cursor.buffer());
+    let bitmap_data = unsafe { slice::from_raw_parts_mut(bitmap.bitmapData(), cursor.rgba.len()) };
+    bitmap_data.copy_from_slice(&cursor.rgba);

-    let image = NSImage::initWithSize(NSImage::alloc(), NSSize::new(width.into(), height.into()));
-    image.addRepresentation(&bitmap);
+    let image = unsafe {
+        NSImage::initWithSize(NSImage::alloc(), NSSize::new(width.into(), height.into()))
+    };
+    unsafe { image.addRepresentation(&bitmap) };

-    let hotspot = NSPoint::new(cursor.hotspot_x() as f64, cursor.hotspot_y() as f64);
+    let hotspot = NSPoint::new(cursor.hotspot_x as f64, cursor.hotspot_y as f64);

    Ok(NSCursor::initWithImage_hotSpot(NSCursor::alloc(), &image, hotspot))
 }
@@ -141,9 +141,12 @@ unsafe fn load_webkit_cursor(name: &NSString) -> Retained<NSCursor> {

    // TODO: Handle PLists better
    let info_path = cursor_path.stringByAppendingPathComponent(ns_string!("info.plist"));
-    #[allow(deprecated)]
-    let info: Retained<NSDictionary<NSObject, NSObject>> =
-        unsafe { NSDictionary::dictionaryWithContentsOfFile(&info_path) }.unwrap();
+    let info: Retained<NSDictionary<NSObject, NSObject>> = unsafe {
+        msg_send![
+            <NSDictionary<NSObject, NSObject>>::class(),
+            dictionaryWithContentsOfFile: &*info_path,
+        ]
+    };
    let mut x = 0.0;
    if let Some(n) = info.objectForKey(ns_string!("hotx")) {
        if let Ok(n) = n.downcast::<NSNumber>() {
@@ -207,155 +210,23 @@ pub(crate) fn cursor_from_icon(icon: CursorIcon) -> Retained<NSCursor> {
        CursorIcon::NotAllowed | CursorIcon::NoDrop => NSCursor::operationNotAllowedCursor(),
        CursorIcon::ContextMenu => NSCursor::contextualMenuCursor(),
        CursorIcon::Crosshair => NSCursor::crosshairCursor(),
-        CursorIcon::EResize => {
-            if available!(macos = 15.0) {
-                NSCursor::frameResizeCursorFromPosition_inDirections(
-                    NSCursorFrameResizePosition::Right,
-                    NSCursorFrameResizeDirections::Outward,
-                )
-            } else {
-                NSCursor::resizeRightCursor()
-            }
-        },
-        CursorIcon::NResize => {
-            if available!(macos = 15.0) {
-                NSCursor::frameResizeCursorFromPosition_inDirections(
-                    NSCursorFrameResizePosition::Top,
-                    NSCursorFrameResizeDirections::Outward,
-                )
-            } else {
-                NSCursor::resizeUpCursor()
-            }
-        },
-        CursorIcon::WResize => {
-            if available!(macos = 15.0) {
-                NSCursor::frameResizeCursorFromPosition_inDirections(
-                    NSCursorFrameResizePosition::Left,
-                    NSCursorFrameResizeDirections::Outward,
-                )
-            } else {
-                NSCursor::resizeLeftCursor()
-            }
-        },
-        CursorIcon::SResize => {
-            if available!(macos = 15.0) {
-                NSCursor::frameResizeCursorFromPosition_inDirections(
-                    NSCursorFrameResizePosition::Bottom,
-                    NSCursorFrameResizeDirections::Outward,
-                )
-            } else {
-                NSCursor::resizeDownCursor()
-            }
-        },
-        CursorIcon::EwResize => {
-            if available!(macos = 15.0) {
-                NSCursor::frameResizeCursorFromPosition_inDirections(
-                    NSCursorFrameResizePosition::Right,
-                    NSCursorFrameResizeDirections::All,
-                )
-            } else {
-                NSCursor::resizeLeftRightCursor()
-            }
-        },
-        CursorIcon::NsResize => {
-            if available!(macos = 15.0) {
-                NSCursor::frameResizeCursorFromPosition_inDirections(
-                    NSCursorFrameResizePosition::Top,
-                    NSCursorFrameResizeDirections::All,
-                )
-            } else {
-                NSCursor::resizeUpDownCursor()
-            }
-        },
-        CursorIcon::NeResize => {
-            if available!(macos = 15.0) {
-                NSCursor::frameResizeCursorFromPosition_inDirections(
-                    NSCursorFrameResizePosition::TopRight,
-                    NSCursorFrameResizeDirections::Outward,
-                )
-            } else {
-                _windowResizeNorthEastCursor()
-            }
-        },
-        CursorIcon::NwResize => {
-            if available!(macos = 15.0) {
-                NSCursor::frameResizeCursorFromPosition_inDirections(
-                    NSCursorFrameResizePosition::TopLeft,
-                    NSCursorFrameResizeDirections::Outward,
-                )
-            } else {
-                _windowResizeNorthWestCursor()
-            }
-        },
-        CursorIcon::SeResize => {
-            if available!(macos = 15.0) {
-                NSCursor::frameResizeCursorFromPosition_inDirections(
-                    NSCursorFrameResizePosition::BottomRight,
-                    NSCursorFrameResizeDirections::Outward,
-                )
-            } else {
-                _windowResizeSouthEastCursor()
-            }
-        },
-        CursorIcon::SwResize => {
-            if available!(macos = 15.0) {
-                NSCursor::frameResizeCursorFromPosition_inDirections(
-                    NSCursorFrameResizePosition::BottomLeft,
-                    NSCursorFrameResizeDirections::Outward,
-                )
-            } else {
-                _windowResizeSouthWestCursor()
-            }
-        },
-        CursorIcon::NeswResize => {
-            if available!(macos = 15.0) {
-                NSCursor::frameResizeCursorFromPosition_inDirections(
-                    NSCursorFrameResizePosition::TopRight,
-                    NSCursorFrameResizeDirections::All,
-                )
-            } else {
-                _windowResizeNorthEastSouthWestCursor()
-            }
-        },
-        CursorIcon::NwseResize => {
-            if available!(macos = 15.0) {
-                NSCursor::frameResizeCursorFromPosition_inDirections(
-                    NSCursorFrameResizePosition::TopLeft,
-                    NSCursorFrameResizeDirections::All,
-                )
-            } else {
-                _windowResizeNorthWestSouthEastCursor()
-            }
-        },
-        CursorIcon::ColResize => {
-            if available!(macos = 15.0) {
-                NSCursor::columnResizeCursor()
-            } else {
-                NSCursor::resizeLeftRightCursor()
-            }
-        },
-        CursorIcon::RowResize => {
-            if available!(macos = 15.0) {
-                NSCursor::rowResizeCursor()
-            } else {
-                NSCursor::resizeUpDownCursor()
-            }
-        },
-        CursorIcon::ZoomIn => {
-            if available!(macos = 15.0) {
-                NSCursor::zoomInCursor()
-            } else {
-                _zoomInCursor()
-            }
-        },
-        CursorIcon::ZoomOut => {
-            if available!(macos = 15.0) {
-                NSCursor::zoomOutCursor()
-            } else {
-                _zoomOutCursor()
-            }
-        },
+        CursorIcon::EResize => NSCursor::resizeRightCursor(),
+        CursorIcon::NResize => NSCursor::resizeUpCursor(),
+        CursorIcon::WResize => NSCursor::resizeLeftCursor(),
+        CursorIcon::SResize => NSCursor::resizeDownCursor(),
+        CursorIcon::EwResize | CursorIcon::ColResize => NSCursor::resizeLeftRightCursor(),
+        CursorIcon::NsResize | CursorIcon::RowResize => NSCursor::resizeUpDownCursor(),
        CursorIcon::Help => _helpCursor(),
+        CursorIcon::ZoomIn if available!(macos = 15.0) => unsafe { NSCursor::zoomInCursor() },
+        CursorIcon::ZoomIn => _zoomInCursor(),
+        CursorIcon::ZoomOut if available!(macos = 15.0) => unsafe { NSCursor::zoomOutCursor() },
+        CursorIcon::ZoomOut => _zoomOutCursor(),
+        CursorIcon::NeResize => _windowResizeNorthEastCursor(),
+        CursorIcon::NwResize => _windowResizeNorthWestCursor(),
+        CursorIcon::SeResize => _windowResizeSouthEastCursor(),
+        CursorIcon::SwResize => _windowResizeSouthWestCursor(),
+        CursorIcon::NeswResize => _windowResizeNorthEastSouthWestCursor(),
+        CursorIcon::NwseResize => _windowResizeNorthWestSouthEastCursor(),
        // This is the wrong semantics for `Wait`, but it's the same as
        // what's used in Safari and Chrome.
        CursorIcon::Wait | CursorIcon::Progress => busyButClickableCursor(),
--- a/src/platform_impl/apple/appkit/event.rs
+++ b/src/platform_impl/apple/appkit/event.rs
@@ -6,14 +6,14 @@ use objc2_app_kit::{NSEvent, NSEventModifierFlags, NSEventSubtype, NSEventType};
 use objc2_core_foundation::{CFData, CFRetained};
 use objc2_foundation::NSPoint;
 use smol_str::SmolStr;
-use winit_core::event::{ElementState, KeyEvent, Modifiers};
-use winit_core::keyboard::{
+
+use super::ffi;
+use crate::event::{ElementState, KeyEvent, Modifiers};
+use crate::keyboard::{
    Key, KeyCode, KeyLocation, ModifiersKeys, ModifiersState, NamedKey, NativeKey, NativeKeyCode,
    PhysicalKey,
 };

-use super::ffi;
-
 /// Ignores ALL modifiers.
 pub fn get_modifierless_char(scancode: u16) -> Key {
    let Some(ptr) = NonNull::new(unsafe { ffi::TISCopyCurrentKeyboardLayoutInputSource() }) else {
@@ -67,7 +67,9 @@ pub fn get_modifierless_char(scancode: u16) -> Key {

 // Ignores all modifiers except for SHIFT (yes, even ALT is ignored).
 fn get_logical_key_char(ns_event: &NSEvent, modifierless_chars: &str) -> Key {
-    let string = ns_event.charactersIgnoringModifiers().map(|s| s.to_string()).unwrap_or_default();
+    let string = unsafe { ns_event.charactersIgnoringModifiers() }
+        .map(|s| s.to_string())
+        .unwrap_or_default();
    if string.is_empty() {
        // Probably a dead key
        let first_char = modifierless_chars.chars().next();
@@ -83,7 +85,7 @@ pub(crate) fn create_key_event(ns_event: &NSEvent, is_press: bool, is_repeat: bo
    use ElementState::{Pressed, Released};
    let state = if is_press { Pressed } else { Released };

-    let scancode = ns_event.keyCode();
+    let scancode = unsafe { ns_event.keyCode() };
    let mut physical_key = scancode_to_physicalkey(scancode as u32);

    // NOTE: The logical key should heed both SHIFT and ALT if possible.
@@ -93,7 +95,7 @@ pub(crate) fn create_key_event(ns_event: &NSEvent, is_press: bool, is_repeat: bo
    // * Pressing CTRL SHIFT A: logical key should also be "A"
    // This is not easy to tease out of `NSEvent`, but we do our best.

-    let characters = ns_event.characters().map(|s| s.to_string()).unwrap_or_default();
+    let characters = unsafe { ns_event.characters() }.map(|s| s.to_string()).unwrap_or_default();
    let text_with_all_modifiers = if characters.is_empty() {
        None
    } else {
@@ -109,13 +111,13 @@ pub(crate) fn create_key_event(ns_event: &NSEvent, is_press: bool, is_repeat: bo
        // `get_modifierless_char/key_without_modifiers` ignores ALL modifiers.
        let key_without_modifiers = get_modifierless_char(scancode);

-        let modifiers = ns_event.modifierFlags();
+        let modifiers = unsafe { ns_event.modifierFlags() };
        let has_ctrl = modifiers.contains(NSEventModifierFlags::Control);
        let has_cmd = modifiers.contains(NSEventModifierFlags::Command);

        let logical_key = match text_with_all_modifiers.as_ref() {
            // Only checking for ctrl and cmd here, not checking for alt because we DO want to
-            // include its effect in the key. For example if -on the German layout- one
+            // include its effect in the key. For example if -on the Germay layout- one
            // presses alt+8, the logical key should be "{"
            // Also not checking if this is a release event because then this issue would
            // still affect the key release.
@@ -300,15 +302,15 @@ const NX_DEVICERALTKEYMASK: NSEventModifierFlags = NSEventModifierFlags(0x000000
 const NX_DEVICERCTLKEYMASK: NSEventModifierFlags = NSEventModifierFlags(0x00002000);

 pub(super) fn lalt_pressed(event: &NSEvent) -> bool {
-    event.modifierFlags().contains(NX_DEVICELALTKEYMASK)
+    unsafe { event.modifierFlags() }.contains(NX_DEVICELALTKEYMASK)
 }

 pub(super) fn ralt_pressed(event: &NSEvent) -> bool {
-    event.modifierFlags().contains(NX_DEVICERALTKEYMASK)
+    unsafe { event.modifierFlags() }.contains(NX_DEVICERALTKEYMASK)
 }

 pub(super) fn event_mods(event: &NSEvent) -> Modifiers {
-    let flags = event.modifierFlags();
+    let flags = unsafe { event.modifierFlags() };
    let mut state = ModifiersState::empty();
    let mut pressed_mods = ModifiersKeys::empty();

@@ -328,11 +330,12 @@ pub(super) fn event_mods(event: &NSEvent) -> Modifiers {
    pressed_mods.set(ModifiersKeys::LMETA, flags.contains(NX_DEVICELCMDKEYMASK));
    pressed_mods.set(ModifiersKeys::RMETA, flags.contains(NX_DEVICERCMDKEYMASK));

-    Modifiers::new(state, pressed_mods)
+    Modifiers { state, pressed_mods }
 }

 pub(super) fn dummy_event() -> Option<Retained<NSEvent>> {
-    NSEvent::otherEventWithType_location_modifierFlags_timestamp_windowNumber_context_subtype_data1_data2(
+    unsafe {
+        NSEvent::otherEventWithType_location_modifierFlags_timestamp_windowNumber_context_subtype_data1_data2(
            NSEventType::ApplicationDefined,
            NSPoint::new(0.0, 0.0),
            NSEventModifierFlags(0),
@@ -343,9 +346,10 @@ pub(super) fn dummy_event() -> Option<Retained<NSEvent>> {
            0,
            0,
        )
+    }
 }

-pub fn physicalkey_to_scancode(physical_key: PhysicalKey) -> Option<u32> {
+pub(crate) fn physicalkey_to_scancode(physical_key: PhysicalKey) -> Option<u32> {
    let code = match physical_key {
        PhysicalKey::Code(code) => code,
        PhysicalKey::Unidentified(_) => return None,
@@ -477,7 +481,7 @@ pub fn physicalkey_to_scancode(physical_key: PhysicalKey) -> Option<u32> {
    }
 }

-pub fn scancode_to_physicalkey(scancode: u32) -> PhysicalKey {
+pub(crate) fn scancode_to_physicalkey(scancode: u32) -> PhysicalKey {
    // Follows what Chromium and Firefox do:
    // https://chromium.googlesource.com/chromium/src.git/+/3e1a26c44c024d97dc9a4c09bbc6a2365398ca2c/ui/events/keycodes/dom/dom_code_data.inc
    // https://searchfox.org/mozilla-central/rev/c597e9c789ad36af84a0370d395be066b7dc94f4/widget/NativeKeyToDOMCodeName.h
--- a/src/platform_impl/apple/appkit/event_loop.rs
+++ b/src/platform_impl/apple/appkit/event_loop.rs
@@ -1,38 +1,75 @@
-use std::rc::Rc;
+use std::any::Any;
+use std::cell::Cell;
+use std::fmt;
+use std::panic::{catch_unwind, resume_unwind, RefUnwindSafe, UnwindSafe};
+use std::rc::{Rc, Weak};
 use std::sync::Arc;
 use std::time::{Duration, Instant};

-use objc2::rc::{Retained, autoreleasepool};
+use objc2::rc::{autoreleasepool, Retained};
 use objc2::runtime::ProtocolObject;
-use objc2::{MainThreadMarker, available};
+use objc2::{available, MainThreadMarker};
 use objc2_app_kit::{
    NSApplication, NSApplicationActivationPolicy, NSApplicationDidFinishLaunchingNotification,
    NSApplicationWillTerminateNotification, NSWindow,
 };
-use objc2_core_foundation::{CFIndex, CFRunLoopActivity, kCFRunLoopCommonModes};
 use objc2_foundation::{NSNotificationCenter, NSObjectProtocol};
 use rwh_06::HasDisplayHandle;
-use tracing::debug_span;
-use winit_common::core_foundation::{MainRunLoop, MainRunLoopObserver, tracing_observers};
-use winit_common::foundation::create_observer;
-use winit_core::application::ApplicationHandler;
-use winit_core::cursor::{CustomCursor as CoreCustomCursor, CustomCursorSource};
-use winit_core::error::{EventLoopError, RequestError};
-use winit_core::event_loop::pump_events::PumpStatus;
-use winit_core::event_loop::{
-    ActiveEventLoop as RootActiveEventLoop, ControlFlow, DeviceEvents,
-    EventLoopProxy as CoreEventLoopProxy, OwnedDisplayHandle as CoreOwnedDisplayHandle,
-};
-use winit_core::monitor::MonitorHandle as CoreMonitorHandle;
-use winit_core::window::Theme;

+use super::super::notification_center::create_observer;
 use super::app::override_send_event;
 use super::app_state::AppState;
 use super::cursor::CustomCursor;
 use super::event::dummy_event;
 use super::monitor;
-use crate::ActivationPolicy;
-use crate::window::Window;
+use super::observer::setup_control_flow_observers;
+use crate::application::ApplicationHandler;
+use crate::error::{EventLoopError, RequestError};
+use crate::event_loop::{
+    ActiveEventLoop as RootActiveEventLoop, ControlFlow, DeviceEvents,
+    EventLoopProxy as CoreEventLoopProxy, OwnedDisplayHandle as CoreOwnedDisplayHandle,
+};
+use crate::monitor::MonitorHandle as CoreMonitorHandle;
+use crate::platform::macos::ActivationPolicy;
+use crate::platform::pump_events::PumpStatus;
+use crate::platform_impl::Window;
+use crate::window::{CustomCursor as CoreCustomCursor, CustomCursorSource, Theme};
+
+#[derive(Default)]
+pub struct PanicInfo {
+    inner: Cell<Option<Box<dyn Any + Send + 'static>>>,
+}
+
+impl fmt::Debug for PanicInfo {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        f.debug_struct("PanicInfo").finish_non_exhaustive()
+    }
+}
+
+// WARNING:
+// As long as this struct is used through its `impl`, it is UnwindSafe.
+// (If `get_mut` is called on `inner`, unwind safety may get broken.)
+impl UnwindSafe for PanicInfo {}
+impl RefUnwindSafe for PanicInfo {}
+impl PanicInfo {
+    pub fn is_panicking(&self) -> bool {
+        let inner = self.inner.take();
+        let result = inner.is_some();
+        self.inner.set(inner);
+        result
+    }
+
+    /// Overwrites the current state if the current state is not panicking
+    pub fn set_panic(&self, p: Box<dyn Any + Send + 'static>) {
+        if !self.is_panicking() {
+            self.inner.set(Some(p));
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn take(&self) -> Option<Box<dyn Any + Send + 'static>> {
+        self.inner.take()
+    }
+}

 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub struct ActiveEventLoop {
@@ -65,8 +102,8 @@ impl RootActiveEventLoop for ActiveEventLoop {

    fn create_window(
        &self,
-        window_attributes: winit_core::window::WindowAttributes,
-    ) -> Result<Box<dyn winit_core::window::Window>, RequestError> {
+        window_attributes: crate::window::WindowAttributes,
+    ) -> Result<Box<dyn crate::window::Window>, RequestError> {
        Ok(Box::new(Window::new(self, window_attributes)?))
    }

@@ -85,7 +122,7 @@ impl RootActiveEventLoop for ActiveEventLoop {
        )
    }

-    fn primary_monitor(&self) -> Option<winit_core::monitor::MonitorHandle> {
+    fn primary_monitor(&self) -> Option<crate::monitor::MonitorHandle> {
        let monitor = monitor::primary_monitor();
        Some(CoreMonitorHandle(Arc::new(monitor)))
    }
@@ -145,6 +182,7 @@ pub struct EventLoop {
    app_state: Rc<AppState>,

    window_target: ActiveEventLoop,
+    panic_info: Rc<PanicInfo>,

    // Since macOS 10.11, we no longer need to remove the observers before they are deallocated;
    // the system instead cleans it up next time it would have posted a notification to it.
@@ -152,17 +190,13 @@ pub struct EventLoop {
    // Though we do still need to keep the observers around to prevent them from being deallocated.
    _did_finish_launching_observer: Retained<ProtocolObject<dyn NSObjectProtocol>>,
    _will_terminate_observer: Retained<ProtocolObject<dyn NSObjectProtocol>>,
-
-    _tracing_observers: Option<(MainRunLoopObserver, MainRunLoopObserver)>,
-    _before_waiting_observer: MainRunLoopObserver,
-    _after_waiting_observer: MainRunLoopObserver,
 }

 #[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
-pub struct PlatformSpecificEventLoopAttributes {
-    pub activation_policy: Option<ActivationPolicy>,
-    pub default_menu: bool,
-    pub activate_ignoring_other_apps: bool,
+pub(crate) struct PlatformSpecificEventLoopAttributes {
+    pub(crate) activation_policy: Option<ActivationPolicy>,
+    pub(crate) default_menu: bool,
+    pub(crate) activate_ignoring_other_apps: bool,
 }

 impl Default for PlatformSpecificEventLoopAttributes {
@@ -172,7 +206,9 @@ impl Default for PlatformSpecificEventLoopAttributes {
 }

 impl EventLoop {
-    pub fn new(attributes: &PlatformSpecificEventLoopAttributes) -> Result<Self, EventLoopError> {
+    pub(crate) fn new(
+        attributes: &PlatformSpecificEventLoopAttributes,
+    ) -> Result<Self, EventLoopError> {
        let mtm = MainThreadMarker::new()
            .expect("on macOS, `EventLoop` must be created on the main thread!");

@@ -188,8 +224,7 @@ impl EventLoop {
            activation_policy,
            attributes.default_menu,
            attributes.activate_ignoring_other_apps,
-        )
-        .ok_or_else(|| EventLoopError::RecreationAttempt)?;
+        );

        // Initialize the application (if it has not already been).
        let app = NSApplication::sharedApplication(mtm);
@@ -197,7 +232,7 @@ impl EventLoop {
        // Override `sendEvent:` on the application to forward to our application state.
        override_send_event(&app);

-        let center = NSNotificationCenter::defaultCenter();
+        let center = unsafe { NSNotificationCenter::defaultCenter() };

        let weak_app_state = Rc::downgrade(&app_state);
        let _did_finish_launching_observer = create_observer(
@@ -205,7 +240,6 @@ impl EventLoop {
            // `applicationDidFinishLaunching:`
            unsafe { NSApplicationDidFinishLaunchingNotification },
            move |notification| {
-                let _entered = debug_span!("NSApplicationDidFinishLaunchingNotification").entered();
                if let Some(app_state) = weak_app_state.upgrade() {
                    app_state.did_finish_launching(notification);
                }
@@ -218,55 +252,22 @@ impl EventLoop {
            // `applicationWillTerminate:`
            unsafe { NSApplicationWillTerminateNotification },
            move |notification| {
-                let _entered = debug_span!("NSApplicationWillTerminateNotification").entered();
                if let Some(app_state) = weak_app_state.upgrade() {
                    app_state.will_terminate(notification);
                }
            },
        );

-        let main_loop = MainRunLoop::get(mtm);
-        let mode = unsafe { kCFRunLoopCommonModes }.unwrap();
-
-        // Tracing observers have the lowest and highest orderings.
-        let _tracing_observers = tracing_observers(mtm).inspect(|(start, end)| {
-            main_loop.add_observer(start, mode);
-            main_loop.add_observer(end, mode);
-        });
-
-        let app_state_clone = Rc::clone(&app_state);
-        let _before_waiting_observer = MainRunLoopObserver::new(
-            mtm,
-            CFRunLoopActivity::BeforeWaiting,
-            true,
-            // Queued with the second-lowest priority (tracing observers use the lowest) to ensure
-            // it is processed after other observers.
-            CFIndex::MAX - 1,
-            move |_| app_state_clone.cleared(),
-        );
-        main_loop.add_observer(&_before_waiting_observer, mode);
-
-        let app_state_clone = Rc::clone(&app_state);
-        let _after_waiting_observer = MainRunLoopObserver::new(
-            mtm,
-            CFRunLoopActivity::AfterWaiting,
-            true,
-            // Queued with the second-highest priority (tracing observers use the highest) to
-            // ensure it is processed before other observers.
-            CFIndex::MIN + 1,
-            move |_| app_state_clone.wakeup(),
-        );
-        main_loop.add_observer(&_after_waiting_observer, mode);
+        let panic_info: Rc<PanicInfo> = Default::default();
+        setup_control_flow_observers(mtm, Rc::downgrade(&panic_info));

        Ok(EventLoop {
            app,
            app_state: app_state.clone(),
            window_target: ActiveEventLoop { app_state, mtm },
+            panic_info,
            _did_finish_launching_observer,
            _will_terminate_observer,
-            _tracing_observers,
-            _before_waiting_observer,
-            _after_waiting_observer,
        })
    }

@@ -274,6 +275,10 @@ impl EventLoop {
        &self.window_target
    }

+    pub fn run_app<A: ApplicationHandler>(mut self, app: A) -> Result<(), EventLoopError> {
+        self.run_app_on_demand(app)
+    }
+
    // NB: we don't base this on `pump_events` because for `MacOs` we can't support
    // `pump_events` elegantly (we just ask to run the loop for a "short" amount of
    // time and so a layered implementation would end up using a lot of CPU due to
@@ -300,6 +305,15 @@ impl EventLoop {
                // NOTE: Make sure to not run the application re-entrantly, as that'd be confusing.
                self.app.run();

+                // While the app is running it's possible that we catch a panic
+                // to avoid unwinding across an objective-c ffi boundary, which
+                // will lead to us stopping the `NSApplication` and saving the
+                // `PanicInfo` so that we can resume the unwind at a controlled,
+                // safe point in time.
+                if let Some(panic) = self.panic_info.take() {
+                    resume_unwind(panic);
+                }
+
                self.app_state.internal_exit()
            })
        });
@@ -355,6 +369,15 @@ impl EventLoop {
                    self.app.run();
                }

+                // While the app is running it's possible that we catch a panic
+                // to avoid unwinding across an objective-c ffi boundary, which
+                // will lead to us stopping the application and saving the
+                // `PanicInfo` so that we can resume the unwind at a controlled,
+                // safe point in time.
+                if let Some(panic) = self.panic_info.take() {
+                    resume_unwind(panic);
+                }
+
                if self.app_state.exiting() {
                    self.app_state.internal_exit();
                    PumpStatus::Exit(0)
@@ -399,3 +422,29 @@ pub(super) fn notify_windows_of_exit(app: &NSApplication) {
        window.close();
    }
 }
+
+/// Catches panics that happen inside `f` and when a panic
+/// happens, stops the `sharedApplication`
+#[inline]
+pub fn stop_app_on_panic<F: FnOnce() -> R + UnwindSafe, R>(
+    mtm: MainThreadMarker,
+    panic_info: Weak<PanicInfo>,
+    f: F,
+) -> Option<R> {
+    match catch_unwind(f) {
+        Ok(r) => Some(r),
+        Err(e) => {
+            // It's important that we set the panic before requesting a `stop`
+            // because some callback are still called during the `stop` message
+            // and we need to know in those callbacks if the application is currently
+            // panicking
+            {
+                let panic_info = panic_info.upgrade().unwrap();
+                panic_info.set_panic(e);
+            }
+            let app = NSApplication::sharedApplication(mtm);
+            stop_app_immediately(&app);
+            None
+        },
+    }
+}
--- a/src/platform_impl/apple/appkit/ffi.rs
+++ b/src/platform_impl/apple/appkit/ffi.rs
@@ -6,13 +6,13 @@ use std::ffi::c_void;

 use objc2::ffi::NSInteger;
 use objc2::runtime::AnyObject;
-use objc2_core_foundation::{CFString, CFUUID, cf_type};
+use objc2_core_foundation::{cf_type, CFString, CFUUID};
 use objc2_core_graphics::CGDirectDisplayID;

 pub const IO16BitDirectPixels: &str = "-RRRRRGGGGGBBBBB";
 pub const IO32BitDirectPixels: &str = "--------RRRRRRRRGGGGGGGGBBBBBBBB";
+
 pub const kIO30BitDirectPixels: &str = "--RRRRRRRRRRGGGGGGGGGGBBBBBBBBBB";
-pub const kIO64BitDirectPixels: &str = "-16R16G16B16";

 // `CGDisplayCreateUUIDFromDisplayID` comes from the `ColorSync` framework.
 // However, that framework was only introduced "publicly" in macOS 10.13.
@@ -22,14 +22,14 @@ pub const kIO64BitDirectPixels: &str = "-16R16G16B16";
 // `ApplicationServices`, see:
 // https://developer.apple.com/library/archive/documentation/MacOSX/Conceptual/OSX_Technology_Overview/SystemFrameworks/SystemFrameworks.html#//apple_ref/doc/uid/TP40001067-CH210-BBCFFIEG
 #[link(name = "ApplicationServices", kind = "framework")]
-unsafe extern "C" {
+extern "C" {
    pub fn CGDisplayCreateUUIDFromDisplayID(display: CGDirectDisplayID) -> *mut CFUUID;

    pub fn CGDisplayGetDisplayIDFromUUID(uuid: &CFUUID) -> CGDirectDisplayID;
 }

 #[link(name = "CoreGraphics", kind = "framework")]
-unsafe extern "C" {
+extern "C" {
    // Wildly used private APIs; Apple uses them for their Terminal.app.
    pub fn CGSMainConnectionID() -> *mut AnyObject;
    pub fn CGSSetWindowBackgroundBlurRadius(
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ pub const kUCKeyActionDisplay: u16 = 3;
 pub const kUCKeyTranslateNoDeadKeysMask: OptionBits = 1;

 #[link(name = "Carbon", kind = "framework")]
-unsafe extern "C" {
+extern "C" {
    pub static kTISPropertyUnicodeKeyLayoutData: &'static CFString;

    #[allow(non_snake_case)]
--- a/src/platform_impl/apple/appkit/menu.rs
+++ b/src/platform_impl/apple/appkit/menu.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 use objc2::rc::Retained;
 use objc2::runtime::Sel;
-use objc2::{MainThreadMarker, sel};
+use objc2::{sel, MainThreadMarker};
 use objc2_app_kit::{NSApplication, NSEventModifierFlags, NSMenu, NSMenuItem};
-use objc2_foundation::{NSBundle, NSProcessInfo, NSString, ns_string};
+use objc2_foundation::{ns_string, NSProcessInfo, NSString};

 struct KeyEquivalent<'a> {
    key: &'a NSString,
@@ -16,10 +16,7 @@ pub fn initialize(app: &NSApplication) {
    menubar.addItem(&app_menu_item);

    let app_menu = NSMenu::new(mtm);
-    let process_name = match NSBundle::mainBundle().name() {
-        Some(bundle_name) => bundle_name,
-        None => NSProcessInfo::processInfo().processName(),
-    };
+    let process_name = NSProcessInfo::processInfo().processName();

    // About menu item
    let about_item_title = ns_string!("About ").stringByAppendingString(&process_name);
@@ -82,7 +79,7 @@ pub fn initialize(app: &NSApplication) {
    app_menu.addItem(&quit_item);
    app_menu_item.setSubmenu(Some(&app_menu));

-    app.setServicesMenu(Some(&services_menu));
+    unsafe { app.setServicesMenu(Some(&services_menu)) };
    app.setMainMenu(Some(&menubar));
 }

--- a/src/platform_impl/apple/appkit/mod.rs
+++ b/src/platform_impl/apple/appkit/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+#[macro_use]
+mod util;
+
+mod app;
+mod app_state;
+mod cursor;
+mod event;
+mod event_loop;
+mod ffi;
+mod menu;
+mod monitor;
+mod observer;
+mod view;
+mod window;
+mod window_delegate;
+
+pub(crate) use self::event::{physicalkey_to_scancode, scancode_to_physicalkey};
+pub(crate) use self::event_loop::{
+    ActiveEventLoop, EventLoop, PlatformSpecificEventLoopAttributes,
+};
+pub(crate) use self::monitor::MonitorHandle;
+pub(crate) use self::window::Window;
+pub(crate) use self::window_delegate::PlatformSpecificWindowAttributes;
--- a/src/platform_impl/apple/appkit/monitor.rs
+++ b/src/platform_impl/apple/appkit/monitor.rs
@@ -6,22 +6,22 @@ use std::ptr::NonNull;
 use std::{fmt, ptr};

 use dispatch2::run_on_main;
-use dpi::{LogicalPosition, PhysicalPosition, PhysicalSize};
-use objc2::MainThreadMarker;
 use objc2::rc::Retained;
+use objc2::MainThreadMarker;
 use objc2_app_kit::NSScreen;
 use objc2_core_foundation::{CFArray, CFRetained, CFUUID};
 use objc2_core_graphics::{
    CGDirectDisplayID, CGDisplayBounds, CGDisplayCopyAllDisplayModes, CGDisplayCopyDisplayMode,
    CGDisplayMode, CGDisplayModelNumber, CGGetActiveDisplayList, CGMainDisplayID,
 };
-use objc2_core_video::{CVDisplayLink, CVTimeFlags, kCVReturnSuccess};
-use objc2_foundation::{NSNumber, NSPoint, NSRect, ns_string};
+use objc2_core_video::{kCVReturnSuccess, CVDisplayLink, CVTimeFlags};
+use objc2_foundation::{ns_string, NSNumber, NSPoint, NSRect};
 use tracing::warn;
-use winit_core::monitor::{MonitorHandleProvider, VideoMode};

 use super::ffi;
 use super::util::cgerr;
+use crate::dpi::{LogicalPosition, PhysicalPosition, PhysicalSize};
+use crate::monitor::{MonitorHandleProvider, VideoMode};

 #[derive(Clone)]
 pub struct VideoModeHandle {
@@ -65,33 +65,31 @@ impl VideoModeHandle {
        native_mode: NativeDisplayMode,
        refresh_rate_millihertz: Option<NonZeroU32>,
    ) -> Self {
-        // The bit-depth is basically always 32 since macOS 10.12.
-        #[allow(deprecated)]
-        let pixel_encoding =
-            CGDisplayMode::pixel_encoding(Some(&native_mode.0)).unwrap().to_string();
-        let bit_depth = if pixel_encoding.eq_ignore_ascii_case(ffi::IO32BitDirectPixels) {
-            NonZeroU16::new(32)
-        } else if pixel_encoding.eq_ignore_ascii_case(ffi::IO16BitDirectPixels) {
-            NonZeroU16::new(16)
-        } else if pixel_encoding.eq_ignore_ascii_case(ffi::kIO30BitDirectPixels) {
-            NonZeroU16::new(30)
-        } else if pixel_encoding.eq_ignore_ascii_case(ffi::kIO64BitDirectPixels) {
-            NonZeroU16::new(64)
-        } else {
-            warn!(?pixel_encoding, "unknown bit depth");
-            None
-        };
+        unsafe {
+            #[allow(deprecated)]
+            let pixel_encoding =
+                CGDisplayMode::pixel_encoding(Some(&native_mode.0)).unwrap().to_string();
+            let bit_depth = if pixel_encoding.eq_ignore_ascii_case(ffi::IO32BitDirectPixels) {
+                32
+            } else if pixel_encoding.eq_ignore_ascii_case(ffi::IO16BitDirectPixels) {
+                16
+            } else if pixel_encoding.eq_ignore_ascii_case(ffi::kIO30BitDirectPixels) {
+                30
+            } else {
+                unimplemented!()
+            };

-        let mode = VideoMode::new(
-            PhysicalSize::new(
-                CGDisplayMode::pixel_width(Some(&native_mode.0)) as u32,
-                CGDisplayMode::pixel_height(Some(&native_mode.0)) as u32,
-            ),
-            bit_depth,
-            refresh_rate_millihertz,
-        );
+            let mode = VideoMode {
+                size: PhysicalSize::new(
+                    CGDisplayMode::pixel_width(Some(&native_mode.0)) as u32,
+                    CGDisplayMode::pixel_height(Some(&native_mode.0)) as u32,
+                ),
+                refresh_rate_millihertz,
+                bit_depth: NonZeroU16::new(bit_depth),
+            };

-        Self { mode, monitor: monitor.clone(), native_mode }
+            VideoModeHandle { mode, monitor: monitor.clone(), native_mode }
+        }
    }
 }

@@ -135,11 +133,11 @@ impl MonitorHandle {

    fn refresh_rate_millihertz(&self) -> Option<NonZeroU32> {
        let current_display_mode =
-            NativeDisplayMode(CGDisplayCopyDisplayMode(self.display_id()).unwrap());
+            NativeDisplayMode(unsafe { CGDisplayCopyDisplayMode(self.display_id()) }.unwrap());
        refresh_rate_millihertz(self.display_id(), &current_display_mode)
    }

-    pub fn video_mode_handles(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = VideoModeHandle> + 'static {
+    pub fn video_mode_handles(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = VideoModeHandle> {
        let refresh_rate_millihertz = self.refresh_rate_millihertz();
        let monitor = self.clone();

@@ -157,7 +155,7 @@ impl MonitorHandle {
        };

        modes.into_iter().map(move |mode| {
-            let cg_refresh_rate_hertz = CGDisplayMode::refresh_rate(Some(&mode));
+            let cg_refresh_rate_hertz = unsafe { CGDisplayMode::refresh_rate(Some(&mode)) };

            // CGDisplayModeGetRefreshRate returns 0.0 for any display that
            // isn't a CRT
@@ -200,7 +198,7 @@ impl MonitorHandleProvider for MonitorHandle {
    //
    // <https://github.com/glfw/glfw/blob/57cbded0760a50b9039ee0cb3f3c14f60145567c/src/cocoa_monitor.m#L44-L126>
    fn name(&self) -> Option<std::borrow::Cow<'_, str>> {
-        let screen_num = CGDisplayModelNumber(self.display_id());
+        let screen_num = unsafe { CGDisplayModelNumber(self.display_id()) };
        Some(format!("Monitor #{screen_num}").into())
    }

@@ -208,7 +206,7 @@ impl MonitorHandleProvider for MonitorHandle {
        // This is already in screen coordinates. If we were using `NSScreen`,
        // then a conversion would've been needed:
        // flip_window_screen_coordinates(self.ns_screen(mtm)?.frame())
-        let bounds = CGDisplayBounds(self.display_id());
+        let bounds = unsafe { CGDisplayBounds(self.display_id()) };
        let position = LogicalPosition::new(bounds.origin.x, bounds.origin.y);
        Some(position.to_physical(self.scale_factor()))
    }
@@ -223,7 +221,8 @@ impl MonitorHandleProvider for MonitorHandle {
    }

    fn current_video_mode(&self) -> Option<VideoMode> {
-        let mode = NativeDisplayMode(CGDisplayCopyDisplayMode(self.display_id()).unwrap());
+        let mode =
+            NativeDisplayMode(unsafe { CGDisplayCopyDisplayMode(self.display_id()) }.unwrap());
        let refresh_rate_millihertz = refresh_rate_millihertz(self.display_id(), &mode);
        Some(VideoModeHandle::new(self.clone(), mode, refresh_rate_millihertz).mode)
    }
@@ -261,7 +260,7 @@ pub fn available_monitors() -> VecDeque<MonitorHandle> {

 pub fn primary_monitor() -> MonitorHandle {
    // Display ID just fetched from `CGMainDisplayID`, should be fine to unwrap.
-    MonitorHandle::new(CGMainDisplayID()).expect("invalid display ID")
+    MonitorHandle::new(unsafe { CGMainDisplayID() }).expect("invalid display ID")
 }

 impl fmt::Debug for MonitorHandle {
@@ -312,38 +311,40 @@ pub(crate) fn flip_window_screen_coordinates(frame: NSRect) -> NSPoint {
    // It is intentional that we use `CGMainDisplayID` (as opposed to
    // `NSScreen::mainScreen`), because that's what the screen coordinates
    // are relative to, no matter which display the window is currently on.
-    let main_screen_height = CGDisplayBounds(CGMainDisplayID()).size.height;
+    let main_screen_height = unsafe { CGDisplayBounds(CGMainDisplayID()) }.size.height;

    let y = main_screen_height - frame.size.height - frame.origin.y;
    NSPoint::new(frame.origin.x, y)
 }

 fn refresh_rate_millihertz(id: CGDirectDisplayID, mode: &NativeDisplayMode) -> Option<NonZeroU32> {
-    let refresh_rate = CGDisplayMode::refresh_rate(Some(&mode.0));
-    if refresh_rate > 0.0 {
-        return NonZeroU32::new((refresh_rate * 1000.0).round() as u32);
-    }
+    unsafe {
+        let refresh_rate = CGDisplayMode::refresh_rate(Some(&mode.0));
+        if refresh_rate > 0.0 {
+            return NonZeroU32::new((refresh_rate * 1000.0).round() as u32);
+        }

-    let mut display_link = std::ptr::null_mut();
-    #[allow(deprecated)]
-    if unsafe { CVDisplayLink::create_with_cg_display(id, NonNull::from(&mut display_link)) }
-        != kCVReturnSuccess
-    {
-        return None;
-    }
-    let display_link = unsafe { CFRetained::from_raw(NonNull::new(display_link).unwrap()) };
-    #[allow(deprecated)]
-    let time = display_link.nominal_output_video_refresh_period();
+        let mut display_link = std::ptr::null_mut();
+        #[allow(deprecated)]
+        if CVDisplayLink::create_with_cg_display(id, NonNull::from(&mut display_link))
+            != kCVReturnSuccess
+        {
+            return None;
+        }
+        let display_link = CFRetained::from_raw(NonNull::new(display_link).unwrap());
+        #[allow(deprecated)]
+        let time = display_link.nominal_output_video_refresh_period();

-    // This value is indefinite if an invalid display link was specified
-    if time.flags & CVTimeFlags::IsIndefinite.0 != 0 {
-        return None;
-    }
+        // This value is indefinite if an invalid display link was specified
+        if time.flags & CVTimeFlags::IsIndefinite.0 != 0 {
+            return None;
+        }

-    (time.timeScale as i64)
-        .checked_div(time.timeValue)
-        .map(|v| (v * 1000) as u32)
-        .and_then(NonZeroU32::new)
+        (time.timeScale as i64)
+            .checked_div(time.timeValue)
+            .map(|v| (v * 1000) as u32)
+            .and_then(NonZeroU32::new)
+    }
 }

 #[cfg(test)]
@@ -352,10 +353,8 @@ mod tests {

    #[test]
    fn uuid_stable() {
-        let primary_id = CGMainDisplayID();
-
-        let handle_a = MonitorHandle::new(primary_id).unwrap();
-        let handle_b = MonitorHandle::new(primary_id).unwrap();
+        let handle_a = MonitorHandle::new(1).unwrap();
+        let handle_b = MonitorHandle::new(1).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(handle_a, handle_b);
        assert_eq!(handle_a.display_id(), handle_b.display_id());
        assert_eq!(handle_a.uuid(), handle_b.uuid());
@@ -370,10 +369,8 @@ mod tests {
    /// Test the MonitorHandle::new fallback.
    #[test]
    fn monitorhandle_from_zero() {
-        let primary_id = CGMainDisplayID();
-
        let handle0 = MonitorHandle::new(0).unwrap();
-        let handle1 = MonitorHandle::new(primary_id).unwrap();
+        let handle1 = MonitorHandle::new(1).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(handle0, handle1);
        assert_eq!(handle0.display_id(), handle1.display_id());
        assert_eq!(handle0.uuid(), handle1.uuid());
@@ -394,7 +391,7 @@ mod tests {
        // Assertion failed: (did_initialize), function CGS_REQUIRE_INIT, file CGInitialization.c, line 44.
        // ```
        // See https://github.com/JXA-Cookbook/JXA-Cookbook/issues/27#issuecomment-277517668
-        let _ = CGMainDisplayID();
+        let _ = unsafe { CGMainDisplayID() };

        let handle = MonitorHandle(CFUUID::new(None).unwrap());
        assert_eq!(handle.display_id(), 0);
--- a/src/platform_impl/apple/appkit/observer.rs
+++ b/src/platform_impl/apple/appkit/observer.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,286 @@
+//! Utilities for working with `CFRunLoop`.
+//!
+//! See Apple's documentation on Run Loops for details:
+//! <https://developer.apple.com/library/archive/documentation/Cocoa/Conceptual/Multithreading/RunLoopManagement/RunLoopManagement.html>
+use std::cell::Cell;
+use std::ffi::c_void;
+use std::panic::{AssertUnwindSafe, UnwindSafe};
+use std::ptr;
+use std::rc::Weak;
+use std::time::Instant;
+
+use objc2::MainThreadMarker;
+use objc2_core_foundation::{
+    kCFRunLoopCommonModes, kCFRunLoopDefaultMode, CFAbsoluteTimeGetCurrent, CFIndex, CFRetained,
+    CFRunLoop, CFRunLoopActivity, CFRunLoopObserver, CFRunLoopObserverCallBack,
+    CFRunLoopObserverContext, CFRunLoopTimer,
+};
+use tracing::error;
+
+use super::app_state::AppState;
+use super::event_loop::{stop_app_on_panic, PanicInfo};
+
+unsafe fn control_flow_handler<F>(panic_info: *mut c_void, f: F)
+where
+    F: FnOnce(Weak<PanicInfo>) + UnwindSafe,
+{
+    let info_from_raw = unsafe { Weak::from_raw(panic_info as *mut PanicInfo) };
+    // Asserting unwind safety on this type should be fine because `PanicInfo` is
+    // `RefUnwindSafe` and `Rc<T>` is `UnwindSafe` if `T` is `RefUnwindSafe`.
+    let panic_info = AssertUnwindSafe(Weak::clone(&info_from_raw));
+    // `from_raw` takes ownership of the data behind the pointer.
+    // But if this scope takes ownership of the weak pointer, then
+    // the weak pointer will get free'd at the end of the scope.
+    // However we want to keep that weak reference around after the function.
+    std::mem::forget(info_from_raw);
+
+    let mtm = MainThreadMarker::new().unwrap();
+    stop_app_on_panic(mtm, Weak::clone(&panic_info), move || {
+        let _ = &panic_info;
+        f(panic_info.0)
+    });
+}
+
+// begin is queued with the highest priority to ensure it is processed before other observers
+extern "C-unwind" fn control_flow_begin_handler(
+    _: *mut CFRunLoopObserver,
+    activity: CFRunLoopActivity,
+    panic_info: *mut c_void,
+) {
+    unsafe {
+        control_flow_handler(panic_info, |panic_info| {
+            #[allow(non_upper_case_globals)]
+            match activity {
+                CFRunLoopActivity::AfterWaiting => {
+                    // trace!("Triggered `CFRunLoopAfterWaiting`");
+                    AppState::get(MainThreadMarker::new().unwrap()).wakeup(panic_info);
+                    // trace!("Completed `CFRunLoopAfterWaiting`");
+                },
+                _ => unreachable!(),
+            }
+        });
+    }
+}
+
+// end is queued with the lowest priority to ensure it is processed after other observers
+// without that, LoopExiting would  get sent after AboutToWait
+extern "C-unwind" fn control_flow_end_handler(
+    _: *mut CFRunLoopObserver,
+    activity: CFRunLoopActivity,
+    panic_info: *mut c_void,
+) {
+    unsafe {
+        control_flow_handler(panic_info, |panic_info| {
+            #[allow(non_upper_case_globals)]
+            match activity {
+                CFRunLoopActivity::BeforeWaiting => {
+                    // trace!("Triggered `CFRunLoopBeforeWaiting`");
+                    AppState::get(MainThreadMarker::new().unwrap()).cleared(panic_info);
+                    // trace!("Completed `CFRunLoopBeforeWaiting`");
+                },
+                CFRunLoopActivity::Exit => (), /* unimplemented!(), // not expected to ever happen */
+                _ => unreachable!(),
+            }
+        });
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct RunLoop(CFRetained<CFRunLoop>);
+
+impl RunLoop {
+    pub fn main(mtm: MainThreadMarker) -> Self {
+        // SAFETY: We have a MainThreadMarker here, which means we know we're on the main thread, so
+        // scheduling (and scheduling a non-`Send` block) to that thread is allowed.
+        let _ = mtm;
+        RunLoop(CFRunLoop::main().unwrap())
+    }
+
+    pub fn wakeup(&self) {
+        self.0.wake_up();
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn add_observer(
+        &self,
+        flags: CFRunLoopActivity,
+        // The lower the value, the sooner this will run
+        priority: CFIndex,
+        handler: CFRunLoopObserverCallBack,
+        context: *mut CFRunLoopObserverContext,
+    ) {
+        let observer =
+            unsafe { CFRunLoopObserver::new(None, flags.0, true, priority, handler, context) }
+                .unwrap();
+        self.0.add_observer(Some(&observer), unsafe { kCFRunLoopCommonModes });
+    }
+
+    /// Submit a closure to run on the main thread as the next step in the run loop, before other
+    /// event sources are processed.
+    ///
+    /// This is used for running event handlers, as those are not allowed to run re-entrantly.
+    ///
+    /// # Implementation
+    ///
+    /// This queuing could be implemented in the following several ways with subtle differences in
+    /// timing. This list is sorted in rough order in which they are run:
+    ///
+    /// 1. Using `CFRunLoopPerformBlock` or `-[NSRunLoop performBlock:]`.
+    ///
+    /// 2. Using `-[NSObject performSelectorOnMainThread:withObject:waitUntilDone:]` or wrapping the
+    ///    event in `NSEvent` and posting that to `-[NSApplication postEvent:atStart:]` (both
+    ///    creates a custom `CFRunLoopSource`, and signals that to wake up the main event loop).
+    ///
+    ///    a. `atStart = true`.
+    ///
+    ///    b. `atStart = false`.
+    ///
+    /// 3. `dispatch_async` or `dispatch_async_f`. Note that this may appear before 2b, it does not
+    ///    respect the ordering that runloop events have.
+    ///
+    /// We choose the first one, both for ease-of-implementation, but mostly for consistency, as we
+    /// want the event to be queued in a way that preserves the order the events originally arrived
+    /// in.
+    ///
+    /// As an example, let's assume that we receive two events from the user, a mouse click which we
+    /// handled by queuing it, and a window resize which we handled immediately. If we allowed
+    /// AppKit to choose the ordering when queuing the mouse event, it might get put in the back of
+    /// the queue, and the events would appear out of order to the user of Winit. So we must instead
+    /// put the event at the very front of the queue, to be handled as soon as possible after
+    /// handling whatever event it's currently handling.
+    pub fn queue_closure(&self, closure: impl FnOnce() + 'static) {
+        // Convert `FnOnce()` to `Block<dyn Fn()>`.
+        let closure = Cell::new(Some(closure));
+        let block = block2::RcBlock::new(move || {
+            if let Some(closure) = closure.take() {
+                closure()
+            } else {
+                error!("tried to execute queued closure on main thread twice");
+            }
+        });
+
+        // There are a few common modes (`kCFRunLoopCommonModes`) defined by Cocoa:
+        // - `NSDefaultRunLoopMode`, alias of `kCFRunLoopDefaultMode`.
+        // - `NSEventTrackingRunLoopMode`, used when mouse-dragging and live-resizing a window.
+        // - `NSModalPanelRunLoopMode`, used when running a modal inside the Winit event loop.
+        // - `NSConnectionReplyMode`: TODO.
+        //
+        // We only want to run event handlers in the default mode, as we support running a blocking
+        // modal inside a Winit event handler (see [#1779]) which outrules the modal panel mode, and
+        // resizing such panel window enters the event tracking run loop mode, so we can't directly
+        // trigger events inside that mode either.
+        //
+        // Any events that are queued while running a modal or when live-resizing will instead wait,
+        // and be delivered to the application afterwards.
+        //
+        // [#1779]: https://github.com/rust-windowing/winit/issues/1779
+        let mode = unsafe { kCFRunLoopDefaultMode.unwrap() };
+
+        // SAFETY: The runloop is valid, the mode is a `CFStringRef`, and the block is `'static`.
+        unsafe { self.0.perform_block(Some(mode), Some(&block)) }
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn setup_control_flow_observers(mtm: MainThreadMarker, panic_info: Weak<PanicInfo>) {
+    let run_loop = RunLoop::main(mtm);
+    unsafe {
+        let mut context = CFRunLoopObserverContext {
+            info: Weak::into_raw(panic_info) as *mut _,
+            version: 0,
+            retain: None,
+            release: None,
+            copyDescription: None,
+        };
+        run_loop.add_observer(
+            CFRunLoopActivity::AfterWaiting,
+            CFIndex::MIN,
+            Some(control_flow_begin_handler),
+            &mut context as *mut _,
+        );
+        run_loop.add_observer(
+            CFRunLoopActivity::Exit | CFRunLoopActivity::BeforeWaiting,
+            CFIndex::MAX,
+            Some(control_flow_end_handler),
+            &mut context as *mut _,
+        );
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct EventLoopWaker {
+    timer: CFRetained<CFRunLoopTimer>,
+
+    /// An arbitrary instant in the past, that will trigger an immediate wake
+    /// We save this as the `next_fire_date` for consistency so we can
+    /// easily check if the next_fire_date needs updating.
+    start_instant: Instant,
+
+    /// This is what the `NextFireDate` has been set to.
+    /// `None` corresponds to `waker.stop()` and `start_instant` is used
+    /// for `waker.start()`
+    next_fire_date: Option<Instant>,
+}
+
+impl Drop for EventLoopWaker {
+    fn drop(&mut self) {
+        self.timer.invalidate();
+    }
+}
+
+impl EventLoopWaker {
+    pub(crate) fn new() -> Self {
+        extern "C-unwind" fn wakeup_main_loop(_timer: *mut CFRunLoopTimer, _info: *mut c_void) {}
+        unsafe {
+            // Create a timer with a 0.1µs interval (1ns does not work) to mimic polling.
+            // It is initially setup with a first fire time really far into the
+            // future, but that gets changed to fire immediately in did_finish_launching
+            let timer = CFRunLoopTimer::new(
+                None,
+                f64::MAX,
+                0.000_000_1,
+                0,
+                0,
+                Some(wakeup_main_loop),
+                ptr::null_mut(),
+            )
+            .unwrap();
+            CFRunLoop::main().unwrap().add_timer(Some(&timer), kCFRunLoopCommonModes);
+            Self { timer, start_instant: Instant::now(), next_fire_date: None }
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn stop(&mut self) {
+        if self.next_fire_date.is_some() {
+            self.next_fire_date = None;
+            self.timer.set_next_fire_date(f64::MAX);
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn start(&mut self) {
+        if self.next_fire_date != Some(self.start_instant) {
+            self.next_fire_date = Some(self.start_instant);
+            self.timer.set_next_fire_date(f64::MIN);
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn start_at(&mut self, instant: Option<Instant>) {
+        let now = Instant::now();
+        match instant {
+            Some(instant) if now >= instant => {
+                self.start();
+            },
+            Some(instant) => {
+                if self.next_fire_date != Some(instant) {
+                    self.next_fire_date = Some(instant);
+                    let current = CFAbsoluteTimeGetCurrent();
+                    let duration = instant - now;
+                    let fsecs = duration.subsec_nanos() as f64 / 1_000_000_000.0
+                        + duration.as_secs() as f64;
+                    self.timer.set_next_fire_date(current + fsecs);
+                }
+            },
+            None => {
+                self.stop();
+            },
+        }
+    }
+}
--- a/src/platform_impl/apple/appkit/util.rs
+++ b/src/platform_impl/apple/appkit/util.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+use objc2_core_graphics::CGError;
+use tracing::trace;
+
+use crate::error::OsError;
+
+macro_rules! trace_scope {
+    ($s:literal) => {
+        let _crate =
+            $crate::platform_impl::platform::appkit::util::TraceGuard::new(module_path!(), $s);
+    };
+}
+
+pub(crate) struct TraceGuard {
+    module_path: &'static str,
+    called_from_fn: &'static str,
+}
+
+impl TraceGuard {
+    #[inline]
+    pub(crate) fn new(module_path: &'static str, called_from_fn: &'static str) -> Self {
+        trace!(target = module_path, "Triggered `{}`", called_from_fn);
+        Self { module_path, called_from_fn }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Drop for TraceGuard {
+    #[inline]
+    fn drop(&mut self) {
+        trace!(target = self.module_path, "Completed `{}`", self.called_from_fn);
+    }
+}
+
+#[track_caller]
+pub(crate) fn cgerr(err: CGError) -> Result<(), OsError> {
+    if err == CGError::Success {
+        Ok(())
+    } else {
+        Err(os_error!(format!("CGError {err:?}")))
+    }
+}
--- a/src/platform_impl/apple/appkit/view.rs
+++ b/src/platform_impl/apple/appkit/view.rs
@@ -1,28 +1,20 @@
 #![allow(clippy::unnecessary_cast)]
 use std::cell::{Cell, RefCell};
 use std::collections::{HashMap, VecDeque};
+use std::ptr;
 use std::rc::Rc;

-use dpi::{LogicalPosition, PhysicalSize};
 use objc2::rc::Retained;
 use objc2::runtime::{AnyObject, Sel};
-use objc2::{AnyThread, DefinedClass, MainThreadMarker, define_class, msg_send};
+use objc2::{define_class, msg_send, DefinedClass, MainThreadMarker};
 use objc2_app_kit::{
-    NSApplication, NSCursor, NSEvent, NSEventPhase, NSResponder, NSTextInputClient, NSTrackingArea,
-    NSTrackingAreaOptions, NSView, NSViewLayerContentsRedrawPolicy, NSWindow,
+    NSApplication, NSCursor, NSEvent, NSEventPhase, NSResponder, NSTextInputClient,
+    NSTrackingRectTag, NSView, NSWindow,
 };
-use objc2_core_foundation::CGRect;
 use objc2_foundation::{
    NSArray, NSAttributedString, NSAttributedStringKey, NSCopying, NSMutableAttributedString,
    NSNotFound, NSObject, NSPoint, NSRange, NSRect, NSSize, NSString, NSUInteger,
 };
-use tracing::{debug_span, trace_span};
-use winit_core::event::{
-    DeviceEvent, ElementState, Ime, KeyEvent, Modifiers, MouseButton, MouseScrollDelta,
-    PointerKind, PointerSource, TouchPhase, WindowEvent,
-};
-use winit_core::keyboard::{Key, KeyCode, KeyLocation, ModifiersState, NamedKey};
-use winit_core::window::ImeCapabilities;

 use super::app_state::AppState;
 use super::cursor::{default_cursor, invisible_cursor};
@@ -31,7 +23,13 @@ use super::event::{
    scancode_to_physicalkey,
 };
 use super::window::window_id;
-use crate::OptionAsAlt;
+use crate::dpi::{LogicalPosition, LogicalSize};
+use crate::event::{
+    DeviceEvent, ElementState, Ime, KeyEvent, Modifiers, MouseButton, MouseScrollDelta,
+    PointerKind, PointerSource, TouchPhase, WindowEvent,
+};
+use crate::keyboard::{Key, KeyCode, KeyLocation, ModifiersState, NamedKey};
+use crate::platform::macos::OptionAsAlt;

 #[derive(Debug)]
 struct CursorState {
@@ -119,17 +117,19 @@ pub struct ViewState {
    ime_size: Cell<NSSize>,
    modifiers: Cell<Modifiers>,
    phys_modifiers: RefCell<HashMap<Key, ModLocationMask>>,
+    tracking_rect: Cell<Option<NSTrackingRectTag>>,
    ime_state: Cell<ImeState>,
    input_source: RefCell<String>,

    /// True iff the application wants IME events.
    ///
    /// Can be set using `set_ime_allowed`
-    ime_capabilities: Cell<Option<ImeCapabilities>>,
+    ime_allowed: Cell<bool>,

    /// True if the current key event should be forwarded
    /// to the application, even during IME
    forward_key_to_app: Cell<bool>,
+
    marked_text: RefCell<Retained<NSMutableAttributedString>>,
    accepts_first_mouse: bool,

@@ -151,35 +151,49 @@ define_class!(
            true
        }

+        #[unsafe(method(viewDidMoveToWindow))]
+        fn view_did_move_to_window(&self) {
+            trace_scope!("viewDidMoveToWindow");
+            if let Some(tracking_rect) = self.ivars().tracking_rect.take() {
+                self.removeTrackingRect(tracking_rect);
+            }
+
+            let rect = self.frame();
+            let tracking_rect = unsafe {
+                self.addTrackingRect_owner_userData_assumeInside(rect, self, ptr::null_mut(), false)
+            };
+            assert_ne!(tracking_rect, 0, "failed adding tracking rect");
+            self.ivars().tracking_rect.set(Some(tracking_rect));
+        }
+
        // Not a normal method on `NSView`, it's triggered by `NSViewFrameDidChangeNotification`.
        #[unsafe(method(viewFrameDidChangeNotification:))]
        fn frame_did_change(&self, _notification: Option<&AnyObject>) {
-            let _entered = debug_span!("NSViewFrameDidChangeNotification").entered();
+            trace_scope!("NSViewFrameDidChangeNotification");
+            if let Some(tracking_rect) = self.ivars().tracking_rect.take() {
+                self.removeTrackingRect(tracking_rect);
+            }
+
+            let rect = self.frame();
+            let tracking_rect = unsafe {
+                self.addTrackingRect_owner_userData_assumeInside(rect, self, ptr::null_mut(), false)
+            };
+            assert_ne!(tracking_rect, 0, "failed adding tracking rect");
+            self.ivars().tracking_rect.set(Some(tracking_rect));

            // Emit resize event here rather than from windowDidResize because:
            // 1. When a new window is created as a tab, the frame size may change without a window
            //    resize occurring.
            // 2. Even when a window resize does occur on a new tabbed window, it contains the wrong
            //    size (includes tab height).
-            self.surface_resized();
-            // During live resize, AppKit may not let the normal event loop reach its next redraw
-            // point before stretching the current layer contents. Redraw immediately after the
-            // app has observed the new surface size.
-            self.redraw_during_live_resize();
-        }
-
-        #[unsafe(method(viewDidChangeBackingProperties))]
-        fn view_did_change_backing_properties(&self) {
-            let _entered = debug_span!("viewDidChangeBackingProperties").entered();
-            // Moving between displays or changing scale can alter the drawable backing size
-            // without a matching frame-size change.
-            self.surface_resized();
-            self.redraw_during_live_resize();
+            let logical_size = LogicalSize::new(rect.size.width as f64, rect.size.height as f64);
+            let size = logical_size.to_physical::<u32>(self.scale_factor());
+            self.queue_event(WindowEvent::SurfaceResized(size));
        }

        #[unsafe(method(drawRect:))]
        fn draw_rect(&self, _rect: NSRect) {
-            let _entered = debug_span!("drawRect:").entered();
+            trace_scope!("drawRect:");

            self.ivars().app_state.handle_redraw(window_id(&self.window()));

@@ -188,7 +202,7 @@ define_class!(

        #[unsafe(method(acceptsFirstResponder))]
        fn accepts_first_responder(&self) -> bool {
-            let _entered = trace_span!("acceptsFirstResponder").entered();
+            trace_scope!("acceptsFirstResponder");
            true
        }

@@ -202,13 +216,13 @@ define_class!(
        // extension for using `NSTouchBar`
        #[unsafe(method_id(touchBar))]
        fn touch_bar(&self) -> Option<Retained<NSObject>> {
-            let _entered = debug_span!("touchBar").entered();
+            trace_scope!("touchBar");
            None
        }

        #[unsafe(method(resetCursorRects))]
        fn reset_cursor_rects(&self) {
-            let _entered = debug_span!("resetCursorRects").entered();
+            trace_scope!("resetCursorRects");
            let bounds = self.bounds();
            let cursor_state = self.ivars().cursor_state.borrow();
            // We correctly invoke `addCursorRect` only from inside `resetCursorRects`
@@ -223,13 +237,13 @@ define_class!(
    unsafe impl NSTextInputClient for WinitView {
        #[unsafe(method(hasMarkedText))]
        fn has_marked_text(&self) -> bool {
-            let _entered = debug_span!("hasMarkedText").entered();
+            trace_scope!("hasMarkedText");
            self.ivars().marked_text.borrow().length() > 0
        }

        #[unsafe(method(markedRange))]
        fn marked_range(&self) -> NSRange {
-            let _entered = debug_span!("markedRange").entered();
+            trace_scope!("markedRange");
            let length = self.ivars().marked_text.borrow().length();
            if length > 0 {
                NSRange::new(0, length)
@@ -241,7 +255,7 @@ define_class!(

        #[unsafe(method(selectedRange))]
        fn selected_range(&self) -> NSRange {
-            let _entered = debug_span!("selectedRange").entered();
+            trace_scope!("selectedRange");
            // Documented to return `{NSNotFound, 0}` if there is no selection.
            NSRange::new(NSNotFound as NSUInteger, 0)
        }
@@ -254,7 +268,7 @@ define_class!(
            _replacement_range: NSRange,
        ) {
            // TODO: Use _replacement_range, requires changing the event to report surrounding text.
-            let _entered = debug_span!("setMarkedText:selectedRange:replacementRange:").entered();
+            trace_scope!("setMarkedText:selectedRange:replacementRange:");

            let (marked_text, string) = if let Some(string) =
                string.downcast_ref::<NSAttributedString>()
@@ -276,38 +290,33 @@ define_class!(
                self.queue_event(WindowEvent::Ime(Ime::Enabled));
            }

-            if self.hasMarkedText() {
+            if unsafe { self.hasMarkedText() } {
                self.ivars().ime_state.set(ImeState::Preedit);
            } else {
                // In case the preedit was cleared, set IME into the Ground state.
                self.ivars().ime_state.set(ImeState::Ground);
            }

-            let string = string.to_string();
            let cursor_range = if string.is_empty() {
                // An empty string basically means that there's no preedit, so indicate that by
                // sending a `None` cursor range.
                None
            } else {
-                // Convert the selected range from UTF-16 code unit indices to UTF-8 byte
-                // offsets. `utf16_to_utf8_offset` is defensive: it snaps an offset that would
-                // split a surrogate pair down to the character boundary and clamps an
-                // out-of-bounds offset to the string length, so no `NSRangeException` is
-                // possible and the resulting range can never be inverted (`lower <= upper`).
-                // IMEs are known to send both mid-surrogate and out-of-bounds offsets (e.g.
-                // native Pinyin, see https://github.com/alacritty/alacritty/issues/8791).
-                let lowerbound_utf8 = utf16_to_utf8_offset(&string, selected_range.location);
-                let upperbound_utf8 = utf16_to_utf8_offset(&string, selected_range.end());
+                // Convert the selected range from UTF-16 indices to UTF-8 indices.
+                let sub_string_a = unsafe { string.substringToIndex(selected_range.location) };
+                let sub_string_b = unsafe { string.substringToIndex(selected_range.end()) };
+                let lowerbound_utf8 = sub_string_a.len();
+                let upperbound_utf8 = sub_string_b.len();
                Some((lowerbound_utf8, upperbound_utf8))
            };

            // Send WindowEvent for updating marked text
-            self.queue_event(WindowEvent::Ime(Ime::Preedit(string, cursor_range)));
+            self.queue_event(WindowEvent::Ime(Ime::Preedit(string.to_string(), cursor_range)));
        }

        #[unsafe(method(unmarkText))]
        fn unmark_text(&self) {
-            let _entered = debug_span!("unmarkText").entered();
+            trace_scope!("unmarkText");
            *self.ivars().marked_text.borrow_mut() = NSMutableAttributedString::new();

            let input_context = self.inputContext().expect("input context");
@@ -324,7 +333,7 @@ define_class!(

        #[unsafe(method_id(validAttributesForMarkedText))]
        fn valid_attributes_for_marked_text(&self) -> Retained<NSArray<NSAttributedStringKey>> {
-            let _entered = trace_span!("validAttributesForMarkedText").entered();
+            trace_scope!("validAttributesForMarkedText");
            NSArray::new()
        }

@@ -334,14 +343,13 @@ define_class!(
            _range: NSRange,
            _actual_range: *mut NSRange,
        ) -> Option<Retained<NSAttributedString>> {
-            let _entered =
-                trace_span!("attributedSubstringForProposedRange:actualRange:").entered();
+            trace_scope!("attributedSubstringForProposedRange:actualRange:");
            None
        }

        #[unsafe(method(characterIndexForPoint:))]
        fn character_index_for_point(&self, _point: NSPoint) -> NSUInteger {
-            let _entered = debug_span!("characterIndexForPoint:").entered();
+            trace_scope!("characterIndexForPoint:");
            0
        }

@@ -351,23 +359,16 @@ define_class!(
            _range: NSRange,
            _actual_range: *mut NSRange,
        ) -> NSRect {
-            let _entered = debug_span!("firstRectForCharacterRange:actualRange:").entered();
-
-            // Guard when the view is no longer in a window during teardown.
-            let Some(window) = (**self).window() else {
-                return CGRect::ZERO;
-            };
-
-            // Return value is expected to be in screen coordinates, so we need a conversion
+            trace_scope!("firstRectForCharacterRange:actualRange:");
            let rect = NSRect::new(self.ivars().ime_position.get(), self.ivars().ime_size.get());
-            let view_rect = self.convertRect_toView(rect, None);
-            window.convertRectToScreen(view_rect)
+            // Return value is expected to be in screen coordinates, so we need a conversion here
+            self.window().convertRectToScreen(self.convertRect_toView(rect, None))
        }

        #[unsafe(method(insertText:replacementRange:))]
        fn insert_text(&self, string: &NSObject, _replacement_range: NSRange) {
            // TODO: Use _replacement_range, requires changing the event to report surrounding text.
-            let _entered = debug_span!("insertText:replacementRange:").entered();
+            trace_scope!("insertText:replacementRange:");

            let string = if let Some(string) = string.downcast_ref::<NSAttributedString>() {
                string.string().to_string()
@@ -381,7 +382,7 @@ define_class!(
            let is_control = string.chars().next().is_some_and(|c| c.is_control());

            // Commit only if we have marked text.
-            if self.hasMarkedText() && self.is_ime_enabled() && !is_control {
+            if unsafe { self.hasMarkedText() } && self.is_ime_enabled() && !is_control {
                self.queue_event(WindowEvent::Ime(Ime::Preedit(String::new(), None)));
                self.queue_event(WindowEvent::Ime(Ime::Commit(string)));
                self.ivars().ime_state.set(ImeState::Committed);
@@ -392,7 +393,7 @@ define_class!(
        // "human readable" character happens, i.e. newlines, tabs, and Ctrl+C.
        #[unsafe(method(doCommandBySelector:))]
        fn do_command_by_selector(&self, command: Sel) {
-            let _entered = debug_span!("doCommandBySelector:").entered();
+            trace_scope!("doCommandBySelector:");

            // We shouldn't forward any character from just committed text, since we'll end up
            // sending it twice with some IMEs like Korean one. We'll also always send
@@ -404,7 +405,8 @@ define_class!(

            self.ivars().forward_key_to_app.set(true);

-            if self.hasMarkedText() && self.ivars().ime_state.get() == ImeState::Preedit {
+            if unsafe { self.hasMarkedText() } && self.ivars().ime_state.get() == ImeState::Preedit
+            {
                // Leave preedit so that we also report the key-up for this key.
                self.ivars().ime_state.set(ImeState::Ground);
            }
@@ -431,7 +433,7 @@ define_class!(
    impl WinitView {
        #[unsafe(method(keyDown:))]
        fn key_down(&self, event: &NSEvent) {
-            let _entered = debug_span!("keyDown:").entered();
+            trace_scope!("keyDown:");
            {
                let mut prev_input_source = self.ivars().input_source.borrow_mut();
                let current_input_source = self.current_input_source();
@@ -454,9 +456,9 @@ define_class!(
            // we must send the `KeyboardInput` event during IME if it triggered
            // `doCommandBySelector`. (doCommandBySelector means that the keyboard input
            // is not handled by IME and should be handled by the application)
-            if self.ivars().ime_capabilities.get().is_some() {
+            if self.ivars().ime_allowed.get() {
                let events_for_nsview = NSArray::from_slice(&[&*event]);
-                self.interpretKeyEvents(&events_for_nsview);
+                unsafe { self.interpretKeyEvents(&events_for_nsview) };

                // If the text was committed we must treat the next keyboard event as IME related.
                if self.ivars().ime_state.get() == ImeState::Committed {
@@ -479,7 +481,7 @@ define_class!(
            };

            if !had_ime_input || self.ivars().forward_key_to_app.get() {
-                let key_event = create_key_event(&event, true, event.isARepeat());
+                let key_event = create_key_event(&event, true, unsafe { event.isARepeat() });
                self.queue_event(WindowEvent::KeyboardInput {
                    device_id: None,
                    event: key_event,
@@ -490,7 +492,7 @@ define_class!(

        #[unsafe(method(keyUp:))]
        fn key_up(&self, event: &NSEvent) {
-            let _entered = debug_span!("keyUp:").entered();
+            trace_scope!("keyUp:");

            let event = replace_event(event, self.option_as_alt());
            self.update_modifiers(&event, false);
@@ -507,14 +509,14 @@ define_class!(

        #[unsafe(method(flagsChanged:))]
        fn flags_changed(&self, event: &NSEvent) {
-            let _entered = debug_span!("flagsChanged:").entered();
+            trace_scope!("flagsChanged:");

            self.update_modifiers(event, true);
        }

        #[unsafe(method(insertTab:))]
        fn insert_tab(&self, _sender: Option<&AnyObject>) {
-            let _entered = debug_span!("insertTab:").entered();
+            trace_scope!("insertTab:");
            let window = self.window();
            if let Some(first_responder) = window.firstResponder() {
                if *first_responder == ***self {
@@ -525,7 +527,7 @@ define_class!(

        #[unsafe(method(insertBackTab:))]
        fn insert_back_tab(&self, _sender: Option<&AnyObject>) {
-            let _entered = debug_span!("insertBackTab:").entered();
+            trace_scope!("insertBackTab:");
            let window = self.window();
            if let Some(first_responder) = window.firstResponder() {
                if *first_responder == ***self {
@@ -539,14 +541,14 @@ define_class!(
        #[unsafe(method(cancelOperation:))]
        fn cancel_operation(&self, _sender: Option<&AnyObject>) {
            let mtm = MainThreadMarker::from(self);
-            let _entered = debug_span!("cancelOperation:").entered();
+            trace_scope!("cancelOperation:");

            let event = NSApplication::sharedApplication(mtm)
                .currentEvent()
                .expect("could not find current event");

            self.update_modifiers(&event, false);
-            let event = create_key_event(&event, true, event.isARepeat());
+            let event = create_key_event(&event, true, unsafe { event.isARepeat() });

            self.queue_event(WindowEvent::KeyboardInput {
                device_id: None,
@@ -568,73 +570,71 @@ define_class!(

        #[unsafe(method(mouseDown:))]
        fn mouse_down(&self, event: &NSEvent) {
-            let _entered = debug_span!("mouseDown:").entered();
+            trace_scope!("mouseDown:");
            self.mouse_motion(event);
            self.mouse_click(event, ElementState::Pressed);
        }

        #[unsafe(method(mouseUp:))]
        fn mouse_up(&self, event: &NSEvent) {
-            let _entered = debug_span!("mouseUp:").entered();
+            trace_scope!("mouseUp:");
            self.mouse_motion(event);
            self.mouse_click(event, ElementState::Released);
        }

        #[unsafe(method(rightMouseDown:))]
        fn right_mouse_down(&self, event: &NSEvent) {
-            let _entered = debug_span!("rightMouseDown:").entered();
+            trace_scope!("rightMouseDown:");
            self.mouse_motion(event);
            self.mouse_click(event, ElementState::Pressed);
        }

        #[unsafe(method(rightMouseUp:))]
        fn right_mouse_up(&self, event: &NSEvent) {
-            let _entered = debug_span!("rightMouseUp:").entered();
+            trace_scope!("rightMouseUp:");
            self.mouse_motion(event);
            self.mouse_click(event, ElementState::Released);
        }

        #[unsafe(method(otherMouseDown:))]
        fn other_mouse_down(&self, event: &NSEvent) {
-            let _entered = debug_span!("otherMouseDown:").entered();
+            trace_scope!("otherMouseDown:");
            self.mouse_motion(event);
            self.mouse_click(event, ElementState::Pressed);
        }

        #[unsafe(method(otherMouseUp:))]
        fn other_mouse_up(&self, event: &NSEvent) {
-            let _entered = debug_span!("otherMouseUp:").entered();
+            trace_scope!("otherMouseUp:");
            self.mouse_motion(event);
            self.mouse_click(event, ElementState::Released);
        }

+        // No tracing on these because that would be overly verbose
+
        #[unsafe(method(mouseMoved:))]
        fn mouse_moved(&self, event: &NSEvent) {
-            let _entered = debug_span!("mouseMoved:").entered();
            self.mouse_motion(event);
        }

        #[unsafe(method(mouseDragged:))]
        fn mouse_dragged(&self, event: &NSEvent) {
-            let _entered = debug_span!("mouseDragged:").entered();
            self.mouse_motion(event);
        }

        #[unsafe(method(rightMouseDragged:))]
        fn right_mouse_dragged(&self, event: &NSEvent) {
-            let _entered = debug_span!("rightMouseDragged:").entered();
            self.mouse_motion(event);
        }

        #[unsafe(method(otherMouseDragged:))]
        fn other_mouse_dragged(&self, event: &NSEvent) {
-            let _entered = debug_span!("otherMouseDragged:").entered();
            self.mouse_motion(event);
        }

        #[unsafe(method(mouseEntered:))]
        fn mouse_entered(&self, event: &NSEvent) {
-            let _entered = debug_span!("mouseEntered:").entered();
+            trace_scope!("mouseEntered:");

            let position = self.mouse_view_point(event).to_physical(self.scale_factor());

@@ -648,7 +648,7 @@ define_class!(

        #[unsafe(method(mouseExited:))]
        fn mouse_exited(&self, event: &NSEvent) {
-            let _entered = debug_span!("mouseExited:").entered();
+            trace_scope!("mouseExited:");

            let position = self.mouse_view_point(event).to_physical(self.scale_factor());

@@ -662,13 +662,13 @@ define_class!(

        #[unsafe(method(scrollWheel:))]
        fn scroll_wheel(&self, event: &NSEvent) {
-            let _entered = debug_span!("scrollWheel:").entered();
+            trace_scope!("scrollWheel:");

            self.mouse_motion(event);

            let delta = {
-                let (x, y) = (event.scrollingDeltaX(), event.scrollingDeltaY());
-                if event.hasPreciseScrollingDeltas() {
+                let (x, y) = unsafe { (event.scrollingDeltaX(), event.scrollingDeltaY()) };
+                if unsafe { event.hasPreciseScrollingDeltas() } {
                    let delta = LogicalPosition::new(x, y).to_physical(self.scale_factor());
                    MouseScrollDelta::PixelDelta(delta)
                } else {
@@ -681,10 +681,10 @@ define_class!(
            // momentum phase is recorded (or rather, the started/ended cases of the
            // momentum phase) then we report the touch phase.
            #[allow(non_upper_case_globals)]
-            let phase = match event.momentumPhase() {
+            let phase = match unsafe { event.momentumPhase() } {
                NSEventPhase::MayBegin | NSEventPhase::Began => TouchPhase::Started,
                NSEventPhase::Ended | NSEventPhase::Cancelled => TouchPhase::Ended,
-                _ => match event.phase() {
+                _ => match unsafe { event.phase() } {
                    NSEventPhase::MayBegin | NSEventPhase::Began => TouchPhase::Started,
                    NSEventPhase::Ended | NSEventPhase::Cancelled => TouchPhase::Ended,
                    _ => TouchPhase::Moved,
@@ -701,12 +701,12 @@ define_class!(

        #[unsafe(method(magnifyWithEvent:))]
        fn magnify_with_event(&self, event: &NSEvent) {
-            let _entered = debug_span!("magnifyWithEvent:").entered();
+            trace_scope!("magnifyWithEvent:");

            self.mouse_motion(event);

            #[allow(non_upper_case_globals)]
-            let phase = match event.phase() {
+            let phase = match unsafe { event.phase() } {
                NSEventPhase::Began => TouchPhase::Started,
                NSEventPhase::Changed => TouchPhase::Moved,
                NSEventPhase::Cancelled => TouchPhase::Cancelled,
@@ -716,14 +716,14 @@ define_class!(

            self.queue_event(WindowEvent::PinchGesture {
                device_id: None,
-                delta: event.magnification(),
+                delta: unsafe { event.magnification() },
                phase,
            });
        }

        #[unsafe(method(smartMagnifyWithEvent:))]
        fn smart_magnify_with_event(&self, event: &NSEvent) {
-            let _entered = debug_span!("smartMagnifyWithEvent:").entered();
+            trace_scope!("smartMagnifyWithEvent:");

            self.mouse_motion(event);

@@ -732,12 +732,12 @@ define_class!(

        #[unsafe(method(rotateWithEvent:))]
        fn rotate_with_event(&self, event: &NSEvent) {
-            let _entered = debug_span!("rotateWithEvent:").entered();
+            trace_scope!("rotateWithEvent:");

            self.mouse_motion(event);

            #[allow(non_upper_case_globals)]
-            let phase = match event.phase() {
+            let phase = match unsafe { event.phase() } {
                NSEventPhase::Began => TouchPhase::Started,
                NSEventPhase::Changed => TouchPhase::Moved,
                NSEventPhase::Cancelled => TouchPhase::Cancelled,
@@ -747,19 +747,19 @@ define_class!(

            self.queue_event(WindowEvent::RotationGesture {
                device_id: None,
-                delta: event.rotation(),
+                delta: unsafe { event.rotation() },
                phase,
            });
        }

        #[unsafe(method(pressureChangeWithEvent:))]
        fn pressure_change_with_event(&self, event: &NSEvent) {
-            let _entered = debug_span!("pressureChangeWithEvent:").entered();
+            trace_scope!("pressureChangeWithEvent:");

            self.queue_event(WindowEvent::TouchpadPressure {
                device_id: None,
-                pressure: event.pressure(),
-                stage: event.stage() as i64,
+                pressure: unsafe { event.pressure() },
+                stage: unsafe { event.stage() } as i64,
            });
        }

@@ -768,13 +768,13 @@ define_class!(
        // https://github.com/chromium/chromium/blob/a86a8a6bcfa438fa3ac2eba6f02b3ad1f8e0756f/ui/views/cocoa/bridged_content_view.mm#L816
        #[unsafe(method(_wantsKeyDownForEvent:))]
        fn wants_key_down_for_event(&self, _event: &NSEvent) -> bool {
-            let _entered = debug_span!("_wantsKeyDownForEvent:").entered();
+            trace_scope!("_wantsKeyDownForEvent:");
            true
        }

        #[unsafe(method(acceptsFirstMouse:))]
        fn accepts_first_mouse(&self, _event: &NSEvent) -> bool {
-            let _entered = debug_span!("acceptsFirstMouse:").entered();
+            trace_scope!("acceptsFirstMouse:");
            self.ivars().accepts_first_mouse
        }
    }
@@ -794,65 +794,19 @@ impl WinitView {
            ime_size: Default::default(),
            modifiers: Default::default(),
            phys_modifiers: Default::default(),
+            tracking_rect: Default::default(),
            ime_state: Default::default(),
            input_source: Default::default(),
-            ime_capabilities: Default::default(),
+            ime_allowed: Default::default(),
            forward_key_to_app: Default::default(),
            marked_text: Default::default(),
            accepts_first_mouse,
            option_as_alt: Cell::new(option_as_alt),
        });
        let this: Retained<Self> = unsafe { msg_send![super(this), init] };
+
        *this.ivars().input_source.borrow_mut() = this.current_input_source();

-        // Ask AppKit to redisplay the layer while the view is being resized so layer-backed
-        // surfaces keep painting.
-        this.setLayerContentsRedrawPolicy(NSViewLayerContentsRedrawPolicy::DuringViewResize);
-
-        // `MouseEnteredAndExited` enables receiving events through `mouseEntered:` and
-        // `mouseExited:`.
-        //
-        // `MouseMoved` enables receiving events through `mouseMoved:`
-        //
-        // We do not set `CursorUpdate` because it is part of the "flexible" alternative to
-        // `cursorRect` based cursor image updates, and we currently still use
-        // `cursorRect`s. We also can't really switch to this approach because "The
-        // cursorUpdate(with:) message is not sent when the NSTrackingCursorUpdate option is
-        // specified along with [`ActiveAlways`]."
-        //
-        // `ActiveAlways` indicates we want to receive events when the window is not
-        // focused ("key window" in Cocoa terms), which matches the behavior on other
-        // platforms.
-        //
-        // We do not set `AssumeInside` because we want to avoid emitting `Left` events without a
-        // correspondering `Entered` to our consumers, and not setting this flag tells AppKit to
-        // handle this for us by synthesizing entry and exit events in some cases.
-        //
-        // `InVisibleRect` instructs the tracking area's `owner` (our `NSView`) to ignore the value
-        // we provide in `rect` and keep the tracking area's bounds up to date with the
-        // current view bounds automatically.
-        //
-        // We do not set `EnabledDuringMouseDrag` to match the platform behavior on Windows
-        // and Wayland, since neither emit events while being dragged over with an empty
-        // cursor without focus.
-        //
-        // See also https://developer.apple.com/documentation/appkit/nstrackingareaoptions.
-
-        // Safety: the type of `owner` should be `NSView` and is.
-        // The type of `user_info` is irrelevant because it is None.
-        this.addTrackingArea(&*unsafe {
-            NSTrackingArea::initWithRect_options_owner_userInfo(
-                NSTrackingArea::alloc(),
-                NSRect::ZERO,
-                NSTrackingAreaOptions::MouseEnteredAndExited
-                    | NSTrackingAreaOptions::MouseMoved
-                    | NSTrackingAreaOptions::ActiveAlways
-                    | NSTrackingAreaOptions::InVisibleRect,
-                Some(&this),
-                None,
-            )
-        });
-
        this
    }

@@ -867,37 +821,6 @@ impl WinitView {
        });
    }

-    fn surface_resized(&self) {
-        let Some(window) = (**self).window() else {
-            return;
-        };
-        let size = self.surface_size();
-        let window_id = window_id(&window);
-        self.ivars().app_state.maybe_queue_with_handler(move |app, event_loop| {
-            app.window_event(event_loop, window_id, WindowEvent::SurfaceResized(size));
-        });
-    }
-
-    /// Returns the drawable size from the view's backing-coordinate bounds.
-    pub(super) fn surface_size(&self) -> PhysicalSize<u32> {
-        // The view bounds are authoritative for full-size content views and during live resize.
-        // Deriving this from the window frame can exclude custom titlebar content or be stale.
-        let backing_bounds = self.convertRectToBacking(self.bounds());
-        PhysicalSize::new(
-            backing_bounds.size.width.round().max(0.0) as u32,
-            backing_bounds.size.height.round().max(0.0) as u32,
-        )
-    }
-
-    fn redraw_during_live_resize(&self) {
-        let Some(window) = (**self).window() else {
-            return;
-        };
-        if window.inLiveResize() {
-            self.ivars().app_state.handle_redraw(window_id(&window));
-        }
-    }
-
    fn scale_factor(&self) -> f64 {
        self.window().backingScaleFactor() as f64
    }
@@ -935,37 +858,23 @@ impl WinitView {
            false
        }
    }
-    pub(super) fn enable_ime(&self, capabilities: ImeCapabilities) {
-        // This seems reasonable but the prior behavior of `set_ime_allowed` doesn't do this
-        // (it was also broken but let's not break things worse)

-        // if self.ivars().ime_capabilities.get().is_none() {
-        //     self.ivars().ime_state.set(ImeState::Ground);
-        // }
+    pub(super) fn set_ime_allowed(&self, ime_allowed: bool) {
+        if self.ivars().ime_allowed.get() == ime_allowed {
+            return;
+        }
+        self.ivars().ime_allowed.set(ime_allowed);
+        if self.ivars().ime_allowed.get() {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        // Clear markedText
+        *self.ivars().marked_text.borrow_mut() = NSMutableAttributedString::new();

-        // why are we disabling things in an enable fn? who knows. it's what the previous one did
-        // though
        if self.ivars().ime_state.get() != ImeState::Disabled {
            self.ivars().ime_state.set(ImeState::Disabled);
            self.queue_event(WindowEvent::Ime(Ime::Disabled));
        }
-        self.ivars().ime_capabilities.set(Some(capabilities));
-        *self.ivars().marked_text.borrow_mut() = NSMutableAttributedString::new();
-    }
-    pub(super) fn disable_ime(&self) {
-        // see above
-        self.ivars().ime_capabilities.set(None);
-        if self.ivars().ime_state.get() != ImeState::Disabled {
-            self.ivars().ime_state.set(ImeState::Disabled);
-            self.queue_event(WindowEvent::Ime(Ime::Disabled));
-        }
-        // we probably don't need to do this, but again this mirrors the prior behavior of
-        // `set_ime_allowed`
-        *self.ivars().marked_text.borrow_mut() = NSMutableAttributedString::new();
-    }
-
-    pub(super) fn ime_capabilities(&self) -> Option<ImeCapabilities> {
-        self.ivars().ime_capabilities.get()
    }

    pub(super) fn set_ime_cursor_area(&self, position: NSPoint, size: NSSize) {
@@ -1008,8 +917,8 @@ impl WinitView {
        // later will work though, since the flags are attached to the event and contain valid
        // information.
        'send_event: {
-            if is_flags_changed_event && ns_event.keyCode() != 0 {
-                let scancode = ns_event.keyCode();
+            if is_flags_changed_event && unsafe { ns_event.keyCode() } != 0 {
+                let scancode = unsafe { ns_event.keyCode() };
                let physical_key = scancode_to_physicalkey(scancode as u32);

                let logical_key = code_to_key(physical_key, scancode);
@@ -1141,7 +1050,7 @@ impl WinitView {
            || view_point.x > frame.size.width
            || view_point.y > frame.size.height
        {
-            let mouse_buttons_down = NSEvent::pressedMouseButtons();
+            let mouse_buttons_down = unsafe { NSEvent::pressedMouseButtons() };
            if mouse_buttons_down == 0 {
                // Point is outside of the client area (view) and no buttons are pressed
                return;
@@ -1159,7 +1068,7 @@ impl WinitView {
    }

    fn mouse_view_point(&self, event: &NSEvent) -> LogicalPosition<f64> {
-        let window_point = event.locationInWindow();
+        let window_point = unsafe { event.locationInWindow() };
        let view_point = self.convertPoint_fromView(window_point, None);

        LogicalPosition::new(view_point.x, view_point.y)
@@ -1173,18 +1082,21 @@ fn mouse_button(event: &NSEvent) -> MouseButton {
    // For the other events, it's always set to 0.
    // MacOS only defines the left, right and middle buttons, 3..=31 are left as generic buttons,
    // but 3 and 4 are very commonly used as Back and Forward by hardware vendors and applications.
-    let b: isize = event.buttonNumber();
-    b.try_into()
-        .ok()
-        .and_then(MouseButton::try_from_u8)
-        .expect("expected MacOS button number in the range 0..=31")
+    match unsafe { event.buttonNumber() } {
+        0 => MouseButton::Left,
+        1 => MouseButton::Right,
+        2 => MouseButton::Middle,
+        3 => MouseButton::Back,
+        4 => MouseButton::Forward,
+        n => MouseButton::Other(n as u16),
+    }
 }

 // NOTE: to get option as alt working we need to rewrite events
 // we're getting from the operating system, which makes it
 // impossible to provide such events as extra in `KeyEvent`.
 fn replace_event(event: &NSEvent, option_as_alt: OptionAsAlt) -> Retained<NSEvent> {
-    let ev_mods = event_mods(event).state();
+    let ev_mods = event_mods(event).state;
    let ignore_alt_characters = match option_as_alt {
        OptionAsAlt::OnlyLeft if lalt_pressed(event) => true,
        OptionAsAlt::OnlyRight if ralt_pressed(event) => true,
@@ -1194,10 +1106,12 @@ fn replace_event(event: &NSEvent, option_as_alt: OptionAsAlt) -> Retained<NSEven
        && !ev_mods.meta_key();

    if ignore_alt_characters {
-        let ns_chars =
-            event.charactersIgnoringModifiers().expect("expected characters to be non-null");
+        let ns_chars = unsafe {
+            event.charactersIgnoringModifiers().expect("expected characters to be non-null")
+        };

-        NSEvent::keyEventWithType_location_modifierFlags_timestamp_windowNumber_context_characters_charactersIgnoringModifiers_isARepeat_keyCode(
+        unsafe {
+            NSEvent::keyEventWithType_location_modifierFlags_timestamp_windowNumber_context_characters_charactersIgnoringModifiers_isARepeat_keyCode(
                event.r#type(),
                event.locationInWindow(),
                event.modifierFlags(),
@@ -1210,96 +1124,8 @@ fn replace_event(event: &NSEvent, option_as_alt: OptionAsAlt) -> Retained<NSEven
                event.keyCode(),
            )
            .unwrap()
+        }
    } else {
        event.copy()
    }
 }
-
-/// Convert a UTF-16 code unit offset into the corresponding UTF-8 byte offset within `s`.
-///
-/// IMEs are not required to send well-formed offsets, so this is defensive: an offset that
-/// would split a surrogate pair is snapped down to the start of that character, and an
-/// out-of-bounds offset is clamped to the end of the string (e.g. native Pinyin sends
-/// out-of-bounds indices, see <https://github.com/alacritty/alacritty/issues/8791>).
-///
-/// The mapping is monotone non-decreasing, so applying it to the location and end of an
-/// `NSRange` (where `location <= end`) can never produce an inverted byte range.
-fn utf16_to_utf8_offset(s: &str, utf16_offset: usize) -> usize {
-    let mut utf16_pos = 0;
-    for (utf8_pos, ch) in s.char_indices() {
-        if utf16_pos >= utf16_offset {
-            return utf8_pos;
-        }
-        utf16_pos += ch.len_utf16();
-        // The target offset lands strictly inside this character's UTF-16 representation,
-        // i.e. it splits a surrogate pair: snap down to the character boundary.
-        if utf16_pos > utf16_offset {
-            return utf8_pos;
-        }
-    }
-    s.len()
-}
-
-#[cfg(test)]
-mod tests {
-    use super::*;
-
-    /// Apply the UTF-16 -> UTF-8 conversion to both ends of a `selectedRange {loc, len}`,
-    /// mirroring what `set_marked_text` does for the emitted `Ime::Preedit` cursor range.
-    fn convert(s: &str, loc: usize, len: usize) -> (usize, usize) {
-        (utf16_to_utf8_offset(s, loc), utf16_to_utf8_offset(s, loc + len))
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn mid_surrogate_offset_snaps_down() {
-        // "😀a": 😀 is one char = 2 UTF-16 units = 4 UTF-8 bytes; offset 1 is mid-pair.
-        assert_eq!(utf16_to_utf8_offset("\u{1F600}a", 1), 0);
-        // Offset 2 is the boundary just after the pair.
-        assert_eq!(utf16_to_utf8_offset("\u{1F600}a", 2), 4);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn no_longer_inverted() {
-        // "a😀b" with selectedRange {1,1}: previously emitted (1, 0) -- lower > upper, a
-        // slice-panic vector. The boundary-snapping conversion keeps lower <= upper.
-        assert_eq!(convert("a\u{1F600}b", 1, 1), (1, 1));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn prefix_preserved_on_mid_pair_collapse() {
-        // "a😀b" with selectedRange {2,0}: previously collapsed to (0, 0), discarding the
-        // valid "a" prefix; now snaps to the char boundary after "a".
-        assert_eq!(convert("a\u{1F600}b", 2, 0), (1, 1));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn out_of_bounds_clamps_to_len() {
-        // Subsumes the #4494 `.min(len)` clamp: an out-of-bounds offset maps to the string
-        // length instead of triggering an NSRangeException.
-        assert_eq!(convert("\u{1F600}a", 99, 0), (5, 5));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn well_formed_inputs_are_identity() {
-        // The common case (well-formed boundary indices) must be byte-for-byte unchanged.
-        assert_eq!(convert("a\u{1F600}b", 3, 0), (5, 5));
-        assert_eq!(convert("a\u{1F600}b", 4, 0), (6, 6));
-        // BMP multi-byte (Japanese): each char is 1 UTF-16 unit and 3 UTF-8 bytes.
-        assert_eq!(convert("\u{3053}\u{3093}", 1, 1), (3, 6));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn monotone_non_decreasing() {
-        // Sweep every UTF-16 offset (including out-of-bounds) over a string mixing BMP and
-        // non-BMP characters and assert the conversion never goes backwards, which is what
-        // guarantees `lower <= upper` for any `NSRange`.
-        let s = "a\u{1F600}b\u{3053}\u{1F4A9}c";
-        let mut prev = 0;
-        for off in 0..=20 {
-            let cur = utf16_to_utf8_offset(s, off);
-            assert!(cur >= prev, "non-monotone at offset {off}: {cur} < {prev}");
-            assert!(cur <= s.len(), "offset {off} mapped past end: {cur} > {}", s.len());
-            prev = cur;
-        }
-    }
-}
--- a/src/platform_impl/apple/appkit/window.rs
+++ b/src/platform_impl/apple/appkit/window.rs
@@ -4,22 +4,19 @@ use std::sync::Arc;

 use dispatch2::MainThreadBound;
 use dpi::{Position, Size};
-use objc2::rc::{Retained, autoreleasepool};
-use objc2::{MainThreadMarker, Message, define_class};
+use objc2::rc::{autoreleasepool, Retained};
+use objc2::{define_class, MainThreadMarker, Message};
 use objc2_app_kit::{NSPanel, NSResponder, NSWindow};
 use objc2_foundation::NSObject;
-use tracing::trace_span;
-use winit_core::cursor::Cursor;
-use winit_core::error::RequestError;
-use winit_core::icon::Icon;
-use winit_core::monitor::{Fullscreen, MonitorHandle as CoreMonitorHandle};
-use winit_core::window::{
-    ImeCapabilities, ImeRequest, ImeRequestError, Theme, UserAttentionType, Window as CoreWindow,
-    WindowAttributes, WindowButtons, WindowId, WindowLevel,
-};

 use super::event_loop::ActiveEventLoop;
 use super::window_delegate::WindowDelegate;
+use crate::error::RequestError;
+use crate::monitor::{Fullscreen, MonitorHandle as CoreMonitorHandle};
+use crate::window::{
+    Cursor, Icon, ImePurpose, Theme, UserAttentionType, Window as CoreWindow, WindowAttributes,
+    WindowButtons, WindowId, WindowLevel,
+};

 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub(crate) struct Window {
@@ -94,7 +91,7 @@ impl rwh_06::HasWindowHandle for Window {
 }

 impl CoreWindow for Window {
-    fn id(&self) -> winit_core::window::WindowId {
+    fn id(&self) -> crate::window::WindowId {
        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.id())
    }

@@ -234,12 +231,16 @@ impl CoreWindow for Window {
        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.set_window_icon(window_icon));
    }

-    fn request_ime_update(&self, request: ImeRequest) -> Result<(), ImeRequestError> {
-        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.request_ime_update(request))
+    fn set_ime_cursor_area(&self, position: Position, size: Size) {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.set_ime_cursor_area(position, size));
    }

-    fn ime_capabilities(&self) -> Option<ImeCapabilities> {
-        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.ime_capabilities())
+    fn set_ime_allowed(&self, allowed: bool) {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.set_ime_allowed(allowed));
+    }
+
+    fn set_ime_purpose(&self, purpose: ImePurpose) {
+        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.set_ime_purpose(purpose));
    }

    fn focus_window(&self) {
@@ -278,10 +279,7 @@ impl CoreWindow for Window {
        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.set_cursor_position(position))
    }

-    fn set_cursor_grab(
-        &self,
-        mode: winit_core::window::CursorGrabMode,
-    ) -> Result<(), RequestError> {
+    fn set_cursor_grab(&self, mode: crate::window::CursorGrabMode) -> Result<(), RequestError> {
        self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.set_cursor_grab(mode))
    }

@@ -295,7 +293,7 @@ impl CoreWindow for Window {

    fn drag_resize_window(
        &self,
-        direction: winit_core::window::ResizeDirection,
+        direction: crate::window::ResizeDirection,
    ) -> Result<(), RequestError> {
        Ok(self.maybe_wait_on_main(|delegate| delegate.drag_resize_window(direction))?)
    }
@@ -351,13 +349,13 @@ define_class!(
    impl WinitWindow {
        #[unsafe(method(canBecomeMainWindow))]
        fn can_become_main_window(&self) -> bool {
-            let _entered = trace_span!("canBecomeMainWindow").entered();
+            trace_scope!("canBecomeMainWindow");
            true
        }

        #[unsafe(method(canBecomeKeyWindow))]
        fn can_become_key_window(&self) -> bool {
-            let _entered = trace_span!("canBecomeKeyWindow").entered();
+            trace_scope!("canBecomeKeyWindow");
            true
        }
    }
@@ -375,7 +373,7 @@ define_class!(
        // it doesn't if window doesn't have NSWindowStyleMask::Titled
        #[unsafe(method(canBecomeKeyWindow))]
        fn can_become_key_window(&self) -> bool {
-            let _entered = trace_span!("canBecomeKeyWindow").entered();
+            trace_scope!("canBecomeKeyWindow");
            true
        }
    }
--- a/Show More
+++ b/Show More